Podcasts about paleogene

Learn about a bias in your brain that makes you ignore security warnings; why people who fall in love feel like they’ve known each other for years; and a crew of prehistoric monkeys that crossed the Atlantic Ocean on rafts. You ignore more than just your browser security warnings because of "warning fatigue" by Grant Currin Waugh, R. (2013, July 15). “Warning fatigue” means browser users ignore up to 70% of security alerts | WeLiveSecurity. WeLiveSecurity. https://www.welivesecurity.com/2013/07/15/warning-fatigue-means-browser-users-ignore-up-to-70-of-security-alerts/  Ancker, J. S., Edwards, A., Nosal, S., Hauser, D., Mauer, E., & Kaushal, R. (2017). Effects of workload, work complexity, and repeated alerts on alert fatigue in a clinical decision support system. BMC Medical Informatics and Decision Making, 17(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12911-017-0430-8  Mackie, B. (2014). Warning fatigue : Insights from the Australian Bushfire Context. Canterbury.ac.nz. https://doi.org/http://hdl.handle.net/10092/9029  Why do people in love feel like they've known each other for years? by Ashley Hamer (Listener question from Jonathan) Murray, S. L., Holmes, J. G., & Griffin, D. W. (1996). The self-fulfilling nature of positive illusions in romantic relationships: Love is not blind, but prescient. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 71(6), 1155–1180. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.71.6.1155  Murray, S. L., Holmes, J. G., & Griffin, D. W. (1996). The benefits of positive illusions: Idealization and the construction of satisfaction in close relationships. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 70(1), 79–98. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.70.1.79  Parkinson, C., Kleinbaum, A. M., & Wheatley, T. (2018). Similar neural responses predict friendship. Nature Communications, 9(1). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-017-02722-7  Why You Click with Certain People. (2018). Greater Good. https://greatergood.berkeley.edu/article/item/why_you_click_with_certain_people  Crew of prehistoric monkeys rafted across the Atlantic to South America by Grant Currin Ancient teeth from Peru hint now-extinct monkeys crossed Atlantic from Africa. (2020). ScienceDaily. https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2020/04/200409141528.htm  Isabelle Catherine Winder, & Shaw, V. (2020, April 9). Monkey teeth fossils hint several extinct species crossed the Atlantic. The Conversation. https://theconversation.com/monkey-teeth-fossils-hint-several-extinct-species-crossed-the-atlantic-135961  Seiffert, E. R., Tejedor, M. F., Fleagle, J. G., Novo, N. M., Cornejo, F. M., Bond, M., de Vries, D., & Campbell, K. E. (2020). A parapithecid stem anthropoid of African origin in the Paleogene of South America. Science, 368(6487), 194–197. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aba1135  Subscribe to Curiosity Daily to learn something new every day with Cody Gough and Ashley Hamer. You can also listen to our podcast as part of your Alexa Flash Briefing; Amazon smart speakers users, click/tap “enable” here: https://www.amazon.com/Curiosity-com-Curiosity-Daily-from/dp/B07CP17DJY

This dissertation addresses the biogeographic history of the Araceae family and of one of its largest genera, Alocasia. With >3300 species, Araceae are among the largest families of flowering plants. It is the monocot lineage with the deepest fossil record, reaching back to the Early Cretaceous. Araceae are distributed worldwide, but >3100 species occur in the tropical regions of the Americas, Asia, Africa, and Australia; most fossils from the Late Cretaceous and many younger ones come from the temperate zone in the northern hemisphere, implying much extinction and range expansion. Most subfamilies are pantropically distributed, and almost all genera are restricted to one continent. Alocasia comprises 113 species, many as yet undescribed, making it the 7 th -largest genus of the Araceae. Many species are ornamentals, and two species are of interest for man, either for food (giant taro) or in local cultures (Chinese taro). The origin of these species was not known. Alocasia is distributed in Southeast Asia from India to Australia, with species occurring on all islands of the Malay Archipelago. This region has a complex geologic history shaped by the collision of the Eurasian, the Pacific, and the Indo-Australian plate. The Malesian flora and fauna comprises Laurasian and Gondwanan elements, reflecting the influence of changing sea levels, uplift and submergence of islands, and other tectonic movement. In this thesis, I used molecular phylogenetics, Bayesian divergence dating, ancestral area reconstruction to understand the past distribution of the Araceae family and the Alocasia clade in the context of past continent movements and climate history. For the family analysis, existing chloroplast DNA matrices were augmented so that all Araceae genera were represented by one or more species, with a focus on covering geographic disjunctions, especially between continents. Divergence dating relied on seven confidently assigned fossil constraints, comparing uniform and gamma-shaped prior distributions on fossil ages, as well as several molecular clock models. Biogeographic analyses were performed in a model-based likelihood framework that took into account past dispersal routes based on continent connectivity and climate. I also integrated fossils into the ancestral area reconstruction, either simulating extinct or still existing ranges, and then compared results to those obtained from analyses without fossils. To study the morphology and ecology of Alocasia, fieldwork was conducted in Malaysia and herbarium work in Germany, the Netherlands, Indonesia, Malaysia, and Singapore. Maximum likelihood phylogenies were inferred based on chloroplast and nuclear loci, sequenced for 71 species of Alocasia plus 25 outgroup species from 16 genera. Bayesian divergence dating of the nuclear phylogeny relied on one fossil constraint and ancestral areas were reconstructed using parsimony- and likelihood-based methods. The Araceae diverged from the remaining Alismatales in the Early Cretaceous (ca. 135 Ma ago), and all eight subfamilies originated before the Cenozoic. The earliest lineages are inferred to have occurred in Laurasia (based on fossils and tree topology), and most lineages reached Africa, South America, Southeast Asia, and Australia during the Paleogene and Neogene. Many clades experienced extinction in the temperate regions of the northern hemisphere during the Oligocene climate cooling. Two continentally disjunct genera (Nephthytis and Philodendron) are polyphyletic and need taxonomic rearrangement. Plastid substitution rates are exceptionally high in free-floating and water-associated Araceae. Ancestral area reconstructions obtained when fossil (no longer occupied) ranges where included in the analyses were more plausible than those without fossil ranges. This is not a trivial result because only in a quantitative (computer-based) analysis is it possible for fossil ranges to influence results (here areas) at distant nodes in the phylogenetic tree. The nuclear and plastid phylogenies of Alocasia revealed the polyphyly of the two genera Alocasia and Colocasia; to achieve monophyly, two species (Alocasia hypnosa and Colocasia gigantea) have to be moved to other genera. There were strong incongruencies between phylogenies from the two partitions: The chloroplast data reflect geographical proximity, the nuclear morphological similarity. This may indicate hybridization events followed by chloroplast capture. Based on the nuclear tree, Alocasia split from its sister group by the end of the Oligocene (ca. 24 Ma) and colonized the Malay Archipelago from the Asian mainland. Borneo played a central role, with 11–13 of 18–19 inferred dispersal events originating there. The Philippines were reached from Borneo 4–5 times in the late Miocene and early Pliocene, and the Asian mainland 6–7 times during the Pliocene. The geographic origin of two domesticated species could be resolved: Giant taro originated on the Philippines and Chinese taro on the Asian mainland.