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On this episode of the Post Podcast Cottonwood Extension District agent Stacy Campbell shares information about upcoming events.   Transcript: EDITORS NOTE: Transcripts are provided by an automated service and are not verified for accuracy.   James Bell  The area extension districts are getting ready for wheat feel the plot days cottonwood extension district agent Stacy Campbell stops by to talk to us about that and much more on this episode of the post podcast going on. But we want to talk about this first. We've been talking about this here on the go morning show for the last few weeks. This is the tractor farm safety course. Now this week, we haven't been talking about it because the deadline had come. Yeah, but you say there's a few spots left. You're gonna squeak some more kids. Oh, yeah.   Stacy Campbell  Yeah, we can squeak some more kids in right. We put the deadline was last Friday. But you know, you kind of gotta have a deadline. I mean, we will still take more kids. Yeah. For that we actually call it hazardous occupation, safety training and agriculture. The acronym is hosta. But basically, yeah, tractor farm safety course that extension service offers every year around the state. For youth that are 14 to 15 years of age, if they're going to be working for somebody on a farm, especially other than their parents, or even if their parents I believe are in like a corporation or partnership. by federal law, if they're 14 or 15 years old. They're supposed to take this tractor farm safety course we have at this Saturday in Hill city, I'm going to be going, I am going there to to teach so I can gladly haul any kids that still need to get signed up and go to that. Very cool. And it was if I remember, right, it's like $10. Yeah, it's just $10. Right? In the end, yeah, I actually people's state bank, out of Hoxie is one of our sponsors, so that with them sponsoring, it's help reduce the cost. And then there's a manual that the kids get, actually, it's a big manual on loan that will take back, but they could still get registered, we just encourage them to do that today. Tomorrow, they can call the extension office at 6289430. For that tractor farm safety course this Saturday in Hill city, it is an all day event. And like I say, I'm gonna go so I can gladly haul any kids that that need to go. Very cool. Very cool.   James Bell  But that's just one of the many things you've got going on down there this time of year, right?   Stacy Campbell  Well, yeah, it's kind of always there's always, it's always busy. There's always something going on. Of course, we'll have the fair coming up this summer. And that's already on our books. And we're working on it getting the last of our judges and superintendents and you know, working all the details out on that. But also, we plot field days will be coming up here in May. Our first one is in Barton County on Monday, May the 23rd, starting at 830 in the morning, and the 23rd is a Monday, that's not a good time to be having a field day first thing Monday morning, but that our specialists have those all over the state. So they're quite busy. So I worked with them this year and said, Sure, I'll take Monday, I'll take the the bad day to kind of have a field day on Monday morning. But in Barton County, it's going to be Monday, May 23, at 830. And you know if which of course, I'm sitting here talking to Ellis County, folks, so they're probably not too interested in that one. But the next one is in Ellis County, and it's going to be on Wednesday, June the first. So that's Wednesday, June, the first will be our annual Ellis County wheat demonstration or wheat variety plot field day, it's going to be in the evening at 6pm. We do have it at a different location. It's south and little west of Hayes at mangiare and 230th Avenue. And we're going to kind of do the same thing. We'll have a meal afterwards. So we do ask that you RSVP that's appreciated by Tuesday, May 31. For our wheat Demonstration Field Day on Wednesday, June the first and then our number is 6289430.   James Bell  Very cool. Very cool. You know what those wheat field days I imagine a lot of the folks are listening probably either they're their producers, and they already know these events are happening and they're going or they're not. I'm curious, you know, is there is there any benefit for those that aren't maybe producers to check this? So   Stacy Campbell  I mean, it's a good question. Actually. Sometimes we have a landlord's you know, they're not farming the ground and they have it rented out, but sometimes they'd like to come and listen and hear what's going on and, and just kind of visit with other farmers and stuff they know, in all oftentimes, you know, landlords may be in what's called a crop share leasing arrangement with their tenant to where they actually get a percentage of the crop. So it is good for them to try to you know, stay up on things and understand about diseases and insects and, and the new varieties and things like that. So yes, we welcome anybody to come to those to our wheat demonstration plot field days and yeah, sometimes we have landlords come to those. Very cool. Yep. Well,   James Bell  what else could have going on? Well, one of the things I   Stacy Campbell  might mention is just kind of did a newspaper article about it. But unfortunately, since we're, we've been dry and looks like we may continue to stay that away. So quite a few of our farm ponds are getting pretty dry, if not already dried up. So this is a good opportunity to if you need to clean that farm pond out to do that. If it's leaking. I would advise you After you've cleaned it out, or maybe before you clean it out, you could take some soil course around on the pond area about zero to four to six inches down and you can bring those into the extension office, we can send them off to get a soil texture test. And that soil texture test will tell how much clay is in the soil. So if your ponds been leaking, I would advise you to do that. Because if it comes back and it's got close to 30% clay content or higher, you can alter I mean, you can take care of that leaking problem after you've cleaned that pond out by just really really packing it well with what's called a sheep's foot roller. I mean, that's really what needs to happen. So if you've got enough clay in the soil, but the pond is leaking, take a soil texture test, bring it into the extension office, give us a call, we might be able to help you there in that, you know, maybe it's just the deal where you really need to pack it really, really well while it's dry. And then that may take care of any leaking problems. And you don't have to go and try to dig a new pond. And then there's some products you can use to put into the soil, but they get kind of expensive. So that's why I encourage folks to clean out their farm ponds. And then if they're leaking to do a soil texture test, also when you're cleaning them out, sometimes people don't think about that it's very advisable to put that dirt that you're taken out on the backside of the of the dam. Because sometimes you see of just they clean it out and they put it all kind of around the pond. Well, where's it going to ultimately go down the road? Yeah, it's gonna go back in we hard rains and the cattle and stuff. So put it on the back of the dam, okay. Plus your dam usually needs a little extra work and some in some, you know, dirt work and things like that to shore it up. So anyway, if you if you want some more information about that soil texture test for your leaking pond, give us a call at the extension office 6289430 We can gladly send that soil land and do that just recently had somebody do that. It was leaking. We discovered that it had I think exactly 30% CLAY So it was dry. So they got that sheep's foot roller on it and packed it really good. So I'm anxious to see once it fills up if it won't leak anymore. I suspect it won't. Yeah, very cool. Yeah. Yeah.   James Bell  Well already, sir. Well, we got less than a minute left. Any   Stacy Campbell  other last thoughts where we go? I think that's it. Yeah, the tractor farm safety courses this Saturday and Hill city. If you got a kid that's 1415 years old got to be working on a farm they need to take the course they can still get signed up. Just give us a call today at the extension office 6289430 We'll get him signed up. I'm going to it so I'll gladly take any kiddos with

Debbi Mack interviews crime fiction writer Clay Stafford. Check us out on Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/crimecafe Debbi (00:54): But first I'd like to put in a good word for Blubrry podcasting. I'm a Bluburry podcasting affiliate, but that's not the only reason I'm telling you about this. I've been using Blubrry podcasting as my host for the podcast for years and it's one of the best decisions I've ever made. They provide great service. You can run your podcast from your website. They provide fantastic distribution at a reasonable price. That's why it's a company I can get behind one hundred percent and say, "You should try this." If you want to podcast, try out Blubrry. It doesn't require a long-term contract. It's just a great company, and they provide great technical support, too, by email, video, and on the phone. I've included an affiliate link on this blog. Unfortunately, our scheduled guest had to cancel. However, I was lucky enough to have someone else waiting in the wings. :) FYI, this post includes an affiliate link or two. Debbi: Hi, everyone. Today's guest is uniquely accomplished, to say the least. He is, and I quote from his bio, "an author, screenwriter, playwright, producer, director, actor, showrunner, publisher, songwriter/composer, CEO, educator, speaker, and needless to say, entrepreneur." He is also founder, CEO, and president of the Killer Nashville Conference for writers. He's done numerous things we can discuss, actually. And it's my great pleasure to introduce Clay Stafford. Hi Clay. I'm so glad you're here today. Clay: Well, hey, Debbi. And all of that only says that I am very old. That's what it comes down to. Right? Debbi: But you have done so much with that time. Clay: Well, thanks. Thanks. You know I started as a kid actor. Did you know that? Debbi: I was going to ask how you got started. How did you get started? Clay: Yeah. I started actually working professionally when I was 10, and so have been in the business ever since then. Worked and then formed my first production company when I was 16 years old, and started doing commercials for banks and other things. And so everything kind of went from there. Debbi: Wow, that's really impressive. What led you to a life of literary crime? Clay: First of all, I love all literature. I'm incredibly eclectic. I love the classics. I love ... The only thing I say that really just pushes me too far is romance when we get into the shower scenes, and everybody always hears me talking about the shower scene. Can't stand the shower scenes, but I can skip that. Romantic suspense, I love. So I just love everything, and when we founded ... I guess we're going to talk a little bit about Killer Nashville, the conference. Right? First of all, I love all literature. I'm incredibly eclectic. I love the classics. Debbi: For sure. Clay: When I founded Killer Nashville, it was, as you can see, based on stories that contained elements of mystery, thriller, suspense. And to me, I think no matter if you're writing literary, if you're writing straight crime noir, if you're writing science fiction, those elements actually are propelling the story forward and keep the reader's interest. I know we have the genre of mystery and crime, but you can do that in multiple--historical, sci-fi, fantasy--ways, and still impose the same elements on there of the storytelling. I think no matter if you're writing literary, if you're writing straight crime noir, if you're writing science fiction, those elements actually are propelling the story forward and keep the reader's interest. Clay: So as long as it's got that, which to me tells me that the story's moving forward, I'm all in. So it doesn't really matter about the genre itself. So how did I get involved with crime? Well, that's just the Michael Jackson song, just another side of me. So that's just part of one of the techniques where the mystery, thriller,

Intro Guest read by Wachusett Reservoir Addicts I’m Carrie Z of the HuntFishTravel Podcast, and of the Adventure & Travel Podcast launching this summer! Clay: Anything is fair game and it's a good bet that after today’s show you’re going to want to fish more and talk less. This episode is brought to you by you! Our Patreon Supporters, our top tier supporter is Josh Lopes, Josh Lopes is an accountant and tax season is coming up. Josh also owns a vacation rental property next door to my house. If you want a great tax guy and are in Massachussetts give Josh a call http://www.lopestax.com/ you can find links and phone numbers at Fish Nerds.com If you want to support the Fish Nerds head over to Patreon.com/fishnerds we are asking fans to donate t dollar per episode Segment 1 Spearing Fish with Carrie Z (11 minutes) http://dnr.wi.gov/topic/fishing/sturgeon/sturgeonlakewinnebago.html Promo Outdoor Podcast Channel Segment 2 (10 Minutes) Rich Collins - Fly Fishing Minute www.thirstproductions.com Segment 3 (7 minutes) Purple Octopus Killing fish and time with Hugo https://www.facebook.com/groups/outdoorculinary/ Purple Octopus 1 octopus, beak and eyes removed 1 red cabbage, sliced so it’ll fit in a juicer Juice or puree one head of red cabbage. Place the octopus in a tupperware and cover with the cabbage juice. Place in fridge for 24 hours then remove and rinse. *At this point I vacuum sealed and cooked the octopus using the Sous Vide device but you could otherwise bring it to a boil and cook on medium heat in water for 20 minutes per pound. Sous Vide Method Preheat Sous Vide bath to 180 F Vacuum seal the octopus and cook in Sous Vide for four hours. At this point the octopus will be perfectly tender and ready to use in any recipe. I used my Searzall food torch to give it some color and a little charring Segment 4 Convincing Clay to Fly Fish Michael Frank www.franksflyarts.com Ken Edmonds of Georgia talks fly-fishing & Dave Whitlock Big thanks to Mystery Tackle box for supporting this episode, to get 5 dollars off your first order www.mysterytacklebox.com Unboxing Fish in the News http://www.pbs.org/newshour/rundown/brazilian-city-uses-tilapia-fish-skin-treat-burn-victims/ http://www.foxnews.com/travel/2017/02/07/annual-japanese-snow-art-festival-uses-real-frozen-fish-in-controversial-display.html Clay: So that is it. you have listen to a couple of Fish Nerds when you could have been fishing, Carrie : We’d like to thank our families for supporting us while we podcast, go on fishing Quests and do all sorts of silly things that NERDS do. If you would like to support Fish Nerds you can go to Patreon.com and search for Fish Nerds and help us crowd fund this podcast! CLAY: Special Thanks to Carrie Z of the Hunt FIsh travel podcast Carrie: And until next time, follow the code of the Fish Nerd: Spawn early and often; Clay: Avoid free lunches with strings attached; Carrie: swim against the current every chance you get.

Intro Guest read by Wachusett Reservoir Addicts I’m Carrie Z of the HuntFishTravel Podcast, and of the Adventure & Travel Podcast launching this summer! Clay: Anything is fair game and it's a good bet that after today’s show you’re going to want to fish more and talk less. This episode is brought to you by you! Our Patreon Supporters, our top tier supporter is Josh Lopes, Josh Lopes is an accountant and tax season is coming up. Josh also owns a vacation rental property next door to my house. If you want a great tax guy and are in Massachussetts give Josh a call http://www.lopestax.com/ you can find links and phone numbers at Fish Nerds.com If you want to support the Fish Nerds head over to Patreon.com/fishnerds we are asking fans to donate t dollar per episode Segment 1 Spearing Fish with Carrie Z (11 minutes) http://dnr.wi.gov/topic/fishing/sturgeon/sturgeonlakewinnebago.html Promo Outdoor Podcast Channel Segment 2 (10 Minutes) Rich Collins - Fly Fishing Minute www.thirstproductions.com Segment 3 (7 minutes) Purple Octopus Killing fish and time with Hugo https://www.facebook.com/groups/outdoorculinary/ Purple Octopus 1 octopus, beak and eyes removed 1 red cabbage, sliced so it’ll fit in a juicer Juice or puree one head of red cabbage. Place the octopus in a tupperware and cover with the cabbage juice. Place in fridge for 24 hours then remove and rinse. *At this point I vacuum sealed and cooked the octopus using the Sous Vide device but you could otherwise bring it to a boil and cook on medium heat in water for 20 minutes per pound. Sous Vide Method Preheat Sous Vide bath to 180 F Vacuum seal the octopus and cook in Sous Vide for four hours. At this point the octopus will be perfectly tender and ready to use in any recipe. I used my Searzall food torch to give it some color and a little charring Segment 4 Convincing Clay to Fly Fish Michael Frank www.franksflyarts.com Ken Edmonds of Georgia talks fly-fishing & Dave Whitlock Big thanks to Mystery Tackle box for supporting this episode, to get 5 dollars off your first order www.mysterytacklebox.com Unboxing Fish in the News http://www.pbs.org/newshour/rundown/brazilian-city-uses-tilapia-fish-skin-treat-burn-victims/ http://www.foxnews.com/travel/2017/02/07/annual-japanese-snow-art-festival-uses-real-frozen-fish-in-controversial-display.html Clay: So that is it. you have listen to a couple of Fish Nerds when you could have been fishing, Carrie : We’d like to thank our families for supporting us while we podcast, go on fishing Quests and do all sorts of silly things that NERDS do. If you would like to support Fish Nerds you can go to Patreon.com and search for Fish Nerds and help us crowd fund this podcast! CLAY: Special Thanks to Carrie Z of the Hunt FIsh travel podcast Carrie: And until next time, follow the code of the Fish Nerd: Spawn early and often; Clay: Avoid free lunches with strings attached; Carrie: swim against the current every chance you get.

Guest intro 0:10 US Intro 3:00 WE HAVE A SPONSOR - MTB Promo Code FISHNERDS https://www.facebook.com/photo.php?fbid=10154428988416608&set=gm.1474843592556468&type=3 Segment A 11:00 FN Book Club “Cod” The Founding Fish by John Mcphee for the next FN Book Club Promo 0:30 Patreon - Big thanks to our newest Patrons! Rich Collins, Ed hind and Backwoods Graphics Segment B 8:20 Fish in the News http://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/fish-dont-do-so-well-space-180961817/?utm_source=keywee-facebook.com&utm_medium=socialmedia&utm_campaign=keywee&kwp_0=315257 http://www.tu.org/blog-posts/brookies-do-better-without-brown-trout https://phys.org/news/2017-02-percent-fish-fishmeal-prime.html Great Rotary Ice Fishing Derby - Interview with one of the winners (pretaped) www.iceshanty.com 0:30 You need to have seen it by now, however simply in case — a Fb standing from Cincinnati resident Scout Burns, itemizing all of the explanation why they hate the mola mola a.okay.a ocean sunfish, has gone tremendous-viral, and with good purpose. Clay: So that is it. you have listen to a couple of Fish Nerds when you could have been fishing, Jeff : We’d like to thank our families for supporting us while we podcast, go on fishing Quests and do all sorts of silly things that NERDS do. If you would like to support Fish Nerds you can go to Patreon.com and search for Fish Nerds and help us crowd fund this podcast! CLAY: Special Thanks to Jeff Danaldson Jeff: And until next time, follow the code of the Fish Nerd: Spawn early and often; Clay Avoid free lunches with strings attached; Jeff : swim against the current every chance you get.

Intro Read, Dave Perry from www.wickedfishah.com Valentines Special SPECIAL gUEST Amanda from the Great Beer Adventure Podcast www.greatbeeradventure.com Clay - Hey Amanda, thanks for coming on the show! - Tell us about the Great Beer adventure, what is your origin story? What are you drinking tonight Well this is the Fish Nerds Valentines special, because nobody is more romantic than a nerd! Let’s talk about love making, and make no mistake, fish make lots of love.. Not sure if love is the right word! Preview for Next week’s show Saltfish= Another name for girl parts ... Next week we introduce a brand new segment for the show #FNbookclub Jeff Danaldson (Librarian) will lead us through a discussion about Cod: A Biography of the Fish that Changed the World-Mark-Kurlansky Segment 1 Fish Love Percula Clownfish: Your Mommy Was Your Daddy. (from neatorama.com) In Disney's animated movie Finding Nemo, the animators forgot to tell you one thing about clownfish: they can change gender! Clownfish live in a group consisting of a breeding pair of male and female, as well as some non-breeding males. There is strict hierarchy based on size: the largest is the female, next largest is the male, and then the non-breeding males.If the female dies (or gets fished, I suppose), the male will change sex and become the female! Then the largest of the non-breeding males will get a promotion to become the breeding male. Sneaker Male http://the-earth-story.com The most common mating strategy involves a large adult male (age 7+) building a nest and then providing parental care for his offspring. The male will groom the eggs with his tail and will attack anything that comes near his nest. Males even protect the nest after the eggs have hatched. The larger the male, the better chances he will have of defending himself and his offspring. Nesting is a way for a male to show off his fitness and reproductive ability. These older males also develop a dark spot behind the gills and brilliant blue coloration, which is a very noticeable signal that the male is ready to mate. Physical displays that symbolize reproductive fitness are common in the animal kingdom, but this does not always mean the largest male is the only one to reproduce. There are adaptations within bluegill populations that work around the parental male life cycle. Some bluegill males use what scientists have named “cuckolding” or “sneaking”. Sneaker males, smaller and younger (age 2+) than their parental male competitors, wait until the nesting male and female are about to spawn. As the female begins releasing eggs into the water for the male to fertilize, the sneaker will dart into the nest and quickly release his milt (sperm) in the hopes that he will at least fertilize some of the eggs. Sneaker males are unusual enough but there are also “satellite” males. Smaller male bluegill will develop the coloration and behavior of female bluegill. Female bluegill lack the bright colors that males have. This helps disguise them from the larger, aggressive parental males. Once the male and female begin fertilization, the mimic will swim up to the female and release his milt. The adult male does not see it as a threat so both males are able to reproduce. These three life histories do not overlap. Parental males are always parental males since they tend to mature later in life. Sneakers and satellites begin mating around age 2 and usually live much short lives than male parents. This is where the tradeoff mentioned above becomes evident. Parental males live longer, mature at an older age and are the most likely to produce the most offspring. Sneakers and satellites mate at a younger age but will likely produce less viable offspring. It is currently unknown what determines if a male becomes a parent, sneaker or satellite. It is believed to be a combination of genetics as well as environmental pressures (such as a lake filled with many large males) that determine which life history a male will follow. A nightmare for Male Anglerfish http://mentalfloss.com/article/57800/horrors-anglerfish-mating When you think of an anglerfish, you probably think of something like the creature above: Big mouth. Gnarly teeth. Lure bobbing from its head. Endless nightmares following. During the 19th century, when scientists began to discover, describe, and classify anglerfish from a particular branch of the anglerfish family tree—the suborder Ceratioidei—that’s what they thought of, too. The problem was that they were only seeing half the picture. The specimens that they were working with were all female, and they had no idea where the males were or what they looked like. Researchers sometimes found some other fish that seemed to be related based on their body structure, but they lacked the fearsome maw and lure typical of ceratioids and were much smaller—sometimes only as long as six or seven millimeters—and got placed into separate taxonomic groups. It wasn’t until the 1920s—almost a full century after the first ceratioid was entered into the scientific record—that things started to become a little clearer. In 1922, Icelandic biologist Bjarni Saemundsson discovered a female ceratioid with two of these smaller fish attached to her belly by their snouts. He assumed it was a mother and her babies, but was puzzled by the arrangement. “I can form no idea of how, or when, the larvae, or young, become attached to the mother. I cannot believe that the male fastens the egg to the female,” he wrote. “This remains a puzzle for some future researchers to solve.” When Saemundsson kicked the problem down the road, it was Charles Tate Regan, working at the British Museum of Natural History in 1924, who picked it up. Regan also found a smaller fish attached to a female ceratioid. When he dissected it, he realized it wasn’t a different species or the female angler’s child. It was her mate. The “missing” males had been there all along, just unrecognized and misclassified, and Regan and other scientists, like Norwegian zoologist Albert Eide Parr, soon figured out why the male ceratioids looked so different. They don’t need lures or big mouths and teeth because they don’t hunt, and they don’t hunt because they have the females. The ceratioid male, Regan wrote, is “merely an appendage of the female, and entirely dependent on her for nutrition.” In other words, a parasite. When ceratioid males go looking for love, they follow a species-specific pheromone to a female, who will often aid their search further by flashing her bioluminescent lure. Once the male finds a suitable mate, he bites into her belly and latches on until his body fuses with hers. Their skin joins together, and so do their blood vessels, which allows the male to take all the nutrients he needs from his host/mate’s blood. The two fish essentially become one. Segment 2 Guides Corner, with Michael Frank www.franksflyarts.com PROMO The Fish Nerds are part of the Outdoor Podcast channel! All your outdoor podcasts needs on one feed! Check it out wherever you get your podcasts. Everyday another outdoor show! So fish shows, hunting shows, travel shows, camping shows and much more. Check it out! Segment 3: Product Reviews “Garmin Striker 4” fish finder Segment 4: Fish in the News Cod Love http://www.cnn.com/2016/10/05/europe/cod-accents-breeding-noise/ (Tweeted) Zachary David ‏@Adironzach @FishNerds Frozen fish in the news! http://news.nationalgeographic.com/2017/02/fish-pike-bass-ice-fishing-lake-indiana/ http://chicago.suntimes.com/news/shedds-grandad-worlds-oldest-aquarium-fish-dies/ Segment 5 Do fish kiss? http://freshaquarium.about.com/cs/anabantids2/p/kissinggourami.htm Clay So that is it. you have listen to a couple of Fish Nerds when you could have been fishing, Amanda: We’d like to thank our families for supporting us while we podcast, go on fishing Quests and do all sorts of silly things that Nerds do. If you would like to support Fish Nerds you can go to Patreon.com and search for Fish Nerds and help us crowd fund this podcast! Clay Special thanks to Amanda from the http://greatbeeradventure.com/ Amanda: And until next time, follow the code of the Fish Nerd: Spawn early and often; Clay Avoid free lunches with strings attached; Amanda swim against the current every chance you get.

Intro Read, Dave Perry from www.wickedfishah.com Valentines Special SPECIAL gUEST Amanda from the Great Beer Adventure Podcast www.greatbeeradventure.com Clay - Hey Amanda, thanks for coming on the show! - Tell us about the Great Beer adventure, what is your origin story? What are you drinking tonight Well this is the Fish Nerds Valentines special, because nobody is more romantic than a nerd! Let’s talk about love making, and make no mistake, fish make lots of love.. Not sure if love is the right word! Preview for Next week’s show Saltfish= Another name for girl parts ... Next week we introduce a brand new segment for the show #FNbookclub Jeff Danaldson (Librarian) will lead us through a discussion about Cod: A Biography of the Fish that Changed the World-Mark-Kurlansky Segment 1 Fish Love Percula Clownfish: Your Mommy Was Your Daddy. (from neatorama.com) In Disney's animated movie Finding Nemo, the animators forgot to tell you one thing about clownfish: they can change gender! Clownfish live in a group consisting of a breeding pair of male and female, as well as some non-breeding males. There is strict hierarchy based on size: the largest is the female, next largest is the male, and then the non-breeding males.If the female dies (or gets fished, I suppose), the male will change sex and become the female! Then the largest of the non-breeding males will get a promotion to become the breeding male. Sneaker Male http://the-earth-story.com The most common mating strategy involves a large adult male (age 7+) building a nest and then providing parental care for his offspring. The male will groom the eggs with his tail and will attack anything that comes near his nest. Males even protect the nest after the eggs have hatched. The larger the male, the better chances he will have of defending himself and his offspring. Nesting is a way for a male to show off his fitness and reproductive ability. These older males also develop a dark spot behind the gills and brilliant blue coloration, which is a very noticeable signal that the male is ready to mate. Physical displays that symbolize reproductive fitness are common in the animal kingdom, but this does not always mean the largest male is the only one to reproduce. There are adaptations within bluegill populations that work around the parental male life cycle. Some bluegill males use what scientists have named “cuckolding” or “sneaking”. Sneaker males, smaller and younger (age 2+) than their parental male competitors, wait until the nesting male and female are about to spawn. As the female begins releasing eggs into the water for the male to fertilize, the sneaker will dart into the nest and quickly release his milt (sperm) in the hopes that he will at least fertilize some of the eggs. Sneaker males are unusual enough but there are also “satellite” males. Smaller male bluegill will develop the coloration and behavior of female bluegill. Female bluegill lack the bright colors that males have. This helps disguise them from the larger, aggressive parental males. Once the male and female begin fertilization, the mimic will swim up to the female and release his milt. The adult male does not see it as a threat so both males are able to reproduce. These three life histories do not overlap. Parental males are always parental males since they tend to mature later in life. Sneakers and satellites begin mating around age 2 and usually live much short lives than male parents. This is where the tradeoff mentioned above becomes evident. Parental males live longer, mature at an older age and are the most likely to produce the most offspring. Sneakers and satellites mate at a younger age but will likely produce less viable offspring. It is currently unknown what determines if a male becomes a parent, sneaker or satellite. It is believed to be a combination of genetics as well as environmental pressures (such as a lake filled with many large males) that determine which life history a male will follow. A nightmare for Male Anglerfish http://mentalfloss.com/article/57800/horrors-anglerfish-mating When you think of an anglerfish, you probably think of something like the creature above: Big mouth. Gnarly teeth. Lure bobbing from its head. Endless nightmares following. During the 19th century, when scientists began to discover, describe, and classify anglerfish from a particular branch of the anglerfish family tree—the suborder Ceratioidei—that’s what they thought of, too. The problem was that they were only seeing half the picture. The specimens that they were working with were all female, and they had no idea where the males were or what they looked like. Researchers sometimes found some other fish that seemed to be related based on their body structure, but they lacked the fearsome maw and lure typical of ceratioids and were much smaller—sometimes only as long as six or seven millimeters—and got placed into separate taxonomic groups. It wasn’t until the 1920s—almost a full century after the first ceratioid was entered into the scientific record—that things started to become a little clearer. In 1922, Icelandic biologist Bjarni Saemundsson discovered a female ceratioid with two of these smaller fish attached to her belly by their snouts. He assumed it was a mother and her babies, but was puzzled by the arrangement. “I can form no idea of how, or when, the larvae, or young, become attached to the mother. I cannot believe that the male fastens the egg to the female,” he wrote. “This remains a puzzle for some future researchers to solve.” When Saemundsson kicked the problem down the road, it was Charles Tate Regan, working at the British Museum of Natural History in 1924, who picked it up. Regan also found a smaller fish attached to a female ceratioid. When he dissected it, he realized it wasn’t a different species or the female angler’s child. It was her mate. The “missing” males had been there all along, just unrecognized and misclassified, and Regan and other scientists, like Norwegian zoologist Albert Eide Parr, soon figured out why the male ceratioids looked so different. They don’t need lures or big mouths and teeth because they don’t hunt, and they don’t hunt because they have the females. The ceratioid male, Regan wrote, is “merely an appendage of the female, and entirely dependent on her for nutrition.” In other words, a parasite. When ceratioid males go looking for love, they follow a species-specific pheromone to a female, who will often aid their search further by flashing her bioluminescent lure. Once the male finds a suitable mate, he bites into her belly and latches on until his body fuses with hers. Their skin joins together, and so do their blood vessels, which allows the male to take all the nutrients he needs from his host/mate’s blood. The two fish essentially become one. Segment 2 Guides Corner, with Michael Frank www.franksflyarts.com PROMO The Fish Nerds are part of the Outdoor Podcast channel! All your outdoor podcasts needs on one feed! Check it out wherever you get your podcasts. Everyday another outdoor show! So fish shows, hunting shows, travel shows, camping shows and much more. Check it out! Segment 3: Product Reviews “Garmin Striker 4” fish finder Segment 4: Fish in the News Cod Love http://www.cnn.com/2016/10/05/europe/cod-accents-breeding-noise/ (Tweeted) Zachary David ‏@Adironzach @FishNerds Frozen fish in the news! http://news.nationalgeographic.com/2017/02/fish-pike-bass-ice-fishing-lake-indiana/ http://chicago.suntimes.com/news/shedds-grandad-worlds-oldest-aquarium-fish-dies/ Segment 5 Do fish kiss? http://freshaquarium.about.com/cs/anabantids2/p/kissinggourami.htm Clay So that is it. you have listen to a couple of Fish Nerds when you could have been fishing, Amanda: We’d like to thank our families for supporting us while we podcast, go on fishing Quests and do all sorts of silly things that Nerds do. If you would like to support Fish Nerds you can go to Patreon.com and search for Fish Nerds and help us crowd fund this podcast! Clay Special thanks to Amanda from the http://greatbeeradventure.com/ Amanda: And until next time, follow the code of the Fish Nerd: Spawn early and often; Clay Avoid free lunches with strings attached; Amanda swim against the current every chance you get.