Podcasts about macroscopically

Manhattan writer and cartographer John Tauranac on his first maps of Midtown's pedestrian passages, a public debate with Massimo Vignelli (“His geography was egregious”), working at a very different MTA (they used to have an aesthetics committee?), the “no improvements” made to the subway map since he chaired the 1979 MTA map committee, guiding Yann Arthus-Bertrand's helicopter photo surveys of Manhattan, walking every block and learning Illustrator to create his acclaimed 176-page Manhattan tourist guide, how to make a usable bus map, New York's vanished map stores, and a longitudinal view of the business: “plus ça change, plus c'est la même bull████.” See his work at johntauranac.com Tauranac Maps Manhattan Block By Block: A Street Atlas Bauhaus vs. Beaux-Arts Vignelli's 1972 NYC subway map Tauranac's 1979 NYC subway map The 2023 NYC subway map Nobu Siraisi John explains his subway map design choices Yann Arthus-Bertrand DeLorme Maps Alex McPhee's giant maps of Canada

Background: In the diagnosis of early-stage lung cancer photosensitizer-enhanced fluorescence bronchoscopy with inhaled 5-aminolevolinic acid ( 5-ALA) increases sensitivity when compared to white-light bronchoscopy. This investigation was to evaluate the in vivo tissue pharmacokinetics of inhaled 5-ALA within the bronchial mucosa in order to define the time optimum for its application prior to bronchoscopy. Methods: Patients with known or suspected bronchial carcinoma were randomized to receive 200 mg 5-ALA via inhalation 1, 2, 3, 4 or 6 hours before flexible fluorescence bronchoscopy was performed. Macroscopically suspicious areas as well as areas with visually detected porphyrin fluorescence and normal control sites were measured spectroscopically. Biopsies for histopathology were obtained from suspicious areas as well as from adjacent normal areas. Results: Fluorescence bronchoscopy performed in 19 patients reveals a sensitivity for malignant and premalignant changes ( moderate dysplasia) which is almost twice as high as that of white-light bronchoscopy, whereas specificity is reduced. This is due to false-positive inflammatory lesions which also frequently show increased porphyrin fluorescence. Malignant and premalignant alterations produced fluorescence values that are up to 5 times higher than those of normal tissue. According to the pharmacokinetics of porphyrin fluorescence measured by spectroscopy, the optimum time range for 5-ALA application is 80-270 min prior to fluorescence bronchoscopy, with an optimum at 160 min. Conclusion: According to our results we propose inhalation of 5-ALA 160 min prior to fluorescence bronchoscopy, suggesting that this time difference provides the best tumor/normal tissue fluorescence ratio.

By assessing the results of this study, guidance should be provided regarding intramuscular injection volumes of medicines for pigs meeting animal welfare standards.Totally, 252 pigs were included in the trial. Tissue reactions of varying injection volumes were investigated in three groups formed according to age. Group 1 comprised suckling piglets 3 - 28 days of age. Piglets of Group 2 were 4 - 12 weeks old and Group 3 was formed of fattening pigs and sows. Studying the effect on haptoglobin concentrations of an intramuscular injection of NaCl, Stellamune® Mycoplasma, Suvaxyn® M.hyo, M+PAC® or Myofer® 100, only the vaccine M+PAC® (2 ml dosage) showed an increase above the upper value of the normal range (1.42 +/- 0.6 mg/ml). The local tolerance of two antibiotics (Terramycin® 100 and Draxxin®) was studied in three age groups. The three mycoplasma vaccines (Stellamune® Mycoplasma, Suvaxyn® M.hyo, M+PAC®) were tested in suckling as well as weaned piglets and the PRRSV-vaccine (Ingelvac® PRRS MLV) only in weaned piglets. The studied criteria comprised the laboratory parameters leukocytes, AST and CK. Additionally, the injection sites were assessed clinically over a period of six day post injectionem as well as pathoanatomically and histologically. After a single injection of Terramycin® 100 or Draxxin®, determined leukocyte values did not point to any inflammatory reactions in any of the age groups. The injection of Terramycin® 100 resulted in elevated AST enzyme values above the maximum reference standard of 35 U/l in weaned piglets, fattening pigs and sows as well as after application of Draxxin® to suckling and weaned piglets. After administration of Draxxin®, creatine kinase values rose above the limit (2000 U/I) in all age groups while after application of Terramycin® 100, elevated values of CK were only found in the groups of fattening pigs and sows. Comparing the two antibiotics, the clinical investigation of injection sites resulted in significant differences in suckling piglets and partly highly significant differences regarding individual experimental parameters in the age groups of weaned piglets and fattening pigs/sows. Comparing the three age groups and evaluating the injection sites macroscopically, predominantly highly significant differences were observed concerning the parameter “extension score 3D”. Equally, significant or highly significant results were recorded when the two antibiotics were compared separately according to age groups. Histologically, extreme myodegeneration as well as coagulation necrosis were seen. The latter was demarcated by a massive inflammatory vallum with fibroblastic budding. Giant cell formation as well as myofibrillar calcification additionally to adipose cell and vascular necrosis was found in the age groups of the “weaned piglets” and of “fattening pigs/sows”. After injection of Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae vaccines, AST enzyme values rose above the maximum range limit (8 – 35 U/I) only after application of 4 ml Suvaxyn® M.hyo to suckling piglets and after administration of 2 ml M+PAC® to weaned piglets. The findings of the clinical investigation of the injection site were either depending on the used vaccine or the applied volume. Predominantly highly significant differences were determined by macroscopic investigation of the injection site comparing the vaccines separately within dose volumes and age groups. Significant differences were seen when comparing dose volumes of Suvaxyn® M.hyo (2 and 4 ml) in the two age groups (suckling and weaned piglets) and of M+PAC® (1 and 2 ml). The results of the histologic investigation showed that the type of tissue reaction predominantly depends on the composition of the vaccine. Consequently, marked differences were found between the three used mycoplasma vaccines, however, the histological findings were predominantly uniform within the treatment groups. Concerning the tissue reaction, an obvious difference was observed between the two dose volumes (2 and 20 ml) of the Ingelvac PRRS MLV vaccine. The application of 20 ml Ingelvac® PRRS MLV vaccine caused a marked elevation of the concentration of AST and CK. Contrary, all tested blood parameter were within the range of range standards after injection of 2 ml of the vaccine. No significant differences between the two dose volumes were determined in the clinical investigation of the injection site for any of the assessed parameters. Macroscopically, highly significant differences were seen between the two dose volumes (2 and 20 ml) for the parameters “tissue alteration”, “extension score” and “extension score 3D”. The histological alteration was very similar in both experimental groups. Only the formation of granular tissue was much more pronounced with the 20 ml dosage.

The viscosity-temperature relationships of five melts on the join Na2Si2O2-Na4Al2O5 (5, 10, 20, 30 and 40 mole percent Na4Al2O5) have been measured in air, at 1 atm and 1000–1350°C with a concentric cylinder viscometer. All the melts on this join of constant bulk polymerization behave as Newtonian fluids, in the range of shear rates investigated, and the melts exhibit Arrhenian viscosity-temperature relationships. Isothermal viscosities on this join initially decrease and then increase with increasing mole percent Na4Al2O5. The minimum viscosity occurs near 20 mole percent Na4Al2O5 at 1000°C and moves to higher Na4Al2O5 content with increasing temperature. The observation of a viscosity minimum along the join Na2Si2-O5-Na4Al2O5 is not predicted based on earlier viscosity data for the system Na2O-Al2O3-SiO2 (RlEBLlNG, 1966) or based on calculation methods derived from this and other data (Bottinga and Weill, 1972). This unexpected behavior in melt viscosity-temperature relations emphasizes the need for a more complete data set in simple silicate systems. Previous spectroscopic investigation of melts on the join Na22Si2O5-Na4Al2O5 offer a structural explanation for the observed viscosity data in terms of a disproportionation reaction involving polyanionic units. Macroscopically, the viscosity data may be qualitatively reconciled with the configurational entropy model for viscous flow (Richet, 1984).

The cholesterol-containing complexes in the urine of normal subjects and patients with diseases accompanied by hyperexcretion of urinary cholesterol were characterized. In normal subjects, the major portion of the recovered urinary cholesterol was eluted in the void volume fractions after gel chromatography on Bio-Gel A-5m; this suggested an association with a macromolecular complex above 5 X 10(6) daltons. A comparable elution pattern was seen in most of the urines of the patients with benign or malignant diseases of the kidneys or the urogenital tract. However, in single patients with hyperexcretion of urinary cholesterol, considerable amounts of cholesterol were detected in the included volume of the column. This was caused by additional excretion of high density lipoproteins or both high and low density lipoproteins in the urine which could be identified in these fractions by agarose electrophoresis and immunodiffusion. These results indicate that the macromolecular complex represents the majority of the recovered urinary cholesterol in normal subjects and in disease states with known hyperexcretion. Macroscopically, the isolated cholesterol- containing complex in the void volume fractions was turbid, and electron microscopy showed lipoprotein-like particles with diameters ranging from 300 to 700 A. The chemical analysis revealed median values of protein (46.0%), triglycerides (16.3%), cholesterol (8.2%), and phospholipids (29.5%) in normal subjects and comparable results in the patients with benign or malignant diseases of the kidney and the urogenital tract. Ethanolamine glycerophospholipids, phosphatidylcholine, sphingomyelin, and phosphatidylserine were the main phospholipid components. After ultracentrifugation in a CsCl gradient, the cholesterol-containing complex was found between densities 1.1 and 1.3 g/ml. By SDS polyacrylamide electrophoresis, up to 17 protein subunits in the molecular weight range of 14,000 to 87,500 were separated. Immunodiffusion studies showed in about 40% precipitin lines against anti-human albumin, but no reactions against anti-human apoHDL and anti-human apoLDL. However, immunodiffusion of the macromolecular complex against anti-liver-specific and anti-kidney- specific lipoproteins revealed single precipitin lines. In conclusion, the isolated cholesterol-containing urinary complex showed many characteristics of membrane-associated protein-lipid particles of the human kidney and even the liver. These proteolipids are the major source of urinary cholesterol in normal and disease states.