Podcasts about Miocene

The Astronomy, Space and Science News PodcastEarth's Climate Shaped by Orion, New Insights into Mars' Red Color, and NASA's Europa Clipper Mission UpdateIn this episode of SpaceTime, we explore a groundbreaking study suggesting that Earth's climate may have undergone significant changes around 14 million years ago due to our solar system's journey through the Orion star-forming region. Researchers propose that this passage may have compressed the heliosphere, increasing interstellar dust influx and potentially impacting Earth's climate and geological records.Revisiting Mars' Iconic HueWe also discuss new findings that challenge previous assumptions about why Mars is red. Recent research indicates that the planet's rusted appearance may be linked to a wetter history, with liquid water playing a crucial role in the formation of iron oxides. This revelation reshapes our understanding of Mars' habitability and environmental conditions in its ancient past.NASA's Europa Clipper MissionAdditionally, we provide an exciting update on NASA's Europa Clipper mission, which has successfully completed a close gravity assist flyby of Mars. This maneuver not only altered the spacecraft's trajectory towards Jupiter but also allowed mission managers to test its radar instrument and thermal imager, setting the stage for its upcoming encounters with the icy moon Europa.00:00 Space Time Series 28 Episode 28 for broadcast on 5 March 202500:49 Impact of the solar system's journey through Orion on Earth's climate06:30 Details on the Radcliffe Wave and its significance12:15 New insights into Mars' red color and history of water18:00 Analysis of iron oxides and implications for Martian habitability22:45 Overview of NASA's Europa Clipper mission and its flyby of Mars27:00 The importance of gravity assists in space missions30:15 Health implications of screen time on children's visionwww.spacetimewithstuartgary.comwww.bitesz.com

We're experimenting and would love to hear from you!In this episode of 'Discover Daily', the mysterious world of AI advancements and scientific discoveries collide in this episode of Discover Daily, where we explore Elon Musk's latest AI breakthrough with Grok 3, a model claimed to be 10 times more powerful than its predecessor and running on a massive infrastructure of 100,000 Nvidia GPUs. The episode delves into how this development intensifies the competition in the AI landscape, challenging established players like ChatGPT, Gemini, and Claude.We then examine groundbreaking research from Microsoft and Carnegie Mellon University that reveals the complex relationship between AI and critical thinking in the workplace. The study shows how increased AI trust can lead to reduced critical thinking, while higher self-confidence enhances AI output evaluation, highlighting the evolving nature of knowledge work and the potential risks of over-reliance on AI systems.Our main segment looks at an extraordinary radioactive anomaly discovered in the Pacific Ocean's depths, where scientists have found unexpectedly high concentrations of beryllium-10 dating back to the late Miocene epoch. This discovery presents two competing theories: one suggesting a major reorganization of ocean currents, and another pointing to cosmic events like nearby supernovas, potentially revolutionizing our understanding of Earth's geological timeline and dating methods.From Perplexity's Discover Feed: https://www.perplexity.ai/page/musk-claims-grok-3-outperforms-lfwEvYJXSGCNKDqqptlPHw https://www.perplexity.ai/page/microsoft-study-ai-impairs-cri-hdDSSIGtSqS831ilUrANIg https://www.perplexity.ai/page/radioactive-anomaly-in-pacific-Aul4QisaTBmhzV5lJQMcfA**Introducing Perplexity Deep Research:**https://www.perplexity.ai/hub/blog/introducing-perplexity-deep-research Perplexity is the fastest and most powerful way to search the web. Perplexity crawls the web and curates the most relevant and up-to-date sources (from academic papers to Reddit threads) to create the perfect response to any question or topic you're interested in. Take the world's knowledge with you anywhere. Available on iOS and Android Join our growing Discord community for the latest updates and exclusive content. Follow us on: Instagram Threads X (Twitter) YouTube Linkedin

Hello Interactors,It's been awhile. I've been off getting our kids settled at college…including a transfer to Los Angeles. And I may have also been seduced by the lazy days of summer. After dropping our son in LA, my wife and I took some time to return to Santa Barbara where we first met. I was reminded of how uniquely beautiful that place is. It's also host to a unique collection of physical geography. And while it mostly enjoys a cool, calm environment, it can also endure bouts of destruction and renewal. A bit like all of us.Let's reflect, shall we…MIGRATIONS, MOUNTAINS, AND MEMORIESTraversing the globe dropping offspring is as old as humanity. As far as we know, early hominins like Homo erectus first stepped out of Africa two million years ago. The oldest human skeletal remains outside of Africa to date were found in Eurasia (now the country of Georgia) and are 1.8 million years old. These waves of migrations were likely driven by changes in climate, resources, societies, and technologies — the same factors driving migration today.Our oldest kin dispersed widely across Eurasia, reaching as far as Southeast Asia. Some may have even used primitive boats to navigate to and between islands. This all set the stage for later migrations of other hominins, including Homo sapiens, as they spread across globe over the next million years.I was reflecting on this on a hike my wife and I recently took in the foothills of Santa Barbara (where we had our first date 34 years ago!). The Santa Ynez Mountains were uplifted during the late Miocene (23.03 million years ago) to early Pliocene (2.58 million years ago) due to the tectonic interactions between the Pacific and North American plates. This exposed a complex layering of ancient marine and terrestrial sediments that were deposited over millions of years in a marine basin stretching from current day central valley of California to Northern Mexico.These sandstones, shale, and conglomerates are revealed along the trails, cliffs, ridges, and valleys we traversed, all formed by folding, faulting, and fanning of eroded debris. The mountains continue to be pushed upward at a rate of 1 to 4 millimeters per year due to the ongoing compression between the tectonic plates along the dynamic San Andreas Fault — the same fault that originally formed them millions of years ago.The Miocene epoch, with its warmer and more humid climate, supported dense forests of subtropical and temperate species in the Santa Ynez Mountains. As tectonic activity uplifted the region, new habitats emerged, setting the stage for diverse vegetation to develop. This period laid the groundwork for the ecosystems that would later evolve as the landscape continued to change.By the Pliocene, global cooling led to drier conditions, favoring the transition from these lush forests to the more arid-adapted plant communities found today. The chaparral, oak woodlands, and coastal sage scrub we hiked through are products of this shift. These plants adapted to the region's famous Mediterranean climate, characterized by hot, dry summers and mild, wet winters, and further shaped by the ongoing geological forces at work in the area.The resultant Santa Ynez Mountains significantly influence the weather patterns in Santa Barbara by acting as a barrier to the Pacific Ocean's marine air. Unlike much of the California coast, the Santa Barbara area faces south. During the summer, these south facing mountains trap the marine layer — a cool, moist air mass that forms over the ocean—leading to fog and low clouds along the coast. This marine layer helps keep temperatures in Santa Barbara cooler than in areas further inland, providing a mild and comfortable summer climate. Additionally, in winter, the mountains enhance orographic lift, causing moist air blown from the south to rise, cool, and condense, resulting in increased rainfall on the windward side of the range and benefiting the coastal regions. I recall one brisk winter morning in Santa Barbara in 1990 when frost appeared in the shadows on the roads and snow dusted the peaks of the Santa Ynez mountains.However, these mountains also create a rain shadow effect on their leeward side, where descending air becomes warmer and drier, leading to less precipitation. This topographical influence also contributes to the occurrence of sundowner winds—warm, dry winds that descend from the mountains into Santa Barbara. These winds can cause rapid temperature increases and lower humidity levels, sometimes creating critical fire weather conditions. My wife, then girlfriend, and I ran a 5k in 1991 that was overcome with smoke from fire stoked by these sundowner winds.BLAZE, BURST, AND BLOOMSimilar winds, Santa Ana winds, stoked a more and recent severe fire, the Thomas Fire, in 2017. These winds form east of the Sierra Nevada mountains over inland deserts and west towards the coast. Hot and dry winds channel through mountain passes and canyons, gaining speed as they descend across Southern California — and they can amplify even the smallest fire. The Thomas Fire was one of the largest wildfires in California history burning over 280,000 acres of wildlife and more than 1,000 buildings. Firefighters in Montecito, the northern-most destination, battled for days to save homes and lives.This left big chunks of the Montecito foothills charred. As crews worked to clear debris over the next month, the area was hit with a torrent of rain. While rainfall in Montecito was relatively minimal on the morning of January 9th, 2018, rainfall further up the mountain, enhanced by the mountain's orographic lift, was more severe. Residents were caught off guard as waves of water gained speed through canyons and creeks picking up charred debris and uprooting trees loosened by saturated soil.These post-fire debris flows, which included mud, rocks, and tree branches, reached heights of up to 15 feet speeding an estimated 20 miles per hour. The disaster resulted in 21 fatalities, two missing persons, and about 163 people hospitalized. Property damage exceeding $177 million, emergency response hit at least $7 million, and another $43 million was slated for cleanup and restoration.Six years later, hiking in these same hills, we saw evidence of county crews still restoring and re-shoring the foothills. We also saw evidence of plants re-emerging. Some of which are descendants of the same ancient plants that emerged in the Pliocene in the very same soil we were walking on. Hiking, and sometimes running, through the recovering foothills of Montecito, I was struck by how much this landscape mirrors a story of resilience that extends far beyond these hills and long before our time there. Over the previous two weeks my wife and I had crisscrossed the USA, east to NYC and west to LA, dropping our kids far away — modern migration with echoes of long ago, still alive still today. Like other humans that moved across vast distances, we and our kids are adapting to new environments and new stages in life. Just like the chaparral and black sage of these foothills.The plants that now re-emerge from the scorched and scarred earth are descendants of those that first appeared in the Pliocene. They use fire to propagate and regenerate in challenging terrain. Chaparral species, like black sage, evolved to thrive in this fire-prone environment. Fire-stimulated germination allows seeds to lye dormant until they're exposed to heat which triggers germination. Sprouts emerge from underground lignotubers, which are complex energy-storing structures that quickly regenerate new shoots — even amidst scorched soil. Serotiny, another adaptation, turns seed cones into popcorn like capsules that only open when exposed to fire's heat giving them a head start on invasive competition. These strategies enable chaparral plants to not only survive but to capitalize on the aftermath of wildfires and hillside scraping floods.In the charred and healing soil beneath our feet, I saw the enduring connection between past and present, nature and nurture — a reminder that our journeys, like those of the landscapes we inhabit, are shaped by the unyielding push and pull of time — of adaptation, and resilience. Just as the chaparral plants of the Santa Barbara foothills have evolved mechanisms to thrive after fire, our kids, too, will develop new strategies to adapt and flourish in their new environments. In the face of life's inevitable challenges, they will learn to not only survive but to rise stronger, just as the ancient mountains of Santa Barbara continue to do. All the while, the landscapes beneath our feet continue their unbroken cycle of destruction, renewal, and growth amidst ever evolving climates, resources, societies, and technologies. This is a public episode. If you would like to discuss this with other subscribers or get access to bonus episodes, visit interplace.io

fWotD Episode 2633: Alpine ibex Welcome to Featured Wiki of the Day, your daily dose of knowledge from Wikipedia’s finest articles.The featured article for Saturday, 20 July 2024 is Alpine ibex.The Alpine ibex (Capra ibex), also known as the steinbock, is a European species of goat that lives in the Alps. It is one of ten species in the genus Capra and its closest living relative is the Iberian ibex. The Alpine ibex is a sexually dimorphic species; males are larger and carry longer horns than females. Its coat is brownish-grey. Alpine ibexes tend to live in steep, rough terrain and open alpine meadows. They can be found at elevations as high as 3,300 m (10,800 ft) and their sharp hooves allow them to scale their mountainous habitat.Alpine ibexes primarily feed on grass and are active throughout the year. Although they are social animals, adult males and females segregate for most of the year, coming together only to mate. During the breeding season, males use their long horns to fight for access to females. Ibexes have few predators but may succumb to parasites and diseases.By the 19th century, the Alpine Ibex had been extirpated from most of its range and it went through a population bottleneck of fewer than 100 individuals during its near-extinction event, leading to very low genetic diversity across populations. The species has been successfully reintroduced to parts of its historical range. All individuals living today descend from the stock in Gran Paradiso National Park, Italy. As of 2020, the IUCN lists the species as being of least concern.Carl Linnaeus first described the Alpine ibex in 1758. It is classified in the genus Capra with nine other species of goat. Capra is Latin for "she-goat" while the species name "ibex" is translated from Latin as "chamois" and is possibly derived from an earlier Alpine language.Fossils of the genus Tossunnoria are found in late Miocene deposits in China; these fossils appear to have been transitional between goats and their ancestors. The genus Capra may have originated in Central Asia and spread to Europe, the Caucasus, and East Africa from the Pliocene and into the Pleistocene. Mitochondrial and Y chromosome evidence show hybridisation of species in this lineage. Fossils of the Alpine ibex dating from the last glacial period during the late Pleistocene have been found in France and Italy. The Alpine Ibex and the Iberian ibex (C. pyrenaica) probably evolved from the extinct Pleistocene species Capra camburgensis, whose fossils have been found in Germany. The Alpine ibex appears to have been larger during the Pleistocene than in the modern day.In the 20th century, the Nubian (C. nubiana), walia (C. walie), and Siberian ibex (C. sibirica) were considered to be subspecies of the Alpine ibex; populations in the Alps were given the trinomial of C. i. ibex. Genetic evidence from 2006 has supported the status of these Ibexes as separate species.The following cladogram of seven Capra species is based on 2022 mitochondrial evidence:Alpine ibexes are sexually dimorphic. Males grow to a height of 90 to 101 cm (35 to 40 in) at the withers with a body length of 149–171 cm (59–67 in) and weigh 67–117 kg (148–258 lb). Females are much smaller and have a shoulder height of 73–84 cm (29–33 in), a body length of 121–141 cm (48–56 in), and weigh 17–32 kg (37–71 lb).The Alpine ibex is a stocky animal with a tough neck and robust legs with short metapodials. Compared with most other wild goats, the species has a wide, shortened snout. Adaptations for climbing include sharp, highly separated hooves and a rubbery callus under the front feet. Both male and female Alpine ibexes have large, backwards-curving horns with an elliptical cross-section and a trilateral-shaped core. Transverse ridges on the front surface of the horns mark an otherwise flat surface. At 69–98 cm (27–39 in), the horns of males are substantially longer than those of females, which reach only 18–35 cm (7.1–13.8 in) in length.The species has brownish-grey hair over most of its body; this hair's colour is lighter on the belly, and there are dark markings on the chin and throat. The hair on the chest region is nearly black and there are stripes along the dorsal (back) surface. The Alpine ibex is duller-coloured than other members of its genus. As with other goats, only males have a beard. Ibexes moult in spring, when their thick winter coat consisting of woolly underfur is replaced with a short, thin summer coat. Their winter coat grows back in the autumn. As in other members of Capra, the Alpine ibex has glands near the eyes, groin and feet but there are none on the face.The Alpine ibex is native to the Alps of central Europe; its range includes France, Switzerland, Liechtenstein, Italy, Germany, and Austria. Fossils of the species have been found as far south as Greece, where it became locally extinct over 7,500 years ago due to human predation. Between the 16th and 18th centuries, the species disappeared from much of its range due to hunting, leaving by the 19th century one surviving population in and around Gran Paradiso, Italy. The species has since been reintroduced into parts of its former range, as well as new areas such as Slovenia and Bulgaria.The Alpine Ibex is an excellent climber; it occupies steep, rough terrain at elevations of 1,800 to 3,300 m (5,900 to 10,800 ft). It prefers to live an open areas but when there is little snow, and depending on population density, adult males may gather in larch and mixed larch-spruce woodland. Outside the breeding season, the sexes live in separate habitats. Females are more likely to be found on steep slopes while males prefer more-level ground. Males inhabit lowland meadows during the spring, when fresh grass appears, and climb to alpine meadows during the summer. In early winter, both males and females move to steep, rocky slopes to avoid dense buildups of snow. Alpine ibexes prefer slopes of 30–45°, and take refuge in small caves and overhangs.The Alpine ibex is strictly herbivorous; its diet consists mostly of grass, which is preferred all year; during the summer, ibexes supplement their diet with herbs, while during autumn and winter they also eat dwarf shrubs and conifer shoots. The most-commonly eaten grass genera are Agrostis, Avena, Calamagrostis, Festuca, Phleum, Poa, Sesleria, and Trisetum. In the spring, animals of both sexes spend about the same amount of time feeding during the day, while in summer, females, particularly those that are lactating, eat more than males. High temperatures cause heat stress in large adult males, reducing their feeding time, but they may avoid this problem by feeding at night.In Gran Paradiso, home ranges of the Alpine Ibex can exceed 700 ha (1,700 acres) and in reintroduced populations, home ranges may approach 3,000 ha (7,400 acres). Home-range size depends on the availability of resources and the time of year. Home ranges tend to be largest during summer and autumn, smallest in winter, and intermediate in spring. Females' home ranges are usually smaller than those of males. Ibexes do not hibernate during the winter; they take shelter on cold winter nights and bask in the mornings. They also reduce their heart rate and metabolism. The Alpine ibex may compete for resources with chamois and red deer; the presence of these species may force the ibex to occupy high elevations. The Alpine ibex's climbing ability is such that it has been observed scaling the 57-degree slopes of the Cingino Dam in Piedmont, Italy, where it licks salts. Only females and kids, which are lighter and have shorter legs than adult males, will climb the steep dam. Kids have been observed at 49 m (161 ft), ascending in a zig-zag path while descending in straight paths.The Alpine ibex is a social species but it tends to live in groups that are based on sex and age. For most of the year, adult males group separately from females, and older males live separately from young males. Female groups consist of 5–10 members and male groups usually have 2–16 members but sometimes have more than 50. Dependent kids live with their mothers in female groups. Segregation between the sexes is a gradual process; males younger than nine years may still associate with female groups. Adult males, particularly older males, are more likely to be found alone than females. Social spacing tends to be looser in the summer, when there is more room to feed. Ibexes have stable social connections; they consistently regroup with the same individuals when ecological conditions force them together. Female groups tend to be more stable than male groups.In the breeding season, which occurs in December and January, adult males and females gather together, and separate again in April and May. Among males, a dominance hierarchy based on size, age, and horn length exists. Hierarchies are established outside the breeding season, allowing males to focus more on mating and less on fighting. Males use their horns for combat; they will bash the sides of rivals or clash head-to-head, the latter often involves them standing bipedally and clashing downwards.Alpine ibexes communicate mainly through short, sharp whistles that serve mostly as alarm calls and may occur singularly or in succession with short gaps. Females and their young communicate by bleating.The mating season begins in December and typically lasts for around six weeks. During this time, male herds break up into smaller groups and search for females. The rut takes place in two phases; in the first phase, males interact with females as a group and in the second phase, one male separates from his group to follow a female in oestrus. Dominant males between nine and twelve years old follow a female and guard her from rivals while subordinate, younger males between two and six years old try to sneak past the tending male when he is distracted. If the female flees, both dominant and subordinate males will try to follow her. During courtship, the male stretches the neck, flicks the tongue, curls the upper lip, urinates, and sniffs the female. After copulation, the male rejoins his group and restarts the first phase of the rut. Environmental conditions can affect courtship in the species; for example, snow can limit the males' ability to follow females and mate with them.The female is in oestrus for around 20 days and gestation averages around five months, and typically results in the birth of one or sometimes two kids. Females give birth away from their social groups on rocky slopes that are relatively safe from predators. After a few days, the kids can move on their own. Mothers and kids gather into nursery groups, where young are nursed for up to five months. Nursery groups can also include non-lactating females. Alpine ibexes reach sexual maturity at 18 months but females continue to grow until they are around five or six years old, and males are nine to eleven years old.The horns grow throughout life. Young are born without horns, which become visible as tiny tips at one month and reach 20–25 mm (0.8–1.0 in) in the second month. In males, the horns grow at about 8 cm (3.1 in) per year for the first five-and-a-half years, slowing to half that rate once the animal reaches 10 years of age. The slowing of horn growth in males coincides with aging. The age of an ibex can be determined by annual growth rings in the horns, which stop growing in winter.Male Alpine Ibexes live for around 16 years while females live for around 20 years. The species has a high adult survival rate compared with other herbivores around its size. In one study, all kids reached two years of age and the majority of adults lived for 13 years, although most 13-year-old males did not reach the age of 15. Alpine ibexes have a low rate of predation; their mountain habitat keeps them safe from predators like wolves, though golden eagles may prey on young. In Gran Paradiso, causes of death are old age, lack of food, and disease. They are also killed by avalanches.Alpine ibexes may suffer necrosis and fibrosis caused by the bacteria Brucella melitensis, and foot rot caused by Dichelobacter nodosus. Infections from Mycoplasma conjunctivae damage the eye via keratoconjunctivitis and can lead to death rates of up to 30%. Ibexes can host gastrointestinal parasite]s such as coccidia, strongyles, Teladorsagia circumcincta, and Marshallagi amarshalli as well as lungworms, mainly Muellerius capillaris. Several individuals have died from heart diseases, including arteriosclerosis, cardiac fibrosis, sarcosporidiosis, and valvular heart disease.During the Middle Ages, the Alpine ibex ranged throughout the Alpine region of Europe. Starting in the early 16th century, the overall population declined due almost entirely to hunting by humans, especially with the introduction of firearms. By the 19th century, only around 100 individuals remained in and around Gran Paradiso in north-west Italy and on the Italian-French border. In 1821, the Government of Piedmont banned hunting of the Alpine ibex and in 1854, Victor Emmanuel II declared Gran Paradiso a royal hunting reserve. In 1920, his grandson Victor Emmanuel III of Italy donated the land to the state of Italy and it was established as a national park. By 1933, the Alpine ibex population reached 4,000 but subsequent mismanagement by the Fascist government caused it to drop to around 400 by 1945. Their protection improved after the war and by 2005, there were 4,000 in the national park. In the late 20th century, the Gran Paradiso population was used for reintroductions into other parts of Italy.Starting in 1902, several Alpine ibexes from Gran Paradiso were taken into captive facilities in Switzerland for selective breeding and reintroduction into the wild. Until 1948, translocated founder animals were captive-bred. Afterwards, there were reintroductions of wild-born specimens from established populations in Piz Albris, Le Pleureur, and Augstmatthorn. These gave rise to the populations in France and Austria. Alpine ibexes also recolonised areas on their own. The Alpine ibex population reached 3,020 in 1914, 20,000 in 1991, and 55,297 in 2015, and by 1975, the species occupied much of its medieval range. In the 1890s, ibexes were introduced to Slovenia despite the lack of evidence of their presence there following the last glacial period. In 1980, ibexes were translocated to Bulgaria.Between 2015 and 2017, there were around 9,000 ibexes in 30 colonies in France, over 17,800 individuals and 30 colonies in Switzerland, over 16,400 ibexes in 67 colonies in Italy, around 9,000 in 27 colonies in Austria, around 500 in five colonies in Germany, and almost 280 ibexes and four colonies in Slovenia. As of 2020, the IUCN considers the Alpine ibex to be of Least Concern with a stable population trend. It was given a recovery score of 79%, making it "moderately depleted". While the species would likely have gone extinct without conservation efforts in the 19th and 20th centuries, as of 2021, it has a low conservation dependence. According to the IUCN, without current protections, the population decline of the species would be minimal. Some countries allow limited hunting.Having gone through a genetic bottleneck, the Alpine ibex population has low genetic diversity and is at risk of inbreeding depression. A 2020 analysis found highly deleterious mutations were lost in these new populations but they had also gained mildly deleterious ones. The genetic purity of the species may be threatened by hybridisation with domestic goats, which have been allowed to roam in the Alpine Ibex's habitat. The genetic bottleneck of populations may increase vulnerability to infectious diseases because their immune system has low major histocompatibility complex diversity. In the Bornes Massif region of the French Alps, management actions, including a test-and-cull program to control outbreaks, effectively reduced Brucella infection prevalence in adult females from 51% in 2013 to 21% in 2018, and active infections also significantly declined.The Alpine ibex is called the steinbock, which originated from the Old High German word steinboc, literally "stone buck". Several European names for the animal developed from this, including the French bouquetin and the Italian stambecco. The Alpine ibex is one of many animals depicted in the art of the Late Pleistocene-era Magdalenian culture in Western Europe. Local people used Ibexes for traditional medicine; the horn material was used to counter cramps, poisoning, and hysteria, while the blood was thought to prevent stones from developing in the bladder. The species' value as a source of medicine led to its near extinction. Since its recovery, the Alpine ibex has been seen as a resilient symbol of the mountain range. The species is depicted on the coat of arms of the Swiss canton of Grisons.Alpine Ibex European Specialist Group (GSE-AIESG)This recording reflects the Wikipedia text as of 00:31 UTC on Saturday, 20 July 2024.For the full current version of the article, see Alpine ibex on Wikipedia.This podcast uses content from Wikipedia under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License.Visit our archives at wikioftheday.com and subscribe to stay updated on new episodes.Follow us on Mastodon at @wikioftheday@masto.ai.Also check out Curmudgeon's Corner, a current events podcast.Until next time, I'm long-form Gregory.

The gang discusses two papers that use new fossils to add insight into the geographic origins of groups. The first paper looks at some fossil freshwater dolphins and the second paper looks at fossil jumping spiders. The gang also uses these two papers to talk about a lot of other things because, despite being short papers, there is a lot of related things to talk about. Meanwhile, James is pretty sure he read the papers, Curt has very uninformed opinions, and Amanda gives everyone a panic attack.   Up-Goer Five (Curt Edition): The friends talk about two papers that use old animals to see where animals may have been in the past. The first paper looks at animals with hair that live in the water and have moved into water that you and I can drink. This is a paper about one group of these animals and some bits of an old animal that were found in a place very far away from where these animals are today. This might mean that these animals moved into water than you and I could drink many times over the years and in many places. The second paper looks at a small animal with many legs and hair that eats other small things. These animals are hard to find parts of in the past, but this paper finds a really nice one in a place that is important for understanding how they got where they are today. This group is found in areas that were close to each other in the past but have moved further away. This old animal being found where it is gives us more ideas about how these animals got to where they are today.   References: Benites-Palomino, Aldo, et al. "The largest freshwater odontocete: A South Asian river dolphin relative from the proto-Amazonia." Science advances 10.12 (2024): eadk6320. Richardson, Barry J., Matthew R. McCurry, and Michael Frese. "Description and evolutionary biogeography of the first Miocene jumping spider (Aranaea: Salticidae) from a southern continent." Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 200.4 (2024): 1013-1025.

Found in the fossil record between the Jurassic and the middle Miocene, Notosuchia was a highly diverse and strange group of crocodylomorphs, most notable for their terrestrial lifestyle. Joining us for today's episode is Dr Yohan Pochat-Cottilloux from the Laboratoire de Géologie de Lyon, who specialises in the study of crocodylomorphs. Together, we will explore the wide range of scientific methodologies that have so far been used to study the lives of these strange reptiles and discuss how they may have looked and behaved.

Megalodon was the biggest shark of the ocean 23 million years ago. It could grow up to 60 ft, and its jaw bite was stronger than a T. Rex's. So you might think there was nothing that could stop it. But even this massive shark had enemies, and their fights could be lethal. TIMESTAMPS: Cetotherium 1:36 Zygophyseter Varolai 3:08 Aulophyseter 4:31 Brygmophyseter Shigensis 5:27 Rhamphosuchus 6:36 Livyatan Melvillei 8:03 Music: https://www.youtube.com/audiolibrary/... SUMMARY: - Cetotherium was a baleen whale from the Cetotheriidae family. It lived from the mid-Miocene period to the Early Pliocene period and grew up to 15 ft. Fossil records have revealed that Cetotherium would be Megalodon's top target. - Zygophyseter lived in the late Miocene period, some 11 to 7 million years ago, and it cruised the Mediterranean region. From fossil records, paleontologists have gathered that Zygophyseter grew to be 20 ft long. It had an asymmetrical cranium, which is commonly associated with high-frequency sound production and echolocation. - Aulophyseter was a huge whale, very similar to modern-day sperm whales. Sperm whales are the largest creatures and the largest toothed whales today. Aulophyseter lived in the Miocene period. - Brygmophyseter was a highly dangerous sperm whale. The only known fossil is a nearly complete skeleton that is dated at 14 to 15 million years old. From it, paleontologists gathered that Brygmophyseter was 23 ft long. Theories suggest that it swam in pods as other whales do. - Rhamphosuchus is one of the largest known crocodiles ever to roam Earth. The world wouldn't even be aware of the existence of Rhamphosuchus if it wasn't for the discovery of incomplete sets of fossils that are mostly teeth and skulls. Rhamphosuchus is estimated to have been 26 to 36 ft long. - Livyatan and Megalodon were 2 of the most terrifying creatures to roam the oceans, and both lived during the Miocene period. Livyatan was a whale that was 60 ft long and weighed up to 50 tons. Its largest teeth were up to 14” long. #megalodon #livyatan #biggestsharks Subscribe to Bright Side : https://goo.gl/rQTJZz ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Our Social Media: Facebook:   / brightside   Instagram:   / brightgram   5-Minute Crafts Youtube: https://www.goo.gl/8JVmuC ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- For more videos and articles visit: http://www.brightside.me/ Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

Join Pacific Mammal Research (PacMam) scientists to learn about different marine mammals each episode! We discuss a little about the biology, behavior and fun facts about each species. Have fun and learn about marine mammals with PacMam! www.pacmam.org This week: Pygmy Sperm Whale Presenters: Cindy Elliser, Katrina MacIver Music by Josh Burns Sources: https://www.fisheries.noaa.gov/species/pygmy-sperm-whale https://us.whales.org/whales-dolphins/species-guide/pygmy-sperm-whale/ https://www.acsonline.org/pygmy-sperm-whalehttps://australian.museum/learn/animals/mammals/pygmy-sperm-whale/ https://www.aquariumofpacific.org/onlinelearningcenter/species/pygmy_sperm_whale New Research • Benites-Palomino et al 2019 New bulky faced pygmy sperm whale from the late Miocene of Peru https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/02724634.2019.1728538 • Song et al 2017: Influence of air-filled structures on wave propagation and beam formation https://pubs.aip.org/asa/jasa/article-abstract/142/4/2443/853827/The-influence-of-air-filled-structures-on-wave?redirectedFrom=fulltext • Staudinger et al 2013 – Foraging ecology and niche overlap in pygmy and dwarf in US mid-Atlantic coast https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/mms.12064 • Brentano and Petry 2020 – Marine debris ingestion and human impacts in Brazil https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0025326X1930743X • Erwin et al 2017 – High diversity and unique composition of gut microbiomes https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-017-07425-z

(image source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyrannasorus_rex) Host Matthew Donald and guest co-host Allen Brooks discuss Tyrannasorus rex, a real PUNK'd of an animal by being just a plain-ass beetle named after the most fearsome dinosaur ever. Paleontologists have too much fun sometimes. Someone should rein them in. From the Miocene epoch, this 1-inch beetle was, well, a beetle. You ever seen a beetle? Then you've seen Tyrannasorus rex. They're all the same. You don't make up over half of all species in the biosphere of the planet by being distinctive. Want to further support the show? Sign up to our Patreon for exclusive bonus content at Patreon.com/MatthewDonald. Also, you can get links to follow Matthew Donald and purchase his books at https://linktr.ee/matthewdonald. Hosted on Acast. See acast.com/privacy for more information.

Chakana Copper CEO - David Kelley joined Steve Darling from Proactive to unveil the finalized plans for an upcoming 3,000-meter drill program scheduled to commence by April 1, 2024, at the Soledad project located in the Ancash province of Peru, situated within the prolific Miocene mineral belt. In his discussion with Proactive, Kelley expressed confidence in the company's fully-funded status, emphasizing that the forthcoming drill program represents a pivotal step in Chakana Copper's exploration efforts. The focus will primarily be on the south half of the Soledad project, where an expanded drill permit was secured in 2023. Kelley elaborated on the strategic objectives of the drill program, highlighting the priority targets identified within this region. Chief among these is the Mega-Gold porphyry target, characterized by a substantial 2.5 km2 soil gold anomaly, accompanied by pervasive phyllic alteration and notable induced polarization chargeability responses. Chakana Copper believes that the Mega-Gold target is situated around a mineralized intrusion linked to tourmaline breccia pipes and high-sulfidation epithermal (HSE) alteration, forming a comprehensive 12 km2 zoned mineral system. The company intends to allocate the majority of its drilling efforts towards this compelling target. Furthermore, additional drilling will be conducted at the La Joya HSE zone and the Estremadoyro tourmaline breccia pipe, further diversifying and strengthening the exploration focus. Kelley emphasized that these three principal target areas have been meticulously chosen to maximize the potential for discovering both gold and base metal mineralization. As the anticipation builds for the commencement of the drill program, Chakana Copper is poised to embark on a comprehensive exploration campaign aimed at unlocking the mineral wealth concealed within the Soledad project. With a strategic focus on high-potential target areas and a robust funding position, the company is well-positioned to advance its exploration objectives and deliver value to its stakeholders in the dynamic mining landscape of Peru. #proactiveinvestors #tsxv #peru #otcqb #chkkf #mining #SoledadProject, #PeruMining, #CopperExploration, #MineralDiscovery, #DrillingUpdate, #JuniorMining, #ResourceDrilling, #GeologyNews, #MiningSector, #ExplorationGeology, #CopperMining, #MiningInvestments, #GeophysicalSurveys, #Mineralization, #PorphyryCopper, #GoldMining, #SilverMining, #MiningExploration, #CopperResources, #MiningTechnology, #StrategicExploration, #ExplorationTargets, #ResourcePotential, #MiningIndustry #invest #investing #investment #investor #stockmarket #stocks #stock #stockmarketnews

Join us as we talk with Museum Educator Ashley Hall about her career as a museum educator at the Museum of the Rockies, her research on Sauropod feet and her books including Fossils for Kids: A Junior Scientist's Guide to Dinosaur Bones and Ancient Animals, and Prehistoric Life on Earth and Prehistoric Worlds: Stomp Into the Epic Lands Ruled by Dinosaurs (due out at the end of March 2024).   Ashley is a dynamic paleontologist, naturalist, and museum educator. Originally from South Bend, Indiana, she grew up loving dinosaurs from an early age and was inspired by holiday trips to Chicago's Field Museum to pursue a career in natural history. Ashley earned her Bachelor of Arts in anthropology (focus: Zooarchaeology) and animal behavior from Indiana University, Bloomington. After graduation, she spent nearly a decade working as a science educator for various educational institutions in southern California, including the Los Angeles Zoo and Botanical Gardens, Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County, and the La Brea Tar Pits. During this time, Ashley also served as the assistant curator of paleontology at the Raymond M. Alf Museum of Paleontology in Claremont, California. While with the “Alf,” she managed the fossil collection and participated in fieldwork including Late Cretaceous dinosaur excavations in the Grand-Staircase Escalante National Monument in Utah and Miocene mammal reconnaissance paleontology in the Mojave Desert's Rainbow Basin. Ashley relocated to Ohio where she worked as a naturalist for the Cleveland Metroparks reservation system before taking a position with the Cleveland Museum of Natural as the adult programs coordinator.  When Ashley is not educating the public in person, she is an active science communicator on social media. Ashley has presented several invited workshops on communicating science through social media at professional, scientific meetings, including the Society of Vertebrate Paleontology and the Association for Materials and Methods in Paleontology annual conferences. Her scientific research has focused on sauropod claw morphology and function and the evolution of birds from deposits at the La Brea Tar Pits.

In this episode, Xavier Bonilla has a dialogue with Peter Bellwood about the five million year history of humans. They discuss the genera and species of humans and the different types of humans that lived together at the same time, genes from early human species, and the four acts of human history. They talk about Hominins arising out of the Miocene, distinct features of Australopithecus, humans in the Pleistocene, Homo Erectus walking out of Africa, Homo Floresiensis, and Neanderthals. They discuss domestication and cultivation of plants and animals in the Holocene, rice and corn in the Fertile Crescent and in China, Maize in the Western Hemisphere, Anatolian hypothesis for languages, and many other topics. Peter Bellwood is Emeritus Professor in archaeology at Australian National University. He has his PhD from Kings College-Cambridge. His research areas have focused on population migrations during prehistory eras and the spread of Austronesian languages. He is the author of numerous books, including his most recent book, The Five-Million-Year Odyssey: The Human Journey from Ape to Agriculture. Get full access to Converging Dialogues at convergingdialogues.substack.com/subscribe

Evolution - Who are we, where did we begin? The evolution of us and apes like us - gorillas, chimps, bonobos, and orangutans - likely began long before any of us resembled the apes of today. For Dr. Sergio Almécija that journey begins in the Miocene some 5-23 million years ago.Dr. Sergio Almécija studies the evolution of humans alongside that of our living closest relatives, the apes. Modern apes and humans constitute a relict of a once highly diversified group. During the Miocene in Africa, Europe, and Asia, there was a greater diversity of apes that did not resemble or move around like any primates alive today. It is from a Miocene ape that both modern chimpanzees and hominins (the human lineage) evolved. Thus, only by studying the evolution of apes and their environment combined with available early hominins will we be able to fully understand human origins.Support the showTalking Apes is an initiative of the nonprofit GLOBIO. Official website: talkingapes.orgInstagram: @talkingapes_podcastTwitter: @talking_apes Click here to support the show. BUY OUR MERCH

Time to head back to the Miocene while visiting the Calvert Cliffs located in Maryland, USA.

Scientific evidence indicates that the physical and behavioral characteristics common to all humans can be traced back to ape-like predecessors beginning around 6 million years ago. But where did this happen? Where did the human journey begin? In a new paper titled 'A new ape from Türkiye and the radiation of late Miocene hominines', Sevim-Erol et al., describe a new species of ape that existed in modern day Türkiye approximately 7 million years ago, and argue the possibility of a European origin for an early pre-human ancestor. Today we're going to take a look at some of the context surrounding this new paper including some of the apes of Europe and Africa that predate human ancestors, the description of the new species, and the teams argument why this new species might indicate an out-of-Europe migration. If you enjoyed the content please considered leaving a 5-star review and checking out my YouTube and social media. ARCHAEOLOGY/HISTORY CONTENT⁠ Youtube ⁠⁠TikTok⁠⁠ Instagram⁠ GAMING CONTENT ⁠Twitch⁠⁠ Gaming Channel⁠ Enjoyed the content and want to shout me a coffee? Legend. ⁠Donate⁠ Thank you.

The earliest known fossil earless seal is Noriphoca gaudini from the late Oligocene or earliest Miocene (Aquitanian) of Italy.[1] Other early fossil phocids date from the mid-Miocene, 15 million years ago in the north Atlantic.[1][3] Until recently, many researchers believed that phocids evolved separately from otariids and odobenids; and that they evolved from otter-like animals, such as Potamotherium, which inhabited European freshwater lakes. Recent evidence strongly suggests a monophyletic origin for all pinnipeds from a single ancestor, possibly Enaliarctos, most closely related to the mustelids and bears.[4]Monk seals and elephant seals were previously believed to have first entered the Pacific through the open straits between North and South America,[5] with the Antarctic true seals either using the same route or travelled down the west coast of Africa.[6] It is now thought that the monk seals, elephant seals, and Antarctic seals all evolved in the southern hemisphere, and likely dispersed to their current distributions from more southern latitudes.[7]

It's Shark Week on Cryptopedia, as we talk bad "documentaries" and shark penis.   Discord: https://discord.me/cryptopediacast Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/user?u=14015340 Youtube (Videos have [questionable] captions!): http://youtube.cryptopediacast.com/   --- Megalodon: the truth about the largest shark that ever lived | Natural History Museum Megalodon - Wikipedia Megalodon (bivalve) - Wikipedia Megalodon: The Monster Shark Lives | Shows | Discovery+ School bus - Wikipedia Full article: The size of the megatooth shark, Otodus megalodon (Lamniformes: Otodontidae), revisited The extinct shark Otodus megalodon was a transoceanic superpredator: Inferences from 3D modeling | Science Advances This is What Michael Phelps' Olympic Diet Was Actually Like Livyatan - Wikipedia Sharks' teeth are falling! Sharks' teeth are falling! The Revolution in Geology from the Renaissance to the Enlightenment A new elusive otodontid shark (Lamniformes: Otodontidae) from the lower Miocene, and comments on the taxonomy of otodontid genera, including the ‘megatoothed' clade: Historical Biology Age of Carcharodon megalodon? HMS Challenger (1858) - Wikipedia “Recent” Otodus megalodon teeth – Incertae Sedis Does Megalodon Still Live? The Megalodon | M/C Journal Radiocarbon dating - Wikipedia The absence of sharks from abyssal regions of the world's oceans - PMC Megalodon Bites Back -- How the Discovery Channel Sank Its Credibility | HuffPost Impact It Came From Basic Cable Discovery Channel defends Shark Week 'Megalodon' special | CNN Discovery's Megalodon Defense? ‘We Don't Know,' Or ‘We Don't Care' Shark evolution: a 450 million year timeline | Natural History Museum Sharks: Denizens of the Deep | Answers in Genesis  

(image source: https://a-z-animals.com/animals/paleoparadoxia/) Host Matthew Donald and guest co-host Laura Owsley discuss Paleoparadoxia, a marine mammal with a pretty on-the-nose name in that it's a paleontological paradox. At least in the enigma sense; we don't think there was any time travel involved. From the Miocene epoch, this 12-foot desmostylian looked like it should have been able to walk on land, but was actually completely marine-bound due to being too heavy. I can relate. To the too heavy part, not the marine-bound part. I don't like the ocean. Too salty. And big. Like me! Want to further support the show? Sign up to our Patreon for exclusive bonus content at Patreon.com/MatthewDonald. Also, you can purchase Matthew Donald's dinosaur book "Megazoic" on Amazon by clicking here, its sequel "Megazoic: The Primeval Power" by clicking here, its third installment "Megazoic: The Hunted Ones" by clicking here, or its final installment "Megazoic: An Era's End" by clicking here, as well as his non-dinosaur-related book "Teslanauts" by clicking here. Hosted on Acast. See acast.com/privacy for more information.

Der Begründer der modernen Paläontologie war ein Hai. Besser gesagt: sein Zahn. Noch besser gesagt: anhand eines Haifischzahns gelang es dem Dänen Nicolaus Steno im Jahr 1666 zu zeigen, wie Fossilien entstehen. Diese Rolle hätte schwerlich einer passenderen Tierart zufallen können: immerhin leben Haie seit mindestens 400 Mio Jahren auf der Erde und haben alle bisherigen Massensterben überlebt.  Höchste Zeit, dass wir mal einen Blick auf diese Meeresbewohner werfen! In dieser Folge sortieren wir Haie und "normale" Fische auf den Stammbaum ein und besprechen deren grundsätzliche Eigenschaften und Unterschiede. Außerdem widmen wir uns einem evolutionsbiologischen Disput und lernen, dass selbst in der Paläontologie nichts in Stein gemeißelt ist. Abgerundet wird die ganze Sache mit einer unvollständigen Liste der Hairekorde. Man merke: ein Quiz wird schwerer, wenn Fragen und Antwortmöglichkeiten nicht in der gleichen Reihenfolge sortiert sind. Quellen Fossils and the Birth of Paleontology: Nicholas Steno, University of Bergerley, 02.03.2023http://www.elasmo-research.org/education/evolution/evol_s_predator.htm Sibert, Elizabeth C., and Leah D. Rubin (2021), "An early Miocene extinction in pelagic sharks." Science. DOI: 10.1126/science.aaz3549. Comments (10.1126/science.abj8723, 10.1126/science.abk0632) and answers (10.1126/science.abj9522, 10.1126/science.abk1733)BildquellenCoverbild by Lucas LangerHaifischzähne und Glossopetrae: Steno Lamiae Piscis, Nicolaus Steno, Public domain, via Wikimedia CommonsMegalodon:Carcharodon megalodon size compasison with man, Dinosaur Zoo, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia CommonsWeißer Hai:Great White Shark, Elias Levy, CC BY 2.0 , via Wikimedia Commons Hammerhai:Spyrna mokarran at georgia, Josh Hallett from Winter Haven, FL, USA, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons Walhai:Whale shark, Rhincodon typus, at Daedalus in the Egyptian Red Sea, Derek Keats from Johannesburg, South Africa, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia CommonsSchokoladenhai:Dalatis licha, Gervais et Boulart, Public domain, via Wikimedia CommonsZigarrenhai:Isistius brasiliensis front view, NOAA Photo Library, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia CommonsZwerg-Laternenhai:Etmopterus perryi, Chip Clark/Smithsonian Institution, Public domain, via Wikimedia CommonsSupport the show--------------Wer uns unterstützen möchte (Danke!), hat hier die Möglichkeit dazu: support.biophonpodcast.de

This episode brings together episodes 53 to 55 as the unexpected finale of a ‘secret miniseries' on how zooarchaeology can be used to reconstruct palaeoenvironments in conjunction with other archaeological subdisciplines. But how can the presence or absence of a given toad species infer on past environments? Tune in to find out! Case studies feature the humble European pond turtle/terrapin/tortoise and the palaeoenvironmental reconstruction of an Upper Pleistocene hyena den in Bois Roche, France.TranscriptsFor rough transcripts of this episode go to https://www.archpodnet.com/animals/56Links and Sources Betts, M. W., Maschner, H. D., Clark, D. S., Moss, M. L., & Cannon, A. (2011). Zooarchaeology of the “Fish That stops”. Moss, ML and Cannon, A., The Archaeology of North Pacific Fisheries, University of Alaska Press, Fairbanks, 171-195. Foden, W. B. et al. (2009). Species susceptibility to climate change impacts. Wildlife in a changing world–an analysis of the 2008 IUCN Red List of threatened species, 77. Muniz, F. P., Bissaro-Júnior, M. C., Guilherme, E., Souza-Filho, J. P. D., Negri, F. R., & Hsiou, A. S. (2021). Fossil frogs from the upper Miocene of southwestern Brazilian Amazonia (Solimões Formation, Acre Basin). Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 41(6), e2089853. Sommerseth, I. (2011). Archaeology and the debate on the transition from reindeer hunting to pastoralism. Rangifer, 31(1), 111-127. Sommer, R. S., Persson, A., Wieseke, N., & Fritz, U. (2007). Holocene recolonization and extinction of the pond turtle, Emys orbicularis (L., 1758), in Europe. Quaternary Science Reviews, 26(25-28), 3099-3107. Sommer, R. S. et al. (2009). Unexpected early extinction of the European pond turtle (Emys orbicularis) in Sweden and climatic impact on its Holocene range. Molecular Ecology, 18(6), 1252-1262. Waters, J. M., Fraser, C. I., Maxwell, J. J., & Rawlence, N. J. (2017). Did interaction between human pressure and Little Ice Age drive biological turnover in New Zealand?. Journal of Biogeography, 44(7), 1481-1490. Villa, P., Goni, M. F. S., Bescos, G. C., Grün, R., Ajas, A., Pimienta, J. C. G., & Lees, W. (2010). The archaeology and paleoenvironment of an Upper Pleistocene hyena den: an integrated approach. Journal of Archaeological Science, 37(5), 919-935. Yeomans, L. (2018). Influence of Global and Local Environmental Change on Migratory Birds: Evidence for Variable Wetland Habitats in the Late Pleistocene and Early Holocene of the Southern Levant. Journal of Wetland Archaeology, 18(1), 20-34. Zuffi, M. A. L.; Celani, A.; Foschi, E.; Tripepi, S. (2007). "Reproductive strategies and body shape in the European pond turtle (Emys orbicularis) from contrasting habitats in Italy". Italian Journal of Zoology. 271 (2): 218–224.Contact Alex FitzpatrickTwitter: @archaeologyfitz Simona FalangaTwitter: @CrazyBoneLady Alex's Blog: Animal Archaeology Music "Coconut - (dyalla remix)" https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_2UiKoouqaYAffiliates Wildnote TeePublic Timeular Motion

This episode brings together episodes 53 to 55 as the unexpected finale of a ‘secret miniseries' on how zooarchaeology can be used to reconstruct palaeoenvironments in conjunction with other archaeological subdisciplines. But how can the presence or absence of a given toad species infer on past environments? Tune in to find out! Case studies feature the humble European pond turtle/terrapin/tortoise and the palaeoenvironmental reconstruction of an Upper Pleistocene hyena den in Bois Roche, France.TranscriptsFor rough transcripts of this episode go to https://www.archpodnet.com/animals/56Links and Sources Betts, M. W., Maschner, H. D., Clark, D. S., Moss, M. L., & Cannon, A. (2011). Zooarchaeology of the “Fish That stops”. Moss, ML and Cannon, A., The Archaeology of North Pacific Fisheries, University of Alaska Press, Fairbanks, 171-195. Foden, W. B. et al. (2009). Species susceptibility to climate change impacts. Wildlife in a changing world–an analysis of the 2008 IUCN Red List of threatened species, 77. Muniz, F. P., Bissaro-Júnior, M. C., Guilherme, E., Souza-Filho, J. P. D., Negri, F. R., & Hsiou, A. S. (2021). Fossil frogs from the upper Miocene of southwestern Brazilian Amazonia (Solimões Formation, Acre Basin). Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 41(6), e2089853. Sommerseth, I. (2011). Archaeology and the debate on the transition from reindeer hunting to pastoralism. Rangifer, 31(1), 111-127. Sommer, R. S., Persson, A., Wieseke, N., & Fritz, U. (2007). Holocene recolonization and extinction of the pond turtle, Emys orbicularis (L., 1758), in Europe. Quaternary Science Reviews, 26(25-28), 3099-3107. Sommer, R. S. et al. (2009). Unexpected early extinction of the European pond turtle (Emys orbicularis) in Sweden and climatic impact on its Holocene range. Molecular Ecology, 18(6), 1252-1262. Waters, J. M., Fraser, C. I., Maxwell, J. J., & Rawlence, N. J. (2017). Did interaction between human pressure and Little Ice Age drive biological turnover in New Zealand?. Journal of Biogeography, 44(7), 1481-1490. Villa, P., Goni, M. F. S., Bescos, G. C., Grün, R., Ajas, A., Pimienta, J. C. G., & Lees, W. (2010). The archaeology and paleoenvironment of an Upper Pleistocene hyena den: an integrated approach. Journal of Archaeological Science, 37(5), 919-935. Yeomans, L. (2018). Influence of Global and Local Environmental Change on Migratory Birds: Evidence for Variable Wetland Habitats in the Late Pleistocene and Early Holocene of the Southern Levant. Journal of Wetland Archaeology, 18(1), 20-34. Zuffi, M. A. L.; Celani, A.; Foschi, E.; Tripepi, S. (2007). "Reproductive strategies and body shape in the European pond turtle (Emys orbicularis) from contrasting habitats in Italy". Italian Journal of Zoology. 271 (2): 218–224.Contact Alex FitzpatrickTwitter: @archaeologyfitz Simona FalangaTwitter: @CrazyBoneLady Alex's Blog: Animal Archaeology Music "Coconut - (dyalla remix)" https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_2UiKoouqaYAffiliates Wildnote TeePublic Timeular Motion

Interview with Jason Stirbinskis, MD of Los Cerros (ASX: LCL)Los Cerros Limited is an Australia-based gold/copper exploration company. The Company is focused on the Quinchia and Andes Portfolios in Colombia, which are approximately 70 kilometers apart and located in Colombia's Mid- Cauca copper/gold porphyry belt. The Company's projects include Quinchia Gold Project and Andes Gold Project. The Quinchia Gold Project is located in central west Colombia, 100 kilometers south of Medellin in the department of Risaralda and in a district known for its high grade epithermal and breccia hosted gold/silver, and porphyry hosted gold/silver/copper systems. The Andes Gold Project is located in Antioquia, Risaralda and Choco, Departments of Colombia. It covers a larger area of early-stage exploration in the state of Antioquia 70 kilometers north of Quinchia. The Company's Andes and Quinchia Gold Projects sits on the Miocene aged, Mid-Cauca Gold Belt in a sub-section of the belt that hosts many copper gold porphyry discoveries.

The Meg! Did it really exist? (Spoiler alert: it did). This giant of the Miocene seas has been of keen interest to paleontologists for decades. It's true dimensions have never been known until recently.JACK COOPER is a PhD student working on the functional diversity of sharks through time. His current work focuses on the size, dimensions and reconstruction of the Megalodon shark.MARK from Evolution Soup talks to Jack about the history of its discovery, what it ate, where it swam, and the new research that he and mentor Catalina Pimiento have recently published, revealing this beast's true, awesome size.#shark #megalodon #sharkweekLINKS FOR JACK COOPER:TWITTER: @CooperPalaeohttps://twitter.com/CooperPalaeohttps://www.researchgate.net/profile/Jack-Cooper-18Body dimensions of the extinct giant shark Otodus megalodon: a 2D reconstruction: https://go.nature.com/3ge98hBJack guesting on 'Let's Jaws For A Minute' (Podcast): https://apple.co/3hVIDzSGerman documentary featuring Jack: https://is.gd/BmGfzpLet's Jaws TWITTER: https://twitter.com/jawsforaminutePimiento Research Group:https://www.catalinapimiento.com/@pimientoc@PimientoGrouphttps://twitter.com/PimientoGroupInterviews powered by https://streamyard.com/#evolutionsoup #evolution #paleo #paleontology #paleoartist #Homosapiens #hominid #artwork #Darwin #cave #bone #fossils #Neanderthal #australopithecus #hominin #extinct #animals #science #anthropology #paleoanthropology #genus #species #africa #skull #skulls #naturalselection #lucy #paleontology #megalodon #shark  #sharks #sharkteeth #sharktooth #megalodontooth #fossilhunting #ocean #paleontology  #greatwhiteshark #SharkWeekEVOLUTION SOUPYouTube: http://www.youtube.com/c/evolutionsoupFacebook: https://www.facebook.com/evolutionsoup/Pinterest: https://www.pinterest.co.uk/evolutionsoup/Instagram: @evolution_soupRSS feed: https://feeds.buzzsprout.com/354743.rssSupport the show

On this episode of Unsupervised Learning Razib reviews the year in paleoanthropology and previews the year to come with John Hawks. First, they tackle the latest discoveries regarding Homo naledi, in particular, the finding that they likely used fires deep in the caves where they buried their dead. Hawks reflects on the implications of Homo naledi, a very small-brained hominin that mastered several elements of human culture, for our understanding of hominin evolution and the expected trajectory of the evolution of these groups of species. Razib and Hawks also discuss Denisovans and the profusion of human lineages discovered in Southeast Asia over the last few years. Finally, the discussion moves to the possibilities of ancient DNA and even ancient protein analysis. Hawks reports that soon there will be publications that push protein analysis back to the Miocene, more than 5 million years ago, with speculation about future discoveries that could go as far back as 20 million years.  

Bulunduğumuz son birkaç haftanın bilim dünyasından önemli gelişmeleri sizler için derledik. Functional extinction of dugongs in China https://doi.org/10.1098/rsos.211994 A sustainable mouse karyotype created by programmed chromosome fusion DOI: 10.1126/science.abm1964 The oldest semi-aquatic beaver in the world and a new hypothesis for the evolution of locomotion in Castoridae https://doi.org/10.1098/rsos.220926 ‘Synthetic' embryo with brain and beating heart grown from stem cells by Cambridge scientists https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-022-05246-3 Postcranial evidence of late Miocene hominin bipedalism in Chad https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-022-04901-z Son makalenin destek makaleleri: https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10914-021-09566-5 https://peerj.com/articles/3229/ Bize 101.podcast.info@gmail.com adresinden ulaşabilirsiniz. --- Support this podcast: https://anchor.fm/101-podcast/support

The African regions are continuing to excel on all fronts for Barrick, the large gold/copper miner that is benefitting from a stand-out performance in Tanzania and finding exploration in Mali and Senegal “a gift that keeps giving”, and which is being received with open arms in Pakistan. Under the highly experienced leadership of Barrick's South African-born CEO Dr Mark Bristow, Tanzania's Bulyanhulu and North Mara mines have been completely redesigned and re-engineered into new mines. (Also watch attached Creamer Media video.) The combined-complex now has tier-one potential ­after being at a virtual standstill when Barrick took over their management three years ago. Bulyanhulu now has a 20-year-plus life and ramped-up North Mara is showing significant new opportunity. In Mali, where Mining Weekly can recall the community ululating enthusiastically in honour of Bristow's huge wealth-creation success in the region, the Loulo-Gounkoto that his discovery-and-development philosophy elevated from nothing, has once again put in its customary strong performance, despite being heavily exposed to higher fuel prices. Importantly, Loulo-Gounkoto is on the way to trebling its solar power capacity to improve its energy source profile as well as decarbonise. On the exploration front, the Loulo district, Mali, and across the river in Senegal “is the gift that keeps giving”, Bristow told Barrick's dividend-yielding second-quarter results presentation, during which Bristow provided impressive future-forward responses to analyst questions. Brownfield exploration is poised to replace Loulo-Gounkoto's depleted ounces this year and across the border in Senegal, Barrick's Bambadji and Bena permits host multiple targets that have stand-alone potential. In Central Africa, Kibali in the Democratic Republic of Congo boosted quarter-two production to remain on track to achieve guidance, despite mill maintenance taking place in quarter one and shaft winder replacement coming up in quarter four. Kibali is Barrick's leader in renewable energy owing to its three hydropower stations, which are shielding it from the full effect of higher fuel prices ­– and, again, exploration is continuing to replenish the reserve base and raise new discovery possibilities. At the halfway mark of the year, Barrick's performance and prospects continue to show the steady progress it envisaged at the time of the strategic merger with Newmont, when the trajectory was radically changed and it started the journey towards a future-forward business. On the copper front, Barrick's Lumwana copper mine in Zambia increased its second-quarter production by 32% on higher grade ore and improved mill availability, Jabal Sayid in Saudi Arabia produced its first Saudi GM in line with Barrick's policy of recruiting host-country nations, and Zaldivar in Chile was consistent. Barrick has built a team and a structure capable of dealing with a range of global economic, social, and political challenges that are getting increasingly complex. Its exploration teams continue to replenish depleted reserves. It has expanded its footprint across nearly all the world's gold and copper regions, with the Latin American region highly prospective for copper and gold discoveries, and Pakistan's Reko Diq one of the world's largest undeveloped copper deposits that has been on hold since 2011. The Pakistan government has received Barrick “with great enthusiasm”, with the current Reko Diq conceptual mine plan based on four porphyry deposits within the Reko Diq project area. The Tethyan Belt, in which Reko Diq is located, is described as being a highly prospective tectono-magmatic and metallogenic belt extending from Eastern Europe to South East Asia. The project area has 14 separate Miocene age porphyry intrusions that provide long-term upside potential, and Reko Diq is expected to have a life of at least 40 years. On every front, Barrick is closing in on its goal to become a valued mining company. Its earnings we...

In this episode, Lexman talks with science fiction author Jamie Metzl about his new book Countess, which is set in the Miocene. Metzl tells us about his process for writing science fiction, and how he uses it to explore different ideas and themes.

The gang discusses two papers that look at what past sharks might have eaten. The first paper uses nitrogen isotopes to determine the trophic level of species belonging to the extinct shark genus Otodus, and the second paper shows evidence of predation/scavenging of sperm whales by sharks in the late Miocene. Meanwhile, James has a couch to burn, Curt proposes an experiment to find the best animal, Amanda becomes shark Nietzsche.   Up-Goer Five (Curt Edition): Our friends look at two papers that look at what big angry animals with big teeth who breathe water and lived in the past could have eaten. The first paper looks at the parts of these animals from the past and uses what those parts of made of to try and see what kind of things they might have eaten. This is the first time that this has been done using these parts of the animal, since most of these kinds of papers look at living animals and so they can get parts that do not last when the animals die. It had been said that these big angry animals in the past may have eaten big animals that eat small things, and that they might have died out when there was less big animals that eat small things. This paper finds that the parts that make up these animals show that maybe these animals were eating things that ate other bigger things, that these big animals were probably not just eating this one type of animal but may have gone for anything, as well as other animals that also eat pretty much everything. One animal that they mention these big angry animals that breathe water could have eaten is a big animal with warm blood and big teeth that lives in water. The second paper looks at how the hard parts of big animals with warm blood and big teeth that live in water at this time have hurt marks on their hard parts that look like they were from the teeth of big angry animals that breathe water. These hurt marks are along a part of the head that has a lot of stuff in it which animals would like to eat. The hurt marks are all different, with some that look like the animal bit them right on the head, and others look like marks from teeth that were biting at the body when it was already dead. It seems like many different types of angry animals with big teeth who breathe water may have been eating these animals with warm blood and big teeth.   References: Kast, Emma R., et al. "Cenozoic megatooth sharks occupied extremely high trophic positions." Science Advances 8.25 (2022): eabl6529. Benites-Palomino, Aldo, et al. "Sperm  whales (Physeteroidea) from the Pisco Formation, Peru, and their trophic  role as fat sources for late Miocene sharks." Proceedings of the Royal Society B 289.1977 (2022): 20220774

Today, you'll learn about a new project trying to keep humans and sharks separate and safe, how all sharks almost mysteriously went extinct 19 million years ago, and how great white sharks may have contributed to the extinction of a shark twice its size!Boundaries between sharks and humans."DR. CRAIG O'CONNELL INTERVIEW" by James Lynchhttps://docs.google.com/document/d/11cCRcmKohhTGOf67QtF_tQ59cMr2w6pq0DaA5pLrOcI/edit?usp=sharingAbout O'Seas Foundation by O'Seas Foundationhttps://www.oseasfdn.org/aboutNear extinction.“Something mysteriously wiped out about 90 percent of sharks 19 million years ago” by Carolyn Gramlinghttps://www.sciencenews.org/article/shark-die-off-mystery-fossils-pacific-ocean-paleontology“Rate of atmospheric carbon dioxide rise unprecedented” by Thomas Sumnerhttps://www.sciencenews.org/article/rate-atmospheric-carbon-dioxide-rise-unprecedented“An early Miocene extinction in pelagic sharks” by ELIZABETH C. SIBERT AND LEAH D. RUBINhttps://www.science.org/doi/full/10.1126/science.aaz3Great white > megalodon“Great White Sharks May Have Driven Megalodons into Extinction” by Elizabeth Gamillohttps://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/great-white-sharks-may-have-driven-megalodons-into-extinction-180980179/“Trophic position of Otodus megalodon and great white sharks through time revealed by zinc isotopes” by Jeremy McCormack, Michael L. Griffiths, Sora L. Kim, Kenshu Shimada, Molly Karnes, Harry Maisch, Sarah Pederzani, Nicolas Bourgon, Klervia Jaouen, Martin A. Becker, Niels Jöns, Guy Sisma-Ventura, Nicolas Straube, Jürgen Pollerspöck, Jean-Jacques Hublin, Robert A. Eagle & Thomas Tütkenhttps://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-022-30528-9“Great White Sharks May Have Pushed Megalodons to Extinction” by Isaac Schultzhttps://gizmodo.com/great-white-sharks-megalodon-extinction-1848995245For more about sharks, head to SharkWeek.com and don't miss #SharkWeek starting 7/24 on Discovery and streaming on discovery+.Find episode transcripts here: https://curiosity-daily-4e53644e.simplecast.com/episodes/extinct-super-sharks-mysterious-die-offs-stopping-attacksFollow Curiosity Daily on your favorite podcast app to get smarter with Calli and Nate — for free! Still curious? Get exclusive science shows, nature documentaries, and more real-life entertainment on discovery+! Go to https://discoveryplus.com/curiosity to start your 7-day free trial. discovery+ is currently only available for US subscribers.

Anta-Clarisse Sarr is our guest for CycloPod Episode 11 on www.cyclostratigraphy.org. Anta-Clarisse is a postdoc in CEREGE and, there, she used a Earth System Model to study the effect of topography on Miocene monsoon systems (Sarr et al., 2022, Nature Geoscience). Her results have major implications for many of the work presented by previous CycloPod interviewees! The Intro music of this podcast is again an excerpt of a piece based on the North Atlantic Oscillation from the "Aphrodite's Dew" book and CD project by Arvid Tomayko and Sandro Montanari. Check out more of their work at arvidtomayko.com.

The gang discusses two papers which use morphology to infer behavior in the fossil record. The first paper looks at the origins of the “killer whale” type morphology in fossil cetaceans, and the second paper describes the earliest example of a diurnal owl in the fossil record. Meanwhile, James proposes an unconventional workforce, Curt imagines the sea mammal revolution, and Amanda cuts the crap… out of her basement.   Up-Goer Five (Curt Edition): Our friends talk about two papers that look at how things look and how we can use that to tell how animals might have lived in the past. The first paper looks at a group of animals with hair that breathe air but live their whole lives in water and do not have legs. There are lots of different types of these animals but one of these animals is named after being someone that kills. However, there is another group of these animals that look a lot like these animals that are named after killing but are not the same. This paper finds a really old one of these animals that looks like but is not one of these killing animals. These animals have things that make them eat in different ways than most of the animals with hair that live in water. This older animal may be the first time that these animals with hair who live in water were eating in this way. It also shows that this type of body that looks like these animals that are named for killing really did appear many times within the group. The second paper looks at animals who fly that are usually out at night and kill very quietly. They find a very old one of these animals that is very complete and allows them to see lots of parts of the animal we usually do not get. These parts show that this animal may have actually been moving around during the day instead of at night, like most of the other animals in this group. They show that moving around in the day is something that a few of these animals today do and that it has appeared many times in the past. This animal might be the oldest one of these animals that lived in the day, and shows that, even though most of these animals today are out at night, the group has a lot more going on with whether or not these animals were out in the day or at night.   References: Li, Zhiheng, et al. "Early evolution  of diurnal habits in owls (Aves, Strigiformes) documented by a new and  exquisitely preserved Miocene owl fossil from China." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 119.15 (2022): e2119217119. Bianucci, Giovanni, et al. "The origins of the killer whale ecomorph." Current Biology (2022).

Thanks to Sarah L. for buying the podcast two books off our wishlist! This episode was inspired by an entry in one of those books! A very happy birthday this week to Matthew! Don't forget that you can still contribute to our Indiegogo "Tiny Pin Friends" campaign to get a small hard enamel pin of a narwhal, a capybara with a tangerine on its head, and/or a thylacine! On April 19, 2022, the book Beyond Bigfoot & Nessie: Lesser-Known Mystery Animals from Around the World goes officially on sale in paperback everywhere! (The ebook is already available.) Bookstores in the U.S. can order fully returnable copies at a standard bookstore discount; bookstores outside of the U.S. still get a discount but the copies are non-returnable. The book should be available to order anywhere you usually order books, including Amazon and Bookshop.org! Further reading: Rakali/Water-rat--Australia's "otter" Additional Sources (because this episode turned out to be really hard to research): Conway, J., Koseman, C.M., Naish, D. (2013). Cryptozoologicon vol. I, 37-38. Irregular Books. Ley, Willy. (1987). Exotic Zoology, 291-295. Bonanza. (Original work published 1959) Pollock, G. A. (1970). The South Island otter: A reassessment. Proceedings (New Zealand Ecological Society), 17, 129–135. Pollock, G. A. (1974). The South Island otter: An addendum. Proceedings (New Zealand Ecological Society), 21, 57-61. Worthy, T. H., et al. (2006). Miocene mammal reveals a Mesozoic ghost lineage on insular New Zealand, southwest Pacific. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 103(51), 19419–19423. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0605684103 An otter with its telltale bubble chain (Photo by Linda Tanner): A rakali swimming (photo by Con Boekel, from website linked to above): Show transcript: Welcome to Strange Animals Podcast. I'm your host, Kate Shaw. This week we have a fascinating mystery animal from New Zealand! Many thanks to Sarah L., who very generously bought me a couple of books off my podcast wishlist, which I tend to forget is even a thing that exists! One of the books is Cryptozoologicon, Volume 1 by John Conway, C.M. Koseman, and Darren Naish, and that's where I got this week's topic, the mysterious waitoreke. [why-tore-EH-kee] This week is also special because the paperback version of our own book, Beyond Bigfoot & Nessie: Lesser-Known Mystery Animals from Around the World, officially goes on sale on April 19, 2022. That's tomorrow, if you're listening to this the day the episode goes live. It should be available to order everywhere you ordinarily buy books, throughout the world. The ebook is available too. I've mailed all Kickstarter copies so if you haven't received your copy yet, let me know. There were a few people who never returned the backer survey so I don't have those addresses to mail books to. If you want a signed copy of the book at this point, or a hardback copy, you'll need to catch me in person. I'll be at ConCarolinas over the first weekend of June and I'd love to meet up with you. I'm working on the audiobook now, for those of you waiting for that one. (It's a slow process, so don't expect it for at least another month, sorry.) You know what else is happening this week? A birthday shout-out! Happy birthday to Matthew! I hope your birthday is everything you ever hoped for in a birthday, or maybe even more! New Zealand has almost no native mammal species except for a few bats, some seals and sea lions that live along the coast, and some whales and dolphins that live off the coast. Lots of mammals have been introduced, from dogs to rats, cattle to cats, but there are reports of a small mammal in New Zealand called some version of waitoreke, supposedly a Maori word meaning something like swift-moving water animal. Even the animal's name is confusing, though. No one's sure whether the word is genuinely Maori.

Nestled in the foothills of the Sierra Nevada Mountains near Bakersfield is Sharktooth Hill. First documented by William P. Blake in 1853, Sharktooth Hill is one of the most significant Miocene fossil sites in the world Sharktooth Hill is a middle Miocene marine exposure of the Round Mountain Silt unit of the Temblor Formation. Using magnetic stratigraphy data, the age of this unit is estimated to be around 15.2 and 16 million years old (Prothero et al., 2008). However, above the bone beds, the sediments accumulated in the Temblor Sea at a fast rate, and animal remains were not disturbed by ocean currents. So, occasionally associated specimens of marine animals, such as Cetaceans, Sea Lions, Sea Cows, and Sea Turtles can be found. Examples of these associated specimens can be seen at the Beuna Vista Museum of Natural History.

Los Cerros Limited is an Australia-based gold/copper exploration company. The Company is focused on the Quinchia and Andes Portfolios in Colombia, which are approximately 70 kilometers apart and located in Colombia's Mid- Cauca copper/gold porphyry belt. The Company's projects include Quinchia Gold Project and Andes Gold Project. The Quinchia Gold Project is located in central west Colombia, 100 kilometers south of Medellin in the department of Risaralda and in a district known for its high grade epithermal and breccia hosted gold/silver, and porphyry hosted gold/silver/copper systems. The Andes Gold Project is located in Antioquia, Risaralda and Choco, Departments of Colombia. It covers a larger area of early-stage exploration in the state of Antioquia 70 kilometers north of Quinchia. The Company's Andes and Quinchia Gold Projects sits on the Miocene aged, Mid-Cauca Gold Belt in a sub-section of the belt that hosts many copper gold porphyry discoveries.

(image source: https://bit.ly/3HcF8iE) Host Matthew Donald and guest co-host Laura Owsley discuss Platybelodon, a scoop-tusked elephant relative that proves duckbilled creatures aren't limited to hadrosaurs and platypi… or ducks. From the Miocene epoch, this 6-foot-tall proboscid stripped bark off trees like a giant beaver, and may have also scooped water plants from rivers like a hippo, but that theory is outdated currently. Ugh, why must science change?! I hate change! I want things to stay the same forever! Now if you'll excuse me, I'm off to buy the latest smartphone and download the newest fad on the play store. Want to further support the show? Sign up to our Patreon for exclusive bonus content at Patreon.com/MatthewDonald. Also, you can purchase Matthew Donald's dinosaur book "Megazoic" on Amazon by clicking here, its sequel "Megazoic: The Primeval Power" by clicking here, its third installment "Megazoic: The Hunted Ones" by clicking here, or its final installment "Megazoic: An Era's End" by clicking here. 

(image source: https://ideas.fandom.com/wiki/Epicyon_(SciiFii)) Host Matthew Donald and guest co-host Stephen Curro discuss Epicyon, a bone-crushing dog that looks a lot like Zuul; the Ghostbusters hellhound, not the ankylosaur Zuul we'll surely cover someday. From the Miocene epoch, this 6-foot canid has the audacity to say it's more than a dog, rather than just accepting that it is still in fact a dog, just a really big one. C'mon, Epicyon; self-acceptance is key! Want to further support the show? Sign up to our Patreon for exclusive bonus content at Patreon.com/MatthewDonald. Also, you can purchase Matthew Donald's dinosaur book "Megazoic" on Amazon by clicking here, its sequel "Megazoic: The Primeval Power" by clicking here, its third installment "Megazoic: The Hunted Ones" by clicking here, or its final installment "Megazoic: An Era's End" by clicking here. 

Chakana Copper Corp. is a Canadian based minerals exploration company and through its wholly owned Peruvian subsidiary, Chakana Resources S.A.C., is currently advancing the Soledad project near Aija, in the Ancash region of the highly prolific Miocene mineral belt of Peru. The goal is to find and advance mineral projects to an economic resource within a single commodity cycle for further development by mid-tier and or major mining companies. They are highly selective in our approach, looking for de-risked projects that have the characteristics of large above average grade mineral systems with significant upside potential. They employ the latest technological innovations to test the upside potential of projects with aggressively funded exploration programs. The Executive Management Team and Board have a proven track record of success in the minerals industry, from capital raising, exploration, discovery, development and monetizing the asset through divestment.

Chakana Copper Corp. is a Canadian based minerals exploration company and through its wholly owned Peruvian subsidiary, Chakana Resources S.A.C., is currently advancing the Soledad project near Aija, in the Ancash region of the highly prolific Miocene mineral belt of Peru.

(image source: https://novum-terram.fandom.com/wiki/Sivatherium_giganteum_(SciiFii)) Host Matthew Donald and guest co-host Laura Owsley discuss Sivatherium, a hoofed mammal that might have lived both before and a little after the Ice Age, which is impressive, since I can barely make it through winter in my apartment. From the Miocene to the Pleistocene, this 12-foot-tall giraffid looked like an okapi on steroids. Hey, how did it clean out its bowels? With a colonos-okapi! ...I'm going home now. (side note: this episode was recorded before Bob Saget's death, so don't hate our joke at the end for being tasteless. Hate it for other reasons) Want to further support the show? Sign up to our Patreon for exclusive bonus content at Patreon.com/MatthewDonald. Also, you can purchase Matthew Donald's dinosaur book "Megazoic" on Amazon by clicking here, its sequel "Megazoic: The Primeval Power" by clicking here, its third installment "Megazoic: The Hunted Ones" by clicking here, or its final installment "Megazoic: An Era's End" by clicking here. 

A team of Australian and international scientists have discovered and investigated an important new fossil site in New South Wales. The site – named McGraths Flat – contains superb examples of fossilised animals and plants from the Miocene epoch. - Ein Fenster in eine lang verschwundene Welt, das haben australische und ein deutscher Forscher auf einer Farm 300 Kilometer westlich von Sydney geöffnet. Sie erkunden eine Lagerstätte von Fossilien am versteinerten Grund eines ehemaligen Billabong, der vor 15 Millionen Jahren mit Wasser gefüllt und von Tieren bewohnt war. Professor Michael Frese ist einer der Wissenschaftler an diesem Projekt. Er sagt, der deutsche Dichterfürst Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, hatte bei dieser Grabung auch eine Hand im Spiel.

Fossils put Bay time into perspective. Features of today's region were already recognizable when the Atlantic Ocean flooded the mouth of the Susquehanna River system 15,000 years ago. In this episode, John Page takes us back to the Bay during the Miocene Epoch and points out spots where fossils from that time can still be found, as well as resources for learning more https://www.cbf.org/news-media/multimedia/podcasts/chesapeake-almanac/podcast-december-miocene-fossils-transcript.html (TRANSCRIPT) Subscribe to Chesapeake Almanac, find us on your favorite podcast platform, or visit our podcast page at https://www.cbf.org/ChesapeakeAlmanac (https://www.cbf.org/ChesapeakeAlmanac). Chesapeake Almanac is provided by the Chesapeake Bay Foundation - Saving the Bay through Education, Advocacy, Litigation, and Restoration. Find out more about our work to save the Chesapeake Bay and its watershed's rivers and streams, and what you can do to help, at https://www.cbf.org (https://www.cbf.org). These readings are from John Page Williams, Jr.'s book, Chesapeake Almanac: Following the Bay through the Seasons. The publication is available in print at Amazon.com. Support this podcast

Michael A. Konnert, President, Chief Executive Officer of  Vizsla Silver Corp. (TSX-V: VZLA) talks about their Panuco project and upcoming newsflow. About Vizsla Silver Corp With a team of experienced natural resource professionals, Vizsla Silver Corp. (TSX-V: VZLA) is focused on growing shareholder value by exploring, developing and acquiring precious and base metal assets. The newly consolidated Panuco silver-gold project is an emerging high-grade discovery located in southern Sinaloa, Mexico, near the city of Mazatlán. The 9,386.5-hectare, past producing district benefits from over 75 kilometres of total vein extent, a 500 ton per day mill, 35 kilometres of underground mines, tailings facilities, roads, power and permits. The district contains intermediate to low sulfidation epithermal silver and gold deposits related to siliceous volcanism and crustal extension in the Oligocene and Miocene. Host rocks are mainly continental volcanic rocks correlated to the Tarahumara Formation.

The gang discusses two papers that look at how trace fossils can give important clues to ancient ecological interactions. The first paper identifies a unique behavior using trace fossils, and the second paper uses bite marks on bone to infer ontogenetic ecological shifts in a large caiman species. Meanwhile, Curt investigates, Amanda collects, and James fixates.   Up-Goer Five (Amanda Edition): This week our friends talk about animals that roll in wet tiny pieces of rock that are really very tiny tiny. We also talk about a very big very slow animal with hair that got bit by a very large animal with no hair but hard skin and lots of big teeth that has a very long face. The animal with hair that rolled in wet tiny very very tiny pieces of rock shows that these animals did this thing a very long time ago; it shows that these animals with hair and two fingers on each leg were in this place at this time, along with animals with stuff that wasn't hair but made of the same stuff as hair and could fly, too. The second paper looks at how we can talk about a hard part of a very big very slow animal with hair could have gotten grabbed by a small one of a very, very, very big animal with no hair but hard skin and lots of big teeth with a very long face. It tells us that these very big animals with no hair but hard skin and lots of big teeth ate different things when they were small than when they were very, very, very big.   References: Abbassi, Nasrollah, et al. "Vertebrate  footprints and a mammal mud-bath trace fossil (Laspichnia) from the  Mukdadiya Formation (Late Miocene–Pliocene), Chamchamal Area, Kurdistan  Region, Northeast Iraq." Ichnos 28.1 (2021): 72-83. Pujos, François, and Rodolfo  Salas-Gismondi. "Predation of the giant Miocene caiman Purussaurus on a  mylodontid ground sloth in the wetlands of proto-Amazonia." Biology Letters 16.8 (2020): 20200239.

Love the Wild: Moose. One of the most impressive mammals of the Pacific Northwest and the largest living member of the deer family are Moose. They are taller than everyone you know and weighs more than your car. You may encounter them lumbering solo along the edge of rivers and lakes, taking a refreshing swim or happily snacking on short grasses, water plants, woody shrubs and pinecones. You can often see them in Canada and some of the northern regions of the USA going about their business of eating and swimming. The males are called bulls and make quite a racket during mating season, also known as the Rut, using their bugle-like calls to attract a mate. Their impressive headgear can grow up to six feet and are used in displays of posturing, fighting or self-defence with other bulls — generally regarding a lady-moose or cow. Females do not have antlers but certainly, notice them. Once a mate is chosen, the new parents will produce one or two babies or calves. Fully grown, their new young will one day be able to run 55 km per hour and have excellent hearing and sense of smell. Their vision is not that good but their other senses make up for it. The scientific or binomial name for Moose is Alces alces (Linnaeus, 1758). The word moose is borrowed from Algonquian. In Narragansett, moose are called moos and in Eastern Abenaki, this large mammal is called mos. Both are likely derived from moosu, meaning he strips off. The Proto-Algonquian form was mo·swa. In the Kwak̓wala language of the Kwakiutl or Kwakwaka'wakw, speakers of Kwak'wala, of the Pacific Northwest, moose are known as t̕ła̱wa̱l's — and their large crown of antler are known as wa̱t'łax̱. I had a close encounter on the Bowron Lake Circuit with a mamma moose, her new calf and a fully grown Grizzly chasing them. I can share that whatever the guidebooks say, a motivated mother and calf can outrun a bear. Maybe not always, but they certainly did that time. Moose are ungulates, mammals with hooves. The first ungulates appear in the fossil record about 50 million years ago. The lineage split, evolving into two groups: those with an even number of toes (Artiodactyls) and those with an uneven number of toes (Perissodactyls). We see the first proto-deer about 35 million years ago. These are the proto-deer like Syndyoceras who shared features with deer, horses, giraffes and antelopes. They had bony skull outgrowths similar to antlers and were found in North America during the Miocene, some 35 million years ago. Ten million years later, we see the first animals you and I would recognize as deer. Moose first appear in the fossil record during the Upper Pleistocene, a time of global glaciation. Moose are gentle creatures if unprovoked. They sometimes ramble into town or buildings if they lose their way. We find them enjoying the water from garden sprinklers, randomly making their way into homes, barns and classrooms in Canada — and likely elsewhere. It is worth doing a Google search of their antics to see all that these massive mammals get up to. They are smart enough to know that living in the woods in hunting season can go poorly, so Moose will gather in downtown Banff and Lake Louise, hiding in plain sight to avoid becoming someone's dinner or trophy. Across Canada today, we live alongside 500,000 to 1,000,000 of their number. Another 200,000 or so live south of us in the northern United States. Across Europe and Asia are another million-plus of their relatives.

With a team of experienced natural resource professionals, Vizsla Silver Corp. (TSX-V: VZLA) is focused on growing shareholder value by exploring, developing and acquiring precious and base metal assets.The newly consolidated Panuco silver-gold project is an emerging high-grade discovery located in southern Sinaloa, Mexico, near the city of Mazatlán. The 9,386.5-hectare, past producing district benefits from over 75 kilometres of total vein extent, a 500 ton per day mill, 35 kilometres of underground mines, tailings facilities, roads, power and permits. The district contains intermediate to low sulfidation epithermal silver and gold deposits related to siliceous volcanism and crustal extension in the Oligocene and Miocene. Host rocks are mainly continental volcanic rocks correlated to the Tarahumara Formation.

Chakana Copper Corp. is a Canadian based minerals exploration company and through its wholly-owned Peruvian subsidiary, Chakana Resources S.A.C., is currently advancing the Soledad project near Aija, in the Ancash region of the highly prolific Miocene mineral belt of Peru.

The Oregon Coast on the western edge of the USA is a wonderful place to collect fossils. The area has been known for its wonderful fossil fauna since the 1830s. Here we find middle Miocene (along with a wee bit of Eocene) outcrops with delicious fossil whale bone, fish teeth, turtle shell, and a magnificent assortment of molluscs — the gastropods Chlorostome pacificum, Turritella oregonensis, Crepidula, Cryptontica oregonensis, Polinices canalis, Neverita, Sinum scopulosum and the large and lovely Liracassis petrosa. Some bits of terrestrial material are sometimes washed into the mix and give us some insights into the local tree fauna at that time. We also find lovely wee foraminifera, so well worth bringing a hand lens. I had mentioned connecting with Kathryn Abbott, Spino Queen during the episode. You can find her at @kathronodon on Instagram or as co-host on the podcast @dinosaurpostcast. She is a delight and I highly recommend you connect with her!

Learn about cutting-edge Shark Week tech; how birthdays impact criminal records; and the time sharks nearly went extinct. More from Joe and Lauren Romeiro and Shark Week 2021: Start your 7-day free trial of discovery+ https://discoveryplus.com/curiosity  Shark Week 2021 Full Schedule https://corporate.discovery.com/discovery-newsroom/discovery-channels-shark-week-2021-swims-off-with-jawsome-lineup-featuring-more-hours-of-shark-programming-than-ever-before/  Shark Week 2021 Visual Guide https://www.discovery.com/shark-week/your-guide-to-shark-week-2021-pictures Follow @laurenromeiro333 on Instagram https://www.instagram.com/laurenromeiro333 Follow @joeromeiro333 on Instagram https://www.instagram.com/joeromeiro333/  Learn about new Eli Roth film “Fin” https://www.discovery.com/dnews/New_Eli_Roth_Film_FIN_to_Premiere_During_Shark_Week_on_discovery  Learn more about “Return to Shark Vortex” https://ew.com/tv/shark-week-2021-guide-all-32-specials/?slide=3a0bc578-6635-494f-93f0-6e214e673413#3a0bc578-6635-494f-93f0-6e214e673413 Learn more about “Ninja Shark 2: Mutants Rising” https://ew.com/tv/shark-week-2021-guide-all-32-specials/?slide=c08c41fe-90dc-46b3-8ce2-92c6a3f42d47#c08c41fe-90dc-46b3-8ce2-92c6a3f42d47  Dive deeper into all your favorite Shark Week shows with Shark Week's Daily Bite Podcast hosted by Luke Tipple: Listen on Apple Podcasts: https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/shark-weeks-daily-bite/id1527053422  Listen on Spotify: https://open.spotify.com/show/0dfzM1ktSB1mSKD5z4Qujm?si=R8rNBksMRS-JrgMs9JIJ5g&dl_branch=1  Learn more: https://www.discovery.com/shark-week/everything-you-need-to-know-about-the-daily-bite-podcast  The likelihood of having a criminal record depends on when a person was born by Kelsey Donk Best predictor of arrest rates? The “birth lottery of history.” (2021). EurekAlert! https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2021-05/hu-bpo052121.php  Neil, R., & Sampson, R. J. (2021). The Birth Lottery of History: Arrest over the Life Course of Multiple Cohorts Coming of Age, 1995–2018. American Journal of Sociology, 126(5), 1127–1178. https://doi.org/10.1086/714062  19 million years ago, sharks almost disappeared by Cameron Duke Shark evolution: a 450 million year timeline. (2018). Nhm.ac.uk. https://www.nhm.ac.uk/discover/shark-evolution-a-450-million-year-timeline.html Evidence for a previously unknown extinction event that decimated ocean shark species. (2021). EurekAlert! https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2021-06/aaft-efa060121.php  Ryan, J. (2021, June 7). Sharks almost disappeared 19 million years ago and scientists don't know why. CNET; CNET. https://www.cnet.com/news/sharks-almost-disappeared-19-million-years-ago-and-scientists-dont-know-why/  Sibert, E. C., & Rubin, L. D. (2021). An early Miocene extinction in pelagic sharks. Science, 372(6546), 1105–1107. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aaz3549  Follow Curiosity Daily on your favorite podcast app to learn something new every day withCody Gough andAshley Hamer. Still curious? Get exclusive science shows, nature documentaries, and more real-life entertainment on discovery+! Go to https://discoveryplus.com/curiosity to start your 7-day free trial. discovery+ is currently only available for US subscribers. See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

Sharks have been around for over 400 million years in the earth's oceans and have survived numerous extinction events. However, new findings indicate that their population was decimated in the open ocean 19 million years ago, and sharks never recovered from it. ThePrint's Sandhya Ramesh explains how these new findings were made and why they were concerning.  Supplementary reading:    Research paper: An early Miocene extinction in pelagic sharks https://science.sciencemag.org/content/372/6546/1105/tab-pdf When sharks nearly disappeared https://science.sciencemag.org/content/372/6546/1036.full

Paul Murdoch is an amateur paleontologist, fossil hunting guide, ghost hunter, and certified Chesapeake Bay Storyteller operating out of Calvert County, Maryland on the bay's western shore. A highly engaging educator, Paul teaches us about the comet impact that formed the bay [35 million years ago] and why the Calvert Cliffs region is renowned for fossils of the Miocene epoch [8-22 million years ago] . We learn about long extinct, ancient whales, dolphins, sharks, and mollusks while getting some tips on how to read a fossil's story & fossil hunting etiquette. In the first of Paul's stories, he recounts his most significant find, the skull of an undiscovered species of squalodon [a shark toothed whale]. Then we switch gears from fossil hunting to ghost hunting!!! With a deep historical knowledge Paul talks about spending the night at haunted lighthouses and civil war prisoner camps. For his second tale, he shares a riveting & chilling archeological ghost story about his involvement digging up the bones of Irish railroad workers, bringing to light a malevolent, historical coverup. Wrapping up this excellent episode we hear about: how the dead can speak, banding monarch butterflies, and what to expect on one of Paul's guided hunts.  If you're in the Chesapeake Bay area check out Paul's guided fossil hunting trips: Chesapeake Heritage And Paleontology Tours.Follow Our Numinous Nature & my naturalist illustrations on InstagramCheck out my shop of shirts, prints, and books featuring my artContact: herbaceoushuman@gmail.com

(image source: https://dinopedia.fandom.com/wiki/Bullockornis) Host Matthew Donald and guest co-host Laura Owsley discuss Bullockornis, named after Australia's Bullock Creek but colloquially known as the Demon Duck of Doom. For real. I'm not making this up, even though it's totally on brand. From the Miocene epoch, this 8-foot-tall dromornithid was also known as the Thunder Duck, because one ostentatious nickname wasn't good enough for it I suppose. Want to further support the show? Sign up to our Patreon for exclusive bonus content at Patreon.com/MatthewDonald. Also, you can purchase Matthew Donald's dinosaur book "Megazoic" on Amazon by clicking here, its sequel "Megazoic: The Primeval Power" by clicking here, its third installment "Megazoic: The Hunted Ones" by clicking here, or its final installment "Megazoic: An Era's End" by clicking here. 

Chakana Copper Corp. is a Canadian based minerals exploration company and through its wholly-owned Peruvian subsidiary, Chakana Resources S.A.C., is currently advancing the Soledad project near Aija, in the Ancash region of the highly prolific Miocene mineral belt of Peru.Company page: https://www.chakanacopper.com/Explore More Here: https://cruxinvestor.comJoin our Club's waitlist: https://cruxinvestor.com/clubFor FREE unbiased investment information, follow us on Twitter, LinkedIn and Facebook:https://twitter.com/cruxinvestorhttps://www.linkedin.com/company/crux-investor/https://www.facebook.com/cruxinvestorIf you got value from this interview, please subscribe.

A temperature rise of three or four degrees doesn’t seem like a big deal… Until you go back a few million years and start exploring what the world looked like the last time the Earth was that hot and CO2 levels were even higher than they are now. Peter Brannen is an award-winning science journalist. His work has appeared in The New York Times, WIRED and The Guardian, among many other national publications. He is also the author of The Ends of the World: Volcanic Apocalypses, Lethal Oceans, and Our Quest to Understand Earth’s Past Mass Extinctions. On this episode of Reversing Climate Change, Peter joins Ross to discuss his most recent article in The Atlantic, ‘The Terrifying Warning Lurking in the Earth’s Ancient Rock Record.’ Peter explains what the planet was like during the Pliocene (the last time CO2 reached 400 PPM), the Miocene (500 PPM) and the Eocene (600-plus PPM), describing how rising levels of carbon dioxide might transform the Earth as we know it. Listen in for Peter’s insight on what an understanding of deep time can teach us about the impact climate change has on the planet and help us appreciate the difference three degrees can make. Connect with Nori Purchase Nori Carbon Removals Join Nori's Patreon book club Nori's website Nori on Twitter Resources Peter’s Website ‘The Terrifying Warning Lurking in the Earth’s Ancient Rock Record’ in The Atlantic The Ends of the World: Volcanic Apocalypses, Lethal Oceans, and Our Quest to Understand Earth’s Past Mass Extinctions by Peter Brannen Peter on Reversing Climate Change EP087 David Grinspoon David Grinspoon on Reversing Climate Change: Geology Cage Match! The Sapiezoic vs. the Anthropocene—w/ Dr. David Grinspoon, astrobiologist David Grinspoon on Reversing Climate Change S1E47: 47: David Grinspoon, Astrobiologist The Long Thaw: How Humans Are Changing the Next 100,000 Years of Earth’s Climate by David Archer Jessica Tierney on Twitter Ted Scripps Fellowship Program ‘Atmospheric CO2: Principal Control Knob Governing Earth’s Temperature’ in Science Wallace Broecker --- Send in a voice message: https://anchor.fm/reversingclimatechange/message Support this podcast: https://anchor.fm/reversingclimatechange/support

The upper Oligocene Sooke Formation that outcrops on southwestern Vancouver Island, British Columbia is a wonderful place to collect and especially good for families. As well as amazing west coast scenery, the beach site outcrop has a lovely soft matrix with well-preserved fossil molluscs, often with the shell material preserved (Clark and Arnold, 1923). While the site has been known since the 1890s, my first trip here was in the early 1990s as part of a Vancouver Paleontological Society (VanPS) fossil field trip. By the Oligocene ocean temperatures had cooled to near modern levels and the taxa preserved here as fossils bear a strong resemblance to those found living beneath the Strait of Juan de Fuca today. Gastropods, bivalves, echinoids, coral, chitin and limpets are common-ish — and on rare occasions, fossil marine mammals, cetacean and bird bones are discovered. Back in 2015, a family found the fossilized bones from a 25-million-year-old wing-propelled flightless diving bird while out strolling the shoreline near Sooke. Not knowing what they'd found but recognizing it as significant, the bones were brought to the Royal British Columbia Museum to identify. The bones found their way into the hands of Gary Kaiser. Kaiser worked as a biologist for Environment Canada and the Nature Conservatory of Canada. After retirement, he turned his eye from our extant avian friends to their fossil lineage. The thing about passion is it never retires. Gary is now a research associate with the Royal British Columbia Museum, published author and continues his research on birds and their paleontological past. Kaiser identified the well-preserved coracoid bones as the first example from Canada of a Plotopteridae, an extinct family that lived in the North Pacific from the late Eocene to the early Miocene. In honour of our First Nations communities who settled the Sooke area, Kaiser named the new genus and species Stemec suntokum. Avian fossils from the Sooke Formation are rare. We are especially lucky that the bird bone was fossilized at all. These are delicate bones and tasty. Scavengers often get to them well before they have a chance and the right conditions to fossilize. Doubly lucky is that the find was of a coracoid, a bone from the shoulder that provides information on how this bird moved and dove through the water similar to a penguin. It's the wee bit that flexes as the bird moves his wing up and down. Picture a penguin doing a little waddle and flapping their flipper-like wings getting ready to hop near and dive into the water. Now imagine them expertly porpoising — gracefully jumping out of the sea and zigzagging through the ocean to avoid predators. It is likely that the Sooke find did some if not all of these activities.

It may have been the largest carnivore that ever lived. Megalodon was a giant shark that ate whales! In this episode you'll learn just how big it really was!!!!

OK, wow, wow, wow! Is all I can say to all that knowledge being splayed out there for us. I want to Thank Alan again for sticking around longer than the allotted time to take us to class. Cave Dwellers, I know you will be overflowing with knowledge after that, again, repeat, repeat and repeat to take notes. Absolutely amazing content. Thanks again Cave Dwellers, for joining me weekly on The Neanderthal Mind, giving me your time and ears, and mind. As I have said previously, I would love to hear from you about how you feel the podcast is going. Is it what you were expecting? Are there things I can do differently to make this any better? If I don't hear from you, I can only assume that I am giving you what you want from The Neanderthal Mind. I will take all criticism that you give, and try to mold the show to your liking, but, I can't promise I will be able to do everything, everyone wants me to do, so please, email the show at theneanderthalmind@gmail.com, and go to the website theneanderthalmind.com, and leave me some messages. Until next time Cave Dwellers…. And here is a little of what's to come next week when we sit down with Author, Dr. Rebecca Wragg Sykes, about her new book: Kindred, Neanderthal Life, Love, Death and Art. A fantastic listen as well as an awesome read for books about our Neanderthal Ancestors. https://store.bookbaby.com/book/human-fossil-record-and-classification Facebook Group Denisovan Link:https://www.facebook.com/groups/DenisovanFacebook Group The into Africa Theory of Human Evolution Link:https://www.facebook.com/groups/TheIntoAfricaTheoryFacebook Group Archaic Human Club link:https://www.facebook.com/groups/Archaic Human Club

Brown Bank in the North Sea is a treasure trove of Miocene and Pleistocene Fossil Mammal material. It is also a great place to unearth archaeological remains. Until sea levels rose at the end of the last Ice Age, between 8-10,000 years ago, an area of land connected Great Britain to Scandinavia and the continent. Here our relatives lived their lives, hunted local animals and all species left remains behind. This region is now underwater in the Brown Bank section of the North Sea. The North Sea is a sea of the Atlantic Ocean located between the United Kingdom, Denmark, Norway, Germany, the Netherlands, Belgium and France. An epeiric sea on the European continental shelf, it connects to the ocean through the English Channel in the south and the Norwegian Sea in the north. Trawl nets are used to scoop up fish and often turn up interesting fossils and artefacts from the deep seabed.

Step back into the Miocene and traverse the jungles of ancient Hispaniola! We'll look at the Dominican Amber and all its weird and wonderful inclusions including parasites, luckless stingless bees, wandering spiders, and a salamander that had a real bad day.

(image source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amphicyon) Host Matthew Donald and guest co-host Laura Owsley discuss Amphicyon, an ancestor of both bears and dogs but more dog than bear, hence the nickname "bear-dog." From the Miocene epoch, this 8-foot carnivore was probably a really good boy and would make an excellent pet. Just think of how big his doghouse would be! Who's a good boy? Yes, you are, Amphicyon! Want to further support the show? Sign up to our Patreon for exclusive bonus content here. Also, you can purchase Matthew Donald's dinosaur book "Megazoic" on Amazon by clicking here, its sequel "Megazoic: The Primeval Power" by clicking here, its third installment "Megazoic: The Hunted Ones" by clicking here, or its final installment "Megazoic: An Era's End" by clicking here. 

00:00:00 - Ryan is joined by Lisa Lundgren and Gabriel Santos, two of the heads of Cosplay for Science, an organization that uses elaborating costuming (called cosplay) to advocate for science! But first, we talk about the science. Lisa is a social scientist who studies informal science learning and Gabe is a paleontologist and outreach coordinator who has studied marine mammals including the excellent group Desmostylians. Some papers by Lisa: Social Media Interaction as Informal Science Learning: a Comparison of Message Design in Two Niches Scientific Twitter: The flow of paleontological communication across a topic network Profiles in Practice: Stories of Paleontology Within an Online, Scientific Community Some papers by Gabe: A new tuskless walrus from the Miocene of Orange County, California, with comments on the diversity and taxonomy of odobenids New data on the ontogeny and senescence of Desmostylus (Desmostylia, Mammalia) 00:31:34 - Drinks: they keep us social, so let’s have some. Ryan demonstrates proper drink segment technique with the scientifically themed MC^2 by Equilibrium Brewery sent by our very own Abe! Gabe is chilling with an IBC Root Beer, which is the kind of beer that doesn’t affect sobriety. And Lisa mysteriously enjoys a Cold Smoke Scotch Ale from KettleHouse Brewing Co in MT. 00:39:22 - In part two of our interview, we get down to costumes. How did Cosplay for Science get started? How does dressing up as fictional characters help communicate science? Will Ryan be dressing up the next time we’re able to actually go to a convention? Tune in and find out! 01:24:03 - PaleoPOWs are a lot like costuming, they hide their true nature to get in your heart. Ryan reads an e-mail from Tom C. asking us about getting on Spotify. Well thanks to his gentle nudging, we now are! Listen to (some of) our episodes on Spotify! Thanks for the nudge, Tom!   More cool rewards await you if you decide to support us on our Patreon!   Audio Production by Rob Heath Music credit: Dance of Felt - Blue Dot Sessions

(image source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arktocara)* Host Matthew Donald and guest co-host Christina Franklin discuss Ninjadelphis, a river dolphin that's high in the rankings of coolest genus names ever. From the Miocene epoch, this 7-foot cetacean is such an elusive master of stealth there's hardly any information available on it. This picture isn't even a Ninjadelphis, but it's close relative Arktocara! Our mission is clear, people: we're gonna put this creature on the map. Unless it tries to assassinate us like its namesake. Want to further support the show? Sign up to our Patreon for exclusive bonus content here. Also, you can purchase Matthew Donald's dinosaur book "Megazoic" on Amazon by clicking here, its sequel "Megazoic: The Primeval Power" by clicking here, its third installment "Megazoic: The Hunted Ones" by clicking here, or its final installment "Megazoic: An Era's End" by clicking here. 

 Mthokozisi "Mtho" Moyo, is originally from Zimbabwe but living and studying in South Africa. He's an environmental science PhD candidate at Witwatersrand University. In this episode, Mtho admits that he has always been a lover of science but was unsure which specific field he wanted to do. He dabbled in different types of science in undergrad and finally settled into environmental science. Currently, his PhD research aims to understand what caused rainfall seasonality in Africa during the Miocene. Looking at traits that are important to survive in seasonal environments focused on plants, but not limited to plants. However, before Mtho got into his PhD studies, he took time off to work for SAEON, where he worked in science engagement with high school learners. He is very passionate about this, and he continues to mentor the learners. He hopes in working with the learners he gets to impart the necessary skills and knowledge that they can use in any science career or their everyday life. Lastly, he is passionate about representation in science, in particular, of black African climate change scientists and is proud to be part of that group that is setting the trail for the upcoming black African climate change researchers. Take a listen to hear all about it!  Twitter and Instagram: @Mtho_MoyoBuzzsprout - Let's get your podcast launched! Start for FREEDisclaimer: This post contains affiliate links. If you make a purchase, I may receive a commission at no extra cost to you.Support the show (https://paypal.me/RootofSciPod?locale.x=en_US)

May 2020 Radio announcer: Time to talk Geopark once again. Joined by Geo educator Sasha Morriss. Sasha, still working from home at the moment. Geoeducator: That's right, yes, I'm still working remotely. Radio announcer: But you've been really active and busy, I guess. Geoeducator: Oh, yeah. Look, it's been a really good opportunity for us just to develop a lot more online resources. So we've got a kids page up and running, lots of activities in kid friendly language. And we've also set up a resources page specifically for teachers to use. Now, teachers, you know, not just in schools, teachers are parents, teachers are family members. So if you've got children that you care for or in your life, jump online and have a look. And there might be some resources there that the people in your family find interesting. Radio announcer: Now, one of the things you have been working on, I understand, is about timelines. Geoeducator: That's right. Yes. So geological timescales and timelines is what we've been working on lately. And that's available online now. So we've got some text around that explaining what is the geological time scale and also the time scale itself. And it has been drawn up in a column form. So just to run over it briefly, the geological time scale is massive. It's very difficult for us to get our minds around, you know, millions of years. So what we've done is we've re created one specifically for the Waitaki District that tells the story of Zealandia. So everything on this geological timescale to date relates back to things that we discuss in Kids Corner. So there's nothing in there that's going to throw you and think, oh, what's that? It's all things that you can cross reference to Kids corner. And it covers right from when New Zealand was part of Gondwana - basement rocks were being formed through to the separation of Zealandia. And then what we see recorded here in the Waitaki District with the marine transgression, the volcanism, we've got glaciation etc. So it's not a thing to really get hung up on the actual numbers, but it's the order of things. What happened first? What happened next etc. And it just put things into context for people. And I think makes things a little bit more accessible and clearer for people. So we'd just really appreciate people's feedback as to what they think. And I guess one thing to keep in mind when you're looking at the geological time scale is one of the assumptions that's made is that things happen at a constant rate over time. Now, we know in reality that this is not true, that you have catastrophic events that do create things that would be recorded in the geological time scale. However, over time, we kind of assume that these things even out. And so there's lots of factors that come into play when you read the geological time scale. So if you read the text, you'll see there is a margin of error that is built in there. But when you start talking about millions of years, you know, you can have significant margins of era. They can be, you know, a million years here or there. So that's why geologists tend to talk about epochs or periods of time. So when you hear Oligocene, Eocene, Miocene - they're periods of time that span millions and millions of years. And that's what geologists tend to talk about rather than specific dates. Radio announcer: And all of that is available on the Web site. Geoeducator: It's all available on the Web site. So jump on there and have a look. And we would just love to hear your feedback. Radio announcer: And that Web site address, again is... Geoeducator: The website address is www.whitestonegeopark.nz Radio announcer: Thanks for your time, Sasha. We'll catch up again next time.

(image source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purussaurus#/media/File:Purussaurus_BW.jpg) Host Matthew Donald and guest co-host Allen Brooks discuss Purussaurus, a dino-sized croc living smack-dab in the middle of the Age of Mammals. From the Miocene epoch, this 40-foot caiman lurked in the rivers of South America, which makes it really tempting to jump in the ocean instead. Oh, whoops, this is also when C. megalodon lived. I guess it was just a bad time all around. Also, you can purchase Matthew Donald's dinosaur book "Megazoic" on Amazon by clicking here, its sequel "Megazoic: The Primeval Power" by clicking here, its third installment "Megazoic: The Hunted Ones" by clicking here, or its final installment "Megazoic: An Era's End" by clicking here. 

Welcome to the Travelman Podcast, my name is Ben and I host this cool travel podcast. If you’re joining me for the first time then I say thank you for listening. On today’s awesome episode, I’ll be chatting to Michael Turtle who is an Australian travel blogger who’s attempting to see every UNESCO World Heritage site on the planet! So far, he’s seen over 300 of the 1000 + UNESCO World Heritage sites there are! So, sit back and enjoy Michael and I chat about travel and UNESCO World Heritage sites.   AUSTRALIAN UNESCO WORLD HERITAGE SITES: 20 UNESCO WORLD HERITAGE SITES IN AUSTRALIA Great Barrier Reef, Far North QLD – Threatened reef, somewhere where everyone should go. Ningaloo Reef in WA, I’ve heard is just as nice. Kakadu National Park, Jabiru, NT – I need to go here. Uluru-Kata Tjuta National Park, Uluru, NT – I need to go here. Fraser Island, QLD – Have been fantastic place. Shark Bay, WA – I need to go here. Is this where Ningaloo Reef is? Lord Howe Island, NSW – I need to go here, I always think of Jurassic Park. Royal Exhibition Building, Carlton, VIC – I’ve been for the Flower Show. Always a fantastic building to show off flowers. Ornate and beautiful. Macquarie Island, South West Pacific Ocean – I need to go here. Purnululu National Park, East Kimberley, WA – I need to go here. Carlton Gardens, Carlton, VIC – Great gardens, always enjoy meandering my way through these lovely gardens. Always planted up beautifully in Spring. Very colourful. Riversleigh World Heritage Fossil Site, Lawn Hill, QLD – I need to go here. Fossils dating back to the Miocene period. Heard Island and Macdonald Islands, Indian Ocean – Hmm how would I get there? Volcanic Islands? Naracoote Caves National Park, Naracoote, SA – Looks interesting, haven’t been there. Old Government House, Parramatta, NSW – Haven’t been there. Mungo National Park, Mungo, NSW – Haven’t been there. Lamington National Park, QLD – Looks beautiful, Gondwana rainforests. Home to rare Albert’s Lyrebird. Main Range National Park, QLD – Haven’t been there. Blue Mountains National Park, NSW – Have been and love it. Daintree National Park, QLD – Fantastic tropical forests with great raised boardwalk through forest and river cruises to spot crocodiles. Cradle Mountain Lake, St Claire National Park, TAS – I’ve been and love the picturesque views of Cradle Mountain. You can walk around lake. Very nice indeed.   Timestamps: Intro to the show 1:52 – Understanding what a UNESCO World Heritage site is and Australian World Heritage sites 7:50 – How often do UNESCO add new sites and what’s the criteria for choosing what becomes a World Heritage site. 13:46 – Michael’s attempt to visit every 1121 UNESCO World Heritage sites 15:55 – What was the first UNESCO World Heritage site that Michael saw first? 22:10 – What does UNESCO stand for and what’s the most memorable UNESCO World Heritage site that Michael has visited 28:10 – The most unsatisfying UNESCO World Heritage site that Michael has visited 32:15 – Are all UNESCO sites pretty? 37:11 – Antoni Gaudi and his fabulous works and how do you tick a country off a list? 40:10 – Discussing the hand dandy little app to see how many UNESCO World Heritage sites you’ve been to 41:52 – The most difficult UNESCO site Michael tried to reach walking into a forest with Howler Monkeys 51:10 – Paying way too much for a Vietnamese taxi ride and what country has the most UNESCO sites?  55:49 – Can sites be wiped off the UNESCO World Heritage list? And, the process of making the UNESCO World Heritage site 1:05:25 – Is there criteria that Michael uses to see certain UNESCO World Heritage sites and which are the next sites Michael will be visiting 1:09:56 – What made Michael want to visit all the UNESCO World Heritage sites? 1:14:02 – Final Questions Outro to the show   Follow Michael: Michael’s UNESCO World Heritage site blog titled Travel Time Turtle: timetravelturtle.com/ Michael’s Instagram: @michaelturtle Michael’s Twitter: @michaelturtle   Additional Information: World Heritage app that we spoke about is called, World Heritage – UNESCO List, I downloaded it on Android and I’m guessing you can download it on IOS also. UNESCO World Heritage Site: https://whc.unesco.org/   Follow Travelman Podcast: iTunes: itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/travelman-podcast/id1281446908 Spotify: open.spotify.com/show/2bfulkX1dTkOb50MaCm0NN Libsyn: travelmanpodcast.libsyn.com/ Facebook: facebook.com/benthetravelman/ Instagram: instagram.com/travelmanpodcast/?hl=en Twitter: twitter.com/TravelmanPod Tune In: tunein.com/podcasts/Travel/Travelman-Podcast-p1103948/ Stitcher: stitcher.com/podcast/ben-dow/travelman-podcast YouTube: youtube.com/channel/UC3cYw4pCrK3C-Rty3zmw-eQ Travelman Podcast Website: travelmanpodcast.com Travelman Podcast email: travelmanpodcast@gmail.com  

This is a special episode because we are time-traveling hard. We decided to bring in a special guest because we need some help with this geology stuff. Our friend Mike is in town to talk about one of Kern Counties "True Treasures." Shark Tooth Hill has the most marine mammal fossils (of the middle Miocene). We need to make sense of this, and we need to get to the bottom of this wild hill and the interesting owner of this piece of Huell's Gold!! Shark Tooth Hill Info Huell's Gold Instagram Huell's Gold Facebook Huell's Gold Twitter

The story of life concludes with the Cenozoic Era, from the Paleocene to the Pliocene epoch (66 to 2.58 Million Years Ago). We follow the survivors of the great Cretaceous Extinction Event as they adapt to a rapidly changing world, including the mammals. Special topics include the the Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum, the Rise of the Himalayas, the Spread of the Grasslands, the Crisis of the Mediterranean, and the Great American Interchange. Transcript: https://riverofhistory.tumblr.com/post/183188061451/episode-6-the-age-of-mammalsLinks and References Mentioned:Placentals Didn't Displace North American Marsupials: https://www.zora.uzh.ch/id/eprint/71489/10/ZORA_NL_71489.pdfHow Neornithine Birds Survived: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2018.04.062Geology of the Pacific Islands: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2607379/ Evolution of Baleen Whales: https://www.cell.com/current-biology/fulltext/S0960-9822(18)31414-3

The story of life concludes with the Cenozoic Era, from the Paleocene to the Pliocene epoch (66 to 2.58 Million Years Ago). We follow the survivors of the great Cretaceous Extinction Event as they adapt to a rapidly changing world, including the mammals. Special topics include the the Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum, the Rise of the Himalayas, the Spread of the Grasslands, the Crisis of the Mediterranean, and the Great American Interchange. Transcript: https://riverofhistory.tumblr.com/post/183188061451/episode-6-the-age-of-mammalsLinks and References Mentioned:Placentals Didn't Displace North American Marsupials: https://www.zora.uzh.ch/id/eprint/71489/10/ZORA_NL_71489.pdfHow Neornithine Birds Survived: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2018.04.062Geology of the Pacific Islands: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2607379/ Evolution of Baleen Whales: https://www.cell.com/current-biology/fulltext/S0960-9822(18)31414-3

The story of life concludes with the Cenozoic Era, from the Paleocene to the Pliocene epoch (66 to 2.58 Million Years Ago). We follow the survivors of the great Cretaceous Extinction Event as they adapt to a rapidly changing world, including the mammals. Special topics include the the Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum, the Rise of the Himalayas, the Spread of the Grasslands, the Crisis of the Mediterranean, and the Great American Interchange. Transcript: https://riverofhistory.tumblr.com/post/183188061451/episode-6-the-age-of-mammalsLinks and References Mentioned:Placentals Didn't Displace North American Marsupials: https://www.zora.uzh.ch/id/eprint/71489/10/ZORA_NL_71489.pdfHow Neornithine Birds Survived: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2018.04.062Geology of the Pacific Islands: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2607379/ Evolution of Baleen Whales: https://www.cell.com/current-biology/fulltext/S0960-9822(18)31414-3

The story of life concludes with the Cenozoic Era, from the Paleocene to the Pliocene epoch (66 to 2.58 Million Years Ago). We follow the survivors of the great Cretaceous Extinction Event as they adapt to a rapidly changing world, including the mammals. Special topics include the the Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum, the Rise of the Himalayas, the Spread of the Grasslands, the Crisis of the Mediterranean, and the Great American Interchange. Transcript: https://riverofhistory.tumblr.com/post/183188061451/episode-6-the-age-of-mammalsLinks and References Mentioned:Placentals Didn't Displace North American Marsupials: https://www.zora.uzh.ch/id/eprint/71489/10/ZORA_NL_71489.pdfHow Neornithine Birds Survived: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2018.04.062Geology of the Pacific Islands: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2607379/ Evolution of Baleen Whales: https://www.cell.com/current-biology/fulltext/S0960-9822(18)31414-3

  We are joined by the delightful Patrick from TierZoo on YouTube to talk about the Miocene, biology, how TierZoo videos are made, the Smash Bros meta, give our Patreons RPG classes/races, and learn how Dan is an ungrateful dog-loving swine when it comes to Netflix recommendations... --------  - TierZoo: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCHsRtomD4twRf5WVHHk-cMw  - /r/Outside: https://www.reddit.com/r/outside/  - Urinal deodorizer blocks: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urinal_deodorizer_block  - The big 5 test: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Five_personality_traits  - Durrell: https://www.durrell.org/wildlife/  - Royal fish: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_fish  - How to study effectively: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AOTYTuiNaho  - Tibees: https://www.youtube.com/user/tibees  - College Info Geek: https://www.youtube.com/user/electrickeye91  - Livingstone fruit bat: http://www.discoveranimals.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/livingstone_fruit_bat.jpg  - Our Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/thewikicast   - Spongy and Electric: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCXJqJob5IS9gd0PTpSIxZvg  -------- Email us at: spongyelectric@gmail.com Follow us on Twitter: @DanielJMaw @simonoxfphys and use #Wikicast This week's article: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miocene  Our facebook page: https://www.facebook.com/TheWikicast/  Fan facebook group: https://www.facebook.com/groups/268878873600832/  Fan discord channel: https://discordapp.com/invite/XdjYwex 

This week we're going to find out some surprising possible inspirations for the qilin, sometimes called the kirin or the Chinese unicorn, and the phoenix! Strap in, kids. We're going to do history! A qilin: A giraffe: My beautiful art of tsaidamotherium, both subspecies, with their weird horns: A saiga antelope A takin: A bird of paradise: Another bird of paradise: Further reading: Dale Drinnon's Frontiers of Zoology about the qilin An online Bestiary. This is where I got the quotes from Herodotus. The Book of Beasts, trans. T.H. White The Lungfish, The Dodo and the Unicorn by Willy Ley Extraordinary Animals Revisited by Karl P.N. Shuker Show transcript: Welcome to Strange Animals Podcast. I’m your host, Kate Shaw. This week we’re going to learn about two animals that most people consider mythological—but they might be based on real animals that are as extraordinary as the folktales surrounding them. The first is the qilin, also called the kirin or some other close variation. These days it’s usually depicted with a pair of antlers like a deer, but in older legends and artwork it often only had one horn, so is sometimes called the Chinese unicorn. It can resemble a dragon with cloven hooves, or a bull-like or deer-like animal with scales or a scaly pattern on its body. In Japan it’s usually depicted with one horn that curves backwards from its forehead. The qilin legend is thousands of years old, with the first references dating back to the 5th century BCE. It has traditionally been considered a gentle animal whose appearance foretold the birth or death of a great ruler, or if it appeared to a ruler, it foretold a long, peaceful reign. Supposedly it first appeared to the Emperor Fu Hsi 5000 years ago as he walked along the banks of the Yellow River. A single-horned animal emerged from the water and walked so daintily that its cloven hooves didn’t leave prints in the mud. A scroll on its back was miraculously not wet, and when Fu Hsi unrolled the scroll he saw a map of his kingdom and written characters that taught him written language. In 1414, explorer Zheng He brought a giraffe to China for the first time and presented it to the emperor as a qilin. The emperor wasn’t fooled, but it was a good PR move to treat the animal as a qilin. But the qilin was never depicted with a long neck before then, and even after, long-necked qilins were rare in art and sculpture. On the other hand, the Japanese word for giraffe is kirin, so there was some overlap. The qilin was supposed to be solitary and lived high in the mountains and in deep forests. It ate plants and was described in various ways, as having a deer’s body and a lion’s head, or a horse’s body with a dragon’s head, or some other combination. It always had cloven hooves. In 398 BCE, so more than 2,400 years ago, Greek historian Ctesias wrote a book about India, including the animals found in that land. Ctesias had never actually visited India, although he had traveled to a lot of other countries. This is what he wrote about the animal we now know as the unicorn: “There are in India certain wild asses which are as large as horses, and larger. Their bodies are white, their heads dark red, and their eyes dark blue. They have a horn on the forehead which is about a foot and a half in length.” Then he talks about the horn for a few more sentences, especially its supposed ability to cure diseases and neutralize poisons. If you’re interested in this aspect of the unicorn legend, I go over it at length in episode five, about the unicorn. Most researchers think Ctesias was talking about the rhinoceros. But maybe he was referring to another animal, one that possibly contributed to both the unicorn legend and also to the legend of the qilin. Tsaidamotherium was a bovid that lived during the late Miocene, around half a million years ago. Its fossils have been found in Northwestern China.

  SHOW NOTE คุยข่าวดังบรรพชีวินช่วงรอบปีที่ผ่านมา หางไดโนเสาร์ในอำพัน -1,2,3,4 หัวข้อคุย: ภาพลักษณ์ใหม่ไดโนเสาร์ - นอกจากปรับผิวเกล็ดเป็นขนแล้ว เดี๋ยวนี้ยังมีการรณรงค์ให้มีน้ำมีนวลมากขึ้น / วิธีคิด อย่างสัตว์ปัจจุบันเช่นแมว หรือวัว ถ้าเราวาดภาพจำลองโดยดูจากกระดูกอย่างเดียวเหมือนเวลาเราวาดไดโนเสาร์ เราอาจจะได้ภาพออกมาแบบนี้ (ข้างล่าง) ซึ่งเราจะเห็นว่าไม่เหมือนตัวจริงเลย ดังนั้นเวลาเราวาดภาพไดโนเสาร์ เราก็น่าจะคำนึงถึงชั้นเนื้อและไขมันให้มากขึ้นด้วย (ภาพจากหนังสือ All Yesterdays ) หรือกระทั่งความฟู รวมทั้งพวกอวัยวะต่างๆ ที่อาจจะมีอยู่แต่ไม่สะท้อนให้เห็นในโครงกระดูก ศิลปินหลายคน จินตนาการให้ดูว่าจริงๆ มันอาจจะเป็นแบบนี้ก็ได้นะ   ข่าวเจอท่าตาย Psittacosaurus และขนแบบขนเม่น -1,2   จารย์ป้องค้นพบกระดูกประหลาด สันนิษฐานเป็น bacula กระดูกลึงค์ไดโนเสาร์? อันนี้ให้ดูกระดูกลึงค์ของตัวอะไรสักอย่างที่เป็นสัตว์ปัจจุบันก่อน สังเกตทรงและปลายข้างนึงจะเป็นร่องสองแฉก นี่คือชิ้นที่จารย์ป้องพบ มีความเหมือนมากๆ แล้วเจอเป็นคู่ เปเปอร์เก่าเคยเจอคล้ายๆ กันแต่สันนิษฐานว่าเป็น clavicle หรือกระดูกไหปลาร้า ผมเชียร์สมมติฐาน bacula ของจารย์ป้องมากกว่า 555   ข่าวเจอไข่ไดโนเสาร์ข้างถนนที่จีน -1 มีพูดเรื่อง Therizinosaurus ไดโนเสาร์เล็บ Wolverine ข่าวเจอโปรตีนไดโนเสาร์ล่าสุด -1,2 และข่าวก่อนหน้านี้ที่ด้อมบอกว่าใช้ระบุเพศ T-Rex ได้ -1 เล่าเรื่องความสนใจของน้องเฟิร์ส / สืบเรื่องราวจากการส่องดูเนื้อเยื่อไดโนเสาร์ในระดับละเอียด / การเรียงตัวผลึกในชั้นเคลือบฟันของไดโนเสาร์ บอกอะไรได้บ้าง ฟันฉลามแปลกๆ Dreadnoughtus ไดโนเสาร์ใหญ่ที่สุด   ครึ่งหลัง วิวัฒนาการของ mammal เริ่มจากดูความสัมพันธ์สัตว์มีกระดูกสันหลังโดยรวม   สัตว์เลื้อยคลานกลุ่ม synapsids บรรพบุรุษ mammal / อีกกลุ่มนึงแตกสายไปเป็น amniotes คือสัตว์เลื้อยคลานปัจจุบันต่างๆ ไดโนเสาร์ และนก สายสัตว์เลี้ยงลูกด้วยนมยุคแรกๆ ยังไม่ค่อยหลากหลายมาก และเป็นกึ่งสัตว์เลื้อยคลาน พวก cynodont เหมือนหนูมีเขี้ยว พวก therapsids หลักฐาน mammal แท้จริงตัวเก่าแก่ที่สุดคือ adelobasileus จากยุค Jurassic เจอทั้งที่อเมริกาเหนือและอียิปต์ ซึ่งเมื่อก่อนอยู่ติดกัน อีกตัวอย่าง จากยุค Jurassic ชื่อ juramaia sinensis เจอที่จีน หลังจบยุคไดโนเสาร์ คือประมาณ 55 ล้านปีก่อน พวกที่อยู่รอดมาเป็นกลุ่ม primate หน้าตาคล้ายหนู ต่อมากลายเป็นต้นตระกูลที่ให้กำเนิดวิวัฒนาการ mammal สายใหม่ๆ ยุค 45 ล้านปีเริ่มมีพวกกีบเดี่ยวกีบคู่ พอถึงยุคประมาณ 10-20 กว่าล้านปีก่อน (Miocene) เป็นยุครุ่งเรื่องที่ mammal มีความหลากหลายเยอะมาก มาดูตัวอย่างเด่นๆ กัน Chalicotherium เหมือนกอรริลล่าหัวม้า แต่จริงๆ เป็นญาติใกล้กับแรด (กีบคี่) ลิงค์ไปวิดิโอถ่ายทอด live ทางแฟนเพจ Arsinoitherium โคตรแรด แต่จริงๆ เป็นญาติใกล้กับสัตว์กีบคู่อย่างหมู กวาง ควาย มากกว่า Paraceratherium สัตว์บกที่ใหญ่ที่สุดในโลก รองจากไดโนเสาร์ หน้าคล้ายยีราฟ แต่จริงๆ เป็นสายแรด (ดูจากฟัน) platybelodon  Gomphotherium ข้ามมาดูตัวเด่นๆ ยุคน้ำแข็ง Machauchenia  Megatherium สล็อธยักษ์ smilodon เสือเขี้ยวดาบ วิวัฒนาการของม้า Terror Bird กินอะไรกันแน่ ยุคน้ำแข็งแถวเมืองไทยมีตัวอะไรบ้าง (12000 ปีก่อน) แพนด้า gigantopithecus Hyena ยีราฟคอสั้น ยุคไมโอซีน ทุกวันนี้เหลือ Okapi ยีราฟยุคก่อน มีหนอกประหลาดๆ เยอะมาก Prolibytherium Sivatherium Bramatherium โปรโมท เชิญร่วมงาน "บรรพชนชื่นชีวิน" 18-19 มีนาคม https://www.facebook.com/witcastthailand/posts/1396261173770050

L'opera di Gianfranco Baruchello raccontata da Francesco Tedeschi

Pressure, pressure, pressure unspeakable then BANG the world breaks open and a plateau pops up from solid rock, creating a fabulous view of the land below. That's what happened in Central Texas. That's what happens in life, too. But we'll talk about that in a minute.Wizard Academy straddles the Texas escarpment, a magical place where the green meets the brown along a 480-mile crack in the crust of the southern United States. My geologist buddy Andrew Backus says it was created by continental shift during the Miocene era, about 12 million years ago. It was along this plateau-ridge that the Spanish built their first missions. The rising tiers of white limestone rising 300 to 1,000 feet above the green prairies reminded them of balconies. And that is how the “Balcones” escarpment got its name. Notable features of this escarpment are its massive artesian springs gushing tens of millions of gallons per day. But we're not talking about geology today.We're talking about you.And we're not talking about the sparkling waters that gush up through a crack in the earth. We're talking about the sparkling creativity that gushes up through a crack in you… and the price of releasing that creativity. The glistening water of your unconscious mind lies deep beneath your consciousness. The only way for it to come gushing out is through a shifting of tectonic plates. Few things disturb us so much as those earthquakes that release our creativity.If it's been awhile since you felt the earth shifting beneath your feet, you're probably feeling “a little dried up.” Oh! I have your attention now? Each of us has four different modalities of gathering and processing information. We arrange them in whatever order we prefer. Your temperament is determined by the order of your preferences. We operate chiefly in our two most-preferred modalities. But when both of these have failed us, we reach deep within and begin operating in our third most-preferred. It feels a little awkward and it causes us stress, but when our top two methods have failed us, it's what we do. And if that third-preferred modality doesn't deliver the desired result, we'll dig still deeper to lay hold of our least-preferred method of interaction. Psychologists call this our inferior function. We almost never go there.But when we do – even if we stay there only briefly – the recovery time is glorious. Millions of gallons of creativity come sparkling into the sunlight through the crack created by that earthquake. Dr. Richard D. Grant calls this process “a trapdoor to the unconscious.” And now you understand why the first day of any transformative class at https://www.wizardacademy.org/classes/on-site-classes/ (Wizard Academy) is crammed-full of relentless stimulation. As you struggle up the mountainside, big ideas come roaring at you like boulders during an avalanche. You barely escape one before the next one is upon you. You're utterly exhausted by the end of the day. But then you relax during dinner as you talk with your new friends, the ones who were with you on that mountain. That's when the magic begins. It never fails. Roy H. Williams

A team of Carnegie scientists have found “beautifully preserved” 15 million-year-old thin protein sheets in fossil shells from southern Maryland.  The team—John Nance, John Armstrong, George Cody, Marilyn Fogel, and Robert Hazen—collected samples from Calvert Cliffs, along the shoreline of the Chesapeake Bay, a popular fossil collecting area. They found fossilized shells of a snail-like mollusk called Ecphora that lived in the mid-Miocene era--between 8 and 18 million years ago.

In a study published in the Proceedings of the Royal Society B, Rodolfo Salas-Gismondi and other paleontontologists described the crocodiles from a gigantic wetland that predated the Amazon. Ten million years ago there was the giant Purussarus, the duck-billed Mourasuchus, the tube-snouted gharial-like croc, a coyote-like croc similar to Paleosuchus, and three new crocs with […] The post News Bite: Crazy croc diversity in the ancient Amazon! appeared first on Past Time Paleo.

The Mammalian Era on Urantia (693.1) 61:0.1 THE era of mammals extends from the times of the origin of placental mammals to the end of the ice age, covering a little less than fifty million years. (693.2) 61:0.2 During this Cenozoic age the world’s landscape presented an attractive appearance — rolling hills, broad valleys, wide rivers, and great forests. Twice during this sector of time the Panama Isthmus went up and down; three times the Bering Strait land bridge did the same. The animal types were both many and varied. The trees swarmed with birds, and the whole world was an animal paradise, notwithstanding the incessant struggle of the evolving animal species for supremacy.* (693.3) 61:0.3 The accumulated deposits of the five periods of this fifty-million-year era contain the fossil records of the successive mammalian dynasties and lead right up through the times of the actual appearance of man himself. 1. The New Continental Land Stage The Age of Early Mammals (693.4) 61:1.1 50,000,000 years ago the land areas of the world were very generally above water or only slightly submerged. The formations and deposits of this period are both land and marine, but chiefly land. For a considerable time the land gradually rose but was simultaneously washed down to the lower levels and toward the seas. (693.5) 61:1.2 Early in this period and in North America the placental type of mammals suddenly appeared, and they constituted the most important evolutionary development up to this time. Previous orders of nonplacental mammals had existed, but this new type sprang directly and suddenly from the pre-existent reptilian ancestor whose descendants had persisted on down through the times of dinosaur decline. The father of the placental mammals was a small, highly active, carnivorous, springing type of dinosaur. (693.6) 61:1.3 Basic mammalian instincts began to be manifested in these primitive mammalian types. Mammals possess an immense survival advantage over all other forms of animal life in that they can: (693.7) 61:1.4 1. Bring forth relatively mature and well-developed offspring. (693.8) 61:1.5 2. Nourish, nurture, and protect their offspring with affectionate regard. (693.9) 61:1.6 3. Employ their superior brain power in self-perpetuation. (693.10) 61:1.7 4. Utilize increased agility in escaping from enemies. (693.11) 61:1.8 5. Apply superior intelligence to environmental adjustment and adaptation. (694.1) 61:1.9 45,000,000 years ago the continental backbones were elevated in association with a very general sinking of the coast lines. Mammalian life was evolving rapidly. A small reptilian, egg-laying type of mammal flourished, and the ancestors of the later kangaroos roamed Australia. Soon there were small horses, fleet-footed rhinoceroses, tapirs with proboscises, primitive pigs, squirrels, lemurs, opossums, and several tribes of monkeylike animals. They were all small, primitive, and best suited to living among the forests of the mountain regions. A large ostrichlike land bird developed to a height of ten feet and laid an egg nine by thirteen inches. These were the ancestors of the later gigantic passenger birds that were so highly intelligent, and that onetime transported human beings through the air. (694.2) 61:1.10 The mammals of the early Cenozoic lived on land, under the water, in the air, and among the treetops. They had from one to eleven pairs of mammary glands, and all were covered with considerable hair. In common with the later appearing orders, they developed two successive sets of teeth and possessed large brains in comparison to body size. But among them all no modern forms existed. (694.3) 61:1.11 40,000,000 years ago the land areas of the Northern Hemisphere began to elevate, and this was followed by new extensive land deposits and other terrestrial activities, including lava flows, warping, lake formation, and erosion. (694.4) 61:1.12 During the latter part of this epoch most of Europe was submerged. Following a slight land rise the continent was covered by lakes and bays. The Arctic Ocean, through the Ural depression, ran south to connect with the Mediterranean Sea as it was then expanded northward, the highlands of the Alps, Carpathians, Apennines, and Pyrenees being up above the water as islands of the sea. The Isthmus of Panama was up; the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans were separated. North America was connected with Asia by the Bering Strait land bridge and with Europe by way of Greenland and Iceland. The earth circuit of land in northern latitudes was broken only by the Ural Straits, which connected the arctic seas with the enlarged Mediterranean. (694.5) 61:1.13 Considerable foraminiferal limestone was deposited in European waters. Today this same stone is elevated to a height of 10,000 feet in the Alps, 16,000 feet in the Himalayas, and 20,000 feet in Tibet. The chalk deposits of this period are found along the coasts of Africa and Australia, on the west coast of South America, and about the West Indies. (694.6) 61:1.14 Throughout this so-called Eocene period the evolution of mammalian and other related forms of life continued with little or no interruption. North America was then connected by land with every continent except Australia, and the world was gradually overrun by primitive mammalian fauna of various types. 2. The Recent Flood Stage The Age of Advanced Mammals (694.7) 61:2.1 This period was characterized by the further and rapid evolution of placental mammals, the more progressive forms of mammalian life developing during these times. (694.8) 61:2.2 Although the early placental mammals sprang from carnivorous ancestors, very soon herbivorous branches developed, and, erelong, omnivorous mammalian families also sprang up. The angiosperms were the principal food of the rapidly increasing mammals, the modern land flora, including the majority of present-day plants and trees, having appeared during earlier periods. (695.1) 61:2.3 35,000,000 years ago marks the beginning of the age of placental-mammalian world domination. The southern land bridge was extensive, reconnecting the then enormous Antarctic continent with South America, South Africa, and Australia. In spite of the massing of land in high latitudes, the world climate remained relatively mild because of the enormous increase in the size of the tropic seas, nor was the land elevated sufficiently to produce glaciers. Extensive lava flows occurred in Greenland and Iceland, some coal being deposited between these layers. (695.2) 61:2.4 Marked changes were taking place in the fauna of the planet. The sea life was undergoing great modification; most of the present-day orders of marine life were in existence, and foraminifers continued to play an important role. The insect life was much like that of the previous era. The Florissant fossil beds of Colorado belong to the later years of these far-distant times. Most of the living insect families go back to this period, but many then in existence are now extinct, though their fossils remain. (695.3) 61:2.5 On land this was pre-eminently the age of mammalian renovation and expansion. Of the earlier and more primitive mammals, over one hundred species were extinct before this period ended. Even the mammals of large size and small brain soon perished. Brains and agility had replaced armor and size in the progress of animal survival. And with the dinosaur family on the decline, the mammals slowly assumed domination of the earth, speedily and completely destroying the remainder of their reptilian ancestors. (695.4) 61:2.6 Along with the disappearance of the dinosaurs, other and great changes occurred in the various branches of the saurian family. The surviving members of the early reptilian families are turtles, snakes, and crocodiles, together with the venerable frog, the only remaining group representative of man’s earlier ancestors. (695.5) 61:2.7 Various groups of mammals had their origin in a unique animal now extinct. This carnivorous creature was something of a cross between a cat and a seal; it could live on land or in water and was highly intelligent and very active. In Europe the ancestor of the canine family evolved, soon giving rise to many species of small dogs. About the same time the gnawing rodents, including beavers, squirrels, gophers, mice, and rabbits, appeared and soon became a notable form of life, very little change having since occurred in this family. The later deposits of this period contain the fossil remains of dogs, cats, coons, and weasels in ancestral form. (695.6) 61:2.8 30,000,000 years ago the modern types of mammals began to make their appearance. Formerly the mammals had lived for the greater part in the hills, being of the mountainous types; suddenly there began the evolution of the plains or hoofed type, the grazing species, as differentiated from the clawed flesh eaters. These grazers sprang from an undifferentiated ancestor having five toes and forty-four teeth, which perished before the end of the age. Toe evolution did not progress beyond the three-toed stage throughout this period. (695.7) 61:2.9 The horse, an outstanding example of evolution, lived during these times in both North America and Europe, though his development was not fully completed until the later ice age. While the rhinoceros family appeared at the close of this period, it underwent its greatest expansion subsequently. A small hoglike creature also developed which became the ancestor of the many species of swine, peccaries, and hippopotamuses. Camels and llamas had their origin in North America about the middle of this period and overran the western plains. Later, the llamas migrated to South America, the camels to Europe, and soon both were extinct in North America, though a few camels survived up to the ice age. (696.1) 61:2.10 About this time a notable thing occurred in western North America: The early ancestors of the ancient lemurs first made their appearance. While this family cannot be regarded as true lemurs, their coming marked the establishment of the line from which the true lemurs subsequently sprang. (696.2) 61:2.11 Like the land serpents of a previous age which betook themselves to the seas, now a whole tribe of placental mammals deserted the land and took up their residence in the oceans. And they have ever since remained in the sea, yielding the modern whales, dolphins, porpoises, seals, and sea lions. (696.3) 61:2.12 The bird life of the planet continued to develop, but with few important evolutionary changes. The majority of modern birds were existent, including gulls, herons, flamingoes, buzzards, falcons, eagles, owls, quails, and ostriches. (696.4) 61:2.13 By the close of this Oligocene period, covering ten million years, the plant life, together with the marine life and the land animals, had very largely evolved and was present on earth much as today. Considerable specialization has subsequently appeared, but the ancestral forms of most living things were then alive. 3. The Modern Mountain Stage Age of the Elephant and the Horse (696.5) 61:3.1 Land elevation and sea segregation were slowly changing the world’s weather, gradually cooling it, but the climate was still mild. Sequoias and magnolias grew in Greenland, but the subtropical plants were beginning to migrate southward. By the end of this period these warm-climate plants and trees had largely disappeared from the northern latitudes, their places being taken by more hardy plants and the deciduous trees. (696.6) 61:3.2 There was a great increase in the varieties of grasses, and the teeth of many mammalian species gradually altered to conform to the present-day grazing type. (696.7) 61:3.3 25,000,000 years ago there was a slight land submergence following the long epoch of land elevation. The Rocky Mountain region remained highly elevated so that the deposition of erosion material continued throughout the lowlands to the east. The Sierras were well re-elevated; in fact, they have been rising ever since. The great four-mile vertical fault in the California region dates from this time. (696.8) 61:3.4 20,000,000 years ago was indeed the golden age of mammals. The Bering Strait land bridge was up, and many groups of animals migrated to North America from Asia, including the four-tusked mastodons, short-legged rhinoceroses, and many varieties of the cat family.* (696.9) 61:3.5 The first deer appeared, and North America was soon overrun by ruminants — deer, oxen, camels, bison, and several species of rhinoceroses — but the giant pigs, more than six feet tall, became extinct. (697.1) 61:3.6 The huge elephants of this and subsequent periods possessed large brains as well as large bodies, and they soon overran the entire world except Australia. For once the world was dominated by a huge animal with a brain sufficiently large to enable it to carry on. Confronted by the highly intelligent life of these ages, no animal the size of an elephant could have survived unless it had possessed a brain of large size and superior quality. In intelligence and adaptation the elephant is approached only by the horse and is surpassed only by man himself. Even so, of the fifty species of elephants in existence at the opening of this period, only two have survived. (697.2) 61:3.7 15,000,000 years ago the mountain regions of Eurasia were rising, and there was some volcanic activity throughout these regions, but nothing comparable to the lava flows of the Western Hemisphere. These unsettled conditions prevailed all over the world. (697.3) 61:3.8 The Strait of Gibraltar closed, and Spain was connected with Africa by the old land bridge, but the Mediterranean flowed into the Atlantic through a narrow channel which extended across France, the mountain peaks and highlands appearing as islands above this ancient sea. Later on, these European seas began to withdraw. Still later, the Mediterranean was connected with the Indian Ocean, while at the close of this period the Suez region was elevated so that the Mediterranean became, for a time, an inland salt sea. (697.4) 61:3.9 The Iceland land bridge submerged, and the arctic waters commingled with those of the Atlantic Ocean. The Atlantic coast of North America rapidly cooled, but the Pacific coast remained warmer than at present. The great ocean currents were in function and affected climate much as they do today. (697.5) 61:3.10 Mammalian life continued to evolve. Enormous herds of horses joined the camels on the western plains of North America; this was truly the age of horses as well as of elephants. The horse’s brain is next in animal quality to that of the elephant, but in one respect it is decidedly inferior, for the horse never fully overcame the deep-seated propensity to flee when frightened. The horse lacks the emotional control of the elephant, while the elephant is greatly handicapped by size and lack of agility. During this period an animal evolved which was somewhat like both the elephant and the horse, but it was soon destroyed by the rapidly increasing cat family. (697.6) 61:3.11 As Urantia is entering the so-called “horseless age,” you should pause and ponder what this animal meant to your ancestors. Men first used horses for food, then for travel, and later in agriculture and war. The horse has long served mankind and has played an important part in the development of human civilization. (697.7) 61:3.12 The biologic developments of this period contributed much toward the setting of the stage for the subsequent appearance of man. In central Asia the true types of both the primitive monkey and the gorilla evolved, having a common ancestor, now extinct. But neither of these species is concerned in the line of living beings which were, later on, to become the ancestors of the human race. (697.8) 61:3.13 The dog family was represented by several groups, notably wolves and foxes; the cat tribe, by panthers and large saber-toothed tigers, the latter first evolving in North America. The modern cat and dog families increased in numbers all over the world. Weasels, martens, otters, and raccoons thrived and developed throughout the northern latitudes.* (698.1) 61:3.14 Birds continued to evolve, though few marked changes occurred. Reptiles were similar to modern types — snakes, crocodiles, and turtles. (698.2) 61:3.15 Thus drew to a close a very eventful and interesting period of the world’s history. This age of the elephant and the horse is known as the Miocene. 4. The Recent Continental-Elevation Stage The Last Great Mammalian Migration (698.3) 61:4.1 This is the period of preglacial land elevation in North America, Europe, and Asia. The land was greatly altered in topography. Mountain ranges were born, streams changed their courses, and isolated volcanoes broke out all over the world. (698.4) 61:4.2 10,000,000 years ago began an age of widespread local land deposits on the lowlands of the continents, but most of these sedimentations were later removed. Much of Europe, at this time, was still under water, including parts of England, Belgium, and France, and the Mediterranean Sea covered much of northern Africa. In North America extensive depositions were made at the mountain bases, in lakes, and in the great land basins. These deposits average only about two hundred feet, are more or less colored, and fossils are rare. Two great fresh-water lakes existed in western North America. The Sierras were elevating; Shasta, Hood, and Rainier were beginning their mountain careers. But it was not until the subsequent ice age that North America began its creep toward the Atlantic depression. (698.5) 61:4.3 For a short time all the land of the world was again joined excepting Australia, and the last great world-wide animal migration took place. North America was connected with both South America and Asia, and there was a free exchange of animal life. Asiatic sloths, armadillos, antelopes, and bears entered North America, while North American camels went to China. Rhinoceroses migrated over the whole world except Australia and South America, but they were extinct in the Western Hemisphere by the close of this period. (698.6) 61:4.4 In general, the life of the preceding period continued to evolve and spread. The cat family dominated the animal life, and marine life was almost at a standstill. Many of the horses were still three-toed, but the modern types were arriving; llamas and giraffelike camels mingled with the horses on the grazing plains. The giraffe appeared in Africa, having just as long a neck then as now. In South America sloths, armadillos, anteaters, and the South American type of primitive monkeys evolved. Before the continents were finally isolated, those massive animals, the mastodons, migrated everywhere except to Australia. (698.7) 61:4.5 5,000,000 years ago the horse evolved as it now is and from North America migrated to all the world. But the horse had become extinct on the continent of its origin long before the red man arrived. (698.8) 61:4.6 The climate was gradually getting cooler; the land plants were slowly moving southward. At first it was the increasing cold in the north that stopped animal migrations over the northern isthmuses; subsequently these North American land bridges went down. Soon afterwards the land connection between Africa and South America finally submerged, and the Western Hemisphere was isolated much as it is today. From this time forward distinct types of life began to develop in the Eastern and Western Hemispheres. (699.1) 61:4.7 And thus does this period of almost ten million years’ duration draw to a close, and not yet has the ancestor of man appeared. This is the time usually designated as the Pliocene. 5. The Early Ice Age (699.2) 61:5.1 By the close of the preceding period the lands of the northeastern part of North America and of northern Europe were highly elevated on an extensive scale, in North America vast areas rising up to 30,000 feet and more. Mild climates had formerly prevailed over these northern regions, and the arctic waters were all open to evaporation, and they continued to be ice-free until almost the close of the glacial period. (699.3) 61:5.2 Simultaneously with these land elevations the ocean currents shifted, and the seasonal winds changed their direction. These conditions eventually produced an almost constant precipitation of moisture from the movement of the heavily saturated atmosphere over the northern highlands. Snow began to fall on these elevated and therefore cool regions, and it continued to fall until it had attained a depth of 20,000 feet. The areas of the greatest depth of snow, together with altitude, determined the central points of subsequent glacial pressure flows. And the ice age persisted just as long as this excessive precipitation continued to cover these northern highlands with this enormous mantle of snow, which soon metamorphosed into solid but creeping ice. (699.4) 61:5.3 The great ice sheets of this period were all located on elevated highlands, not in mountainous regions where they are found today. One half of the glacial ice was in North America, one fourth in Eurasia, and one fourth elsewhere, chiefly in Antarctica. Africa was little affected by the ice, but Australia was almost covered with the antarctic ice blanket. (699.5) 61:5.4 The northern regions of this world have experienced six separate and distinct ice invasions, although there were scores of advances and recessions associated with the activity of each individual ice sheet. The ice in North America collected in two and, later, three centers. Greenland was covered, and Iceland was completely buried beneath the ice flow. In Europe the ice at various times covered the British Isles excepting the coast of southern England, and it overspread western Europe down to France. (699.6) 61:5.5 2,000,000 years ago the first North American glacier started its southern advance. The ice age was now in the making, and this glacier consumed nearly one million years in its advance from, and retreat back toward, the northern pressure centers. The central ice sheet extended south as far as Kansas; the eastern and western ice centers were not then so extensive. (699.7) 61:5.6 1,500,000 years ago the first great glacier was retreating northward. In the meantime, enormous quantities of snow had been falling on Greenland and on the northeastern part of North America, and erelong this eastern ice mass began to flow southward. This was the second invasion of the ice. (699.8) 61:5.7 These first two ice invasions were not extensive in Eurasia. During these early epochs of the ice age North America was overrun with mastodons, woolly mammoths, horses, camels, deer, musk oxen, bison, ground sloths, giant beavers, saber-toothed tigers, sloths as large as elephants, and many groups of the cat and dog families. But from this time forward they were rapidly reduced in numbers by the increasing cold of the glacial period. Toward the close of the ice age the majority of these animal species were extinct in North America. (700.1) 61:5.8 Away from the ice the land and water life of the world was little changed. Between the ice invasions the climate was about as mild as at present, perhaps a little warmer. The glaciers were, after all, local phenomena, though they spread out to cover enormous areas. The coastwise climate varied greatly between the times of glacial inaction and those times when enormous icebergs were sliding off the coast of Maine into the Atlantic, slipping out through Puget Sound into the Pacific, and thundering down Norwegian fiords into the North Sea. 6. Primitive Man in the Ice Age (700.2) 61:6.1 The great event of this glacial period was the evolution of primitive man. Slightly to the west of India, on land now under water and among the offspring of Asiatic migrants of the older North American lemur types, the dawn mammals suddenly appeared. These small animals walked mostly on their hind legs, and they possessed large brains in proportion to their size and in comparison with the brains of other animals. In the seventieth generation of this order of life a new and higher group of animals suddenly differentiated. These new mid-mammals — almost twice the size and height of their ancestors and possessing proportionately increased brain power — had only well established themselves when the Primates, the third vital mutation, suddenly appeared. (At this same time, a retrograde development within the mid-mammal stock gave origin to the simian ancestry; and from that day to this the human branch has gone forward by progressive evolution, while the simian tribes have remained stationary or have actually retrogressed.) (700.3) 61:6.2 1,000,000 years ago Urantia was registered as an inhabited world. A mutation within the stock of the progressing Primates suddenly produced two primitive human beings, the actual ancestors of mankind. (700.4) 61:6.3 This event occurred at about the time of the beginning of the third glacial advance; thus it may be seen that your early ancestors were born and bred in a stimulating, invigorating, and difficult environment. And the sole survivors of these Urantia aborigines, the Eskimos, even now prefer to dwell in frigid northern climes. (700.5) 61:6.4 Human beings were not present in the Western Hemisphere until near the close of the ice age. But during the interglacial epochs they passed westward around the Mediterranean and soon overran the continent of Europe. In the caves of western Europe may be found human bones mingled with the remains of both tropic and arctic animals, testifying that man lived in these regions throughout the later epochs of the advancing and retreating glaciers. 7. The Continuing Ice Age (700.6) 61:7.1 Throughout the glacial period other activities were in progress, but the action of the ice overshadows all other phenomena in the northern latitudes. No other terrestrial activity leaves such characteristic evidence on the topography. The distinctive boulders and surface cleavages, such as potholes, lakes, displaced stone, and rock flour, are to be found in connection with no other phenomenon in nature. The ice is also responsible for those gentle swells, or surface undulations, known as drumlins. And a glacier, as it advances, displaces rivers and changes the whole face of the earth. Glaciers alone leave behind them those telltale drifts — the ground, lateral, and terminal moraines. These drifts, particularly the ground moraines, extend from the eastern seaboard north and westward in North America and are found in Europe and Siberia. (701.1) 61:7.2 750,000 years ago the fourth ice sheet, a union of the North American central and eastern ice fields, was well on its way south; at its height it reached to southern Illinois, displacing the Mississippi River fifty miles to the west, and in the east it extended as far south as the Ohio River and central Pennsylvania. (701.2) 61:7.3 In Asia the Siberian ice sheet made its southernmost invasion, while in Europe the advancing ice stopped just short of the mountain barrier of the Alps. (701.3) 61:7.4 500,000 years ago, during the fifth advance of the ice, a new development accelerated the course of human evolution. Suddenly and in one generation the six colored races mutated from the aboriginal human stock. This is a doubly important date since it also marks the arrival of the Planetary Prince. (701.4) 61:7.5 In North America the advancing fifth glacier consisted of a combined invasion by all three ice centers. The eastern lobe, however, extended only a short distance below the St. Lawrence valley, and the western ice sheet made little southern advance. But the central lobe reached south to cover most of the State of Iowa. In Europe this invasion of the ice was not so extensive as the preceding one. (701.5) 61:7.6 250,000 years ago the sixth and last glaciation began. And despite the fact that the northern highlands had begun to sink slightly, this was the period of greatest snow deposition on the northern ice fields. (701.6) 61:7.7 In this invasion the three great ice sheets coalesced into one vast ice mass, and all of the western mountains participated in this glacial activity. This was the largest of all ice invasions in North America; the ice moved south over fifteen hundred miles from its pressure centers, and North America experienced its lowest temperatures. (701.7) 61:7.8 200,000 years ago, during the advance of the last glacier, there occurred an episode which had much to do with the march of events on Urantia — the Lucifer rebellion. (701.8) 61:7.9 150,000 years ago the sixth and last glacier reached its farthest points of southern extension, the western ice sheet crossing just over the Canadian border; the central coming down into Kansas, Missouri, and Illinois; the eastern sheet advancing south and covering the greater portion of Pennsylvania and Ohio. (701.9) 61:7.10 This is the glacier that sent forth the many tongues, or ice lobes, which carved out the present-day lakes, great and small. During its retreat the North American system of Great Lakes was produced. And Urantian geologists have very accurately deduced the various stages of this development and have correctly surmised that these bodies of water did, at different times, empty first into the Mississippi valley, then eastward into the Hudson valley, and finally by a northern route into the St. Lawrence. It is thirty-seven thousand years since the connected Great Lakes system began to empty out over the present Niagara route. (702.1) 61:7.11 100,000 years ago, during the retreat of the last glacier, the vast polar ice sheets began to form, and the center of ice accumulation moved considerably northward. And as long as the polar regions continue to be covered with ice, it is hardly possible for another glacial age to occur, regardless of future land elevations or modification of ocean currents. (702.2) 61:7.12 This last glacier was one hundred thousand years advancing, and it required a like span of time to complete its northern retreat. The temperate regions have been free from the ice for a little over fifty thousand years. (702.3) 61:7.13 The rigorous glacial period destroyed many species and radically changed numerous others. Many were sorely sifted by the to-and-fro migration which was made necessary by the advancing and retreating ice. Those animals which followed the glaciers back and forth over the land were the bear, bison, reindeer, musk ox, mammoth, and mastodon. (702.4) 61:7.14 The mammoth sought the open prairies, but the mastodon preferred the sheltered fringes of the forest regions. The mammoth, until a late date, ranged from Mexico to Canada; the Siberian variety became wool covered. The mastodon persisted in North America until exterminated by the red man much as the white man later killed off the bison. (702.5) 61:7.15 In North America, during the last glaciation, the horse, tapir, llama, and saber-toothed tiger became extinct. In their places sloths, armadillos, and water hogs came up from South America. (702.6) 61:7.16 The enforced migration of life before the advancing ice led to an extraordinary commingling of plants and of animals, and with the retreat of the final ice invasion, many arctic species of both plants and animals were left stranded high upon certain mountain peaks, whither they had journeyed to escape destruction by the glacier. And so, today, these dislocated plants and animals may be found high up on the Alps of Europe and even on the Appalachian Mountains of North America. (702.7) 61:7.17 The ice age is the last completed geologic period, the so-called Pleistocene, over two million years in length. (702.8) 61:7.18 35,000 years ago marks the termination of the great ice age excepting in the polar regions of the planet. This date is also significant in that it approximates the arrival of a Material Son and Daughter and the beginning of the Adamic dispensation, roughly corresponding to the beginning of the Holocene or postglacial period.* (702.9) 61:7.19 This narrative, extending from the rise of mammalian life to the retreat of the ice and on down to historic times, covers a span of almost fifty million years. This is the last — the current — geologic period and is known to your researchers as the Cenozoic or recent-times era. (702.10) 61:7.20 [Sponsored by a Resident Life Carrier.]

Feat special guest Benedict Edwards. New music by Lesser Key, Boris The Blade, Krokodil and more, plus the usual news and chat from the alternative world. contact us - info@machograndepodcast.co.uk Twitter - @machogranderock merch - http://www.machogrande.bigcartel.com/ 'This podcast is intended for promotional purposes only' Macho Grande Podcast' does not claim to own copyright etc, all copyright is respected to the artists and labels.

07/20/2012 - Dr. Sasha Lessinhttp://archive.org/download/ProjectCamelot/RevRad-Dr-Sasha-Lessin-07-20-2012.mp3GUEST BIO:Sasha Lessin Ph.D (U.C.L.A. anthropology Ph.D.) studied with the late Zecharia Sitchin,  for many years, asked Lessin to create college-level courses to revise ancient anthropology and include written, graphic and traditional stories of ETs, hithertofore considered mythic “gods” on Earth from 450,000 years ago to 300 B.C. as well as the latest findings in astronomy that relate to the planet Nibiru from which the ETs came to Earth for gold to shield their planet, Nibiru.Sasha writes “In anthropology in the ‘60s, my teachers attributed all human development to gradual evolution. A Miocene or Pliocene anthropoid ape that evolved from simpler primates slowly, in turn, evolved over millions of years into us [Clark, D., W., 1959, History of the Primates:178]. We multiplied as we planted food, created cities and developed ever-more effective technologies. Yet, in terms of biological evolution, we lacked linking intermediate skeletons of primates from which the teachers thought we evolved and modern finding indicate several contemporaneous advanced hominids co-existed with Homo Erectus, and may have been the product of human settlement on Earth long before Enki and crew colonized Earth, some 400,000 years ago.Read more »

This dissertation addresses the biogeographic history of the Araceae family and of one of its largest genera, Alocasia. With >3300 species, Araceae are among the largest families of flowering plants. It is the monocot lineage with the deepest fossil record, reaching back to the Early Cretaceous. Araceae are distributed worldwide, but >3100 species occur in the tropical regions of the Americas, Asia, Africa, and Australia; most fossils from the Late Cretaceous and many younger ones come from the temperate zone in the northern hemisphere, implying much extinction and range expansion. Most subfamilies are pantropically distributed, and almost all genera are restricted to one continent. Alocasia comprises 113 species, many as yet undescribed, making it the 7 th -largest genus of the Araceae. Many species are ornamentals, and two species are of interest for man, either for food (giant taro) or in local cultures (Chinese taro). The origin of these species was not known. Alocasia is distributed in Southeast Asia from India to Australia, with species occurring on all islands of the Malay Archipelago. This region has a complex geologic history shaped by the collision of the Eurasian, the Pacific, and the Indo-Australian plate. The Malesian flora and fauna comprises Laurasian and Gondwanan elements, reflecting the influence of changing sea levels, uplift and submergence of islands, and other tectonic movement. In this thesis, I used molecular phylogenetics, Bayesian divergence dating, ancestral area reconstruction to understand the past distribution of the Araceae family and the Alocasia clade in the context of past continent movements and climate history. For the family analysis, existing chloroplast DNA matrices were augmented so that all Araceae genera were represented by one or more species, with a focus on covering geographic disjunctions, especially between continents. Divergence dating relied on seven confidently assigned fossil constraints, comparing uniform and gamma-shaped prior distributions on fossil ages, as well as several molecular clock models. Biogeographic analyses were performed in a model-based likelihood framework that took into account past dispersal routes based on continent connectivity and climate. I also integrated fossils into the ancestral area reconstruction, either simulating extinct or still existing ranges, and then compared results to those obtained from analyses without fossils. To study the morphology and ecology of Alocasia, fieldwork was conducted in Malaysia and herbarium work in Germany, the Netherlands, Indonesia, Malaysia, and Singapore. Maximum likelihood phylogenies were inferred based on chloroplast and nuclear loci, sequenced for 71 species of Alocasia plus 25 outgroup species from 16 genera. Bayesian divergence dating of the nuclear phylogeny relied on one fossil constraint and ancestral areas were reconstructed using parsimony- and likelihood-based methods. The Araceae diverged from the remaining Alismatales in the Early Cretaceous (ca. 135 Ma ago), and all eight subfamilies originated before the Cenozoic. The earliest lineages are inferred to have occurred in Laurasia (based on fossils and tree topology), and most lineages reached Africa, South America, Southeast Asia, and Australia during the Paleogene and Neogene. Many clades experienced extinction in the temperate regions of the northern hemisphere during the Oligocene climate cooling. Two continentally disjunct genera (Nephthytis and Philodendron) are polyphyletic and need taxonomic rearrangement. Plastid substitution rates are exceptionally high in free-floating and water-associated Araceae. Ancestral area reconstructions obtained when fossil (no longer occupied) ranges where included in the analyses were more plausible than those without fossil ranges. This is not a trivial result because only in a quantitative (computer-based) analysis is it possible for fossil ranges to influence results (here areas) at distant nodes in the phylogenetic tree. The nuclear and plastid phylogenies of Alocasia revealed the polyphyly of the two genera Alocasia and Colocasia; to achieve monophyly, two species (Alocasia hypnosa and Colocasia gigantea) have to be moved to other genera. There were strong incongruencies between phylogenies from the two partitions: The chloroplast data reflect geographical proximity, the nuclear morphological similarity. This may indicate hybridization events followed by chloroplast capture. Based on the nuclear tree, Alocasia split from its sister group by the end of the Oligocene (ca. 24 Ma) and colonized the Malay Archipelago from the Asian mainland. Borneo played a central role, with 11–13 of 18–19 inferred dispersal events originating there. The Philippines were reached from Borneo 4–5 times in the late Miocene and early Pliocene, and the Asian mainland 6–7 times during the Pliocene. The geographic origin of two domesticated species could be resolved: Giant taro originated on the Philippines and Chinese taro on the Asian mainland.

Philippe WEBER, Institut de géologie et paléontologie

Philippe WEBER, Institut de géologie et paléontologie

Wed, 19 Jan 2011 12:00:00 +0100 https://edoc.ub.uni-muenchen.de/12785/ https://edoc.ub.uni-muenchen.de/12785/1/Pipperr_Martina.pdf Pippèrr, Martina

College of Arts & Sciences

Mon, 1 Jan 2007 12:00:00 +0100 http://www.evolutionary-ecology.com/issues/v09n03/iiar1941.pdf http://epub.ub.uni-muenchen.de/11444/1/iiar1941.pdf Eronen, Jussi T.; Rössner, Gertrud E. Eronen, Jussi T. und Rössner, Gertrud E. (2007): Wetland paradise lost: Miocene community dynamics in large herbivorous mammals from the German Molasse Basin. In: Evolutionary Ecology Research, Vol. 9: pp. 471-494.