Podcasts about Early Cretaceous

Archaeocursor may have been named after an April Fool's Joke, but it was a real dinosaur.For links to every news story, all of the details we shared about Earl Sinclair, and our fun fact check out https://iknowdino.com/Earl Sinclair-Episode-533/Join us at www.patreon.com/iknowdino for dinosaur requests, bonus content, ad-free episodes, and more.Dinosaurs of the day: Earl Sinclair, Godzilla, & Cryptids.In dinosaur news this week:There is a Shady dinosaur, and it's a TriceratopsA Stegosaurus just sold for over 13 million dollars using shares as a sort of "investment"An Apatosaurus sold in Europe for about 6 million EurosArchaeocursor asiaticus is the oldest known ornithischian from AsiaA 47 gram (1.7 ounce) enantiornithine bird was described with "robust teeth" and feather tracesThe "short pubis" enantiornithean bird, Novavis pubisculata, was named from the Early Cretaceous of ChinaNavaornis hestiae was named after the Greek goddess Hestia, the oldest and youngest Olympian (Navaornis is an old bird with a modern looking skull)Baminornis zhenghensis may be the first bird to ever evolve a pygostyle (to support tail feathers)A new Archaeopteryx specimen was described (making it the 14th of all time) This episode is brought to you by the Colorado Northwestern Community College. Join them for two weeks digging up dinosaur bones from the Jurassic Period in Northwest Colorado this summer. For details go to CNCC.edu/dinodigSee Privacy Policy at https://art19.com/privacy and California Privacy Notice at https://art19.com/privacy#do-not-sell-my-info.

(image source: https://dinosaurpictures.org/Hippodraco-pictures) Host Matthew Donald and guest co-host Laura Owsley discuss Hippodraco, a dinosaur with a funny name that makes me think of hippos, horses, dragons, and a shipping portmanteau between Draco Malfoy and the hippogriff he tried to get killed. What a cacophony of emotions this guy brings out, especially for such a boring dinosaur. From the Early Cretaceous, this 15-foot iguanodontid was closely related to that one guy Proa we like to bang-on about, which also has a funny name. To think we're reducing these fascinating paleontological finds with jokes about similar-sounding words and bully wizards banging lion-birds. Paleo Bites has been a real journey, folks. Want to further support the show? Sign up to our Patreon for exclusive bonus content at Patreon.com/MatthewDonald. Also, you can get links to follow Matthew Donald and purchase his books at https://linktr.ee/matthewdonald. His latest book, Teslamancer, just released August 27th! And mild spoiler alert... there are kind of dinosaurs in it... mwuahahaha. Hosted on Acast. See acast.com/privacy for more information.

The "thunder lizard" may be the most well-known sauropod. It has been regularly featured in movies for over a century and would have been an awesome sight to behold in the Jurassic.For links to every news story, all of the details we shared about Astrophocaudia, and our fun fact check out https://iknowdino.com/Astrophocaudia-Episode-526/Join us at www.patreon.com/iknowdino for dinosaur requests, bonus content, ad-free episodes, and more.Dinosaur of the day Astrophocaudia, a roughly 20 ton sauropod that lived in the Early Cretaceous alongside Sauroposeidon. We're celebrating 10 years of podcasting by sending out Allosaurus patches! Join our patreon at the Triceratops tier or above by the end of February 2025 to get the exclusive Allosaurus patch. If you're already a patron at the Triceratops level or above make sure to update your address so we can send it to you! patreon.com/iknowdinoSee Privacy Policy at https://art19.com/privacy and California Privacy Notice at https://art19.com/privacy#do-not-sell-my-info.

Dean Lomax joins to discuss Ichthyotitan, the largest known reptile of all time which he recently described. Plus the Rutland Sea Dragon, Executive Producing Why Dinosaurs?, and more.For a photo of us with Dean Lomax, all of the details we shared about Aristosuchus, and our fun fact check out https://iknowdino.com/Aristosuchus-Episode-525/Join us at www.patreon.com/iknowdino for dinosaur requests, bonus content, ad-free episodes, and more.Dinosaur of the day Aristosuchus, a small (likely fuzzy) dinosaur that lived in the Early Cretaceous in what is now England.Interview with Dean Lomax, an award-winning paleontologist, author, and presenter, as well as Honorary Research Fellow at The University of Manchester & 1851 fellow at the University of Bristol. He's the leading authority on ichthyosaurs, and he also excavates and researches dinosaurs. Check him out on Instagram @Dean_R_Lomax or Facebook or twitter or on his website at deanrlomax.co.ukSome of the things we discuss with Dean Lomax this week:His upcoming work on the Rutland sea dragonIchthyotitan, which is possibly the largest marine reptile to ever swim the earthExecutive Producing the Why Dinosaurs? Documentary We're celebrating 10 years of podcasting by sending out Allosaurus patches! Join our patreon at the Triceratops tier or above by the end of February 2025 to get the exclusive Allosaurus patch. If you're already a patron at the Triceratops level or above make sure to update your address so we can send it to you! patreon.com/iknowdinoSee Privacy Policy at https://art19.com/privacy and California Privacy Notice at https://art19.com/privacy#do-not-sell-my-info.

The current evidence for dinosaur mating displays, reproduction, walking, and running. Featuring chickens with artificial tails!For links about dinosaur dancing, all of the details we shared about Valdosaurus, and our fun fact check out https://iknowdino.com/Valdosaurus-Episode-524/Join us at www.patreon.com/iknowdino for dinosaur requests, bonus content, ad-free episodes, and more.Dinosaur of the day Valdosaurus, an iguanodont that lived in the Early Cretaceous.Some of the topics we discuss in this episode are:"Display arenas" showing potential courtship ceremonies in Cretaceous rockTwo oviraptorosaur tails that may show differences between males and females (males with tail-shaking muscles)Dinosaur "dance floor" of tracks that seem to show stopping and crouching behaviorsA simulation of the enormous sauropod Argentinosaurus walking We're celebrating 10 years of podcasting by sending out Allosaurus patches! Join our patreon at the Triceratops tier or above by the end of February 2025 to get the exclusive Allosaurus patch. If you're already a patron at the Triceratops level or above make sure to update your address so we can send it to you! patreon.com/iknowdinoSee Privacy Policy at https://art19.com/privacy and California Privacy Notice at https://art19.com/privacy#do-not-sell-my-info.

(image source: https://www.deviantart.com/lucas-attwell/art/Psittacosaurus-meileyingensis-752628599) Host Matthew Donald and guest co-host Lexi Ryan discuss Psittacosaurus, an early representative of the dinosaurs that would later become Triceratops and Styracosaurus and the like despite looking almost nothing like one. It has the parrot-like beak I guess. Oh wait, that's how it got its name! I'm smart. From the Early Cretaceous, this 6-foot basal ceratopsian apparently had a fossilized impression uncovered of its butthole, meaning y'all should be careful with where you park your truck. You never know who might find out about it millions of years later! Want to further support the show? Sign up to our Patreon for exclusive bonus content at Patreon.com/MatthewDonald. Also, you can get links to follow Matthew Donald and purchase his books at https://linktr.ee/matthewdonald. His latest book, Teslamancer, just released August 27th! And mild spoiler alert... there are kind of dinosaurs in it... mwuahahaha. Hosted on Acast. See acast.com/privacy for more information.

(image source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domeykodactylus by FunkMonk (Michael B. H.)) Host Matthew Donald and guest co-host Ben O'Regan discuss Domeykodactylus, a pterosaur with a fabulous piece of artwork for it that was the whole inspiration for this episode. We're nothing if not easily motivated, folks. But seriously, look at that feathery coat! So fly. Haha, get it, “fly,” like pterosaurs did? Eh, forget it. From the Early Cretaceous, this 3.5-foot wingspan dsungaripterid had a stylish head crest in addition to its fire plumage, meaning this guy was fashionable for sure. It also probably ate fish and laid eggs on cliffs and flew away from dinosaurs and stuff, you know, like a real pterosaur. But hey, let me have fun imagining it as a fashionista! Want to further support the show? Sign up to our Patreon for exclusive bonus content at Patreon.com/MatthewDonald. Also, you can get links to follow Matthew Donald and purchase his books at https://linktr.ee/matthewdonald. His latest book, Teslamancer, just released August 27th! And mild spoiler alert... there are kind of dinosaurs in it... mwuahahaha. Hosted on Acast. See acast.com/privacy for more information.

* List of Discoveries Squeezing Evolution: Did you know that dinosaurs ate rice before rice evolved? That turtle shells existed forty million years before turtle shells began evolving? That insects evolved tongues for eating from flowers 70 million years before flowers evolved? And that birds appeared before birds evolved? The fossil record is a wonderful thing. And more recently, only a 40,000-year squeeze, Neanderthal had blood types A, B, and O, shocking evolutionists but expected to us here at Real Science Radio! Sit back and get ready to enjoy another instant classic, today's RSR "list show" on Evolution's Big Squeeze! Our other popular list shows include: - scientists doubting Darwin - evidence against whale evolution - problems with 'the river carved the canyon' - carbon 14 everywhere it shouldn't be - dinosaur still-soft biological tissue - solar system formation problems - evidence against the big bang - evidence for the global flood - genomes that just don't fit - and our list of not so old things! (See also rsr.org/sq2 and rsr.org/sq3!) * Evolution's Big Squeeze: Many discoveries squeeze the Darwinian theory's timeframe and of course without a workable timeframe there is no workable theory. Examples, with their alleged (and falsified) old-earth timeframes, include: - Complex skeletons existed 9 million years before they were thought to have evolved, before even the "Cambrian explosion".- Butterflies existed 10 million years before they were thought to have evolved. - Parrots existed "much earlier than had been thought", in fact, 25 million years before they were thought to have evolved. - Cephalopod fossils (squids, cuttlefish, etc.) appear 35 million years before they were able to propagate. - Turtle shells 40 million years before turtle shells began evolving - Trees began evolving 45 million years before they were thought to evolve - Spores appearing 50 million years before the plants that made them (not unlike footprints systematically appearing "millions of years before" the creatures that made them, as affirmed by Dr. Marcus Ross, associate professor of geology). - Sponges existed 60 million years before they were believed to have evolved. - Dinosaurs ate rice before it evolved Example - Insect proboscis (tongue) in moths and butterflies 70 million years before previously believed has them evolving before flowers. - Arthropod brains fully developed with central nervous system running to eyes and appendages just like modern arthropods 90 million years earlier than previously known (prior to 2021, now, allegedly 310mya) - 100 million years ago and already a bird - Fossil pollen pushes back plant evolution 100 million years. - Mammalian hair allegedly 100-million-years-old show that, "the morphology of hair cuticula may have remained unchanged throughout most of mammalian evolution", regarding the overlapping cells that lock the hair shaft into its follicle. - Piranha-like flesh-eating teeth (and bitten prey) found pushing back such fish 125 million years earlier than previously claimed   - Shocking organic molecules in "200 million-years-old leaves" from ginkgoes and conifers show unexpected stasis. - Plant genetic sophistication pushed back 200 million years. - Jellyfish fossils (Medusoid Problematica :) 200 million years earlier than expected; here from 500My ago. - Green seaweed 200 million years earlier than expected, pushed back now to a billion years ago!  - The acanthodii fish had color vision 300 million years ago, but then, and wait, Cheiracanthus fish allegedly 388 million years ago already had color vision. - Color vision (for which there is no Darwinian evolutionary small-step to be had, from monochromatic), existed "300 million years ago" in fish, and these allegedly "120-million-year-old" bird's rod and cone fossils stun researchers :) - 400-million-year-old Murrindalaspis placoderm fish "eye muscle attachment, the eyestalk attachment and openings for the optic nerve, and arteries and veins supplying the eyeball" The paper's author writes, "Of course, we would not expect the preservation of ancient structures made entirely of soft tissues (e.g. rods and cone cells in the retina...)." So, check this next item... :) - And... no vertebrates in the Cambrian? Well, from the journal Nature in 2014, a "Lower-Middle Cambrian... primitive fish displays unambiguous vertebrate features: a notochord, a pair of prominent camera-type eyes, paired nasal sacs, possible cranium and arcualia, W-shaped myomeres, and a post-anal tail" Primitive? - Fast-growing juvenile bone tissue, thought to appear in the Cretaceous, has been pushed back 100 million years: "This pushes the origin of fibrolamellar bone in Sauropterygia back from the Cretaceous to the early Middle Triassic..."- Trilobites "advanced" (not the predicted primitive) digestion "525 million" years ago - And there's this, a "530 million year old" fish, "50 million years before the current estimate of when fish evolved" - Mycobacterium tuberculosis 100,000 yr-old MRCA (most recent common ancestor) now 245 million- Fungus long claimed to originate 500M years ago, now found at allegedly 950 Mya (and still biological "the distant past... may have been much more 'modern' than we thought." :) - A rock contained pollen a billion years before plants evolved, according to a 2007 paper describing "remarkably preserved" fossil spores in the French Alps that had undergone high-grade metamorphism - 2.5 billion year old cyanobacteria fossils (made of organic material found in a stromatolite) appear about "200 million years before the [supposed] Great Oxidation Event". - 2.7 billion year old eukaryotes (cells with a nucleus) existed (allegedly) 1 billion years before expected - 3.5 billion year "cell division evidently identical to that of living filamentous prokaryotes." - And even older cyanobacteria! At 220 million years earlier than thought, per Nature's 3.7 billion year old dating of stromatolites! - The universe and life itself (in 2019 with the universe dated a billion, now, no, wait, two billion!, years younger than previously thought, that's not only squeezing biological but also astronomical evolution, with the overall story getting really tight) - Mantis shrimp, with its rudimentary color but advanced UV vision, is allegedly ancient. - Hadrosaur teeth, all 1400 of them, were "more complex than those of cows, horses, and other well-known modern grazers." Professor stunned by the find! (RSR predicts that, by 2030 just to put an end date on it, more fossils will be found from the geologic column that will be more "advanced" as compared to living organisms, just like this hadrosaur and like the allegedly 100M year old hagfish  fossil having more slime glands than living specimens.)  - Trace fossils "exquisitely preserved" of mobile organisms (motility) dated at 2.1 billion years ago, a full 1.5 billion earlier than previously believed - Various multicellular organisms allegedly 2.1 billion years old, show multicellularity 1.5 billion years sooner than long believed   - Pre-sauropod 26,000-pound dinosaur "shows us that even as far back as 200 million years ago, these animals had already become the largest vertebrates to ever walk the Earth." - The Evo-devo squeeze, i.e., evolutionary developmental biology, as with rsr.org/evo-devo-undermining-darwinism. - Extinct Siberian one-horned rhinos coexisted with mankind. - Whale "evolution" is being crushed in the industry-wide "big squeeze". First, geneticist claims whales evolved from hippos but paleontologists say hippos evolved tens of millions of years too late! And what's worse than that is that fossil finds continue to compress the time available for whale evolution. To not violate its own plot, the Darwinist story doesn't start animals evolving back into the sea until the cast includes land animals suitable to undertake the legendary journey. The recent excavation of whale fossils on an island of the Antarctic Peninsula further compresses the already absurdly fast 10 million years to allegedly evolve from the land back to the sea, down to as little as one million years. BioOne in 2016 reported a fossil that is "among the oldest occurrences of basilosaurids worldwide, indicating a rapid radiation and dispersal of this group since at least the early middle Eocene." By this assessment, various techniques produced various published dates. (See the evidence that falsifies the canonical whale evolution story at rsr.org/whales.) * Ancient Hierarchical Insect Society: "Thanks to some well-preserved remains, researchers now believe arthropod social structures have been around longer than anyone ever imagined. The encased specimens of ants and termites recently studied date back [allegedly] 100 million years." Also from the video about "the bubonic plague", the "disease is well known as a Middle Ages mass killer... Traces of very similar bacteria were found on [an allegedly] 20-million-year-old flea trapped in amber." And regarding "Caribbean lizards... Even though they are [allegedly] 20 million years old, the reptiles inside the golden stones were not found to differ from their contemporary counterparts in any significant way. Scientists attribute the rarity [Ha! A rarity or the rule? Check out rsr.org/stasis.] to stable ecological surroundings." * Squeezing and Rewriting Human History: Some squeezing simply makes aspects of the Darwinian story harder to maintain while other squeezing contradicts fundamental claims. So consider the following discoveries, most of which came from about a 12-month period beginning in 2017 which squeeze (and some even falsify) the Out-of-Africa model: - find two teeth and rewrite human history with allegedly 9.7 million-year-old teeth found in northern Europe (and they're like Lucy, but "three times older") - date blue eyes, when humans first sported them, to as recently as 6,000 years ago   - get mummy DNA and rewrite human history with a thousand years of ancient Egyptian mummy DNA contradicting Out-of-Africa and demonstrating Out-of-Babel - find a few footprints and rewrite human history with allegedly 5.7 million-year-old human footprints in Crete - re-date an old skull and rewrite human history with a very human skull dated at 325,000 years old and redated in the Journal of Physical Anthropology at about 260,000 years old and described in the UK's Independent, "A skull found in China [40 years ago] could re-write our entire understanding of human evolution." - date the oldest language in India, Dravidian, with 80 derivatives spoken by 214 million people, which appeared on the subcontinent only about 4,500 years ago, which means that there is no evidence for human language for nearly 99% of the time that humans were living in Asia. (Ha! See rsr.org/origin-of-language for the correct explanation.) - sequence a baby's genome and rewrite human history with a 6-week old girl buried in Alaska allegedly 11,500 years ago challenging the established history of the New World. (The family buried this baby girl just beneath their home like the practice in ancient Mesopotamia, the Hebrews who sojourned in Egypt, and in Çatalhöyük in southern Turkey, one of the world's most ancient settlements.) - or was that 130,000? years ago as the journal Nature rewrites human history with a wild date for New World site - and find a jawbone and rewrite human history with a modern looking yet allegedly 180,000-year-old jawbone from Israel which "may rewrite the early migration story of our species" by about 100,000 years, per the journal Science - re-date a primate and lose yet another "missing link" between "Lucy" and humans, as Homo naledi sheds a couple million years off its age and drops from supposedly two million years old to (still allegedly) about 250,000 years old, far too "young" to be the allegedly missing link - re-analysis of the "best candidate" for the most recent ancestor to human beings, Australopithecus sediba, turns out to be a juvenile Lucy-like ape, as Science magazine reports work presented at the American Association of Physical Anthropologists 2017 annual meeting - find skulls in Morocco and "rewrite human history" admits the journal Nature, falsifying also the "East Africa" part of the canonical story - and from the You Can't Make This Stuff Up file, NPR reports in April 2019, Ancient Bones And Teeth Found In A Philippine Cave May Rewrite Human History. :) - Meanwhile, whereas every new discovery requires the materialists to rewrite human history, no one has had to rewrite Genesis, not even once. Yet, "We're not claiming that the Bible is a science textbook. Not at all. For the textbooks have to be rewritten all the time!"  - And even this from Science: "humans mastered the art of training and controlling dogs thousands of years earlier than previously thought."- RSR's Enyart commented on the Smithsonian's 2019 article on ancient DNA possibly deconstructing old myths...  This Smithsonian article about an ancient DNA paper in Science Advances, or actually, about the misuse of such papers, was itself a misuse. The published research, Ancient DNA sheds light on the genetic origins of early Iron Age Philistines, confirmed Amos 9:7 by documenting the European origin of the biblical Philistines who came from the island of Caphtor/Crete. The mainstream media completely obscured this astounding aspect of the study but the Smithsonian actually stood the paper on its head. [See also rsr.org/archaeology.]* Also Squeezing Darwin's Theory: - Evolution happens so slowly that we can't see it, yet - it happens so fast that millions of mutations get fixed in a blink of geologic time AND: - Observing a million species annually should show us a million years of evolution, but it doesn't, yet - evolution happens so fast that the billions of "intermediary" fossils are missing AND: - Waiting for helpful random mutations to show up explains the slowness of evolution, yet - adaption to changing environments is often immediate, as with Darwin's finches Finches Adapt in 17 Years, Not 2.3 Million: Charles Darwin's finches are claimed to have taken 2,300,000 years to diversify from an initial species blown onto the Galapagos Islands. Yet individuals from a single finch species on a U.S. Bird Reservation in the Pacific were introduced to a group of small islands 300 miles away and in at most 17 years, like Darwin's finches, they had diversified their beaks, related muscles, and behavior to fill various ecological niches. So Darwin's finches could diversify in just 17 years, and after 2.3 million more years, what had they evolved into? Finches! Hear this also at rsr.org/lee-spetner and see Jean Lightner's review of the Grants' 40 Years. AND: - Fossils of modern organisms are found "earlier" and "earlier" in the geologic column, and - the "oldest" organisms are increasingly found to have anatomical, proteinaceous, prokaryotic, and eukaryotic sophistication and similarity to "modern" organisms AND: - Small populations are in danger of extinction (yet they're needed to fix mutations), whereas - large populations make it impossible for a mutation to become standard AND: - Mutations that express changes too late in an organism's development can't effect its fundamental body plan, and - mutations expressed too early in an organism's development are fatal (hence among the Enyart sayings, "Like evolving a vital organ, most major hurdles for evolutionary theory are extinction-level events.") AND: - To evolve flight, you'd get bad legs - long before you'd get good wings AND: - Most major evolutionary hurdles appear to be extinction-level events- yet somehow even *vital* organs evolve (for many species, that includes reproductive organs, skin, brain, heart, circulatory system, kidney, liver, pancreas, stomach, small intestines, large intestines, lungs -- which are only a part of the complex respiration system) AND: - Natural selection of randomly taller, swifter, etc., fish, mammals, etc. explains evolution yet - development of microscopic molecular machines, feedback mechanisms, etc., which power biology would be oblivous to what's happening in Darwin's macro environment of the entire organism AND: - Neo-Darwinism suggests genetic mutation as the engine of evolution yet - the there is not even a hypothesis for modifying the vast non-genetic information in every living cell including the sugar code, electrical code, the spatial (geometric) code, and the epigenetic code AND: - Constant appeals to "convergent" evolution (repeatedly arising vision, echolocation, warm-bloodedness, etc.) - undermine most Darwinian anatomical classification especially those based on trivialities like odd or even-toed ungulates, etc. AND: - Claims that given a single species arising by abiogenesis, then - Darwinism can explain the diversification of life, ignores the science of ecology and the (often redundant) biological services that species rely upon AND: - humans' vastly superior intelligence indicates, as bragged about for decades by Darwinists, that ape hominids should have the greatest animal intelligence, except that - many so-called "primitive" creatures and those far distant on Darwin's tee of life, exhibit extraordinary rsr.org/animal-intelligence even to processing stimuli that some groups of apes cannot AND: - Claims that the tree of life emerges from a single (or a few) common ancestors - conflict with the discoveries of multiple genetic codes and of thousands of orphan genes that have no similarity (homology) to any other known genes AND (as in the New Scientist cover story, "Darwin Was Wrong about the tree of life", etc.): - DNA sequences have contradicted anatomy-based ancestry claims - Fossil-based ancestry claims have been contradicted by RNA claims - DNA-based ancestry claims have been contradicted by anatomy claims - Protein-based ancestry claims have been contradicted by fossil claims. - And the reverse problem compared to a squeeze. Like finding the largest mall in America built to house just a kid's lemonade stand, see rsr.org/200 for the astounding lack of genetic diversity in humans, plants, and animals, so much so that it could all be accounted for in just about 200 generations! - The multiplied things that evolved multiple times - Etc. * List of Ways Darwinists Invent their Tree of Life, aka Pop Goes the Weasle – Head and Shoulders, Knees and Toes: Evolutionists change their selection of what evidence they use to show 'lineage', from DNA to fossils to genes to body plans to teeth to many specific anatomical features to proteins to behavior to developmental similarities to habitat to RNA, etc. and to a combination of such. Darwinism is an entire endeavor based on selection bias, a kind of logical fallacy. By anti-science they arbitrarily select evidence that best matches whichever evolutionary story is currently preferred." -Bob E. The methodology used to create the family tree edifice to show evolutionary relationships classifies the descent of organisms based on such attributes as odd-toed and even-toed ungulates. Really? If something as wildly sophisticated as vision allegedly evolved multiple times (a dozen or more), then for cryin' out loud, why couldn't something as relatively simple as odd or even toes repeatedly evolve? How about dinosaur's evolving eggs with hard shells? Turns out that "hard-shelled eggs evolved at least three times independently in dinosaurs" (Nature, 2020). However, whether a genus has an odd or even number of toes, and similar distinctions, form the basis for the 150-year-old Darwinist methodology. Yet its leading proponents still haven't acknowledged that their tree building is arbitrary and invalid. Darwin's tree recently fell anyway, and regardless, it has been known to be even theoretically invalid all these many decades. Consider also bipedalism? In their false paradigm, couldn't that evolve twice? How about vertebrate and non-vertebrates, for that matter, evolving multiple times? Etc., etc., etc. Darwinists determine evolutionary family-tree taxonomic relationships based on numbers of toes, when desired, or on hips (distinguishing, for example, dinosaur orders, until they didn't) or limb bones, or feathers, or genes, or fossil sequence, or neck bone, or..., or..., or... Etc. So the platypus, for example, can be described as evolving from pretty much whatever story would be in vogue at the moment...   * "Ancient" Protein as Advanced as Modern Protein: A book review in the journal Science states, "the major conclusion is reached that 'analyses made of the oldest fossils thus far studied do not suggest that their [allegedly 145-million year-old] proteins were chemically any simpler than those now being produced.'" 1972, Biochemistry of Animal Fossils, p. 125 * "Ancient" Lampreys Just Modern Lampreys with Decomposed Brain and Mouth Parts: Ha! Researches spent half-a-year documenting how fish decay. RSR is so glad they did! One of the lessons learned? "[C]ertain parts of the brain and the mouth that distinguish the animals from earlier relatives begin a rapid decay within 24 hours..." :) * 140-million Year Old Spider Web: The BBC and National Geographic report on a 140-million year old spider web in amber which, as young-earth creationists expect, shows threads that resemble silk spun by modern spiders. Evolutionary scientists on the otherhand express surprise "that spider webs have stayed the same for 140 million years." And see the BBC. * Highly-Credentialed Though Non-Paleontologist on Flowers: Dr. Harry Levin who spent the last 15 years of a brilliant career researching paleontology presents much evidence that flowering plants had to originate not 150 million years ago but more than 300 million years ago. (To convert that to an actual historical timeframe, the evidence indicates flowers must have existed prior to the time that the strata, which is popularly dated to 300 mya, actually formed.) * Rampant Convergence: Ubiquitous appeals to "convergent" evolution (vision, echolocation, warm-bloodedness, icthyosaur/dolphin anatomy, etc.), all allegedly evolving multiple times, undermines anatomical classification based on trivialities like odd or even-toed ungulates, etc. * Astronomy's Big Evolution Squeeze: - Universe a billion, wait, two billion, years younger than thought   (so now it has to evolve even more impossibly rapidly) - Sun's evolution squeezes biological evolution - Galaxies evolving too quickly - Dust evolving too quickly - Black holes evolving too quickly - Clusters of galaxies evolving too quickly. * The Sun's Evolution Squeezes Life's Evolution: The earlier evolutionists claim that life began on Earth, the more trouble they have with astrophysicists. Why? They claim that a few billion years ago the Sun would have been far more unstable and cooler. The journal Nature reports that the Faint young Sun paradox remains for the "Sun was fainter when the Earth was young, but the climate was generally at least as warm as today". Further, our star would shoot out radioactive waves many of which being violent enough to blow out Earth's atmosphere into space, leaving Earth dead and dry like Mars without an atmosphere. And ignoring the fact that powerful computer simulators cannot validate the nebula theory of star formation, if the Sun had formed from a condensing gas cloud, a billion years later it still would have been emitting far less energy, even 30% less, than it does today. Forget about the claimed one-degree increase in the planet's temperature from man-made global warming, back when Darwinists imagine life arose, by this just-so story of life spontaneously generating in a warm pond somewhere (which itself is impossible), the Earth would have been an ice ball, with an average temperature of four degrees Fahrenheit below freezing! See also CMI's video download The Young Sun. * Zircons Freeze in Molten Eon Squeezing Earth's Evolution? Zircons "dated" 4 to 4.4 billion years old would have had to freeze (form) when the Earth allegedly was in its Hadean (Hades) Eon and still molten. Geophysicist Frank Stacey (Cambridge fellow, etc.) has suggested they may have formed above ocean trenches where it would be coolest. One problem is that even further squeezes the theory of plate tectonics requiring it to operate two billion years before otherwise claimed. A second problem (for these zircons and the plate tectonics theory itself) is that ancient trenches (now filled with sediments; others raised up above sea level; etc.) have never been found. A third problem is that these zircons contain low isotope ratios of carbon-13 to carbon-12 which evolutionists may try to explain as evidence for life existing even a half-billion years before they otherwise claim. For more about this (and to understand how these zircons actually did form) just click and then search (ctrl-f) for: zircon character. * Evolution Squeezes Life to Evolve with Super Radioactivity: Radioactivity today breaks chromosomes and produces neutral, harmful, and fatal birth defects. Dr. Walt Brown reports that, "A 160-pound person experiences 2,500 carbon-14 disintegrations each second", with about 10 disintergrations per second in our DNA. Worse for evolutionists is that, "Potassium-40 is the most abundant radioactive substance in... every living thing." Yet the percentage of Potassium that was radioactive in the past would have been far in excess of its percent today. (All this is somewhat akin to screws in complex machines changing into nails.) So life would have had to arise from inanimate matter (an impossibility of course) when it would have been far more radioactive than today. * Evolution of Uranium Squeezed by Contrasting Constraints: Uranium's two most abundant isotopes have a highly predictable ratio with 235U/238U equaling 0.007257 with a standard deviation of only 0.000017. Big bang advocates claim that these isotopes formed in distant stellar cataclysms. Yet that these isotopes somehow collected in innumerable small ore bodies in a fixed ratio is absurd. The impossibility of the "big bang" explanation of the uniformity of the uranium ratio (rsr.org/bb#ratio) simultaneously contrasts in the most shocking way with its opposite impossibility of the missing uniform distribution of radioactivity (see rsr.org/bb#distribution) with 90% of Earth's radioactivity in the Earth's crust, actually, the continental crust, and even at that, preferentially near granite! A stellar-cataclysmic explanation within the big bang paradigm for the origin of uranium is severely squeezed into being falsified by these contrasting constraints. * Remarkable Sponges? Yes, But For What Reason? Study co-author Dr. Kenneth S. Kosik, the Harriman Professor of Neuroscience at UC Santa Barbara said, "Remarkably, the sponge genome now reveals that, along the way toward the emergence of animals, genes for an entire network of many specialized cells evolved and laid the basis for the core gene logic of organisms that no longer functioned as single cells." And then there's this: these simplest of creatures have manufacturing capabilities that far exceed our own, as Degnan says, "Sponges produce an amazing array of chemicals of direct interest to the pharmaceutical industry. They also biofabricate silica fibers directly from seawater in an environmentally benign manner, which is of great interest in communications [i.e., fiber optics]. With the genome in hand, we can decipher the methods used by these simple animals to produce materials that far exceed our current engineering and chemistry capabilities." Kangaroo Flashback: From our RSR Darwin's Other Shoe program: The director of Australia's Kangaroo Genomics Centre, Jenny Graves, that "There [are] great chunks of the human genome… sitting right there in the kangaroo genome." And the 20,000 genes in the kangaroo (roughly the same number as in humans) are "largely the same" as in people, and Graves adds, "a lot of them are in the same order!" CMI's Creation editors add that "unlike chimps, kangaroos are not supposed to be our 'close relatives.'" And "Organisms as diverse as leeches and lawyers are 'built' using the same developmental genes." So Darwinists were wrong to use that kind of genetic similarity as evidence of a developmental pathway from apes to humans. Hibernating Turtles: Question to the evolutionist: What happened to the first turtles that fell asleep hibernating underwater? SHOW UPDATE Of Mice and Men: Whereas evolutionists used a very superficial claim of chimpanzee and human genetic similarity as evidence of a close relationship, mice and men are pretty close also. From the Human Genome Project, How closely related are mice and humans?, "Mice and humans (indeed, most or all mammals including dogs, cats, rabbits, monkeys, and apes) have roughly the same number of nucleotides in their genomes -- about 3 billion base pairs. This comparable DNA content implies that all mammals [RSR: like roundworms :)] contain more or less the same number of genes, and indeed our work and the work of many others have provided evidence to confirm that notion. I know of only a few cases in which no mouse counterpart can be found for a particular human gene, and for the most part we see essentially a one-to-one correspondence between genes in the two species." * Related RSR Reports: See our reports on the fascinating DNA sequencing results from roundworms and the chimpanzee's Y chromosome! * Genetic Bottleneck, etc: Here's an excerpt from rsr.org/why-was-canaan-cursed... A prediction about the worldwide distribution of human genetic sequencing (see below) is an outgrowth of the Bible study at that same link (aka rsr.org/canaan), in that scientists will discover a genetic pattern resulting from not three but four sons of Noah's wife. Relevant information comes also from mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) which is not part of any of our 46 chromosomes but resides outside of the nucleus. Consider first some genetic information about Jews and Arabs, Jewish priests, Eve, and Noah. Jews and Arabs Biblical Ancestry: Dr. Jonathan Sarfati quotes the director of the Human Genetics Program at New York University School of Medicine, Dr. Harry Ostrer, who in 2000 said: Jews and Arabs are all really children of Abraham … And all have preserved their Middle Eastern genetic roots over 4,000 years. This familiar pattern, of the latest science corroborating biblical history, continues in Dr. Sarfati's article, Genesis correctly predicts Y-Chromosome pattern: Jews and Arabs shown to be descendants of one man. Jewish Priests Share Genetic Marker: The journal Nature in its scientific correspondence published, Y Chromosomes of Jewish Priests, by scie

(image source: https://dinosaurpictures.org/Thalassodromeus-pictures) Host Matthew Donald and guest co-host Ben O'Regan discuss Thalassodromeus, a medium-sized pterosaur with a really, really big crest for its size; in fact potentially the biggest cranial crests of any vertebrate! Damn, you didn't need to go that hard, Mr. Thalass! From the Early Cretaceous, this 15-foot pterodactyloid is highly contentious in its placement in the pterosaur family tree, but currently it's believed to be a tapejarid pterodactyloid. Give one out to the paleontologists for solving all of society's real problems. Want to further support the show? Sign up to our Patreon for exclusive bonus content at Patreon.com/MatthewDonald. Also, you can get links to follow Matthew Donald and purchase his books at https://linktr.ee/matthewdonald. His latest book, Teslamancer, just released August 27th! And mild spoiler alert... there are kind of dinosaurs in it... mwuahahaha.Also it's Election Day today, so please for the love of God, if you haven't voted already, vote!!! Hosted on Acast. See acast.com/privacy for more information.

Die Themen in den Wissensnachrichten: +++ Wer besorgt klingt, wirkt beim Lästern noch nett +++ Popstars sterben nicht gehäuft mit 27 Jahren +++ Erster Satellit aus Holz im All +++**********Weiterführende Quellen zu dieser Folge:Bless her heart: Gossip phrased with concern provides advantages in female intrasexual competition. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 2025Path dependence, stigmergy, and memetic reification in the formation of the 27 Club myth. PNAS, 4.11.24Lignosat - Japanischer Satellit aus Holz, Uni Kyoto 2024Soft matter mechanics of baseball's Rubbing Mud, PNAS 4.11.24Extremely rapid, yet noncatastrophic, preservation of the flattened-feathered and 3D dinosaurs of the Early Cretaceous of China, PNAS 4.11.24Alle Quellen findet ihr hier.**********Ihr könnt uns auch auf diesen Kanälen folgen: TikTok auf&ab , TikTok wie_geht und Instagram .

(image source: https://prehistoria.fandom.com/es/wiki/Dakotadon) Host Matthew Donald and guest co-host Ben O'Regan discuss Dakotadon, also known as the genus name that usurped the North American species of Iguanodon and thus any work featuring a North American Iguanodon retroactively is this. Hey, Aladar? You're a Dakotadon now. Take all the time you need to process this, bro. From the Early Cretaceous, this 20-foot iguanodontid is one of those examples of the bones being discovered and named far before the species is officially described, meaning those paleontologists in the 1800s digging up this guy in South Dakota thought they were Iguanodon but were this thing this whole time. If only they knew! Though frankly, I doubt they would care. Want to further support the show? Sign up to our Patreon for exclusive bonus content at Patreon.com/MatthewDonald. Also, you can get links to follow Matthew Donald and purchase his books at https://linktr.ee/matthewdonald. His latest book, Teslamancer, just released August 27th! And mild spoiler alert... there are kind of dinosaurs in it... mwuahahaha. Hosted on Acast. See acast.com/privacy for more information.

Edward Dolnick joins to discuss how scientists and the general public viewed dinosaurs in the early 1800s. Plus hadrosaurs living in age-separated groups, two new hadrosauroids: Coahuilasaurus from Mexico and Qianjiangsaurus from China, and the latest installment in the Jurassic Park franchise will be called Jurassic World Rebirth and come out on July 2, 2025For links to every news story, all of the details we shared about Theiophytalia, links from Edward Dolnick, and our fun fact check out https://iknowdino.com/Theiophytalia-Episode-511/Join us at www.patreon.com/iknowdino for dinosaur requests, bonus content, ad-free episodes, and more.Dinosaur of the day Theiophytalia, an iguanodontian that was originally thought to be from the Jurassic (due to a Bone Wars shipping mix-up), but actually lived in the Early Cretaceous in what is now Colorado.Interview with Edward Dolnick, the author of the book, Dinosaurs at the Dinner Party, which is about how a group of Victorians discovered prehistoric animals and it changed our understanding of the worldIn dinosaur news this week:There's a new kritosaurin hadrosaur dinosaur, Coahuilasaurus lipaniThere's a new hadrosauroid ornithopod dinosaur, Qianjiangsaurus changshengiThe hadrosaur Hypacrosaurus lived in groups separated by age (juveniles lived separately from adults)The new Jurassic World film, coming out next July 2, has a title: Jurassic World Rebirth This episode is brought to you by Brilliant, the app with thousands of bite-sized, interactive lessons on cutting-edge topics. Anyone interested in paleontology will particularly like their courses in chemistry, which underlie the fossilization process, as well as data analysis, used to model dinosaur populations. Start your 30-day free trial today! Plus, I Know Dino subscribers can get an extra 20% off a premium annual subscription here.See Privacy Policy at https://art19.com/privacy and California Privacy Notice at https://art19.com/privacy#do-not-sell-my-info.

Susan Butts joins us to explain all the changes and upgrades at the newly renovated Yale Peabody Museum! Plus, new sauropods from Argentina include Campananeyen and a couple of unnamed titanosauriforms. And Australotitan may be a junior synonym.For links to every news story, all of the details we shared about Ruyangosaurus, links from Susan Butts, and our fun fact check out https://iknowdino.com/Ruyangosaurus-Episode-509/Join us at www.patreon.com/iknowdino for dinosaur requests, bonus content, ad-free episodes, and more.Dinosaur of the day Ruyangosaurus, a very large titanosauriform sauropod from the Early Cretaceous.Interview with Susan Butts, the Director of Collections & Research at the Yale Peabody Museum and her background is as an invertebrate paleontologistIn dinosaur news this week:There's a new rebbachisaurid, Campananeyen fragilissimusThere are new titanosauriform sauropods in the Portezuelo Formation of PatagoniaAustralotitan (a.k.a.) “Cooper” may be a junior synonym of the sauropod Diamantinasaurus This episode is brought to you by Brilliant, the app with thousands of bite-sized, interactive lessons on cutting-edge topics. Anyone interested in paleontology will particularly like their courses in chemistry, which underlie the fossilization process, as well as data analysis, used to model dinosaur populations. Start your 30-day free trial today! Plus, I Know Dino subscribers can get an extra 20% off a premium annual subscription here.You can win a large Spinosaurus tooth, fossilized leaf, and more by winning our Di-Know-It-All Challenge! This week you can enter at bit.ly/dinochallenge508 and if you're a patron you can answer the patron question at patreon.com/posts/110493197. Get your answers in by 8/31/2024 at 11:59pm PDT! All the rules for the challenge are at bit.ly/dinochallenge24See Privacy Policy at https://art19.com/privacy and California Privacy Notice at https://art19.com/privacy#do-not-sell-my-info.

Join Adele and special guest museum curator Kevin Petersen for a chat about Australia's newest pterosaur, Haliskia! Kev takes us through the discovery and preparation of the specimen, whilst Adele tackles the form, function and family grouping of this new species.  Plus why Kevin loves turtle fossils, and pterosaurs puking pellets. Haliskia100-million-year-old fossil find reveals huge flying reptile that patrolled Australia's inland seaHaliskia peterseni, a new anhanguerian pterosaur from the late Early Cretaceous of AustraliaAustralian Geographic100-million-year-old fossil find reveals huge flying reptile that patrolled Australia's inland seaCNNNew pterosaur species discovered by Australian farmerABCNew species of flying pterosaur reptile discovered in outback Queensland fossil digNew ScientistAustralian pterosaur had a huge tongue to help gulp down preyCosmos MagazineMost complete Australian pterosaur specimen, new species, found in QueenslandLinks:Random Fossil FactFossils reveal that pterosaurs puked pelletsLike Owls, Some Prehistoric Flying Reptiles May Have Regurgitated PelletsTwo emetolite-pterosaur associations from the Late Jurassic of China: showing the first evidence for antiperistalsis in pterosaursPals in Palaeo @palsinpalaeoHost: Adele Pentland @palaeodelOnline StoreTranscriptsThe Pals in Palaeo Cover ArtJenny Zhao Design @jennyzdesignCrumpet Club House@crumpetclubhouse The Pals in Palaeo Theme MusicHello Kelly @hellokellymusic Podcast Producer + Editor Jean-César Puechmarin @cesar_on_safariPodcast EditorFrançois "Francy" Goudreault @hellofrancy

Die Themen in den Wissensnachrichten: +++ Bis 2050 sollen alle Ökosysteme in der EU wiederhergestellt werden +++ Prokrastination Anzeichen für Zukunftsängste +++ Politische Reden werden einfacher bei Hitze +++**********Weiterführende Quellen zu dieser Folge:Future optimism group based on the chronological stress view is less likely to be severe procrastinators/ Scientific Reports, 30.05.2024Inner core backtracking by seismic waveform change reversals/ Nature, 12.06.2024Haliskia peterseni, a new anhanguerian pterosaur from the late Early Cretaceous of Australia/ Scientific Reports, 12.06.2024Neural patterns associated with mixed valence feelings differ in consistency and predictability throughout the brain/ Cerebral Cortex, 02.04.2024The effect of temperature on language complexity: Evidence from seven million parliamentary speeches/ iScience, 13.06.2024**********Ihr könnt uns auch auf diesen Kanälen folgen: Tiktok und Instagram.

(image source: https://252mya.com/products/baryonyx-walkeri-stock-photo) Host Matthew Donald and guest co-host Stephen Curro discuss Baryonyx, a paramount piscivorous predator with crocodile-like jaws and two very big claws. Yeah, this show can be poetic sometimes. From the Early Cretaceous, this 28-foot spinosaurid theropod has had some high profile appearances in popular culture that have been quite controversial in the paleo community, such as in a famous blockbuster series where it had a few extra scutes and in an animated movie where it was Godzilla-sized and feared by T. rex. Guess which one of those the paleo nerds had more problems with? The former, obviously. Duh. Want to further support the show? Sign up to our Patreon for exclusive bonus content at Patreon.com/MatthewDonald. Also, you can get links to follow Matthew Donald and purchase his books at https://linktr.ee/matthewdonald. Hosted on Acast. See acast.com/privacy for more information.

(image source: https://www.deviantart.com/cisiopurple/art/Martharaptor-760488972) Host Matthew Donald and guest co-host Lawrence Mack discuss Martharaptor, a lovely creature with a pot belly and long fingernails, kind of like my great aunt Martha. She makes some great cookies, I gotta say. And brownies. Duuuude. From the Early Cretaceous, this 14-foot therizinosaurid was one of the earliest members of its family in North America and closely related to Nothronychus, another one of these dino buggers that most of y'all haven't heard of. This show really is a relevant piece of media in today's pop-culture landscape. Want to further support the show? Sign up to our Patreon for exclusive bonus content at Patreon.com/MatthewDonald. Also, you can get links to follow Matthew Donald and purchase his books at https://linktr.ee/matthewdonald. Hosted on Acast. See acast.com/privacy for more information.

(image source: https://www.pteros.com/pterosaurs/dsungaripterus.html) Host Matthew Donald and guest co-host Ben O'Regan discuss Dsungaripterus, a pterosaur that by God Almighty looks like a mouthful to pronounce. SUN-ga-RIP-turr-US. There, I just saved you a lot of time and energy. You're welcome. From the Early Cretaceous, this 16-foot ornithocheiroid had a really rocking piece of headgear and a mouth that pointed upward, kind of like me when getting mead poured in my mouth by the tavern maids at the Renaissance Festival while in my wizard costume. Side question, have those festivals always been that horny, or did that just happen in the last couple of years? I should really stop by there more often. Want to further support the show? Sign up to our Patreon for exclusive bonus content at Patreon.com/MatthewDonald. Also, you can get links to follow Matthew Donald and purchase his books at https://linktr.ee/matthewdonald. Hosted on Acast. See acast.com/privacy for more information.

(image source: https://jurassicpark.fandom.com/wiki/Sauroposeidon) Host Matthew Donald and guest co-host Stephen Curro discuss Sauroposeidon, an abso-giganto-freaking-mongus dinosaur and the state dinosaur of Texas, because they like everything big down there. They ain't compensatin' for nuthin', those durn cowboys. From the Early Cretaceous, this 70-foot macronarian sauropod lived alongside some heavy hitters like Acrocanthosaurus, Deinonychus, and Sauropelta, all of which we've covered on this show before, so they must be famous, right? Right? This show's good exposure for these critters, I know it. Want to further support the show? Sign up to our Patreon for exclusive bonus content at Patreon.com/MatthewDonald. Also, you can get links to follow Matthew Donald and purchase his books at https://linktr.ee/matthewdonald. Hosted on Acast. See acast.com/privacy for more information.

Thyreosaurus was a stegosaur, but wore its armor like an ankylosaur; A new iguanodontian, Hesperonyx, was named from Portugal; and dinosaur of the day Eotyrannus, a large early tyrannosauroidFor links to every news story, all of the details we shared about Eotyrannus, and our fun fact check out https://iknowdino.com/Eotyrannus-Episode-490/Join us at www.patreon.com/iknowdino for dinosaur requests, bonus content, ad-free episodes, and more.Dinosaur of the day Eotyrannus, a tyrannosauroid from the Early Cretaceous which was surprisingly large for its time—aptly named the "dawn tyrant".In dinosaur news this week:A new stegosaur, Thyreosaurus atlasicus, had large oval plates different than any other stegosaurA new iguanodontian, Hesperonyx martinhotomasorum, was found in PortugalDinosaurs and concrete have a lot in common This episode is brought to you by Rosetta Stone - The all-in-one language app. With Rosetta Stone, you'll have everything you need to learn a language and use it in the real world. They offer immersive lessons, writing prompts, and engaging activities to prepare you for real life conversations. You can pick and choose the lessons that work best for you and create a personalized experience that is both fun and engaging. Get ready for life's adventures with over 50% off for I Know Dino listeners at RosettaStone.com/dinoHave a question or some feedback for us? Let us know at bit.ly/dinoquestions!See Privacy Policy at https://art19.com/privacy and California Privacy Notice at https://art19.com/privacy#do-not-sell-my-info.

(image source: https://alphynix.tumblr.com) Host Matthew Donald and guest co-host Stephen Curro discuss Tenontosaurus, a poor schmuck of a dinosaur whose entire existence seems to be cannon fodder for packs of Deinonychus. Hence why I chose this picture for the episode image, because it's funny seeing the tables turned. Mwuahahaha. From the Early Cretaceous, this 20-foot basal ornithopod was also notable in having a really long tail, which really would have been useful in fighting off those Deinonychus I reckon. But hey, who am I to judge? It seemed to work out for them. Oh wait, they're extinct, so I guess not. Want to further support the show? Sign up to our Patreon for exclusive bonus content at Patreon.com/MatthewDonald. Also, you can get links to follow Matthew Donald and purchase his books at https://linktr.ee/matthewdonald. Hosted on Acast. See acast.com/privacy for more information.

(image source: https://metode.org/issues/monographs/the-dinosaurs-of-the-maestrat-basin.html) Host Matthew Donald and guest co-host Laura Owsley discuss Proa, a dinosaur who lived in Spain and is on display in a huge museum there called Dinopolis, a place I have promptly scheduled on my calendar to visit on a moments' notice! Oh wait, plane tickets are expensive. Damn. From the Early Cretaceous, this 22-foot iguanodont was chosen by our production team by using a random dinosaur generator because there was no reason to cover this otherwise. Just kidding! We don't have a production team. LIke we would have the budget here for that, please. Want to further support the show? Sign up to our Patreon for exclusive bonus content at Patreon.com/MatthewDonald. Also, you can get links to follow Matthew Donald and purchase his books at https://linktr.ee/matthewdonald. Hosted on Acast. See acast.com/privacy for more information.

Every stage in a dinosaur's life left behind trace fossils: claw marks from a parent excavating a burrow, eggshells left by hatchlings, fossilized digested food, battle scars, and ultimately, tooth marks left by predators or scavengers.For links to every news story, all of the details we shared about Bihariosaurus, and our fun fact check out https://iknowdino.com/Bihariosaurus-Episode-476/Join us at www.patreon.com/iknowdino for dinosaur requests, bonus content, ad-free episodes, and more.Dinosaur of the day Bihariosaurus, a small iguanodontian that lived in the Early Cretaceous in what is now Romania.Some of the ichnology topics we cover this week:Dinosaur bones with punctures, grooves, and scrapes help to identify their predators (or scavengers)Eggs show evidence of communal nesting and the mother's body temperatureA filled-in burrow preserved the dinosaur that was sleeping insideFossilized regurgitate, gut contents, and feces all tell us about what dinosaurs ateJoin our patreon at the Triceratops tier or above by the January 31, 2024 to get an exclusive Parasaurolophus patch. If we reach 300 patrons we'll also send everyone at the Triceratops level and up a Styracosaurus patch! patreon.com/iknowdinoSee Privacy Policy at https://art19.com/privacy and California Privacy Notice at https://art19.com/privacy#do-not-sell-my-info.

(image source: https://dinosaurpictures.org/Tropeognathus-pictures) Host Matthew Donald and guest co-host Ben O'Regan discuss Tropeognathus, a genus split off from Ornithocheirus, well-known from that Walking with Dinosaurs episode where one of them was too old to get laid. From the Early Cretaceous, this 25-foot-wingspan pterosaur lived in Brazil alongside frugivore Tapejara, also depicted in that same episode where one of them got sprayed on by water too much to get laid. Quality television, that show, back when BBC programs took risks. Want to further support the show? Sign up to our Patreon for exclusive bonus content at Patreon.com/MatthewDonald. Also, you can purchase Matthew Donald's dinosaur book "Megazoic" on Amazon by clicking here, its sequel "Megazoic: The Primeval Power" by clicking here, its third installment "Megazoic: The Hunted Ones" by clicking here, or its final installment "Megazoic: An Era's End" by clicking here, as well as his non-dinosaur-related book "Teslanauts" by clicking here. Hosted on Acast. See acast.com/privacy for more information.

Research shows some rapidly evolving trout are altering Wyoming's aquatic ecosystems. Plus, paleontologists pieced together a level of apex predators with no modern equivalent. In Wyoming's Mountain Lakes, Stocked Trout Are Evolving QuicklyAnglers across the West love to fish in high, alpine lakes, and Wyoming's Wind River Range is nearly unbeatable for this experience. Around this time of year, frost covers the tips of trees at sunrise, and there's plenty of room along the lonesome blue waters above 10,000 feet.Those who do make the trek—which usually takes more than 15 miles of hiking—are greeted by hungry golden, brook or cutthroat trout looking to fatten up for the winter. They'll take almost any fly, from a yellow foam grasshopper, to a Parachute Adams to a tiny ant. And the fish are often big, colorful and photogenic.But as untamed, historic and relaxing as a day on the water feels, it's anything but natural. New research is shedding light on how the history of fish stocking has impacted alpine lake ecosystems in the Wind Rivers. In many cases, the genetics of trout have evolved rapidly, allowing them to survive in harsh mountain environments.Read the rest at sciencefriday.com. Hyper-Apex Predators: Colombian Fossils Reveal Big Reptilians Atop Ancient Marine Food ChainThe Paja Formation, located in central Colombia, is a treasure trove of fossils. The site is integral to scientists' understanding of ancient creatures who roamed the seas during the Early Cretaceous period, about 130 million years ago.Now, paleontologists have pieced together the food chain of this marine ecosystem. Surprisingly, they found it supported an additional level of apex predators—think massive marine reptiles—for which there is no modern equivalent.SciFri producer Kathleen Davis talks with Dirley Cortés, paleontologist at the Centro de Investigaciones Paleontológicas in Colombia and PhD candidate at McGill University's Redpath Museum, and Dr. Hans Larsson, paleontologist and professor at McGill University's Redpath Museum. They discuss their fascinating findings, and the importance of better understanding this part of the fossil record.   To stay updated on all things science, sign up for Science Friday's newsletters. Transcripts for each segment will be available the week after the show airs on sciencefriday.com.

For links to every news story, all of the details we shared about Eoabelisaurus, links from Brian Engh, and our fun fact check out https://iknowdino.com/Eoabelisaurus-Episode-464/Join us at www.patreon.com/iknowdino for dinosaur requests, bonus content, ad-free episodes, and more.Dinosaur of the day Eoabelisaurus, an Early Jurassic relative of Abelisaurus known from a nearly complete skeleton and was ahead of its time with strange short arms.Interview with Brian Engh, a paleoartist and creator of the documentary series Jurassic Reimagined. You can find his work at dontmesswithdinosaurs.com on YouTube @DinosaursReanimated on Patreon at HistorianHimself and on twitter and Instagram @BrianEngh_ArtIn dinosaur news this week:The first tyrannosaur tooth ever described from Yellowstone National ParkMachine learning based on Maniraptoran teeth determined they were around about 30 million years earlier than previously thoughtA tooth shows there were more spinosaurs in the Early Cretaceous in what's now EnglandThere was a diverse theropod community living in what's now southern Chile up until the K-Pg extinction event See Privacy Policy at https://art19.com/privacy and California Privacy Notice at https://art19.com/privacy#do-not-sell-my-info.

As the saying goes, history often repeats itself. Could that also hold true when looking at the current state of the climate and where we may be heading? On this episode, the team talks with Dr. Michael Mann, the director of the University of Pennsylvania Center for Science, Sustainability, and the Media and one of the world's leading experts on climate change. They discuss his new book, “Our Fragile Moment,” that examines Earth's climate history. Mann explains why the climate change we're currently experiencing is unique, why the next decade is so critical to our future climate, and what could happen to life on Earth if no action is taken. We want to hear from you! Have a question for the meteorologists? Call 609-272-7099 and leave a message. You might hear your question and get an answer on a future episode! You can also email questions or comments to podcasts@lee.net. About the Across the Sky podcast The weekly weather podcast is hosted on a rotation by the Lee Weather team: Matt Holiner of Lee Enterprises' Midwest group in Chicago, Kirsten Lang of the Tulsa World in Oklahoma, Joe Martucci of the Press of Atlantic City, N.J., and Sean Sublette of the Richmond Times-Dispatch in Virginia. Episode transcript Note: The following transcript was created by Headliner and may contain misspellings and other inaccuracies as it was generated automatically: Sean Sublette: Hello once again, everybody. I'm, meteorologist Sean Sublette, and welcome to Across the Sky, our national Lee Enterprises weather podcast. Lee Enterprises has print and digital operations in more than 70 locations across the country, including in my home base in Richmond, Virginia. I'm joined by my colleagues from across the sky, Matt Holiner in Chicago, and Joe Martucci at the Jersey Shore. Kirsten Lang is out this week. Our very special guest this week is Dr. Michael Mann, director of the University of Pennsylvania Center for Science, Sustainability, and the Media, and the Presidential Distinguished Professor of Earth and Environmental Science. His latest book came out a couple of weeks ago called Our Fragile Moment. It goes through Earth's climate history to illustrate how we know what the current warming climate is without precedent in Earth's history. There is so much good stuff in this book. I could go on and on, but I really like the way he goes into paleo climate and helping us understand why we are at this moment in time and why he calls it Our Fragile Moment. And as a quick aside, in the book, he kind of alludes to, the police, the band The Police, and the, extinction of the dinosaurs and walking in your footsteps. So those of us of a certain age who remember that a good part of, you know, sting was the lead man of the police, and, Fragile was another song that Sting wrote. So this all kind of ties back into me. Here I am showing my age. but, guys, this is such a great conversation. What did you kind of take out of this? Joe Martucci: I think, you know, and just take a step back. I mean, Mike Mann is, I would say, one of the people who really put climate science on the map to the general public. So this is really a big interview that we have here. And, when you're listening, sometimes we're getting into the weeds, sometimes it's big philosophical questions. In fact, at the end, we talk about his thoughts on where our position as the human race is in the universe just by writing this book. So, it was a nice interview, and good to be with, Mike here. Matt Holiner: Yes, there are few people that are a bigger expert on climate change than Mike Mann. And so, yeah, we're honored to have him on the podcast. And what I like is how he talks about paleo climate, which is something that's starting to get a little bit of buzz now. I think everybody's accepted that, okay, the climate is changing now, but hasn't it changed in the past? And he does dive into that. Yes, it has changed, but what he points out is the change that we're undergoing right now is unique, and he. Joe Martucci: Points out why that is. Matt Holiner: And I really liked his discussion of that. Sean Sublette: Yeah, there is so much good stuff. So let's get right to it and start up with our interview with Dr. Michael Mann. Mike Mann, it is so good to have you on the across the sky podcast. Dr. Michael Mann writes a new book about climate change called ‘Our Fragile Moment' Sean Sublette: I want to jump right into this on this book, Our Fragile Moment. This is the 6th book. What I loved about this one is that it goes a lot deeper into understanding paleo climatology. For us real science geeks out there, it really gets into depth about how we know how we got to this fragile moment. So I wanted to start on the big picture. What motivated you to write this book now? Dr. Michael Mann: Yeah. Thanks, Sean. It's great to be with all of you. All three of you know, it's interesting, this is sort of where I got my start as, a climate scientist, Paleo Climate, the hockey stick curve that my co authors and I published. it's hard to believe now, but it's, two and a half decades ago, that graph became sort of this iconic symbol, in the climate change debate. And that's really how I sort of entered the fray. And so now, two and a half decades later, I decided, well, let's do a deeper dive, because the hockey stick only went back a thousand years. That's really shallow time, as we say in Paleo climate. We've got four plus billion years of Earth history to look at and let's see what we can learn from it. And so it's sort of a return to my roots, in a sense. I hadn't really written a book about paleo climate, even though it's where I started as a scientist. And there's another sort of driving force here as well, which, relates to my last book, The New Climate War, which is about sort of the challenges we face now as climate denial becomes almost untenable, because we can all sort of see the impacts of climate change playing out. Bad actors are using misinformation to delay transition off fossil fuels Dr. Michael Mann: But there are other tactics that bad actors are using to sort of delay the transition off fossil fuels. and one of them, ironically, is doom mongering. If they can convince us that it's too late to do anything about the problem, then why bother? And so I was seeing Paleo Climate, something that I hold dear. I was seeing paleo climate science. Weaponized. Now in the same way that climate deniers used to weaponize misinformation. I was seeing climate doomers weaponizing misinformation about paleo climate to convince us it's too late, that we're experiencing runaway warming. We are going to it's yet, another mass, extinction that we've set off that's unstoppable and we will all be gone in less than ten years. There were players out there, serious protagonists who have pretty large followings, who have been spreading that sort of misinformation. So I decided, let's reclaim paleo climate. Let's look at what the science actually says. And that was the purpose of the book initially, was to address some of those misconceptions that have been used to feed climate doomism. But in the process, I realized, well, no, there's a whole lot more to talk about. there are all sorts of lessons in 4 billion plus years of Earth history. Let's see what we can learn from it for sure. Sean Sublette: Before I turn it over to the other guys for questions, I want to talk a little bit more about that doomism concept. It's important to walk a line between urgency and agency, as you like to talk about, but get away from doomism. I'd like to point out I was actually talking to a Rotary Club earlier today, that there has been progress. Right. clearly there needs to be more, but I like to point out we're starting to phase out coal globally. So there are things going how do you walk that line in terms of this is important, we need to stay on it, showing that there's progress and not succumbing to doomism for folks who are kind of depressed about it. Dr. Michael Mann: Yeah, no, absolutely. And there's sort of two pieces to it. First of all, there is just the science. Like, does the science say that we've triggered unstoppable warming and nothing we do to reduce carbon emissions is going to make a difference? No, it doesn't. And I wanted to make that very clear. And no, the paleo climate record doesn't support that. the best available science, in fact, tells us now that the planet stops warming up when we stop adding carbon pollution to the atmosphere. So there's this direct and immediate impact, on the climate of our efforts to act here. There's another piece to it, though, which is sort of there's another sort of component to doismism, which is like, we're not going to get our act together. And you could argue that remains to be seen, that's at least Arguable, the science doesn't support runaway warming. It doesn't support that sort of side of doomism. But will we garner the will to tackle this problem? Only the, future will tell. But it's interesting because you mentioned Rotary Club. There are lots of reasons for optimism. Lots of reasons. Things that we can look at, where we can say we're making real progress, rotarians have really taken a leadership role on this issue. I've spoken to some Rotary Clubs, groups in the past, and the Youth Climate movement, right. I mean, just, there is all of this energy. I see. know I teach at the University Of Pennsylvania. Climate is probably the number one issue to these students today, to these gen zers. Now, some of them fall victim to climate anxiety and climate doomism. So it's really important for them to understand the agency part of that urgency and agency duality. But yeah, the science certainly doesn't support the notion that we can't do something about the climate crisis. And the paleo climate record certainly doesn't support that either. Joe Martucci: Hey, this is Joe and just want to thank you so much for coming on again. We really appreciate it. And best of luck to you and your, book here, Our Fragile Moment. More journalists are reporting on extreme weather events linked to climate change Joe Martucci: My question does partially relate to what you said about gen zers. And some people do have climate anxiety. And if you're young, you're impressionable you're getting content from a variety of different sources, right? More than ever before, when we talk about extreme weather events and parlaying this into climate change. Right. I feel like in the past five years, maybe three years, we've seen a lot of this recently. And I think, personally, from my perspective, it's good. It's always a good teaching moment to talk about the facts and to forecast the climate science. How do you feel, though, about journalists reporting on this, as opposed to meteorologists who are experts in their field? There's many great journalists all across the country. We know that. But just like I don't know everything about maybe astronomy, right. Journals may not be completely in sync with what's happening with some of these events. Dr. Michael Mann: I don't know if you could kind. Joe Martucci: Of give us where you fall on this and how you would like to see these extreme weather events being parlayed into coverage as we go forward. Dr. Michael Mann: Thanks, Joe. It's a great question. And, you were talking about young folks, and, I used to think of myself as a young person, and then today I realized that David Lee Roth is 69 years old. I finally forced to accept the fact that I am now old. But you're right, there is this, energy and passion, among young folks. And another part of what's going on is we're seeing the impacts of climate change now play out in a profound way in the form of these extreme weather events. And there's always sort of this delicate balance in the way we cover those events. You'll often hear people say, well, you can never blame any one, weather event, on climate change. and the thinking there has evolved quite a bit. We have detection and attribution. We can characterize how likely an event was to occur in the absence of climate change and how likely it was to occur. When we consider climate change and when we see that there's a huge increase when an event is a thousand year event without climate change, and it's suddenly a ten year event when we include climate change, then we can say, hey, the fact that we saw this is probably because we've warmed up the planet and we've made these sorts of events, these extreme heat waves, heat domes that we've been reading about, wildfires floods, superstorms. So there's this scientific machinery now that allows us to sort of characterize the impact that climate change is having on these events. But you're right. When you have trained meteorologists and climate experts who are familiar with that science, they're able to sort of frame it that way. When you have just sort of say, political journalists, journalists from other fields covering, the science, it's a quandary. It's very complicated because they're hearing conflicting things. They're hearing this. You can never blame any one event on climate change, but now they know that there is a way to try to characterize the impact that climate change is having. So I think there's some confusion among in the journalistic community right now. you also sometimes see it overplayed, right, where, like, every extreme event was caused by climate change. We can't say that it's like a loading of the dice. Sixes are going to come up anyways. The fact that they're coming up so often is because we've loaded those dice, by the warming of the planet. So it is a complicated topic, and it's difficult to even trained climate and meteorology, specialists, even for us, it can be sort of challenging to explain the science and how we're able to quantify the impact climate change is having on these events. And that means that it often gets very confused in the public discourse. And at the same time, I would say that we are seeing the signal of climate change now emerge from the noise in the form of these extreme weather events. And it's a lost opportunity for certain if we don't explain that to the public. And so I personally think that there has been sort of a shift towards journalists in general, recognizing that there is a relationship and mentioning that when they talk about these events, not as often as we might like them to do, but we do see much more of that now. Climate change is part of the conversation here. And that's a real game changer, because that's where the rubber hits the road. When people realize, oh, man, it's these devastating fires. I have a friend who lost a house, or I have people, I know who got flooded, by that storm. When people start to know people who have been impacted or who have been impacted themselves, when people have their own climate story to tell, it really changes the whole conversation. And I think we're seeing that shift. Matt Holiner: Hey, Mike, it's Matt, and I think you're right about the climate change just becoming a term that everyone is familiar with now. But I think the term that people aren't as familiar with that. Matt Holiner: You mentioned your book is Paleo climate. So when you're talking about paleo climate, how far back are you looking and what are you looking at to determine what the climate was thousands or millions of years ago? Dr. Michael Mann: So it's a matter of perspective, right? If you ask my daughter what's paleo climate LBO is like, those winters when you were growing up, that's paleo climate, to me, those 1970s winters. so it's always a matter of perspective. One person's paleo climate is another person's sort of recent, climate history. I focused a lot of my early work on the last thousand years where we could pull together all sorts of types of information to try to reconstruct in some detail how the climate had changed. but there are ways to go much further back. There are sediment cores. We can look at ancient, oxygen isotopes and reconstruct what ocean temperatures were and what, sea, levels were. so there's all of this wealth of information. And so what paleo climate really means, technically, it's anything that predates the historical era of the last couple of centuries where we actually have thermometer measurements or rain gauges measurements or what have you. Anything farther back than that, where we have to turn to indirect measures of climate like tree rings or corals or ice that becomes paleo climate. And so 1000 years that's paleoclimate. But a million years is paleoclimate and a billion years is paleoclimate. And the stories are so different on these different timescales. And the puzzles are all different. And each of these intervals, there are all of these events in Earth's climate history that I talk about in the book, and we can learn something from each of them. Snowball Earth. Yes, the Earth was once entirely covered in ice and unpacking. That tells us a lot about the dynamics of the climate system. the faint early sun. The great Carl Sagan recognized that the Earth should have been frozen 4 billion years ago, when life first emerged in the oceans. And we know it wasn't because there was liquid water, there was life. And he realized because the sun was only about 70% as bright back then, the Earth should have been frozen, but it wasn't. What, what's the explanation? How come there was an even stronger greenhouse effect? And it turns out that, gets us into sort of the Gaia hypothesis because there's this remarkable story where as the sun gradually gets brighter and the Earth should have got hotter and hotter, but it didn't because the greenhouse effect got weaker over time. And in just such a way that the planet's climate, with some exceptions, like snowball Earth, stayed within habitable bounds, within bounds, that are habitable for life. Why is that? that's a really interesting puzzle. And it turns out life itself plays a role in stabilizing the climate, the global carbon cycle, the oxygenation of the atmosphere. There are all of these things that life itself did to change the composition of our atmosphere and to change the dynamics of the planet. And amazingly, life works in such a way as to help keep the climate, Earth's climate, habitable for life. And so that's an interesting puzzle. There's a lot to learn from that as well. And that's a good thing, right? There are stabilizing factors within the climate system that helps us. There is a certain amount of resilience. And that's one of the arguments against doomism that we're getting some help from the behavior of Earth's climate. There's a m safety margin. There's a margin, where we can perturb the climate, and it will stay within habitable bounds. The problem and what makes this such a fragile moment is we're now sort of at the edge of that envelope of stability. And if we continue with business as usual, we continue to pollute the atmosphere with carbon pollution, we will leave that moment behind. We, will depart from the sort of climate upon which all of this societal infrastructure was built to support now a global population of more than 8 billion people. And that's the real threat today. Sean Sublette: All right, so we're going to take a quick break. We'll come back with a couple more key questions with Michael Mann on the across the sky podcast. Stay with us. Michael Mann talks about the chemistry that helps us reconstruct past climate Sean Sublette: And we're back with Dr. Michael Mann on the across the sky podcast. The new book is our fragile moment. It is a very deep dive, as they say, into paleo climatology, and why this particular moment in time is so crucial in the climate going forward. Mike, your expertise, obviously, is in paleo climates and all these things that we use geologically to reconstruct climate. A lot of us are familiar with the ice cores. also, these oxygen isotopes, those for the weather folks, are not quite as complicated. But, what I'd like to talk about a little bit, explain some of the chemistry that's involved, that help us tell us what the climate was like. When we look at ocean sediment cores, these are things that aren't classic atmospheric proxies, right? These are much more in the rocks, geological proxies, those stalagmites, stalactites, those kinds of things. Can you talk about what are we doing with these things in terms of chemistry that tell us what we need to know? Dr. Michael Mann: Yeah, so it's amazing. There are these paleothermometers, we sometimes, call them, and you think about ice, right? Ice is frozen water. That's h 20. And so there's an O in there. There's oxygen, atoms, in that ice. And it turns out that the ratio of heavy to light isotopes of oxygen there are two main stable isotopes of oxygen oxygen 16 and oxygen 18. And the ratio, of them is a function of, the temperature. And when you form precipitation, when you condense water vapor into a droplet, there is what we call fractionation, where the heavy and the light isotopes behave differently during that process. That's true for evaporation, it's true for condensation. And so if you think about what's going on an ice core, you're drilling down in the ice, and that ice got there because it snowed at some point. And that snow was condensation of water vapor in the atmosphere. And that water vapor originally came from the evaporation from the ocean surface. And so at each stage, we have what's called a fractionation, where you're getting some sort of separation between the behavior of oxygen 16 and oxygen 18. The bottom line is, because of that, we can say things about ancient sea level from oxygen isotopes in sediment cores. We can say something about temperature from oxygen isotopes in sediment cores. We can say something about temperature from ice in ice cores on land. And it isn't just oxygen. We can look at carbon isotopes because there's carbon twelve and carbon 13, two different stable isotopes of carbon. And that allows us, for example, to figure out, what happened with carbon dioxide, and what happened with ocean acidification, how much CO2 there was, dissolved in the ocean. In fact, if you really want to get into it, we can estimate the PH of the ocean from other isotopes, boron isotopes. And I'm not going to get into the chemistry of that. But the bottom line is there are all of these amazing we call them proxy data. It's almost like nature provided us a way to sort of solve this puzzle of what happened in distant past. Almost like we were given, clues. It's like, well, I'm going to give you these isotopes, and if you're smart, and if you figure out the chemistry and the physics, you will be able to figure out what happened to sea level, what happened to ocean temperatures, what happened to the amount of ice, what happened to the acidity of the ocean. All of these things that are very relevant to how carbon pollution is impacting our environment today. Matt Holiner: And Mike, I think we've reached a point now where everybody acknowledges that the climate is changing. It took us a long time to get here, but I think we've reached that point. But what people are pointing out now is that, as you're talking about with paleo climate, the Earth's climate has changed many times over the years, warming and cooling. So what makes the climate change that we're experiencing now unique compared to the past? Dr. Michael Mann: Yeah, it's a great question, because we can certainly find times in the distant past when carbon dioxide levels, greenhouse gas levels, carbon dioxide being the main sort of greenhouse, gas that varies over time. They were higher than they are today, and global temperatures were warmer than they are today. During the Early Cretaceous Period, dinosaurs were wandering the polar regions of the planet. There was no ice on, the face of the Earth. We've seen Earth go from ice covered to ice free. So we know there are times when it's been much colder than today. And there are times when it's been considerably warmer than today. So then the question is, all right, well, then what makes climate change such a problem? Because even if we warm the planet, with carbon pollution, we're not going to get up to those Early Cretaceous levels. Well, actually, if we tried really hard, we could. If we extracted every bit of fossil fuels we could find, we could do that. Why? Because all of that carbon that was in the atmosphere slowly got deposited beneath the surface of the Earth in what we today call fossil fuels, ancient carbon, organic carbon that got buried in soils or shells that fell to the bottom of the ocean. Carbon that was in the atmosphere, got buried beneath the surface of the planet and came down from those very high early Cretaceous levels, over 100 million years. Due to those natural processes, carbon dioxide levels came down. Well, what we're doing now is we're taking all that carbon that got buried over 100 million years beneath the surface and we're putting it back into the atmosphere, but we're doing it a million times faster. We're taking carbon that was buried over 100 million years and we're putting it back up in the atmosphere over 100 years. And so I sometimes say if I was going to write a slogan for this, it would be, it's the rate, stupid. We all remember, it's the economy, stupid. I think we're old enough some of us are old enough to remember that was sort of a political sort of logo. Well, it's the rate, stupid. Which is to say it's not so much how warm the planet is or, what the CO2 levels are. It's what climate are you adapted to and how rapidly are you moving away from that climate. Because we have developed this massive societal infrastructure over a 6000 year period. Civilization, I talk about sort of the origins of civilization in Mesopotamia, 6000 years was the first true civilization. And it turns out global temperatures were remarkably stable for six, seven, 8000 years during which we developed all of this infrastructure that supports eight plus billion people. And we are dependent on the stability of that climate and its ability to continue to support that infrastructure which we've created. And if we're rapidly changing the climate and moving out of that window of variability during which we created civilization, that's a real threat. If the warming exceeds our adaptive capacity and it exceeds the adaptive capacity of other living things, life has learned to adapt to, climate changes that take place over tens of millions of years. That's pretty easy. Adapting to climate changes of similar magnitude that take place over tens of years, that's much more difficult. And again, what makes it so fragile, such a fragile moment for us is that we have leveraged the number of people who can live on this planet, what we call the carrying capacity of the planet. We've probably leveraged it by a factor of ten. Through our technology, through our infrastructure. We can support eight plus billion people because we have all of this infrastructure, agricultural infrastructure, engineering. But it's fragile, right? Because if the planet warms dramatically and that infrastructure no longer remains viable, then we can no longer support that elevated carrying capacity. Then we revert to the natural carrying capacity of the planet, which is maybe a billion people. And you think about that. The planet without our infrastructure, without our technology, probably can't support more than a billion people. We've got more than 8 billion people. That's why we can't afford to destabilize the infrastructure that supports human civilization today. And that's what dramatic warming, that's what unmitigated climate change will do. How does studying Paleo climatology make you see our place in the universe? Joe Martucci: John said, I had the last question here, so I'll wrap up with this. how does studying Paleo climatology and maybe even writing this book make you see our space or our race as humans in this universe? Because a lot of what you're talking about, you said Fragile Rights, the name of the book. How do you see our place in the universe, given what you've studied over the decade? Dr. Michael Mann: Thanks. It's a great question. and it's something I get into a little bit. Have some fun. At one point, we do some thought experiments. Some thought experiments, like, what if in one of the chapters, which is on, an episode of rapid warming, and by rapid warming, we mean, like, over 10,000 or 20,000 years rapid on geological timescales. Nothing like what we're doing today. But there was this period of relatively rapid warming, about 56 million years ago. We call it the PETM. Stands for the Paleocene eocene thermal maximum. It just rolls right off the tongue. And it was this period during which there was a massive injection of carbon dioxide into the system. Obviously, there weren't SUVs, and there weren't coal fired power plants. This was a natural input of volcanism through unusually intense volcanic eruptions, centered in Iceland, that tapped into a very carbon rich reservoir and put a very large amount of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere over a relatively short period of time. And so it turns out that you can ask the question, can we rule out the possibility that there was an intelligent civilization back then that went on this massive fossil fuel burning spree and basically extinguished themselves? And my good friend Gavin Schmidt, who's the director of the NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies, has written a paper and has written some popular, essays about this idea because of the Silurian hypothesis. and it's basically imagine lizard people who existed 56 million. How can we rule out that that's what happened? And I grew up watching the land of the lost. And, Gavin, around the same time he was in Britain, and I think it was Dr who had a similar that's where the Silurian there were, like, these reptile beings, that basically destroyed their environment. And so it's a really interesting question. Can we rule that out? And in the process of trying to rule that out, it actually raises some really interesting questions about, what are the conditions for life? Do intelligent civilizations extinguish themselves naturally? this is sometimes called the Fermi paradox. it was something that Carl Sagan thought about if the universe is teeming. With life? How come we're not hearing from them? How come we're not getting radio signals? And it turns out you can look at all of the different how many planetary systems are there in the universe? You can sort of try to do the math and figure out how many intelligent civilizations you might expect there to be in the universe based on various assumptions. And it turns out the defining problem, all the uncertainty comes down to when intelligent civilizations emerge, how long do they persist for? Do they extinguish themselves? And that would be one explanation of Fermi's paradox. Obviously, it's very personal to us. We don't want to think that, we are on our own way to self caused extinction. So there's some deep questions there. When you look at Paleo Climate and you look at some of these past episodes, you can start to ask some larger questions that tap into these deeper philosophical questions about our place in the universe. is there life elsewhere in the universe? The thinking that you go through turns out to be very relevant to the thinking that you need to go through for, Know. And the punchline is, Adam. I'm going to draw a blank on his, so, he's a well known astrophysicist, and writes about the search for extraterrestrial life. Adam and I'm drawing a blank on his last name, which is very embarrassing. I'm, sure he'll watch this and be very upset at me. but, he actually came to Gavin because he was interested in the search for extraterrestrial life and asking some questions about climate change and climate change on other planets. and could that explain why we're not hearing from other civilizations? Because they cause climate change and they extinguish themselves. And, Adam Frank is his name, and he's a well known sort of, science communicator, astrophysics search for extraterrestrial, sort of continuing the legacy of Carl Sagan and the Planetary Society and the sorts of questions that they were asking. So he came to Gavin, who's a climate modeler, and know, I want to work on, know, figuring out if climate change could have been what caused these other potential civilizations elsewhere in the universe to extinguish themselves. And then Gavin says, how do we know that that didn't happen on Earth? And they go through this amazing sort of thought experiment, and it turns out it's hard at first blush to rule out that that's what happened. For example, the PETM. It takes quite a bit of work to convince yourself that it couldn't have been ancient lizard people that burned, fossil fuels. and so, yeah, so there's a lot you can learn from what are seemingly silly thought experiments that actually start to get at some pretty deep questions about us and our place in the universe. Sean Sublette: We know not all questions are silly. What plate tectonics has only been around for about 100 years or so. And everybody kind of thought, well, that was silly at the time. Dr. Michael Mann: Mike, we're going to stickers stop plate tectonics bumper stickers. Sean Sublette: Yeah, we're going to let you go. But, again, the book is our fragile moment. Social media is a mess nowadays, but where's the best place people can find you digitally and online? Dr. Michael Mann: Well, they can still find me on, what are we calling it this day? X. that's what it's called this week. But, I've sort of diversified. You can find me pretty much on all of the major social media platforms now. I'm still on Twitter. X, and, Instagram and mastodon and Blue, sky, and I'm forgetting threads. It's like, now we've got to be so diversified because we're no longer confident we can rely on the one that we were all relying on for so long. But, yeah, I'm out there and people can find me at WW Michaelman Net. So, yeah, it was great talking with you guys and I, hope to do so again. Sean Sublette: Mike, appreciate it so much. Take care. travel safely. Good luck promoting the book. and it's great. I mean, I've read it. It's just wonderful. And also, I will say this publicly. Thanks for the little shout out at the back, my friend. Dr. Michael Mann: Thank you, my friend. It was great talking with you guys. Sean Sublette: Those are some very deep answers, guys. where is our place in the universe and this concept of lizard people from 50 OD million years ago. and the things you will go down the road you will go down when you start doing these thought experiments. But for me, the importance here, I think what Mike said is the pace of the warming is without precedent. What we're doing is happening so fast, it is going to be difficult to adapt. Some things are going to adapt more easily than others. And that's why this moment in time is so particular. Yeah, it's been warmer in the past, but our civilization, which is increasingly global over these last 2000, 3000 years in particular, last couple of hundred years, where the population has just blossomed, really kind of dependent on the climate that we have out there now. Guys, what do you think? Joe, what did you kind of take away from? Joe Martucci: Well, you know, anytime we talk about our place in the really, I don't know, just really focused on the topic because it does make you think about in some ways, how small we are relative to everything. And not just even planet Earth and the spec of the universe, but also human life in the span of the Earth's long, long history. And like he also said a few minutes before that question, it's the rate of change of the warming that's unique. I say this a lot of times when I do public talks. I said, listen, yeah, we've been warmer than we've been before, we've been colder than we've been before. But barring like an asteroid or some cataclysmic event, this is the only time we're really changing at such a rate. and there's facts and forecasts, and then there's what to do or not to do about it. And that's where your beliefs come in. But there's no denying that the rate of change, a lot of this is significant and something we haven't seen really in the scope of human history. And beyond that, the Earth's history, again, minus the early millions, billion, two or four years, when the Earth was really trying to just get itself together, for lack of a better word. And in some of these asteroid or supervolcano events, it happened as well. Matt Holiner: I would say this was a humbling conversation, because also at the end, when he was talking about why haven't we encountered other intelligent life? And then the comment that stood out to me is like, maybe it has existed, but because of their actions, resulted in their own extinction, and are we headed down that path? And is that why we haven't encountered intelligent life? And then, the other comment that he made is when he was talking about carrying capacity, and now the Earth has a population of 8 billion. But you take out our technology, and what we could see if we continue on this path, if the climate continues. To the rate the change that it's. Matt Holiner: Experiencing now, that carrying capacity could drop to a billion. And then you think, you think about going from a population of 8 billion people to 1 billion, 7 billion people disappearing. That makes the hair stand your, arms and to think about could we result in our own extinction by our actions? And when you hear that, you want to say, let's not make that mistake, let's do something about this. Because again, the other comment was it's the rate stupid? And he talks about, yes, climate has changed in the past. And that's what some people keep coming out. It's like, well, what's the big deal if the climate has changed the past? We're just going through another cycle, but it's never changed at this pace and. Joe Martucci: We can't keep up. Matt Holiner: He also talked about the planet has taken care of itself. When the sun became stronger, the greenhouse effect decreased. And so there has been that the Earth has all these protections in place to kind of keep the climate in balance. But we're breaking that. We're breaking these natural protections. That's why he calls it our fragile moment. Because if we continue at this pace, the Earth isn't going to be able to heal itself. And so we have to take action to make sure we don't lose 7 billion people. So, again, we don't want to talk about the doomism. So it's a fine balance, though, because we absolutely have to take action, but know that we can take action. This is not hopeless. We still have time to fix this. Problem, so let's get on it. Sean Sublette: Yeah, as he says, there is urgency, but there is also agency. So I think that that's the quote that I like from him, most of all. So as we look to some other episodes coming down the pike, a little bit less heady. coming up next week, we've got Paul James of HGTV. We're going to look at the science of changing leaves. We are thick into, the fall right now, the leaves changing from north to south across the country, and we're also working in the background to bring you a broader winter forecast. We're still turning a couple of knobs on that, but we're working on that. I'll be talking to Neil degrasse Tyson in a few weeks. We'll bring that to the podcast. also I've talked to a couple of colleagues, the fifth national climate assessments coming out, and we're going to say, well, what does that mean and why should we care? We'll answer those questions. we've got one more, Joe. you've got somebody coming in from Ohio State, right? Joe Martucci: Yeah, we do. That's coming up in a couple of weeks. That's for your, November 6 episode. We're speaking with Dr. Lawrence Sutherland, and it's tips prepare older loved ones in case of natural disasters or extreme weather. I've covered this topic a, number of times for the press of Atlantic City, where I'm based out of shout out to everybody listening Jersey, but talking about, some of the challenges our senior citizens are having when there are these kind of extreme weather events. so that should be really good. I'm looking forward to that one, too. And that one comes out on November. Sean Sublette: So we have got a lot of good stuff in the pipeline in the weeks ahead, but for now, we're going to close up shop. So for Joe Martucci at the Jersey Shore. Matt Hollner in Chicagoland. I'm meteorologist Sean Subletz at the Richmond Times dispatch. We'll talk with you next time. Thanks for listening to the across the sky podcast.See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

(image source: https://bit.ly/3PEeLaG) Host Matthew Donald and guest co-host Lexi Ryan discuss Sinosauropteryx, the first non-avian dinosaur identified with feathers and thus the one to blame for the Jurassic Park style scaly raptors going out of fashion. Feathers can be monstrous too, guys! Just look at cassowaries. Or don't, they'll kill you. Kill you dead. And then disembowel you. Yeah. From the Early Cretaceous, this 3-foot compsognathid theropod was also the first dinosaur that we've discovered their true coloration, and we learned that they're basically red pandas. What is it about China that makes animals red with white stripes? There's a communist joke here somewhere, but I can't quite find it. Want to further support the show? Sign up to our Patreon for exclusive bonus content at Patreon.com/MatthewDonald. Also, you can purchase Matthew Donald's dinosaur book "Megazoic" on Amazon by clicking here, its sequel "Megazoic: The Primeval Power" by clicking here, its third installment "Megazoic: The Hunted Ones" by clicking here, or its final installment "Megazoic: An Era's End" by clicking here, as well as his non-dinosaur-related book "Teslanauts" by clicking here... Hosted on Acast. See acast.com/privacy for more information.

For links to every news story, all of the details we shared about Aletopelta, and our fun fact check out https://iknowdino.com/Aletopelta-Episode-461/Join us at www.patreon.com/iknowdino for dinosaur requests, bonus content, ad-free episodes, and more.Dinosaur of the day Aletopelta, an ankylosaur with a pair of spikes sticking straight up from its shoulders that was found in San Diego County, California.In dinosaur news this week:A new Early Cretaceous deinocheirid from Japan, Tyrannomimus fukuiensis, helps fill in the very early evolution of dinosaurs that eventually led to DeinocheirusPaleontologists found two new abelisaurids in Morocco—helping to fill in details of the mostly unknown latest Cretaceous of AfricaThere's a new early bird-like dinosaur (an anchiornithid avialan) with "bizarre" long legs Zoic Zoo is a tabletop game unlike any other. Build your own zoo filled with your favorite prehistoric creatures (and animals you've probably never heard of that will soon be your favorites). Make the perfect habitats for the animals and entice visitors to the park. Get your copy of Zoic Zoo at bit.ly/zoiczooSee Privacy Policy at https://art19.com/privacy and California Privacy Notice at https://art19.com/privacy#do-not-sell-my-info.

In July 2023, the world experienced three consecutive days which were the hottest day on record. In fact, an interview with the Washington Post cited that it was the hottest day for 125,000 years. What does that mean? Well, today's episode will put that number into prehistorical and historical context, as well as compare our current global warming to an example of change from the Cretaceous. 1) Blum, M. G. B., and Jakobsson, M. (2010), Deep Divergence of Human Gene Trees and Models of Human Origins. Molecular Biology and Evolution 28(2): 889- 898. 2) Cavalheiro, L., Wagner, T., Steinig, S., Bottini, C., Dummann, W., Esegbue, O., Gambacorta, G., Giraldo-Gómez, V., Farnsworth, A., Flögel, S., Hofmann, P., Lunt, D. J., Rethemeyer, J., Torricelli, S. and Erba, E. (2021), Impact of global cooling on Early Cretaceous high pCO2 world during the Weissert event. Nature Communications 12: 5411. 3) Dee, M., Wengrow, D., Shortland, A., Stevenson, A., Brock, F., Flink, L. G. and Ramsey, C. B. (2013), An absolute chronology for early Egypt using radiocarbon dating and Bayesian statistical modelling. Proceedings of the Royal Society A 469: 20130395. 4) Gómez-Robles, A. (2019), Dental evolutionary rates and its implications for the Neanderthal–modern human divergence. Science Advances 5(5): eaaw1268. 5) Haber, M., Jones, A. L., Connell, B. A., Asan, E. A., Yang, H., Thomas, M. G., Xue Y. and Tyler-Smith, C. (2019), A Rare Deep-Rooting D0 African Y-Chromosomal Haplogroup and Its Implications for the Expansion of Modern Humans Out of Africa. Genetics 212(4): 1421-1428. 6) Hublin, J.-J. (2017), The last Neanderthal. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 114(40): 10520- 10522. 7) Jones, D. (2007), The Neanderthal within. New Scientist 193(2593): 28-32. 8) Osborne, M., Smithsonian Magazine (2023), Earth Faces Hottest Day Ever Recorded- Three Days In A Row (online) [Accessed 07/07/2023]. 9) Pettitt, P. B. (1999) Disappearing from the World: An Archaeological Perspective on Neanderthal Extinction. Oxford Journal of Archaeology 18: 217-240. 10) Plant, V., Exeposé (2019), Things are Heating Up (online) [Accessed 07/07/2023]. 11) Sands, L., Washington Post (2023), This July 4 was hot. Earth's hottest day on record, in fact (online) [Accessed 07/07/2023]. 12) Stringer, C. (2012), The Status of Homo heidelbergensis (Shoetenstack 1908). Evolutionary Anthropology: Issues, News and Reviews 21(3): 87- 125. 13) Su, D., The Conversation (2022), How many ice ages has the Earth had, and could humans live through one? (online) [Accessed 07/07/2023]. 14) Zhang, S., truthout (2023), July 3 Was the Hottest Day on Record. Then July 4 Came Along. (online) [Accessed 07/07/2023]. 15) Author unknown, CNN (2023), Global temperatures break heat record (online) [Accessed 07/07/2023]. 16) Author unknown, Smithsonian Museum of Natural History (date unknown), Homo neanderthalensis (online) [Accessed 07/07/2023]. 17) Author unknown, Wikipedia (date unknown), Mesozoic (online) [Accessed 09/07/2023]. 18) Author unknown, Wikipedia (date unknown), Palaeogene (online) [Accessed 09/07/2023].

Welcome to the Juras-Sick Park-Cast podcast, the Jurassic Park podcast about Michael Crichton's 1990 novel Jurassic Park, and also not about that, too.  Find the episode webpage at: Episode 57 - Control. In this episode, my terrific guest Mike from Mike's Book Reviews joins the show to chat with me about: I open with a joke that flops, how he started his YouTube channel, BookTube, finding time to read, his video on Jurassic Park, re-reading Jurassic Park, Crichton's voice clearly portrayed through Malcolm, our favourite characters like Hammond, Nedry, Grant, Malcolm, Sattler, and Muldoon, Jumanji (1995), Stephen King, adding chidren to your stories, dealing with how abnoxious Lex is, Crichton's character work, problematic heroes, Congo, Timeline, Sphere, Dune, the fate of the Big Rex, the stardom of Velociraptors, the dinosaurs in Jurassic Park, the Oncomouse, Next, chaos theory, why did Crichton not trust science?, Disclosure, our lists of the top Michael Crichton novels, Eaters of the Dead, The Great Train Robbery, and Mike's list of his favourite books of all time: Lonsome Dove, Hyperion, Jurassic Park, To Kill a Mockingbird, Gone With The Wind, Ender's Game, Fellowship of the Ring, A Storm of Swords, It and Dune! and much more! You can find Mike at @MikesBookReviews on Facebook and YouTube, and @zepp1978 on Twitter and Instragram. Plus dinosaur news about: A new spinosaurid dinosaur species from the Early Cretaceous of Cinctorres (Spain) A new bohaiornithid-like bird from the Lower Cretaceous ofChina fills a gap in enantiornithine disparity Featuring the music of Snale https://snalerock.bandcamp.com/ Intro: Truth Time.  Outro: Toucans. The Text: This week's text is Lodge, spanning from pages 350 – 359. Synopsis: Tim, Lex, Grant and Gennaro rush to the Control room to get the power back on! Tim takes control of the computer, racing and struggling with the system, while guided with information from Gennaro, to switch to main power, restore power and contact the Anne B. Discussions surround: Show, Don't Tell, Uniform Maritime Law, Contrivances in Plot, and Cliff Hangers. Corrections:   Side effects:  May cause voices to sound like they're coming through a tin-can telephone.  Find it on iTunes, on Spotify (click here!) or on Podbean (click here). Thank you! The Jura-Sick Park-cast is a part of the Spring Chickens banner of amateur intellectual properties including the Spring Chickens funny pages, Tomb of the Undead graphic novel, the Second Lapse graphic novelettes, The Infantry, and the worst of it all, the King St. Capers. You can find links to all that baggage in the show notes, or by visiting the schickens.blogpost.com or finding us on Facebook, at Facebook.com/SpringChickenCapers or me, I'm on twitter at @RogersRyan22 or email me at ryansrogers-at-gmail.com.  Thank you, dearly, for tuning in to the Juras-Sick Park-Cast, the Jurassic Park podcast where we talk about the novel Jurassic Park, and also not that, too. Until next time!  #JurassicPark #MichaelCrichton

Have you ever thought about how dinosaurs lived on a warm, swampy Earth and how we live on one that's cold enough to keep pretty much the entirety of Greenland and Antarctica buried under kilometers-thick sheets of solid ice and wondered, hmm, how did we get from there to here? The short answer is that it took 50 million years of declining atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations and dropping temperatures, not to mention building an ice sheet or two. For the longer story of the last 50 million years of climate change, including some of the reasons why, catch this episode of our podcast with Dr De La Rocha! You'll hear about plate tectonics and continental drift, silicate weathering, carbonate sedimentation, and the spectacular effects the growth of Earth's ice sheets have had on Earth's climate. There are also lessons here for where anthropogenic global warming is going and whether or not its effects have permanently disrupted the climate system. Fun fact: the total amount of climate change between 50 million years ago and now dwarfs what we're driving by burning fossil fuels, and yet, what we're doing is more terrifying, in that it's unfolding millions of times faster. Bonus content: If you want to see sketches and plots of the data discussed in this episode, we'll be posting up a link soon!!!Nerd alert!! If you're interested in the primary scientific literature on the subject, these four papers are a great place to start.Dutkiewicz et al (2019) Sequestration and subduction of deep-sea carbonate in the global ocean since the Early Cretaceous. Geology 47:91-94.Müller et al (2022) Evolution of Earth's plate tectonic conveyor belt. Nature 605:629–639.Rae et al (2021) Atmospheric CO2 over the last 66 million years from marine archives. Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences 49:609-641.Westerfeld et al (2020) An astronomically dated record of Earth's climate and its predictability over the last 66 million years. Science 369: 1383–1387.Connect with Christina at her blog, on Twitter, and on Mastodon Support the show on Patreon or make a one-time donation via PayPal. Get bonus content on Patreon Hosted on Acast. See acast.com/privacy for more information.

(image source: https://images.dinosaurpictures.org/Genyodectes-maniraptora_be4c.jpg) Host Matthew Donald and guest co-host Lawrence Mack discuss Genyodectes, a dinosaur no one's heard of and no one cares about so therefore no one should complain when we assumedly and repeatedly mispronounce its name throughout the episode. From the Early Cretaceous, this 22-foot ceratosaurid was one of the first dinosaurs ever discovered in South America, but it certainly wouldn't be the last. It seems these days you can't take a walk anywhere in Argentina without tripping over some dino bones. Want to further support the show? Sign up to our Patreon for exclusive bonus content at Patreon.com/MatthewDonald. Also, you can purchase Matthew Donald's dinosaur book "Megazoic" on Amazon by clicking here, its sequel "Megazoic: The Primeval Power" by clicking here, its third installment "Megazoic: The Hunted Ones" by clicking here, or its final installment "Megazoic: An Era's End" by clicking here, as well as his non-dinosaur-related book "Teslanauts" by clicking here. Hosted on Acast. See acast.com/privacy for more information.

Welcome to the Juras-Sick Park-Cast podcast, the Jurassic Park podcast about Michael Crichton's 1990 novel Jurassic Park, and also not about that, too.  Find the episode webpage at: Episode 42 - Control. In this episode, my terrific guests Garret and Sabrina of I Know Dino join the show to chat with me about: cool musuems around the world, visiting Canada, the ROM's Dawn of Life Gallery, reporting on SVP, podcasting, pronouncing dinosaur names, enjoying Jurassic Park the novel and the film, raptors in the kitchen, gallimimus stampeding, Alan Grant's character development, the resounding presence of the film, dinosaurs news!, enantiornithines and siledesauridae and ... seriously, check out Tom Holtz Jr.'s Twitter feed for dinosaur news - it's authoritative!, but also, visit and enjoy I Know Dino, Stegouros elengassen, soft tissues and gut contents, paleopathologies, the Crystal Park Dinosaurs, and much more!   Plus dinosaur news about: Early Evolution of Modern Birds Structured by Global ForestCollapse at the End-Cretaceous Mass Extinction New materials of the Early Cretaceous spinosaurid (Theropoda) teeth of Napai Basin, Fusui County, Guangxi Featuring the music of Snale https://snalerock.bandcamp.com/releases  Intro: Atom-Age Vampire-Cat In The Brain.  Outro: Hummingbird. The Text: This week's text is Control, spanning from pages 228 – 233. Synopsis: John Arnold and Henry Wu search through the computer system to figure out what Dennis Nedry has done to the operating systems at Jurassic Park. They discover wht_rbt.obj, a command disguised as an object, that was Nedry's trap door that links the security and perimeter systems and then turns them off, giving him complete access to every place in the park.  Discussions surround: Show Don't Tell; Timeline; and Similarities and Differences with the film;  Corrections: KPg stands for the Cretaceous-Paleogene boundary, not the Cretaceous-Cenozoic boundary.    Side effects:  May cause a severe case of wanderlust to explore museums both near and far.  Find it on iTunes, on Spotify (click here!) or on Podbean (click here). Thank you! The Jura-Sick Park-cast is a part of the Spring Chickens banner of amateur intellectual properties including the Spring Chickens funny pages, Tomb of the Undead graphic novel, the Second Lapse graphic novelettes, The Infantry, and the worst of it all, the King St. Capers. You can find links to all that baggage in the show notes, or by visiting the schickens.blogpost.com or finding us on Facebook, at Facebook.com/SpringChickenCapers or me, I'm on twitter at @RogersRyan22 or email me at ryansrogers-at-gmail.com.  Thank you, dearly, for tuning in to the Juras-Sick Park-Cast, the Jurassic Park podcast where we talk about the novel Jurassic Park, and also not that, too. Until next time!  #JurassicPark #MichaelCrichton

(image source: https://dinosaurpictures.org/Iguanodon-pictures)Host Matthew Donald and guest co-host Lawrence Mack discuss Iguanodon, a dinosaur that's not an iguana nor known for its teeth, so its chosen name is a real mystery. From the Early Cretaceous, this 30-foot ornithopod was one of the first dinosaurs discovered and was a bulky bro for sure, able to get in some good licks and slashes with its spiked thumb and burly arms. What a real man! Toxic masculinity, ain't it great? No, it's not, not for you or for anyone. Want to further support the show? Sign up to our Patreon for exclusive bonus content at Patreon.com/MatthewDonald. Also, you can purchase Matthew Donald's dinosaur book "Megazoic" on Amazon by clicking here, its sequel "Megazoic: The Primeval Power" by clicking here, its third installment "Megazoic: The Hunted Ones" by clicking here, or its final installment "Megazoic: An Era's End" by clicking here, as well as his non-dinosaur-related book "Teslanauts" by clicking here. Hosted on Acast. See acast.com/privacy for more information.

For links to every news story, all of the details we shared about Camarillasaurus, and our fun fact check out https://iknowdino.com/Camarillasaurus-Episode-428/Join us at www.patreon.com/iknowdino for dinosaur requests, bonus content, ad-free episodes, and more.Dinosaur of the day Camarillasaurus, a spinosaurid that lived in the Early Cretaceous in what is now Teruel Province, Spain.In dinosaur news this week:Two new dinosaurs, the sauropod Khanazeem and the theropod Shansaraiki, were recently (mostly) described from PakistanThe first basal Iguanodontian from Southern China, Napaisaurus, was recently describedA hiker found sauropod bones in the Royal Gorge Region of Colorado“Big John” the Triceratops is going to the Glazer Children's Museum in Tampa, Florida We're very close to reaching our goal of 250 patrons! When we hit the goal we'll be releasing bonus ad-free episodes every month to patrons at our Triceratops tier and up. Join our patreon to help us reach our goal! You can join the Triceratops tier for $9.99/mo (or $8.99/mo if you pay for a year) at patreon.com/iknowdinoTell us what you think about our show in our 2023 Year End Survey! We want our show to be as enjoyable as possible, and your input will help us improve. Head to bit.ly/ikdsurvey23 to help shape the future of I Know Dino!See Privacy Policy at https://art19.com/privacy and California Privacy Notice at https://art19.com/privacy#do-not-sell-my-info.

(image source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microraptor)Host Matthew Donald and guest co-host Christina Eilert discuss Microraptor, a beautiful ebony gem that went butterfly-mode and had four wings instead of two. Show-off. From the Early Cretaceous, this 2-foot dromaeosaurid might have been capable of true flight, but also might not have, which would be embarrassing. You went through all this effort to have four separate wings rather than the usual two and you still couldn't fly?! What a waste of evolution's time.Want to further support the show? Sign up to our Patreon for exclusive bonus content at Patreon.com/MatthewDonald. Also, you can purchase Matthew Donald's dinosaur book "Megazoic" on Amazon by clicking here, its sequel "Megazoic: The Primeval Power" by clicking here, its third installment "Megazoic: The Hunted Ones" by clicking here, or its final installment "Megazoic: An Era's End" by clicking here, as well as his non-dinosaur-related book "Teslanauts" by clicking here. Hosted on Acast. See acast.com/privacy for more information.

For links to every news story, all of the details we shared about Eucamerotus, links from Brigid and Mike, and our fun fact check out https://iknowdino.com/Eucamerotus-Episode-420/Join us at www.patreon.com/iknowdino for dinosaur requests, bonus content, ad-free episodes, and more.Dinosaur of the day Eucamerotus, the "well-chambered" sauropod from the Early Cretaceous in what is now the Isle of Wight, England.Interview with Brigid and Mike, Brigid Christison has a Master's in Biology and is the founder and manager of PalaeoPoems. Mike Thompson is working on a PhD in Paleontology & Sedimentology at the University of Manitoba and writes the science behind the PalaeoPoems. Check them out at www.palaeopoems.comIn dinosaur news this week:“Spinosaurus is not an aquatic dinosaur” according to a new analysis of its buoyancy and body shapeA T. rex skeleton, nicknamed Shen, was supposed to go on sale but instead will be on display at a museum (for now)The Natural History Museum in London is getting a PatagotitanOur last coverage of SVP 2022 including pachycephalosaurs, Big Al pathologies, bird hearts, and more This episode is brought to you by the Sternberg Museum of Natural History. They have amazing summer camps every year including field paleontology, paleoart, and virtual options. Find out more and sign up at https://bit.ly/camps23See Privacy Policy at https://art19.com/privacy and California Privacy Notice at https://art19.com/privacy#do-not-sell-my-info.

(image source: https://dinosaurpictures.org/Acrocanthosaurus-pictures) Host Matthew Donald and guest co-host Stephen Curro discuss Acrocanthosaurus, perhaps the biggest and meanest predator before the mighty rex ever took its first stomp. From the Early Cretaceous, this 38-foot carcharodontosaurid was roughly the size of T. rex, had the spine of Spinosaurus, and the overall body shape of a Giganotosaurus, making it the ultimate amalgamation of the bad guy dinosaurs in the Jurassic Park franchise, and it's not even a hybrid! Sometimes reality is stranger than fiction. Want to further support the show? Sign up to our Patreon for exclusive bonus content at Patreon.com/MatthewDonald. Also, you can purchase Matthew Donald's dinosaur book "Megazoic" on Amazon by clicking here, its sequel "Megazoic: The Primeval Power" by clicking here, its third installment "Megazoic: The Hunted Ones" by clicking here, or its final installment "Megazoic: An Era's End" by clicking here, as well as his non-dinosaur-related book "Teslanauts" by clicking here. Hosted on Acast. See acast.com/privacy for more information.

(image source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minmi_paravertebra) Host Matthew Donald and guest co-host Christina Eilert discuss Minmi, a cutesy wittle turtledillo with a cutesy wittle name, one of the shortest names of all dinosaurs if Yi and Zby weren't a thing. From the Early Cretaceous, this 9-foot ankylosaur nearly got rendered invalid due to insufficient evidence, but thankfully the world was kind enough to provide fossils of other ankylosaurs in its area to prove its distinctiveness as a genus. Sometimes the world is nice and just. Sometimes. Want to further support the show? Sign up to our Patreon for exclusive bonus content at Patreon.com/MatthewDonald. Also, you can purchase Matthew Donald's dinosaur book "Megazoic" on Amazon by clicking here, its sequel "Megazoic: The Primeval Power" by clicking here, its third installment "Megazoic: The Hunted Ones" by clicking here, or its final installment "Megazoic: An Era's End" by clicking here, as well as his non-dinosaur-related book "Teslanauts" by clicking here.

(image source: https://dinopedia.fandom.com/wiki/Erectopus) Host Matthew Donald and guest co-host Lexi Ryan discuss Erectopus, perhaps the worst name of any dinosaur ever, or maybe the best if you're twelve years old. From the Early Cretaceous, this 16-foot long allosaurid has an interesting backstory in regards to the recovery of its fossils, including rich private collectors and shady fossil dealers. The paleontological black market is really cutthroat, folks, so watch out. Want to further support the show? Sign up to our Patreon for exclusive bonus content at Patreon.com/MatthewDonald. Also, you can purchase Matthew Donald's dinosaur book "Megazoic" on Amazon by clicking here, its sequel "Megazoic: The Primeval Power" by clicking here, its third installment "Megazoic: The Hunted Ones" by clicking here, or its final installment "Megazoic: An Era's End" by clicking here, as well as his non-dinosaur-related book "Teslanauts" by clicking here.

(image source: https://images.dinosaurpictures.org/Koshisaurus/Koshisaurus_NT_899f.jpg)   Host Matthew Donald and guest co-host Matt David Seviert discuss Koshisaurus, a dinosaur with very little known about it so this episode is basically a sneaky preview episode of Seivert's other podcast Nerds ‘R Us. From the Early Cretaceous, this 14-foot hadrosaurid lived in Japan and thus we're perfectly justified in our discussions about Kamen Rider and other stuff, because if I covered only this creature it'd be a three minute episode at best. Check out Nerds ‘R Us: link is in the description!   Want to further support the show? Sign up to our Patreon for exclusive bonus content at Patreon.com/MatthewDonald. Also, you can purchase Matthew Donald's dinosaur book "Megazoic" on Amazon by clicking here, its sequel "Megazoic: The Primeval Power" by clicking here, its third installment "Megazoic: The Hunted Ones" by clicking here, or its final installment "Megazoic: An Era's End" by clicking here, as well as his non-dinosaur-related book "Teslanauts" by clicking here.   Nerds 'R Us: https://nerds-r-us.libsyn.com  Kamen Rider Revice: https://kamenrider.fandom.com/wiki/Kamen_Rider_Revice 

(image source: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Brontomerus.jpg) Host Matthew Donald and guest co-host Christina Eilert discuss Brontomerus to round out Bronto Month, a real voluptuous dinosaur if the name is any indication, which dear God I hope it's not as that would stir a lot of worrying things in me. From the Early Cretaceous, this 46-foot long camarasaurid sauropod could potentially gallop, climb mountains, and kick predatory dinosaurs like a horse based on its well-developed leg muscles. Mmm, well-developed leg muscles… eesh, calm down, it's an overgrown lizard. A real thicc one… mmmm… I'm going now. Want to further support the show? Sign up to our Patreon for exclusive bonus content at Patreon.com/MatthewDonald. Also, you can purchase Matthew Donald's dinosaur book "Megazoic" on Amazon by clicking here, its sequel "Megazoic: The Primeval Power" by clicking here, its third installment "Megazoic: The Hunted Ones" by clicking here, or its final installment "Megazoic: An Era's End" by clicking here, as well as his non-dinosaur-related book "Teslanauts" by clicking here.

For links to every news story, all of the details we shared about Zapalasaurus, and our fun fact check out https://iknowdino.com/Zapalasaurus-Episode-408/Join us at www.patreon.com/iknowdino for dinosaur requests, bonus content, ad-free episodes, and more.Dinosaur of the day Zapalasaurus, a basal diplodocoid sauropod that lived in the Early Cretaceous in what is now Neuquén Province, Argentina.In dinosaur news this week:A new carcharodontosaurid with tiny arms, Meraxes gigas, helps show that all large-headed carnivores had relatively small armsGastroliths and Deinonychus teeth have been found associated with April the TenontosaurusScientists looked at the growth of the smallest (but not yet named) ornithopod that lived in what is now SpainAn opalized fossil may be a new dinosaur speciesThe Australian Opal Centre hosts an annual dinosaur fossil digUbirajara is being returned to BrazilPodokesaurus holyokensis became the official state dinosaur of MassachusettsDelaware has a state dinosaur, DryptosaurusThere are seven missing sculptures from Crystal Palace DinosaursLottie, the Triceratops statue from Louisville, Kentucky got a makeoverNBC is making a new natural history series show called Surviving EarthStephen Fry is hosting Dinosaur — with Stephen Fry, a four part series about dinosaurs in the Jurassic and CretaceousYou can play Dinosaur Fossil Hunter on SteamGames Radar published a list of the 10 best dinosaur games See Privacy Policy at https://art19.com/privacy and California Privacy Notice at https://art19.com/privacy#do-not-sell-my-info.

(image source: https://www.extinctanimals.org/suchomimus.htm) Host Matthew Donald and guest co-host Lexi Ryan discuss Suchomimus, a dinosaur that despite its genus name's suffix doesn't look anything like the other ostrich dinos, almost like it's in a completely different family or something. From the Early Cretaceous, this 36-foot spinosaurid didn't have a sail like its family's namesake nor a large forelimb claw like Baryonyx, but at least it was big! And hey, sometimes being big is all you need to be special. I would definitely know. Want to further support the show? Sign up to our Patreon for exclusive bonus content at Patreon.com/MatthewDonald. Also, you can purchase Matthew Donald's dinosaur book "Megazoic" on Amazon by clicking here, its sequel "Megazoic: The Primeval Power" by clicking here, its third installment "Megazoic: The Hunted Ones" by clicking here, or its final installment "Megazoic: An Era's End" by clicking here.

(image source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fukuiraptor) Host Matthew Donald and guest co-host Matt David Seivert discuss Fukuiraptor, a Japanese dinosaur with a name where the jokes write themselves, but it'd be silly and unprofessional for us to make those jokes. From the Early Cretaceous, this 16-foot megaraptoran theropod is an awesome dinosaur, and if you don't agree, well, Fuku! …iraptor. What? I said it'd be silly and unprofessional to make those jokes, not that we wouldn't do them! Have you listened to this show before? Want to further support the show? Sign up to our Patreon for exclusive bonus content at Patreon.com/MatthewDonald. Also, you can purchase Matthew Donald's dinosaur book "Megazoic" on Amazon by clicking here, its sequel "Megazoic: The Primeval Power" by clicking here, its third installment "Megazoic: The Hunted Ones" by clicking here, or its final installment "Megazoic: An Era's End" by clicking here. And you can check out the Discord for Matt David's podcast Nerds 'R' Us here: https://discord.gg/PtuCAmXnNn 

About 125 million years ago, during the Cretaceous period, Tyrannosaurus roamed the land on continents that were positioned very differently than they are today. Ths skies were filled with Pterodactyls and a variety of other pterosaurs. The oceans teemed with giant sea dinosaurs like Mosasaurs and Elasmosaurids that grew longer than 50 feet. In the freshwaters, fish from the family Polyodontidae swam with their massive mouths wide open as they used electroreceptors located on their long, snout-like rostrums to detect weak electric fields which indicated the presence of prey items like zooplankton in the water column. There are six known species of these paddlefish. All but one of those species are extinct. The surviving species, the American paddlefish (Polyodon spathula) native to North America, continues to swim in our waterways with very few morphological changes since the earliest fossil records of the Early Cretaceous, 120 to 125 million years ago. While paddlefish populations have declined dramatically across their historic range, the state of Oklahoma has done a phenomenal job of conserving this magnificent species. Nels Rodefeld is the communication and education chief of the Oklahoma Department of Wildlife Conservation. Nels is a true paddlefish expert. Silvana Braculla Yaroschuk is the multistate conservation grants program manager for the Association of Fish and Wildlife Agencies. Silvana and podcast host Jesse Deubel had the honor of spending a day fishing for dinosaurs with Nels Rodefeld and the Assistant Director of Operations for the Oklahoma Department of Wildlife Conservation, Wade Free. It was an amazing experience full of excitement and education. Learn how the team from Oklahoma's state wildlife agency has implemented creative solutions to fund paddlefish conservation. Enjoy the listen! For More Infohttps://nmwildlife.org/

(image source: https://bit.ly/3thtE8t) Host Matthew Donald and guest co-host Ben O'Regan discuss Australovenator, an Australian predatory dinosaur, which is kind of obvious when hearing its name, so I don't know why I bothered to say that. From the Early Cretaceous, this 20-foot megaraptoran theropod was retroactively added into Walking with Dinosaurs as the "dwarf allosaur" after its description in 2009, proving the BBC have the gift of foresight. They should have a crack at that whole future speculative evolution genre, then! They'd be 100% accurate!  Want to further support the show? Sign up to our Patreon for exclusive bonus content at Patreon.com/MatthewDonald. Also, you can purchase Matthew Donald's dinosaur book "Megazoic" on Amazon by clicking here, its sequel "Megazoic: The Primeval Power" by clicking here, its third installment "Megazoic: The Hunted Ones" by clicking here, or its final installment "Megazoic: An Era's End" by clicking here. 

(image source: https://bit.ly/3kssKkC) Host Matthew Donald and guest co-host Laura Owsley discuss Gastonia, a dinosaur with a French-sounding name despite being American; kind of like French fries, except those actually originated in Belgium. From the Early Cretaceous, this 18-foot nodosaurid is the source of many a Disney joke, including in this very episode, so listen to hear some! I bet you can already predict ten of them. God, this show's so cringey. (Apologies about the bad audio quality. There was a temporary issue with our recording that day) Want to further support the show? Sign up to our Patreon for exclusive bonus content at Patreon.com/MatthewDonald. Also, you can purchase Matthew Donald's dinosaur book "Megazoic" on Amazon by clicking here, its sequel "Megazoic: The Primeval Power" by clicking here, its third installment "Megazoic: The Hunted Ones" by clicking here, or its final installment "Megazoic: An Era's End" by clicking here. 

For links to every news story, all of the details we shared about Proa, and our fun fact check out https://iknowdino.com/Proa-Episode-389/Join us at www.patreon.com/iknowdino for dinosaur requests, bonus content, ad-free episodes, and more.Dinosaur of the day Proa, a basal iguanodont that lived in the Early Cretaceous in what is now Teruel Province, Spain.We answer the following questions:What “Dino of the day” most surprised you / most interested you in researching it for an episode?What famous dino field expedition would you liked to have been part of?Who of the early paleontologists do you wish you could have interviewed?If you had to take a side in the Bone Wars, would it be Marsh or Cope?Will there ever be a chance that your favorite groups of dinosaurs (sauropods and ankylosaurs) could change?What are your favorite non-saurian extinct animals?Do you have ancient plant or fungal life you find interesting?Did you have a favorite dinosaur toy growing up?How long would a human survive in the early-Triassic, mid-Jurassic, or end-Cretaceous?What is the Coolest fossil you have found or seen?What makes Velociraptor (and other feathered dinosaurs) dinosaurs and not birds?Which fossil most seems to be missing from the record, but you hope or expect to be found? Maybe a feathered T. rex?What is—and isn't—known about dinosaur skin? How is it known, soft tissue preservation?Do you have a routine for how you do the research for each episode?Is there a specific specimen you want to visit and see someday?Have any dinosaur fossils been found in the in Antarctica? Is their any chance any skin, bone etc could be locked in the permafrost? This episode is brought to you by our patrons. Their generous contributions make our podcast possible! You can join our community, help us keep the show going, and get the show ad-free for $9/month with an annual subscription. Go to Patreon.com/iknowdino to sign up.See Privacy Policy at https://art19.com/privacy and California Privacy Notice at https://art19.com/privacy#do-not-sell-my-info.

(image source: https://dinosaurpictures.org/Iberomesornis-pictures) Host Matthew Donald and guest co-host Natasha Krech discuss Iberomesornis, a tiny Mesozoic bird with teeth and claws but also a beak and no tailbones, almost like evolution exists or something. From the Early Cretaceous, this 6-inch enantiornithine theropod coexisted with pterosaurs while watching them with sneaky eyes, knowing eventually they'd take over their throne as the dominant flying vertebrates. Or their perch, since, you know, they're birds. Want to further support the show? Sign up to our Patreon for exclusive bonus content at Patreon.com/MatthewDonald. Also, you can purchase Matthew Donald's dinosaur book "Megazoic" on Amazon by clicking here, its sequel "Megazoic: The Primeval Power" by clicking here, its third installment "Megazoic: The Hunted Ones" by clicking here, or its final installment "Megazoic: An Era's End" by clicking here. 

(image source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludodactylus by FunkMonk) Host Matthew Donald and guest co-host Lawrence Mack discuss Ludodactylus, a pterosaur that's been accidentally depicted in toys of Pteranodon for decades due to having the crest of Pteranodon as well as teeth which Pteranodon lacked. From the Early Cretaceous, this 20-foot-wingspan anhanguerid proves that nature can sometimes be just as interesting as human imagination. I wonder if we'll find out those DIno Rider toys are also accidentally accurate. That'd be cool. Want to further support the show? Sign up to our Patreon for exclusive bonus content at Patreon.com/MatthewDonald. Also, you can purchase Matthew Donald's dinosaur book "Megazoic" on Amazon by clicking here, its sequel "Megazoic: The Primeval Power" by clicking here, its third installment "Megazoic: The Hunted Ones" by clicking here, or its final installment "Megazoic: An Era's End" by clicking here. 

For links to every news story, all of the details we shared about Beipiaosaurus, links from Sibusiso Biyela, and our fun fact check out https://iknowdino.com/Beipiaosaurus-Episode-373/Join us at www.patreon.com/iknowdino for dinosaur requests, bonus content, ad-free episodes, and more.Dinosaur of the day Beipiaosaurus, A feathered therizinosauroid form the Early Cretaceous of what is now China.Interview with Sibusiso Biyela, a science writer and communicator, and an advocate for decolonizing science. He recently started working on a project to bring scientific terminology to six African languages including a great article about Ledumahadi in Zulu. Follow him on twitter @AstroSibsIn dinosaur news this week:One of the most complete dinosaurs ever found was discovered in a fossilized unhatched egg in Ganzhou, ChinaA new Tarchia species, Tarchia tumanovae, was described with a nearly 6ft long tail clubThe Mary Anning statue in Black Ven may be unveiled by her 223rd birthdayThe Royal Australian Mint has released an Australovenator coinThis episode is brought to you by our patrons. We just released our second bonus episode covering many more paleontological discoveries for all of our patrons. Head to Patreon.com/iknowdino to get access and help us keep making the show.For a limited time if you join our Patreon at our Spinosaurus tier you'll get a metal print of Sabrina's Oryctodromeus burrow. Go to Patreon.com/iknowdino to sign up and help us keep creating I Know Dino every week.See Privacy Policy at https://art19.com/privacy and California Privacy Notice at https://art19.com/privacy#do-not-sell-my-info.

(image source: https://dinopedia.fandom.com/wiki/Incisivosaurus) Host Matthew Donald and guest co-host Laura Owsley discuss Incisivosaurus, one of the dumbest looking dinosaurs, which is a crime, because dinosaurs are supposed to be cool. From the Early Cretaceous, this 12-foot oviraptorosaur was one of the only members in its family to have teeth, and what teeth! Seriously, buck-teeth?! What is this guy, a naked mole rat? Want to further support the show? Sign up to our Patreon for exclusive bonus content at Patreon.com/MatthewDonald. Also, you can purchase Matthew Donald's dinosaur book "Megazoic" on Amazon by clicking here, its sequel "Megazoic: The Primeval Power" by clicking here, its third installment "Megazoic: The Hunted Ones" by clicking here, or its final installment "Megazoic: An Era's End" by clicking here. 

(image source: https://bit.ly/3oKU54M) Host Matthew Donald and guest co-host and Matt's nephew Jacob Poloskey discuss Ninjatitan, a sauropod really inaccurately named, as I'm fairly certain there were no ninjas back then. From the Early Cretaceous, this 66-foot titanosaur was described just this year, proving definitively that dinosaur genus names are getting stupider. Can't wait to hear about Piraterex buccaneerus in 2027. Want to further support the show? Sign up to our Patreon for exclusive bonus content at Patreon.com/MatthewDonald. Also, you can purchase Matthew Donald's dinosaur book "Megazoic" on Amazon by clicking here, its sequel "Megazoic: The Primeval Power" by clicking here, its third installment "Megazoic: The Hunted Ones" by clicking here, or its final installment "Megazoic: An Era's End" by clicking here. 

(image source: https://www.amnh.org/explore/news-blogs/on-exhibit-posts/pterosaur-of-the-day-pterodaustro) Host Matthew Donald and guest co-host Laura Owsley discuss Pterodaustro, a flamingo/pelican/stork thing with baleen like a whale, except it was a reptile. From the Early Cretaceous, this 8-foot-wingspan pterosaur might have even been pink like flamingos based on its diet, which is nice. Real men wear pink, and a pterosaur is nothing but a real man. Want to further support the show? Sign up to our Patreon for exclusive bonus content at Patreon.com/MatthewDonald. Also, you can purchase Matthew Donald's dinosaur book "Megazoic" on Amazon by clicking here, its sequel "Megazoic: The Primeval Power" by clicking here, its third installment "Megazoic: The Hunted Ones" by clicking here, or its final installment "Megazoic: An Era's End" by clicking here. 

(image source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Repenomamus) Host Matthew Donald and guest co-host Stephen Curro discuss Repenomamus, the biggest mammal of dinosaur times that actively preyed on dino babies, which is a real switcheroo in the usual predatory roles. From the Early Cretaceous, this 3.5-foot gobiconodontid was the first sign that mammals would not cower in fear of dinosaurs forever! All it took was a giant space rock sixty million years later. They were the playing the long game, those mammals. Want to further support the show? Sign up to our Patreon for exclusive bonus content at Patreon.com/MatthewDonald. Also, you can purchase Matthew Donald's dinosaur book "Megazoic" on Amazon by clicking here, its sequel "Megazoic: The Primeval Power" by clicking here, its third installment "Megazoic: The Hunted Ones" by clicking here, or its final installment "Megazoic: An Era's End" by clicking here. 

(image source: https://images.dinosaurpictures.org/concavenatorRM_2211.jpg)  Host Matthew Donald and guest co-host Lexi Ryan discuss Concavenator, a dinosaur with a raging stiffy on the wrong end, or a less obvious joke. From the Early Cretaceous, this 20 foot carcharodontosaurid had one of the most truly preposterous features of any dinosaur. Seriously, why did that pointy thing exist? And why is it at that part of the back? Is science playing a joke? Well, it's not funny! Unless it's literally a genital, in which case it's hilarious. Want to further support the show? Sign up to our Patreon for exclusive bonus content at Patreon.com/MatthewDonald. Also, you can purchase Matthew Donald's dinosaur book "Megazoic" on Amazon by clicking here, its sequel "Megazoic: The Primeval Power" by clicking here, its third installment "Megazoic: The Hunted Ones" by clicking here, or its final installment "Megazoic: An Era's End" by clicking here. 

For links to every news story, all of the details we shared about Abydosaurus, and our fun fact check out https://iknowdino.com/Abydosaurus-Episode-346/To get access to lots of patron only content check out https://www.patreon.com/iknowdinoDinosaur of the day Abydosaurus, an Early Cretaceous brachiosaurid that is known from multiple complete skulls.In dinosaur news this week:A new Heterodontosaurus shows the first full set of gastralia ever found on an OrnithischianTriassic fossils were found in a new creek bed site in VirginiaA new cretaceous ornithopod vertebra was found in OregonRoper Mountain Science Center in South Carolina has an exhibit called Be The Dinosaur this summerA Triceratops replica is on display at the Waynesboro, Virginia Public Library"Dinny" the 110 tonne Brontosaurus at the Calgary Zoo is getting repairedThe Science Museum of Minnesota is working on getting Minnesota an official state fossilOur comfy dinosaur clothes are available in several new awesome designs! Get them on T-shirts, hoodies, tank tops, and lots of other items by going to bit.ly/iknowdinostoreSee Privacy Policy at https://art19.com/privacy and California Privacy Notice at https://art19.com/privacy#do-not-sell-my-info.

(image source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muttaburrasaurus by NobuTamura) Host Matthew Donald and guest co-host Natasha Krech discuss Muttaburrasaurus, a relative of Iguanodon from Australia before everything there was trying to kill you. From the Early Cretaceous, this 25-foot rhabdodontid may have migrated to Antarctica in the summer, because the two continents were linked back in Mesozoic times. The calm coldness of Antarctica balanced out the dangerous heat of the Outback. How romantic. They really should still be together; I wonder why it didn't work out? Want to further support the show? Sign up to our Patreon for exclusive bonus content at Patreon.com/MatthewDonald. Also, you can purchase Matthew Donald's dinosaur book "Megazoic" on Amazon by clicking here, its sequel "Megazoic: The Primeval Power" by clicking here, its third installment "Megazoic: The Hunted Ones" by clicking here, or its final installment "Megazoic: An Era's End" by clicking here. 

(image source: https://dinosaurpictures.org/Sauropelta-pictures) Host Matthew Donald and guest co-host Natasha Krech discuss Sauropelta, the spiky armored one with spikes slightly spikier than the other spiky armored ones. From the Early Cretaceous, this 20-foot long nodosaurid would make a very unappetizing meal for any wandering T. rex... since by the time the rex evolved, Sauropelta had been extinct for forty million years, and no one wants to eat anything that old. Want to further support the show? Sign up to our Patreon for exclusive bonus content here. Also, you can purchase Matthew Donald's dinosaur book "Megazoic" on Amazon by clicking here, its sequel "Megazoic: The Primeval Power" by clicking here, its third installment "Megazoic: The Hunted Ones" by clicking here, or its final installment "Megazoic: An Era's End" by clicking here. 

For links to every news story, all of the details we shared about Nqwebasaurus, and our fun fact check out https://iknowdino.com/Nqwebasaurus-Episode-331/To get access to lots of patron only content check out https://www.patreon.com/iknowdinoDinosaur of the day Nqwebasaurus, an herbivorous coelurosaur from the Early Cretaceous in what is now South Africa.In dinosaur news this week:A new oviraptorid embryo shows that Oviraptor was not the "egg thief" it was once thought to beA second specimen of Diamantinasaurus was described with a previously unknown braincaseMore work on a Sphaerotholus buchholtzae find helps to show it is a valid speciesUtahraptor State Park is officially approved after the governor signed the bill into lawIn Montville, Connecticut, The Dinosaur Place in Nature’s Art Village recently reopened with COVID-19 safety measuresDinorama: Miniatures Through the Mesozoic is at the Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History through April 25thConnecticut's Sky’s the Limit Hiking Challenge includes Dinosaur State Park this yearIn Washington state, a woman got stuck on top of a T. rex statue at Granger Dinosaur ParkThis episode is brought to you by EveryPlate. Try EveryPlate for just $1.99 per meal plus an additional 20% off your next 2 boxes by going to EveryPlate.com and entering code ikd199This episode is brought to you by The Great Courses Plus. Get a free month of unlimited access to learn anything you want at TheGreatCoursesPlus.com/ikd

Before there was Tyrannosaurus, there was Acrocanthosaurus! This huge predator was the largest carnivore in its domain. With a massive body and powerful jaws, it terrorized herbivore in the Early Cretaceous period of North America. 

For links to every news story, all of the details we shared about Brontomerus, and our fun fact check out https://iknowdino.com/Brontomerus-Episode-325/To get access to lots of patron only content check out https://www.patreon.com/iknowdinoDinosaur of the day Brontomerus, The "thunder thigh" sauropod from the Early Cretaceous of what is now Utah.In dinosaur news this week:One of the first known sauropod skulls has been renamed from Morosaurus to Smitanosaurus agilisThe Denver Museum of Nature and Science has a new exhibit called Sue: The T. rex ExperienceThe Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History is reopening their Prehistoric Forest (animatronic dinosaur) exhibit

Imagine being able to travel back 120 million years to the Early Cretaceous and scoop up handfuls of the forest floor. The amount you would discover in that material would be mind blowing and, amazingly, it this is essentially what my guest gets to do. Dr. Fabiany Herrera is a paleobotanist based at the Chicago Botanic Garden who is currently helping reconstruct the flora of an ancient Mongolian swamp. Mongolia is well known for its dinosaur fossils, but what Dr. Herrera and his colleagues are uncovering is amazingly preserved evidence of the ecosystem that once support them. From resolving relationships among extant gymnosperms to describing new taxa, there seems to be no end to the information packed away in these amazing fossils. Join us as we catch a glimpse of an Early Cretaceous flora. This podcast was produced in part by Jerome, Brian, Melody, Azomonas, Ellie, University Greens, Cynthia, John, Ashley, Peter, Cathrine, Melvin, OrangeJulian, Porter, Grif, Jules, Joan, Les, Marabeth, Ali, Margaret, Southside Plants, Robert, Keiko, Bryce, Brittany, Helen, Amanda, Mikey, Rhiannon, Michelle, Kate, German, Joerg, Alejandra, Cathy, Jordan, Judy, Steve, Kae, Carole, Mr. Keith Santner, Dana, Chloe, Aaron, Sara, Kenned, Vaibhav, Kendall, Christina, Brett, Jocelyn, Kathleen, Ethan, Kaylee, Runaway Goldfish, Ryan, Donica, Chris, Shamora, Alana, Laura, Alice, Sarah, Rachel, Joanna, Griff, Philip, Paul, Matthew, Clark, Bobby, Kate, Steven, Brittney, McMansion Hell, Joey, Catherine, Brandon, Hall, Vegreville Creek and Wetlands Fund, Kevin, Oliver, John, Johansson, Christina, Jared, Hannah, Katy Pye, Brandon, Gwen, Carly, Stephen, Botanical Tours, Moonwort Studios, Liba, Mohsin Kazmi Takes Pictures, doeg, Clifton, Stephanie, Benjamin, Eli, Rachael, Plant By Design, Philip, Brent, Ron, Tim, Homestead Brooklyn, Brodie, Kevin, Sophia, Mark, Rens, Bendix, Irene, Holly, Caitlin, Manuel, Jennifer, Sara, and Margie.

Dinosaurier sind faszinierend. Viele von uns wissen das noch aus ihrer Kindheit, als wir gespannt in Büchern geblättert und mit Modellen gespielt haben. Schade eigentlich, dass sie ausgestorben sind… Sind sie das? Was wäre, wenn sie noch leben? Was wäre, wenn sie unter uns sind, wir sie jeden Tag sehen und hören? Und was wäre, wenn sie ganz anders ausgesehen haben, als wir denken? Die dritte Folge biophon erzählt die Geschichte der Dinosaurier bis in die Gegenwart - auf der Basis wissenschaftlicher Erkenntnisse anstelle populärer Dinosaurier-Filme - und zeigt, warum wir unsere Vorstellungen dieser Tiere möglicherweise grundlegend verändern müssen.Coverbild: Tyrannosaurus on a watering hole, (c) Damir G. Martin, www.damirgmartin.comQuellen:Norell, M. A., & Xu, X. (2004). FEATHERED DINOSAURS.  Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences. http://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.earth.33.092203.122511Li, Q. et al. (2012). Reconstruction of Microraptor and the evolution of iridescent plumage. Science. http://doi.org/10.1126/science.1213780Xu, X. et al. (2007). A gigantic bird-like dinosaur from the Late Cretaceous of China. Nature. http://doi.org/10.1038/nature05849Zhang, F. et al. (2008). A bizarre Jurassic maniraptoran from China with elongate ribbon-like feathers. Nature. http://doi.org/10.1038/nature07447Xu, X. et al. (2004). Basal tyrannosauroids from China and evidence for protofeathers in tyrannosauroids. Nature. http://doi.org/10.1038/nature02855Zheng, X.-T. et al. (2009). An Early Cretaceous heterodontosaurid dinosaur with filamentous integumentary structures. Nature. http://doi.org/10.1038/nature07856Bildquellen: Coverbild: Tyrannosaurus on a watering hole, (c) Damir G. Martin, www.damirgmartin.comSolnhofener Steinbruch: Presse03, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia CommonsArchaeopteryx-Fossil: James L. Amos, CC0, via Wikimedia CommonsArchaeopteryx-Zeichnung: DataBase Center for Life Science (DBCLS), CC BY 4.0 via Wikimedia CommonsSinornithosaurus: FunkMonk (Michael B. H.), CC BY-SA 3.0 via Wikimedia CommonsMicroraptor: Fred Wierum, CC BY-SA 4.0 via Wikimedia CommonsGigantoraptor: Debivort, CC BY-SA 3.0 via Wikimedia CommonsEpidexipteryx: Nobu Tamura   (nobu.tamura@yahoo.com , www.palaeocritti.com), CC BY 3.0 via Wikimedia CommonsYutyrannus: Tomopteryx, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia CommonsFedern in Dinosauriern: Cladogram by Kiwi Rex, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons

(image source: https://images.dinosaurpictures.org/Irritator-Andrey-Atuchin_efcd.jpg) Host Matthew Donald and guest co-host Laura Owsley discuss Irritator, a dinosaur with a hilarious name and a not-so-hilarious backstory on how it got it. From the Early Cretaceous, this 25-foot spinosaurid shares a kindred spirit with little brothers everywhere, or at least this particular little brother. I have three older sisters, okay? They can all verify just how irritating I was. Want to further support the show? Sign up to our Patreon for exclusive bonus content here. Also, you can purchase Matthew Donald's dinosaur book "Megazoic" on Amazon by clicking here, its sequel "Megazoic: The Primeval Power" by clicking here, its third installment "Megazoic: The Hunted Ones" by clicking here, or its final installment "Megazoic: An Era's End" by clicking here. 

(image source: http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2019-11/28/c_138590619.htm) Host Matthew Donald and guest co-host Lawrence Mack discuss Xunmenglong, a tiny dinosaur from China and the last of our Paleo Bites X-Series. From the Early Cretaceous, this 1.5-foot compsognathid is not to be confused with the similarly-named Yunmenglong, a big longneck dinosaur from a similar time and place. That's just one letter away! Like, the next letter down alphabetically. Eh, whatever. Want to further support the show? Sign up to our Patreon for exclusive bonus content here. Also, you can purchase Matthew Donald's dinosaur book "Megazoic" on Amazon by clicking here, its sequel "Megazoic: The Primeval Power" by clicking here, its third installment "Megazoic: The Hunted Ones" by clicking here, or its final installment "Megazoic: An Era's End" by clicking here. 

(image source: https://cooldinofacts.fandom.com/wiki/Xenoposeidon) Host Matthew Donald and guest co-host Lexi Ryan discuss Xenoposeidon for our Paleo Bites X-Series, a longneck that has bar none the coolest name of any dinosaur. From the Early Cretaceous, this 50-foot rebbachisaurid had its fossils first discovered in the late nineteenth century but it wasn't officially described until 2007! And I thought my procrastinating was bad. Want to further support the show? Sign up to our Patreon for exclusive bonus content here. Also, you can purchase Matthew Donald's dinosaur book "Megazoic" on Amazon by clicking here, its sequel "Megazoic: The Primeval Power" by clicking here, its third installment "Megazoic: The Hunted Ones" by clicking here, or its final installment "Megazoic: An Era's End" by clicking here. 

Bulunduğumuz haftanın bilim dünyasından önemli gelişmeleri sizler için derledik. NASA seeking US citizens for social isolation study for Moon and Mars missions. https://www.nasa.gov/feature/nasa-seeking-us-citizens-for-social-isolation-study-for-moon-and-mars-missions Current and one year psychological and physical effects of replacing sedentary time with time in other behaviors. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2020.02.018 Acetylation of Aβ42 at lysine 16 disrupts amyloid formation. https://doi.org/10.1021/acschemneuro.0c00069 General anesthetics activate a potent central pain suppression circuit in the amygdala. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41593-020-0632-8 Gravitational wave asteroseismology with fundamental modes from compact binary inspirals. https://doi.org/10.5281/ZENODO.3634938 There is no impending 'Mini Ice Age'. https://climate.nasa.gov/blog/2953/there-is-no-impending-mini-ice-age/ How the coronavirus pandemic slashed carbon emissions. https://doi.org/10.1038/d41586-020-01497-0 First elaphrosaurine theropod dinosaur (Ceratosauria: Noasauridae) from Australia - A cervical vertebra from the Early Cretaceous of Victoria. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gr.2020.03.009 Was the Devonian placoderm Titanichthys a suspension feeder. https://doi.org/10.1098/rsos.200272 Global increase in major tropical cyclone exceedance probability over the past four decades. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1920849117 Every heart dances to a different tune. www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2020/05/200520084125.htm Artificial eye boosted by hemispherical retina. https://doi.org/10.1038/d41586-020-01420-7 Transient inhibition of mTOR in human pluripotent stem cells enables robust formation of mouse human chimeric embryos. https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aaz0298 The National Microbiome Data Collaborative: enabling microbiome science. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41579-020-0377-0 Alienating Mars: Challenges of space colonization. https://www.nyas.org/events/2020/webinar-alienating-mars-challenges-of-space-colonization Bize 101.podcast.info@gmail.com adresinden ulaşabilirsiniz.

(image source:  http://images.dinosaurpictures.org/Amargasaurus_PC_0445.jpg) Host Matthew Donald and guest co-host Allen Brooks discuss Amargasaurus, the spiky longneck that would be real fun at New Year's Eve parties. From the Early Cretaceous, this 35-foot sauropod was a real pain in the neck to predators...literally! That is, Amargasaurus's neck was literally a pain to predators. It makes sense. Also, you can purchase Matthew Donald's dinosaur book "Megazoic" on Amazon by clicking here, its sequel "Megazoic: The Primeval Power" by clicking here, its third installment "Megazoic: The Hunted Ones" by clicking here, or its final installment "Megazoic: An Era's End" by clicking here. 

(image source: https://images.dinosaurpictures.org/pcab011_santanaraptor_70b8.jpg) Merry Christmas! Host Matthew Donald and guest co-host Lawrence Mack discuss Santanaraptor, the primitive tyrannosaurid that's named after the Santana region in Brazil but has "Santa" at the beginning so we're doing it for the holidays. From the Early Cretaceous, this 4-foot theropod is sure to be a big help for the jolly ol' elf this season! Somehow. Who knows how. Also, you can purchase Matthew Donald's dinosaur book "Megazoic" on Amazon by clicking here, its sequel "Megazoic: The Primeval Power" by clicking here, its third installment "Megazoic: The Hunted Ones" by clicking here, or its final installment "Megazoic: An Era's End" by clicking here. 

The gang discusses a few papers that look at the evolutionary history, biogeography, and life habit of Mesozoic turtles. Specifically, they look at a paper about a stem turtle with interesting information about the evolutionary history of turtle morphology, a paper on a special fossil of a marine turtle with exceptionally preserved eggs, and a paper that investigates the biogeographic history of turtles. Basically, its a whole lotta turtles! Meanwhile, James resurrects some old arguments, Curt revisits cherished film scenes, and Amanda has a new obsession.   Up-Goer Five (James Edition): The group look at two papers that are looking at animals with four legs and hard parts on the outside that they can hide in. These things are found on land with legs and in the water with water legs that they use for being not on land. This is a very long set of words, so we will call them hard boys. The first paper is looking at a hard boy that was full of little round things that would become babies. This is the second hard boy to be found with almost babies and can tell us whether hard boys had lots of babies or not a lot of babies. Hard boys that are in the water usually have a lot of babies that are not expected to live very long; this long dead hard boy actually had not many babies, so although it lived in the water it expected its babies to live. The second paper is looking at where hard boys lived in the past and how they got to be where they are today. The paper shows that hard boys started in one place that was very big and that they stayed on it as it broke up over time. As it broke up they also moved between the bits, so the hard boys were able to move between the bits even though they are usually slow. They keep doing this until the bits get too far from each other to let the hard boys move across.   References:  Li, Chun, et al. "A Triassic stem turtle with an edentulous beak." Nature560.7719 (2018): 476.   Ferreira, Gabriel S., et al. "Phylogeny, biogeography and diversification patterns of side-necked turtles (Testudines: Pleurodira)." Royal Society open science 5.3 (2018): 171773.   Cadena, Edwin‐Alberto, et al. "A gravid fossil turtle from the Early Cretaceous reveals a different egg development strategy to that of extant marine turtles." Palaeontology (2018). 

Dinosaur of the day Atlascopcosaurus, an Early Cretaceous iguanodont from southern Australia.We also interviewed Michael D'Emic, Assistant Professor of Biology at Adelphi University. He has studied dinosaur body size evolution, bone tissues, and teeth. We discuss the crazy number of teeth that Majungasaurus grew, Allosaurus growth variation, why some Titanosaurs had osteoderms, and a lot more. Follow him on Twitter @astrophocaudiaIn dinosaur news this week:A new ornithopod, Galleonosaurus dorisae, was found in Southern Victoria, AustraliaA group of 29 young ornithopods were named Convolosaurus marri in TexasJurassic National Monument in Utah was confirmed as part of a new public lands billIndia is planning on building their own version of the Smithsonian Museum, called the Indian Museum of EarthCalgary Zoo in Canada is giving its Dinny the Dinosaur statue a $200,000 makeoverAn animatronic dinosaur ride is coming to the Bronx Zoo in AprilIn Berkeley New Jersey, there will soon be a new dinosaur outside Sand Castle Diner, to keep Bud the Bayville dinosaur companyPublication Studio Games created a fun text based, choose your own adventure game, called A Dinosaur Named David Swims in a Japanese poolYou can now buy a toy model version of the Google Chrome T. rexTo get access to lots of patron only content check out https://www.patreon.com/iknowdinoFor links to every news story, all of the details we shared about Atlascopcosaurus, more links from Michael D'Emic, and our fun fact check out https://iknowdino.com/Atlascopcosaurus-Episode-225/

Museum Curator and Interpretive Manager Michelle Johnston drops by to chat about the growing educational opportunities being offered at Kronosaurus Korner, a working museum with nearly 1,150 unique fossil specimens from Richmond and the surrounding areas of northwestern Queensland. From public fossil digs to distance education, Michelle takes us through some of her learnings from her Churchill Fellowship in palaeobiology and remote palaeotourism. Hosted Ben Newsome from Fizzics EducationMore information Located in Richmond, QLD, Kronosaurus Korner aims to provide a place where local and regional fossils can be stored, conserved, researched, prepared and displayed. Kronosaurus Korner aims to educate the local community and public in general about all matters palaeontological. The strength of the collection lies in Early Cretaceous, 100-115 million year old (Aptian–Albian) remains of marine reptiles, dinosaurs, pterosaurs, birds, fishes, crustaceans, cephalopods, gastropods, bivalves, echinoderms, plants and trace fossils. Many of the earlier fossils in the collection were donated by local graziers, often discovered whilst mustering cattle and working the land.  However, recently the collections have grown through the donation by guests and volunteers of amazing chance finds at the Free Fossil Hunting Sites associated with the museum. http://www.kronosauruskorner.com.au/About the FizzicsEd Podcast With interviews with leading science educators and STEM thought leaders, this science education podcast is about highlighting different ways of teaching kids within and beyond the classroom. It's not just about educational practice & pedagogy, it's about inspiring new ideas & challenging conventions of how students can learn about their world! https://www.fizzicseducation.com.au/Know an educator who'd love this STEM podcast episode?  Share it! See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

The gang discusses two papers that look at the complex evolutionary history of sauropod dinosaurs. In particular, these papers try to determine how sauropods geography might have affected their evolutionary history. Also, James learns some valuable lessons about hot tub safety, Curt mindlessly quotes Futurama, Amanda discusses the surprising skills of her cats, and everyone has a deeply disturbing realization about the Flintstones.   Up-Goer Five (James Edition): This week the group looks at two papers that focus on big stupid angry animals with no hair. Both papers are looking at the type of big stupid angry animals with no hair that were very big and had thick legs and really long necks. The papers are interested in where the big angry animals with really long necks lived, and how where they lived change over time. The first paper looks at a new big angry animal with a long neck from the place where food is big and people are armed. The reason this animal is interesting is because it is part of a group that was thought to all be dead but the new animal shows that they lived longer than we thought. All the older animals in its group came from a long way away, and so this animal shows that the group lived longer than we thought and that they did so by moving into a new place. The second paper also looks at a big angry animal with a long neck from the hot place with the long water running through it. This animal is part of a group we find on lots of other places, but not here. This animal shows that the group made it into the very large land where the rains are, even though a different group of animals with very long necks are usually there.   References  Sallam, Hesham M., et al. "New Egyptian sauropod reveals Late Cretaceous dinosaur dispersal between Europe and Africa." Nature ecology & evolution (2018): 1.   Royo-Torres, Rafael, et al. "Descendants of the Jurassic turiasaurs from Iberia found refuge in the Early Cretaceous of western USA." Scientific Reports 7.1 (2017): 14311. 

Las Hoyas is a Early Cretaceous lagerstätte (site of special preservation) located close to the city of Cuenca, Spain. In this episode, we welcome Ángela Delgado Buscalioni and Francisco José Poyato-Ariza, both from the Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, to discuss the details of this remarkable site. Angela and Francisco have recently edited a comprehensive overview of the Las Hoyas site. Like most lagerstätten, Las Hoyas is most famous for its vertebrate fossils, but what other taxa can we find there? What was the palaeoenvironment like? And which processes have governed the preservation of the fossils?

Las Hoyas is a Early Cretaceous lagerstätte (site of special preservation) located close to the city of Cuenca, Spain. In this episode, we welcome Ángela Delgado Buscalioni and Francisco José Poyato-Ariza, both from the Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, to discuss the details of this remarkable site. Angela and Francisco have recently edited a comprehensive overview of the Las Hoyas site. Like most lagerstätten, Las Hoyas is most famous for its vertebrate fossils, but what other taxa can we find there? What was the palaeoenvironment like? And which processes have governed the preservation of the fossils?

In the news: Limusaurus started off life with teeth and when it grew up, replaced its teeth with a beak; dinosaur eggs took twice as long to hatch as previously thought; new dinosaur emojis being released in June; dinosaurs in Stardew Valley (a Harvest Moon like farming game); new VR game called "Ark Park" coming in 2017, and much more. Also dinosaur of the day Malawisaurus, a titanosaur that lived in Malawi in Africa, during the Early Cretaceous. This episode was brought to you by Artemesia Publishing. Their books are available on apbooks.net and you can purchase their "coloring puzzles" on paleoartisans.com. Visit http://www.IKnowDino.com for more information on this and previous episodes. You can also visit https://www.patreon.com/iknowdino to get the inside scoop on I Know Dino and help us keep the podcast going!

The Wealden Supergroup of southern England is known for it's Cretaceous fossils, particularly of dinosaurs, but also crocodilians, pterosaurs, lizards, invertebrates, and plants. The group represents the Early Cretaceous, and is well known for showing us the environment of this time period, which is not well-represented in many other places in the world. It has been essential in helping to understand this time. Large body fossils are known, but also small microvertebrate sites, and even footprints and foot casts.   Dr Darren Naish, a research associate at the University of Southampton and known for his blog Tetrapod Zoology has worked significantly with fossils from the Wealden Group, including dinosaurs, pterosaurs, and marine reptiles. In this episode, we talk about the importance of the Wealden Group, focusing on the large diversity of dinosaurs found here.

Paleontologist Kenneth Carpenter is the museum director of the Utah State University Eastern Prehistoric Museum and author or co-author of several books on dinosaurs and Mesozoic life. His main research interests are armored dinosaurs as well as the Early Cretaceous dinosaurs from the Cedar Mountain Formation in eastern Utah. He joins us on Friday's Access Utah.

In this episode of Palaeo After Dark, the gang discusses two papers that use morphometric analysis to test how strongly ecology imprints on evolution, which culminates in Curt drunkenly stumbling his way through hierarchy theory. Also, James and Curt talk about the wonder that is Machete Kills, and Amanda wins an argument only using the word “meh”.   References Mitchell, Jonathan S., and Peter J. Makovicky. "Low ecological disparity in Early Cretaceous birds." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 281.1787 (2014): 20140608. Hopkins, Melanie J. "The environmental structure of trilobite morphological disparity." Paleobiology 40.3 (2014): 352-373.  Eldredge, Niles, and Stanley N. Salthe. "Hierarchy and evolution." Oxford surveys in evolutionary biology 1 (1984): 184-208.

Last episode we featured Lythronax, the oldest-known North American tyrannosaur and a close relative of Tyrannosaurus rex. But tyrannosaurs weren’t the only big carnivores to tromp through the Mesozoic of North America. Before the tyrant lizards were huge, there was another giant terrorizing the American West: Siats! Named for a Ute mythological giant, Siats was a bus-sized carnivore in the middle Cretaceous of Utah (99 million years ago). The giant had close relatives - the neoventors - on almost all the continents. This is a bit of a mystery because the continents were getting spread out by 99 million years, making it tough to explain how the neovenators conquered the world. In North America, this global dynasty replaced another family of giants: the carcharodontosaurs which included Acrocanthosaurus the top carnivore of the Early Cretaceous of Western and Eastern North America. The discovery of Siats shows different lineages of carnivorous dinosaurs could get really big and T. rex is just the last monarch to fill the giant carnivore niche in North America. It’s another toothy, terrifying tale on Past Time! The post Quick Bite: The Giant Before the Tyrant! appeared first on Past Time Paleo.

This dissertation addresses the biogeographic history of the Araceae family and of one of its largest genera, Alocasia. With >3300 species, Araceae are among the largest families of flowering plants. It is the monocot lineage with the deepest fossil record, reaching back to the Early Cretaceous. Araceae are distributed worldwide, but >3100 species occur in the tropical regions of the Americas, Asia, Africa, and Australia; most fossils from the Late Cretaceous and many younger ones come from the temperate zone in the northern hemisphere, implying much extinction and range expansion. Most subfamilies are pantropically distributed, and almost all genera are restricted to one continent. Alocasia comprises 113 species, many as yet undescribed, making it the 7 th -largest genus of the Araceae. Many species are ornamentals, and two species are of interest for man, either for food (giant taro) or in local cultures (Chinese taro). The origin of these species was not known. Alocasia is distributed in Southeast Asia from India to Australia, with species occurring on all islands of the Malay Archipelago. This region has a complex geologic history shaped by the collision of the Eurasian, the Pacific, and the Indo-Australian plate. The Malesian flora and fauna comprises Laurasian and Gondwanan elements, reflecting the influence of changing sea levels, uplift and submergence of islands, and other tectonic movement. In this thesis, I used molecular phylogenetics, Bayesian divergence dating, ancestral area reconstruction to understand the past distribution of the Araceae family and the Alocasia clade in the context of past continent movements and climate history. For the family analysis, existing chloroplast DNA matrices were augmented so that all Araceae genera were represented by one or more species, with a focus on covering geographic disjunctions, especially between continents. Divergence dating relied on seven confidently assigned fossil constraints, comparing uniform and gamma-shaped prior distributions on fossil ages, as well as several molecular clock models. Biogeographic analyses were performed in a model-based likelihood framework that took into account past dispersal routes based on continent connectivity and climate. I also integrated fossils into the ancestral area reconstruction, either simulating extinct or still existing ranges, and then compared results to those obtained from analyses without fossils. To study the morphology and ecology of Alocasia, fieldwork was conducted in Malaysia and herbarium work in Germany, the Netherlands, Indonesia, Malaysia, and Singapore. Maximum likelihood phylogenies were inferred based on chloroplast and nuclear loci, sequenced for 71 species of Alocasia plus 25 outgroup species from 16 genera. Bayesian divergence dating of the nuclear phylogeny relied on one fossil constraint and ancestral areas were reconstructed using parsimony- and likelihood-based methods. The Araceae diverged from the remaining Alismatales in the Early Cretaceous (ca. 135 Ma ago), and all eight subfamilies originated before the Cenozoic. The earliest lineages are inferred to have occurred in Laurasia (based on fossils and tree topology), and most lineages reached Africa, South America, Southeast Asia, and Australia during the Paleogene and Neogene. Many clades experienced extinction in the temperate regions of the northern hemisphere during the Oligocene climate cooling. Two continentally disjunct genera (Nephthytis and Philodendron) are polyphyletic and need taxonomic rearrangement. Plastid substitution rates are exceptionally high in free-floating and water-associated Araceae. Ancestral area reconstructions obtained when fossil (no longer occupied) ranges where included in the analyses were more plausible than those without fossil ranges. This is not a trivial result because only in a quantitative (computer-based) analysis is it possible for fossil ranges to influence results (here areas) at distant nodes in the phylogenetic tree. The nuclear and plastid phylogenies of Alocasia revealed the polyphyly of the two genera Alocasia and Colocasia; to achieve monophyly, two species (Alocasia hypnosa and Colocasia gigantea) have to be moved to other genera. There were strong incongruencies between phylogenies from the two partitions: The chloroplast data reflect geographical proximity, the nuclear morphological similarity. This may indicate hybridization events followed by chloroplast capture. Based on the nuclear tree, Alocasia split from its sister group by the end of the Oligocene (ca. 24 Ma) and colonized the Malay Archipelago from the Asian mainland. Borneo played a central role, with 11–13 of 18–19 inferred dispersal events originating there. The Philippines were reached from Borneo 4–5 times in the late Miocene and early Pliocene, and the Asian mainland 6–7 times during the Pliocene. The geographic origin of two domesticated species could be resolved: Giant taro originated on the Philippines and Chinese taro on the Asian mainland.

The Early Cretaceous was a time of turmoil across the American West. Titan-lizards (sauropods) and gargantuan predators (allosaurs) thundered across the landscape, dominating terrestrial ecosystems as they had for millions of years. Little did they know that their reign in North America was drawing to a close. A wave of new "super-charged" dinosaurs emigrating from Asia was about to hit the west coast and change the landscape forever. Join Nature Research Center Paleontologist Dr. Lindsay Zanno for a chat about her team's latest dinosaur expeditions in the American West and learn how the dinosaurs from these two great continents clashed here in North America and who survived the epic confrontation.

This is part 2 of 3 in a continuing series of summaries of igneous activity in Alberta. This article reviews metal potential of the Early Cretaceous (ca. 100 Ma) intrusive and volcanic rocks in southwestern Alberta.

This is part 2 of 3 in a continuing series of summaries of igneous activity in Alberta. This article reviews metal potential of the Early Cretaceous (ca. 100 Ma) intrusive and volcanic rocks in southwestern Alberta.

The assumption that stationary hotspots underlie the Earth’s lithospheric plates has been most important in the development of the theory of plate tectonics. According to the fixed hotspot hypothesis seamount trails are formed by volcanism penetrating the lithospheric plates whilst moving over ”hotspots”of upwelling mantle. In turn, the azimuths and age progressions of seamount trails can be used to quantify plate motions with respect to an independent reference frame of hotspots in the mantle. Also, assuming fixed hotspots, the direction of characteristic remanent magnetization in the basalts acquired during cooling should always be the same. Even if due to plate motion the products of the hotspot are located far away from the position of the hotspot itself, paleomagnetic studies on the basalts must always provide the position of the hotspot itself. Recently the question arose, why a hotspot with its origin deep in the mantle would not get advected in the convecting mantle of the Earth. - In this thesis a possible motion of the Kerguelen hotspot in the southern Indian Ocean and of the Louisville hotspot in the Pacific has been studied. The Kerguelen hotspot is active since approximately 117 Ma. Since then it formed the Kerguelen Plateau and the Broken Ridge in the southern Indian Ocean as well as the Ninetyeast Ridge, which is the hotspot track going north up to India, and the Ramajal Traps in India. Drilling into basement rocks of Broken Ridge and the Kerguelen Plateau was aim of the Ocean Drilling Program, Leg 183, from December 1998 to February 1999. Eight sites have been drilled. In seven of the sites also the sediments have been recovered. In this thesis, a possible motion of the Kerguelen hotspot has been studied by determining its paleolatitudes. First, basalts from the Kerguelen Plateau have been studied paleomagnetically to compare the paleolatitudes with the latitude of the hotspot itself. Basement from a drillsite on the central Kerguelen Plateau (Site 1138) and of a site on the northern Kerguelen Plateau (Site 1140) were suitable for a determination of paleolatitudes. A sufficient number of independent lavaflows has been penetrated and sampled there to properly average out paleosecular variation, an important requirement for determining paleolatitudes. The characteristic magnetization from the subaerial Site 1138 with AA- and Pahoehoe lava and of the submarine Site 1140 with its pillow basalts is carried by magnetite and titanomagnetites and -maghemites and consists of a single remanence component with sometimes a small viscous overprint, that could easily be removed during demagnetization. Stepwise demagnetization in an alternating field and stepwise heating of the specimens provided the inclination value of the characteristic magnetization very precisely with small error. Conversion of the mean-site inclination into the paleolatitude of a site provided a latitude of λ = 43.6◦S (max.: 47.8◦S; min.: 37.9◦S) for Site 1138 on the central Kerguelen Plateau and a latitude of λ = 35.8◦S (max: 43.0◦S; min.: 28.9◦S) for Site 1140 on the northern Kerguelen Plateau. In Site 1136 on the southern Kerguelen Plateau only two lava flows have been sampled. Therefore paleosecular variation could not be averaged out properly. Site 1142 on the Broken Ridge has been tilted and deformed tectonically after its formation, as was found from seismic explorations prior to drilling, and the inclination of the magnetization could therefore not be used for a determination of paleolatitudes. Compared to the latitude of the Kerguelen hotspot at 49◦S, the paleolatitudes of the central and northern Kerguelen Plateau are further north. This result agrees with previous paleomagnetic studies on the southern Kerguelen Plateau and the Ninetyeast Ridge, where paleolatitudes have been found that indicate also a formation north of the present-day hotspot position. This difference indicates a southward movement of the hotspot since the Cretaceous relative to the spin axis of the Earth. The motion can be explained with a rotation of the whole mantle of the Earth relative to the spin axis (true polar wander) or with a motion of the hotspot within the Earth’s mantle. Therefore, the possibility was studied whether true polar wander can be responsible for the difference between the paleomagnetic data and the present-day latitude of the hotspot. Three independently obtained true polar wander paths have been used, that describe the motion of the whole mantle (with the hotspots) relative to the rotation or dipole axis. All three curves point to a shift of the mantle at the time when the central and southern Kerguelen Plateau formed in such a way that higher southern paleolatitudes should be observed. This prediction is just the opposite to what was found in the paleomagnetic studies. The Cenozoic parts of the three experimentally obtained true polar wander paths roughly agree within their uncertainties with a numerically calculated path that accounts for changes of moments of inertia of the mantle. This means that the difference between paleomagnetic data and the present-day position of the hotspot can not be explained by true polar wander. The next starting point to explain the discrepancy is hotspot motion. For the determination of hotspot drift, geodynamic modeling has been carried out. Assuming that a mantle plume rising from the core-mantle boundary is advected in an convecting mantle, a hotspot sould move relative to the surface of the Earth. Seismic tomography models were converted into density models of the Earth’s mantle. Then a velocity field derived from the mass motion due to the density heterogeneities is calculated. The rising mantle plume is then inserted into the model and becomes advected in the velocity field. Seven different tomographic models have been used to obtain velocity fields. All seven models result in a southward motion for the Kerguelen hotspot since its first appearance approximately 117 Ma ago. The motion is in a similar direction for the different models, and its magnitude varies from 5 to over 10 degrees. So far, the program to model the hotspot drift assumed a constant viscosity within the rising plume. More realistic is the assumption of a depth-dependent plume radius, based on estimates of temperature- and hence viscosity variations within the plume. This has been integrated as a subroutine into the program. The plume radius affects the buoyancy of the plume. A plume with larger radius rises faster through the mantle, and will hence have a stronger tendency to straighten up. In contrast, a plume with smaller radius rises slowly and will be influenced more strongly by the velocity field of the mantle. Allowing for the variation of viscosity within the plume, the hotspot motion was calculated again. A comparison of the resulting hotspot motion for various input parameters showed that the result is rather independent of the parameters. The calculations also yield a southward motion of 5 to 10 degrees, only the shape of the hotspot path is somewhat changed. This southward motion of the Kerguelen hotspot by 5 to 10 degrees can explain the difference between the paleomagnetic data and the present-day position of the hotspot. Even combined with true polar wander it fits the paleomagnetic results, although true polar wander, taken by itself, even increases the difference that has to be explained. The consistency of paleomagnetic results with the model calculations allows the conclusion that the Kerguelen hotspot indeed moved southward by some degrees since its first occurence 117 Ma ago. A magnetostratigraphy has been made using the sediments of ODP Leg 183. It yielded a contribution to the age dating of the basalts prior to 40Ar/39Ar dating. Paleomagnetic studies on the sediments contributed to a combined Bio/Magnetostratigraphy. The stratigraphy helps to determine the minimal age of the underlying basalts. Using the reversals found in the magnetization and a correlation with the paleontological data, the lowermost sediments of Site 1136 (southern Kerguelen Plateau) are dated to have an age in the Early Cretaceous, Site 1138 (central Kerguelen Plateau) in the Late Cretaceous, and Site 1140 (northern Kerguelen Plateau) in the Oligocene. These results are meanwhile confirmed by precise 40Ar/39Ar age dating of the basement yielding an age of 100 Ma for Site 1138 and of 35 Ma for Site 1140. The Ontong Java Plateau, a Large Igneous Province in the western Pacific, was thought to be formed by the rising mantle plume of the Louisville hotspot approximately 120 Ma ago. However, according to a recent plate reconstruction, the plateau has been formed well to the north of the location of this hotspot. In this thesis it could be shown that the formation of the Ontong Java Plateau by the Louisville hotspot is possible if hotspot motion in the convecting mantle is allowed. For this purpose, the motion of the Louisville hotspot for the last 120 Ma years has been modeled, using the same method as already applied for the Kerguelen hotspot. The calculations indicate, that the Louisville hotspot has probably shifted by some degrees to the south since its first occurence approximately 120 Ma ago. There is a considerable variation between different model results, though. The Louisville hotspot is now located too far south to be responsible for the formation of the Plateau. However, it could have been in the right place at the time of the formation 120 Ma ago if hotspot motion is considered. This is an example that the drift of hotspots can affect plate tectonics and tectonic reconstructions and that it should be considered.