Sam the Answer Man

In the business world, contracts are king. However, have you ever seen a "forum selection" clause? In this podcast, Sam discusses why you should pay attention to a forum selection clause. Music: https://www.bensound.com/royalty-free.... For more information, check out our website at https://www.ventolalaw.com. At Ventola Law, our clients consist of businesses, partnerships, individuals, and religious organizations. This firm’s biggest priority is to make our clients successful in all of their legal pursuits. Sam has a wide variety of experience in litigation, legal education, and mediation. He has been an attorney on both sides in business litigation, employment disputes, probate litigation, and personal injury cases. In addition to being an attorney, he has been a mediator, hearing officer, labor relations professor, and lecturer on litigation, employment, and First Amendment issues. Sam has over 30 years’ experience in: General Litigation Business Law and Litigation Employment Law and Litigation First Amendment Litigation Estate Planning and Probate Litigation Mediation He has also achieved the rating of AV Preeminent® by Martindale Hubbell.

In a short description, a tort is defined as a civil wrong. However, there is so much more to that. In this podcast, Sam discusses torts, both personal and business and how to minimize your exposure Music: https://www.bensound.com/royalty-free.... For more information, check out our website at https://www.ventolalaw.com. At Ventola Law, our clients consist of businesses, partnerships, individuals, and religious organizations. This firm’s biggest priority is to make our clients successful in all of their legal pursuits. Sam has a wide variety of experience in litigation, legal education, and mediation. He has been an attorney on both sides in business litigation, employment disputes, probate litigation, and personal injury cases. In addition to being an attorney, he has been a mediator, hearing officer, labor relations professor, and lecturer on litigation, employment, and First Amendment issues. Sam has over 30 years’ experience in: General Litigation Business Law and Litigation Employment Law and Litigation First Amendment Litigation Estate Planning and Probate Litigation Mediation He has also achieved the rating of AV Preeminent® by Martindale Hubbell.

When choosing a mediator, there are several options including former judges. In this podcast, we discuss mediators, former judges and what litigators should consider when picking a mediator. Music: https://www.bensound.com/royalty-free... For more information, check out our website at https://www.ventolalaw.com. At Ventola Law, our clients consist of businesses, partnerships, individuals, and religious organizations. This firm’s biggest priority is to make our clients successful in all of their legal pursuits. Sam has a wide variety of experience in litigation, legal education, and mediation. He has been an attorney on both sides in business litigation, employment disputes, probate litigation, and personal injury cases. In addition to being an attorney, he has been a mediator, hearing officer, labor relations professor, and lecturer on litigation, employment, and First Amendment issues. Sam has over 30 years’ experience in: General Litigation Business Law and Litigation Employment Law and Litigation First Amendment Litigation Estate Planning and Probate Litigation Mediation He has also achieved the rating of AV Preeminent® by Martindale Hubbell.

Sexual harassment is quite a controversial topic. With celebrities and other public figures being accused of it, what is it and more importantly, what can employers do to reduce this? Music: https://www.bensound.com/royalty-free... For more information, check out our website at https://www.ventolalaw.com. At Ventola Law, our clients consist of businesses, partnerships, individuals, and religious organizations. This firm’s biggest priority is to make our clients successful in all of their legal pursuits. Sam has a wide variety of experience in litigation, legal education, and mediation. He has been an attorney on both sides in business litigation, employment disputes, probate litigation, and personal injury cases. In addition to being an attorney, he has been a mediator, hearing officer, labor relations professor, and lecturer on litigation, employment, and First Amendment issues. Sam has over 30 years’ experience in: General Litigation Business Law and Litigation Employment Law and Litigation First Amendment Litigation Estate Planning and Probate Litigation Mediation He has also achieved the rating of AV Preeminent® by Martindale Hubbell.

We conclude our "Mediation in Practice" s series by discussion various types of civil mediation. Whether probate, business or employment matters, mediation is an effective tool to resolve disputes, including lawsuits, that can save you time money and most importantly, stress. Music: https://www.bensound.com/royalty-free... For more information, check out our website at https://www.ventolalaw.com. At Ventola Law, our clients consist of businesses, partnerships, individuals, and religious organizations. This firm’s biggest priority is to make our clients successful in all of their legal pursuits. Sam has a wide variety of experience in litigation, legal education, and mediation. He has been an attorney on both sides in business litigation, employment disputes, probate litigation, and personal injury cases. In addition to being an attorney, he has been a mediator, hearing officer, labor relations professor, and lecturer on litigation, employment, and First Amendment issues. Sam has over 30 years’ experience in: General Litigation Business Law and Litigation Employment Law and Litigation First Amendment Litigation Estate Planning and Probate Litigation Mediation He has also achieved the rating of AV Preeminent® by Martindale Hubbell.

The loss of a family member can be further complicated by disagreements. Sometimes, old grievances can rear their ugly head and create probate disputes. In this podcast, Sam tackles the emotional practice area of probate mediation. Find out how these types of disputes can be resolved efficiently and peacefully. Music: https://www.bensound.com/royalty-free... For more information, check out our website at https://www.ventolamediation.com. At Ventola Mediation, our clients consist of businesses, partnerships, individuals, and religious organizations. This firm’s biggest priority is to make our clients successful in all of their legal pursuits. Sam has a wide variety of experience in litigation, legal education, and mediation. He has been an attorney on both sides in business litigation, employment disputes, probate litigation, and personal injury cases. In addition to being an attorney, he has been a mediator, hearing officer, labor relations professor, and lecturer on litigation, employment, and First Amendment issues. Sam has over 30 years’ experience in: General Litigation Business Law and Litigation Employment Law and Litigation First Amendment Litigation Estate Planning and Probate Litigation Mediation He has also achieved the rating of AV Preeminent® by Martindale Hubbell.

Unlike movies or TV shows, there isn't usually a grand "reading of the will" in most probate cases. However, in this podcast, we discuss what actually happens in a probate case and more importantly, how it can be avoided. Music: https://www.bensound.com/royalty-free.... For more information, check out our website at https://www.ventolalaw.com. At Ventola Law, our clients consist of businesses, partnerships, individuals, and religious organizations. This firm’s biggest priority is to make our clients successful in all of their legal pursuits. Sam has a wide variety of experience in litigation, legal education, and mediation. He has been an attorney on both sides in business litigation, employment disputes, probate litigation, and personal injury cases. In addition to being an attorney, he has been a mediator, hearing officer, labor relations professor, and lecturer on litigation, employment, and First Amendment issues. Sam has over 30 years’ experience in: General Litigation Business Law and Litigation Employment Law and Litigation First Amendment Litigation Estate Planning and Probate Litigation Mediation He has also achieved the rating of AV Preeminent® by Martindale Hubbell.

Whether buying or selling a home or commercial property, it's important to be earnest about deposits. In this podcast, Sam discusses a mediator's approach to earnest money deposit disputes and how mediation might be an easier solution than going to court. Music: https://www.bensound.com/royalty-free.... If you have a suggestion for a topic we should cover in our podcast, drop us a comment on Instagram - @samtheanswerman or Twitter - @samdaanswerman. For more information, check out our website at https://www.ventolamediation.com. At Ventola Mediation, our clients consist of businesses, partnerships, individuals, and religious organizations. This firm’s biggest priority is to make our clients successful in all of their legal pursuits. Sam has a wide variety of experience in litigation, legal education, and mediation. He has been an attorney on both sides in business litigation, employment disputes, probate litigation, and personal injury cases. In addition to being an attorney, he has been a mediator, hearing officer, labor relations professor, and lecturer on litigation, employment, and First Amendment issues. Sam has over 30 years’ experience in: General Litigation Business Law and Litigation Employment Law and Litigation First Amendment Litigation Estate Planning and Probate Litigation Mediation He has also achieved the rating of AV Preeminent® by Martindale Hubbell.

As your business grows, you probably want to hire employees. There are several issues that you may want to address such as vacation time, how to report an incident and who has authority in any given situation? In this podcast, we discuss at will employment agreements and what business owners should consider about them. Music: https://www.bensound.com/royalty-free.... For more information, check out our website at https://www.ventolalaw.com. At Ventola Law, our clients consist of businesses, partnerships, individuals, and religious organizations. This firm’s biggest priority is to make our clients successful in all of their legal pursuits. Sam has a wide variety of experience in litigation, legal education, and mediation. He has been an attorney on both sides in business litigation, employment disputes, probate litigation, and personal injury cases. In addition to being an attorney, he has been a mediator, hearing officer, labor relations professor, and lecturer on litigation, employment, and First Amendment issues. Sam has over 30 years’ experience in: General Litigation Business Law and Litigation Employment Law and Litigation First Amendment Litigation Estate Planning and Probate Litigation Mediation He has also achieved the rating of AV Preeminent® by Martindale Hubbell.

For tenants, landlords are almost always difficult. Always on your back about rent and never there when you need them. On the other hand for landlords, it's always the tenants' excuses for late rent and demanding entitlement. When tensions rise, the question is, is it worth going to court? In this podcast, we discuss landlord/tenants disputes and the mediators approach to resolve them. Music: https://www.bensound.com/royalty-free... For more information, check out our website at https://www.ventolamediation.com. At Ventola Mediation, our clients consist of businesses, partnerships, individuals, and religious organizations. This firm’s biggest priority is to make our clients successful in all of their legal pursuits. Sam has a wide variety of experience in litigation, legal education, and mediation. He has been an attorney on both sides in business litigation, employment disputes, probate litigation, and personal injury cases. In addition to being an attorney, he has been a mediator, hearing officer, labor relations professor, and lecturer on litigation, employment, and First Amendment issues. Sam has over 30 years’ experience in: General Litigation Business Law and Litigation Employment Law and Litigation First Amendment Litigation Estate Planning and Probate Litigation Mediation He has also achieved the rating of AV Preeminent® by Martindale Hubbell.

"Is my non-compete agreement enforceable?" This is a question we get quite frequently. In this podcast, Sam discusses non-compete agreements, their enforceability and so much more! Music: https://www.bensound.com/royalty-free... For more information, check out our website at https://www.ventolalaw.com. At Ventola Law, our clients consist of businesses, partnerships, individuals, and religious organizations. This firm’s biggest priority is to make our clients successful in all of their legal pursuits. Sam has a wide variety of experience in litigation, legal education, and mediation. He has been an attorney on both sides in business litigation, employment disputes, probate litigation, and personal injury cases. In addition to being an attorney, he has been a mediator, hearing officer, labor relations professor, and lecturer on litigation, employment, and First Amendment issues. Sam has over 30 years’ experience in: General Litigation Business Law and Litigation Employment Law and Litigation First Amendment Litigation Estate Planning and Probate Litigation Mediation He has also achieved the rating of AV Preeminent® by Martindale Hubbell.

What comes to mind when you think of car accidents and lawyers? In this podcast, Sam discusses car accidents, lawyers and the dirty little secret of contingent fee agreements. Be sure to subscribe to our podcast so you don't miss a thing. Music: https://www.bensound.com/royalty-free... For more information, check out our website at https://www.ventolalaw.com. At Ventola Law, our clients consist of businesses, partnerships, individuals, and religious organizations. This firm’s biggest priority is to make our clients successful in all of their legal pursuits. Sam has a wide variety of experience in litigation, legal education, and mediation. He has been an attorney on both sides in business litigation, employment disputes, probate litigation, and personal injury cases. In addition to being an attorney, he has been a mediator, hearing officer, labor relations professor, and lecturer on litigation, employment, and First Amendment issues. Sam has over 30 years’ experience in: General Litigation Business Law and Litigation Employment Law and Litigation First Amendment Litigation Estate Planning and Probate Litigation Mediation He has also achieved the rating of AV Preeminent® by Martindale Hubbell.

In this podcast, Sam discusses the role of the mediator in workplace disputes. How is the best way to resolve conflict while reducing stress in the office? If you enjoy this podcast, please subscribe so you don't miss any updates. Music: https://www.bensound.com/royalty-free... For more information, check out our website at https://www.ventolalaw.com. At Ventola Law, our clients consist of businesses, partnerships, individuals, and religious organizations. This firm’s biggest priority is to make our clients successful in all of their legal pursuits. Sam has a wide variety of experience in litigation, legal education, and mediation. He has been an attorney on both sides in business litigation, employment disputes, probate litigation, and personal injury cases. In addition to being an attorney, he has been a mediator, hearing officer, labor relations professor, and lecturer on litigation, employment, and First Amendment issues. Sam has over 30 years’ experience in: General Litigation Business Law and Litigation Employment Law and Litigation First Amendment Litigation Estate Planning and Probate Litigation Mediation He has also achieved the rating of AV Preeminent® by Martindale Hubbell.

In this podcast, Sam discusses controversial topics such as the Udall Amendment, Colorado's Electoral College bill, free speech for corporations and much more. If you enjoy this podcast, please subscribe so you don't miss any updates. Music: https://www.bensound.com/royalty-free... For more information, check out our website at https://www.ventolalaw.com. At Ventola Law, our clients consist of businesses, partnerships, individuals, and religious organizations. This firm’s biggest priority is to make our clients successful in all of their legal pursuits. Sam has a wide variety of experience in litigation, legal education, and mediation. He has been an attorney on both sides in business litigation, employment disputes, probate litigation, and personal injury cases. In addition to being an attorney, he has been a mediator, hearing officer, labor relations professor, and lecturer on litigation, employment, and First Amendment issues. Sam has over 30 years’ experience in: General Litigation Business Law and Litigation Employment Law and Litigation First Amendment Litigation Estate Planning and Probate Litigation Mediation He has also achieved the rating of AV Preeminent® by Martindale Hubbell.

Did you know business breakups can be just as tough as personal ones? In this podcast, we discuss business divorces, why they happen and how to minimize your risk. If you enjoy this podcast, please subscribe so you don't miss any updates. Music: https://www.bensound.com/royalty-free... For more information, check out our website at https://www.ventolalaw.com. At Ventola Law, our clients consist of businesses, partnerships, individuals, and religious organizations. This firm’s biggest priority is to make our clients successful in all of their legal pursuits. Sam has a wide variety of experience in litigation, legal education, and mediation. He has been an attorney on both sides in business litigation, employment disputes, probate litigation, and personal injury cases. In addition to being an attorney, he has been a mediator, hearing officer, labor relations professor, and lecturer on litigation, employment, and First Amendment issues. Sam has over 30 years’ experience in: General Litigation Business Law and Litigation Employment Law and Litigation First Amendment Litigation Estate Planning and Probate Litigation Mediation He has also achieved the rating of AV Preeminent® by Martindale Hubbell.

What is defamation? Is it slander or libel? In this podcast, Sam discusses defamation, what it is, what it isn't, celebrities, tabloids and how the court system views it. If you enjoy this podcast, please subscribe so you don't miss any updates. Music: https://www.bensound.com/royalty-free...

In this episode of our Sam the Answer Man podcast, Sam discusses business formation and things you as a business owner should think about before starting your company. If you enjoy this podcast, please subscribe so you don't miss any updates. Music: https://www.bensound.com/royalty-free...

In this podcasts, we discuss how mediators view contract disputes and the strategies they employ to help get them resolved. If you enjoy this podcast, please subscribe so you don't miss any updates. Music: https://www.bensound.com/royalty-free... For more information, check out our website at https://www.ventolalaw.com. At Ventola Law, our clients consist of businesses, partnerships, individuals, and religious organizations. This firm’s biggest priority is to make our clients successful in all of their legal pursuits. Sam has a wide variety of experience in litigation, legal education, and mediation. He has been an attorney on both sides in business litigation, employment disputes, probate litigation, and personal injury cases. In addition to being an attorney, he has been a mediator, hearing officer, labor relations professor, and lecturer on litigation, employment, and First Amendment issues. Sam has over 30 years’ experience in: General Litigation Business Law and Litigation Employment Law and Litigation First Amendment Litigation Estate Planning and Probate Litigation Mediation He has also achieved the rating of AV Preeminent® by Martindale Hubbell.

In this episode of our podcast, we discuss copyrights including the Happy Birthday controversy, John Fogerty and Huckleberry Finn. If you enjoy this podcast, please subscribe so you don't miss any updates. Music: https://www.bensound.com/royalty-free... For more information, check out our website at https://www.ventolalaw.com. At Ventola Law, our clients consist of businesses, partnerships, individuals, and religious organizations. This firm’s biggest priority is to make our clients successful in all of their legal pursuits. Sam has a wide variety of experience in litigation, legal education, and mediation. He has been an attorney on both sides in business litigation, employment disputes, probate litigation, and personal injury cases. In addition to being an attorney, he has been a mediator, hearing officer, labor relations professor, and lecturer on litigation, employment, and First Amendment issues. Sam has over 30 years’ experience in: General Litigation Business Law and Litigation Employment Law and Litigation First Amendment Litigation Estate Planning and Probate Litigation Mediation He has also achieved the rating of AV Preeminent® by Martindale Hubbell.

In this podcast episode, we discuss the roller coaster process that is known as litigation. If you enjoy this podcast, please subscribe so you don't miss any updates. Music: https://www.bensound.com/royalty-free... For more information, check out our website at https://www.ventolalaw.com. At Ventola Law, our clients consist of businesses, partnerships, individuals, and religious organizations. This firm’s biggest priority is to make our clients successful in all of their legal pursuits. Sam has a wide variety of experience in litigation, legal education, and mediation. He has been an attorney on both sides in business litigation, employment disputes, probate litigation, and personal injury cases. In addition to being an attorney, he has been a mediator, hearing officer, labor relations professor, and lecturer on litigation, employment, and First Amendment issues. Sam has over 30 years’ experience in: General Litigation Business Law and Litigation Employment Law and Litigation First Amendment Litigation Estate Planning and Probate Litigation Mediation He has also achieved the rating of AV Preeminent® by Martindale Hubbell.

In this episode, we explore trademarks and the trolls who try to take yours. If you enjoy this podcast, please subscribe so you don't miss any updates. Music: https://www.bensound.com/royalty-free... For more information, check out our website at https://www.ventolalaw.com. At Ventola Law, our clients consist of businesses, partnerships, individuals, and religious organizations. This firm’s biggest priority is to make our clients successful in all of their legal pursuits. Sam has a wide variety of experience in litigation, legal education, and mediation. He has been an attorney on both sides in business litigation, employment disputes, probate litigation, and personal injury cases. In addition to being an attorney, he has been a mediator, hearing officer, labor relations professor, and lecturer on litigation, employment, and First Amendment issues. Sam has over 30 years’ experience in: General Litigation Business Law and Litigation Employment Law and Litigation First Amendment Litigation Estate Planning and Probate Litigation Mediation He has also achieved the rating of AV Preeminent® by Martindale Hubbell.

In this podcast episode, we discuss the differences between independent contractors and employees. If you enjoy this podcast, please subscribe so you don't miss any updates. Music: https://www.bensound.com/royalty-free... For more information, check out our website at https://www.ventolalaw.com. At Ventola Law, our clients consist of businesses, partnerships, individuals, and religious organizations. This firm’s biggest priority is to make our clients successful in all of their legal pursuits. Sam has a wide variety of experience in litigation, legal education, and mediation. He has been an attorney on both sides in business litigation, employment disputes, probate litigation, and personal injury cases. In addition to being an attorney, he has been a mediator, hearing officer, labor relations professor, and lecturer on litigation, employment, and First Amendment issues. Sam has over 30 years’ experience in: General Litigation Business Law and Litigation Employment Law and Litigation First Amendment Litigation Estate Planning and Probate Litigation Mediation He has also achieved the rating of AV Preeminent® by Martindale Hubbell.

In this podcast, we discuss the importance of estate planning and why everyone needs an estate plan. If you enjoy this podcast, please subscribe so you don't miss any updates. Music: https://www.bensound.com/royalty-free... For more information, check out our website at https://www.ventolalaw.com. At Ventola Law, our clients consist of businesses, partnerships, individuals, and religious organizations. This firm’s biggest priority is to make our clients successful in all of their legal pursuits. Sam has a wide variety of experience in litigation, legal education, and mediation. He has been an attorney on both sides in business litigation, employment disputes, probate litigation, and personal injury cases. In addition to being an attorney, he has been a mediator, hearing officer, labor relations professor, and lecturer on litigation, employment, and First Amendment issues. Sam has over 30 years’ experience in: General Litigation Business Law and Litigation Employment Law and Litigation First Amendment Litigation Estate Planning and Probate Litigation Mediation He has also achieved the rating of AV Preeminent® by Martindale Hubbell.

In this episode, Sam discusses important issues in contracts that business owners should think about before signing on the dotted line. If you enjoy this podcast, please subscribe so you don't miss any updates. Music: https://www.bensound.com/royalty-free... For more information, check out our website at https://www.ventolalaw.com. At Ventola Law, our clients consist of businesses, partnerships, individuals, and religious organizations. This firm’s biggest priority is to make our clients successful in all of their legal pursuits. Sam has a wide variety of experience in litigation, legal education, and mediation. He has been an attorney on both sides in business litigation, employment disputes, probate litigation, and personal injury cases. In addition to being an attorney, he has been a mediator, hearing officer, labor relations professor, and lecturer on litigation, employment, and First Amendment issues. Sam has over 30 years’ experience in: General Litigation Business Law and Litigation Employment Law and Litigation First Amendment Litigation Estate Planning and Probate Litigation Mediation He has also achieved the rating of AV Preeminent® by Martindale Hubbell.

Mediation, not to be confused with "meditation," is one form of dispute resolution. In this episode, Sam discusses mediation history, tips and strategies. If you enjoy this podcast, please subscribe so you don't miss any updates. Music: https://www.bensound.com/royalty-free... For more information, check out our website at https://www.ventolalaw.com. At Ventola Law, our clients consist of businesses, partnerships, individuals, and religious organizations. This firm’s biggest priority is to make our clients successful in all of their legal pursuits. Sam has a wide variety of experience in litigation, legal education, and mediation. He has been an attorney on both sides in business litigation, employment disputes, probate litigation, and personal injury cases. In addition to being an attorney, he has been a mediator, hearing officer, labor relations professor, and lecturer on litigation, employment, and First Amendment issues. Sam has over 30 years’ experience in: General Litigation Business Law and Litigation Employment Law and Litigation First Amendment Litigation Estate Planning and Probate Litigation Mediation He has also achieved the rating of AV Preeminent® by Martindale Hubbell.

What do you do when you receive that deposition notice? Sam addresses that and so much more! If you enjoy this podcast, please subscribe so you don't miss any updates. Music: https://www.bensound.com/royalty-free... For more information, check out our website at https://www.ventolalaw.com. At Ventola Law, our clients consist of businesses, partnerships, individuals, and religious organizations. This firm’s biggest priority is to make our clients successful in all of their legal pursuits. Sam has a wide variety of experience in litigation, legal education, and mediation. He has been an attorney on both sides in business litigation, employment disputes, probate litigation, and personal injury cases. In addition to being an attorney, he has been a mediator, hearing officer, labor relations professor, and lecturer on litigation, employment, and First Amendment issues. Sam has over 30 years’ experience in: General Litigation Business Law and Litigation Employment Law and Litigation First Amendment Litigation Estate Planning and Probate Litigation Mediation He has also achieved the rating of AV Preeminent® by Martindale Hubbell.

Sam discusses stare decisis and its impact on the Supreme Court judicial nomination process. If you enjoy this podcast, please subscribe so you don't miss any updates. Music: https://www.bensound.com/royalty-free... For more information, check out our website at https://www.ventolalaw.com. At Ventola Law, our clients consist of businesses, partnerships, individuals, and religious organizations. This firm’s biggest priority is to make our clients successful in all of their legal pursuits. Sam has a wide variety of experience in litigation, legal education, and mediation. He has been an attorney on both sides in business litigation, employment disputes, probate litigation, and personal injury cases. In addition to being an attorney, he has been a mediator, hearing officer, labor relations professor, and lecturer on litigation, employment, and First Amendment issues. Sam has over 30 years’ experience in: General Litigation Business Law and Litigation Employment Law and Litigation First Amendment Litigation Estate Planning and Probate Litigation Mediation He has also achieved the rating of AV Preeminent® by Martindale Hubbell.

Sam the Answer Man answers your questions about free speech and the First Amendment. If you enjoy this podcast, please subscribe so you don't miss any updates. Music: https://www.bensound.com/royalty-free... For more information, check out our website at https://www.ventolalaw.com. At Ventola Law, our clients consist of businesses, partnerships, individuals, and religious organizations. This firm’s biggest priority is to make our clients successful in all of their legal pursuits. Sam has a wide variety of experience in litigation, legal education, and mediation. He has been an attorney on both sides in business litigation, employment disputes, probate litigation, and personal injury cases. In addition to being an attorney, he has been a mediator, hearing officer, labor relations professor, and lecturer on litigation, employment, and First Amendment issues. Sam has over 30 years’ experience in: General Litigation Business Law and Litigation Employment Law and Litigation First Amendment Litigation Estate Planning and Probate Litigation Mediation He has also achieved the rating of AV Preeminent® by Martindale Hubbell.