Podcasts about chevreul

Links For The Occult Rejectshttps://linktr.ee/theoccultrejectsOccult Research Institutehttps://www.occultresearchinstitute.org/Substackhttps://substack.com/@theoccultrejects?r=7auau0&utm_campaign=profile&utm_medium=profile-pageCash Apphttps://cash.app/$theoccultrejectsVenmo@TheOccultRejectsBuy Me A Coffeebuymeacoffee.com/TheOccultRejectsPatreonhttps://www.patreon.com/TheOccultRejectsFull Bibliography for Part TwoCharcot, Hysteria, and the Medical TheaterJean-Martin Charcot. Lectures on the Diseases of the Nervous System.Jean-Martin Charcot. Clinical Lectures on Diseases of the Nervous System.Jean-Martin Charcot. Leçons sur les maladies du système nerveux faites à la Salpêtrière.Georges Didi-Huberman. Invention of Hysteria: Charcot and the Photographic Iconography of the Salpêtrière.Asti Hustvedt. Medical Muses: Hysteria in Nineteenth-Century Paris.Jan Goldstein. Console and Classify: The French Psychiatric Profession in the Nineteenth Century.Mark S. Micale. Approaching Hysteria: Disease and Its Interpretations.Elaine Showalter. The Female Malady: Women, Madness, and English Culture, 1830–1980.Henri F. Ellenberger. The Discovery of the Unconscious: The History and Evolution of Dynamic Psychiatry.Alan Gauld. A History of Hypnotism.The Nancy School and SuggestionAmbroise-Auguste Liébeault. Du sommeil et des états analogues, considérés surtout au point de vue de l'action du moral sur le physique.Hippolyte Bernheim. De la suggestion et de ses applications à la thérapeutique.Hippolyte Bernheim. Suggestive Therapeutics: A Treatise on the Nature and Uses of Hypnotism.Henri F. Ellenberger. The Discovery of the Unconscious.Alan Gauld. A History of Hypnotism.Adam Crabtree. From Mesmer to Freud: Magnetic Sleep and the Roots of Psychological Healing.Alison Winter. Mesmerized: Powers of Mind in Victorian Britain.Pierre Janet, Automatism, Dissociation, and TraumaPierre Janet. L'Automatisme psychologique.Pierre Janet. The Major Symptoms of Hysteria.Pierre Janet. The Mental State of Hystericals.Pierre Janet. Psychological Healing: A Historical and Clinical Study.Pierre Janet. Writings on fixed ideas, dissociation, hysteria, narrowed consciousness, and subconscious action.Henri F. Ellenberger. The Discovery of the Unconscious.Onno van der Hart, Ellert R. S. Nijenhuis, and Kathy Steele. The Haunted Self: Structural Dissociation and the Treatment of Chronic Traumatization.Adam Crabtree. From Mesmer to Freud.Alan Gauld. A History of Hypnotism.Ideomotor Effect, Table-Turning, and Automatic ActionMichel Eugène Chevreul. De la baguette divinatoire, du pendule explorateur et des tables tournantes.Michael Faraday. Writings and experimental reports on table-turning, unconscious muscular pressure, and involuntary movement.William Benjamin Carpenter. Principles of Mental Physiology.William Benjamin Carpenter. Essays and writings on unconscious cerebration and ideomotor action.Daniel M. Wegner. The Illusion of Conscious Will.Richard Wiseman. Paranormality: Why We See What Isn't There.Ray Hyman. Writings on ideomotor action, dowsing, psychical research, and anomalous experience.Spiritualism, Mediumship, Psychical Research, and Automatic WritingAlex Owen. The Darkened Room: Women, Power, and Spiritualism in Late Victorian England.Janet Oppenheim. The Other World: Spiritualism and Psychical Research in England, 1850–1914.Ann Braude. Radical Spirits: Spiritualism and Women's Rights in Nineteenth-Century America.Sofie Lachapelle. Investigating the Supernatural: From Spiritism and Occultism to Psychical Research and Metapsychics in France, 1853–1931.Frederic W. H. Myers. Human Personality and Its Survival of Bodily Death.The Society for Psychical Research. Early proceedings and reports on automatic writing, trance, mediumship, apparitions, and psychical phenomena.William James. Essays in Psychical Research.William James. The Varieties of Religious Experience.William James. The Principles of Psychology.Henri F. Ellenberger. The Discovery of the Unconscious.Adam Crabtree. From Mesmer to Freud.Freud, Breuer, Hypnosis, and the UnconsciousJosef Breuer and Sigmund Freud. Studies on Hysteria.Sigmund Freud. The Interpretation of Dreams.Sigmund Freud. Introductory Lectures on Psycho-Analysis.Sigmund Freud. “A Note on the Unconscious in Psycho-Analysis.”Sigmund Freud. “The Unconscious.”Sigmund Freud. “Remembering, Repeating and Working-Through.”Sigmund Freud. “The Dynamics of Transference.”Sigmund Freud. The Psychopathology of Everyday Life.Henri F. Ellenberger. The Discovery of the Unconscious.Mikkel Borch-Jacobsen. The Freudian Subject.Mikkel Borch-Jacobsen and Sonu Shamdasani. The Freud Files: An Inquiry into the History of Psychoanalysis.Frederick Crews. Freud: The Making of an Illusion.Élisabeth Roudinesco. Freud: In His Time and Ours.Frank J. Sulloway. Freud, Biologist of the Mind: Beyond the Psychoanalytic Legend.Occult Revival, Will, Imagination, and Esoteric PsychologyÉliphas Lévi. Dogme et Rituel de la Haute Magie.Éliphas Lévi. Transcendental Magic: Its Doctrine and Ritual.Éliphas Lévi. The Great Secret.Papus, Gérard Encausse. Traité méthodique de science occulte.Papus, Gérard Encausse. Elementary Treatise of Occult Science.Papus, Gérard Encausse. The Tarot of the Bohemians.Joscelyn Godwin. The Theosophical Enlightenment.Nicholas Goodrick-Clarke. The Western Esoteric Traditions: A Historical Introduction.Wouter J. Hanegraaff. Esotericism and the Academy: Rejected Knowledge in Western Culture.Alex Owen. The Place of Enchantment: British Occultism and the Culture of the Modern.Christopher McIntosh. Eliphas Lévi and the French Occult Revival.Crowley, Fortune, Spare, and Modern Magical PsychologyAleister Crowley. Magick: Liber ABA, Book 4.Aleister Crowley. Magick in Theory and Practice.Aleister Crowley. Liber O vel Manus et Sagittae.Aleister Crowley. The Equinox.Aleister Crowley. The Confessions of Aleister Crowley.Marco Pasi. Aleister Crowley and the Temptation of Politics.Dion Fortune, writing as Violet Firth. The Machinery of the Mind.Dion Fortune. Psychic Self-Defense.Dion Fortune. The Training and Work of an Initiate.Dion Fortune. Applied Magic.Dion Fortune. The Mystical Qabalah.Austin Osman Spare. The Book of Pleasure.Austin Osman Spare. The Focus of Life.Austin Osman Spare. A Book of Satyrs.Phil Baker. Austin Osman Spare: The Life and Legend of London's Lost Artist.Kenneth Grant. Images and Oracles of Austin Osman Spare.New Thought, Mind-Cure, Autosuggestion, and Personal MagnetismPhineas Parkhurst Quimby. The Quimby Manuscripts.Horatio W. Dresser. A History of the New Thought Movement.Catherine L. Albanese. A Republic of Mind and Spirit: A Cultural History of American Metaphysical Religion.Beryl Satter. Each Mind a Kingdom: American Women, Sexual Purity, and the New Thought Movement, 1875–1920.Robert C. Fuller. Mesmerism and the American Cure of Souls.Émile Coué. Self Mastery Through Conscious Autosuggestion.Émile Coué. How to Practice Suggestion and Autosuggestion.William Walker Atkinson. Thought Vibration; or, The Law of Attraction in the Thought World.William Walker Atkinson. Mind-Power: The Secret of Mental Magic.William Walker Atkinson. Practical Mental Influence.William Walker Atkinson. The Psychology of Salesmanship.William Walker Atkinson. Memory: How to Develop, Train and Use It.William Walker Atkinson. The Power of Concentration.William Walker Atkinson, under related New Thought and occult pseudonymous currents. Works on personal magnetism, suggestion, concentration, mental science, and occult psychology.Theosophy, Hypnotism, and Occult Warnings About InfluenceHelena Petrovna Blavatsky. The Key to Theosophy.Helena Petrovna Blavatsky. Collected Writings.Helena Petrovna Blavatsky. Writings and discussions touching mesmerism, hypnotism, psychic influence, occult dangers, and spiritual development.Annie Besant and C. W. Leadbeater. Thought-Forms.C. W. Leadbeater. The Astral Plane.C. W. Leadbeater. The Chakras.Joscelyn Godwin. The Theosophical Enlightenment.Nicholas Goodrick-Clarke. The Western Esoteric Traditions.Wouter J. Hanegraaff. Esotericism and the Academy.General Histories Useful Across Part TwoHenri F. Ellenberger. The Discovery of the Unconscious: The History and Evolution of Dynamic Psychiatry.Adam Crabtree. From Mesmer to Freud: Magnetic Sleep and the Roots of Psychological Healing.Adam Crabtree. Animal Magnetism, Early Hypnotism, and Psychical Research, 1766–1925: An Annotated Bibliography.Alan Gauld. A History of Hypnotism.Alison Winter. Mesmerized: Powers of Mind in Victorian Britain.Robert Darnton. Mesmerism and the End of the Enlightenment in France.Frank A. Pattie. Mesmer and Animal Magnetism: A Chapter in the History of Medicine.Peter Lamont. Extraordinary Beliefs: A Historical Approach to a Psychological Problem.Nicholas Goodrick-Clarke. The Western Esoteric Traditions.Wouter J. Hanegraaff. Esotericism and the Academy.Alex Owen. The Place of Enchantment.Also want to remind people about the website, if you're into reading we have tons of information by multiple contributors, and we got t-shirts up on the site if you're interested. Fun fact, the art is all based on the eyeball. 

Une grande enquête menée auprès de 17.000 jeunes par Mentalo révèle que 40% des 18-24 ans présentent des symptômes de dépression. Écoutez la professeure Karine Chevreul, qui a dirigé cette enquête.Hébergé par Audiomeans. Visitez audiomeans.fr/politique-de-confidentialite pour plus d'informations.

All over the world, for all of human history – and probably going back to our earliest hominid ancestors – people have found ways to try to keep themselves clean. But how did soap come about? Research: “Soap, N. (1), Etymology.” Oxford English Dictionary, Oxford UP, June 2025, https://doi.org/10.1093/OED/1115187665. American Cleaning Institute. “Soaps & Detergents History.” https://www.cleaninginstitute.org/understanding-products/why-clean/soaps-detergents-history Beckmann, John. “History of Inventions, Discoveries and Origins.” William Johnston, translator. Bosart, L.W. “The Early History of the Soap Industry.” The American Oil Chemists' Society. Journal of Oil & Fat Industries 1924-10: Vol 1 Iss 2. Cassidy, Cody. “Who Discovered Soap? What to Know About the Origins of the Life-Saving Substance.” Time. 5/5/2020. https://time.com/5831828/soap-origins/ Ciftyurek, Muge, and Kasim Ince. "Selahattin Okten Soap Factory in Antakya and an Evaluation on Soap Factory Plan Typology/Antakya'da Bulunan Selahattin Okten Sabunhanesi ve Sabunhane Plan Tipolojisi Uzerine Bir Degerlendirme." Art-Sanat, no. 19, Jan. 2023, pp. 133+. Gale Academic OneFile, dx.doi.org/10.26650/artsanat.2023.19.1106544. Accessed 18 Aug. 2025. Costa, Albert B. “Michel-Eugène Chevreul.” Encyclopedia Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/biography/Michel-Eugene-Chevreul Curtis, Valerie A. “Dirt, disgust and disease: a natural history of hygiene.” Journal of epidemiology and community health vol. 61,8 (2007): 660-4. doi:10.1136/jech.2007.062380 Dijkstra, Albert J. “How Chevreul (1786-1889) based his conclusions on his analytical results.” OCL. Vol. 16, No. 1. January-February 2009. Gibbs, F.W. “The History and Manufacture of Soap.” Annals of Science. 1939. Koeppel, Dan. “The History of Soap.” 4/15/2020. https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/blog/history-of-soap/ List, Gary, and Michael Jackson. “Giants of the Past: The Battle Over Hydrogenation (1903-1920).” https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=210614 Maniatis, George C. “Guild Organized Soap Manufacturing Industry in Constantinople: Tenth-Twelfth Centuries.” Byzantion, 2010, Vol. 80 (2010). https://www.jstor.org/stable/44173107 National Museum of American History. “Bathing (Body Soaps and Cleansers).” https://americanhistory.si.edu/collections/object-groups/health-hygiene-and-beauty/bathing-body-soaps-and-cleansers New Mexico Historic Sites. “Making Soap from the Leaves of the Soaptree Yucca.” https://nmhistoricsites.org/assets/files/selden/Virtual%20Classroom_Soaptree%20Yucca%20Soap%20Making.pdf “The history of soapmaking.” 8/30/2019. https://www.open.edu/openlearn/history-the-arts/history/history-science-technology-and-medicine/history-science/the-history-soapmaking Pliny the Elder. “The Natural History of Pliny. Translated, With Copious Notes and Illustrations.” Vol. 5. John Bostock, translator. https://www.gutenberg.org/files/60688/60688-h/60688-h.htm Pointer, Sally. “An Experimental Exploration of the Earliest Soapmaking.” EXARC Journal. 2024/3. 8/22/2024. https://exarc.net/issue-2024-3/at/experimental-exploration-earliest-soapmaking Ridner, Judith. “The dirty history of soap.” The Conversation. 5/12/2020. https://theconversation.com/the-dirty-history-of-soap-136434 Routh, Hirak Behari et al. “Soaps: From the Phoenicians to the 20th Century - A Historical Review.” Clinics in Dermatology. Vol. No. 3. 1996. Smith, Cyril Stanley, and John G. Hawthorne. “Mappae Clavicula: A Little Key to the World of Medieval Techniques.” Transactions of the American Philosophical Society, vol. 64, no. 4, 1974, pp. 1–128. JSTOR, https://doi.org/10.2307/1006317. Accessed 18 Aug. 2025. Timilsena, Yakindra Prasad et al. “Perspectives on Saponins: Food Functionality and Applications.” International journal of molecular sciences vol. 24,17 13538. 31 Aug. 2023, doi:10.3390/ijms241713538 “Craftsmanship of Aleppo Ghar soap.” https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/craftsmanship-of-aleppo-ghar-soap-02132 “Tradition of Nabulsi soap making in Palestine.” https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/tradition-of-nabulsi-soap-making-in-palestine-02112 “Soaps.” https://www.fs.usda.gov/wildflowers/ethnobotany/soaps.shtml van Dijk, Kees. “Soap is the onset of civilization.” From Cleanliness and Culture. Kees van Dijk and Jean Gelman Taylor, eds. Brill. 2011. https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1163/j.ctvbnm4n9.4 Wei, Huang. “The Sordid, Sudsy Rise of Soap in China.” Sixth Tone. 8/11/2020. https://www.sixthtone.com/news/1006041 See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

Dans cet épisode d'ArtEcoVert, intitulé « En fait, rien n'a de couleur », nous avons le plaisir d'accueillir Pauline Leroux, ingénieure agronome et passionnée de couleur végétale. Avec une approche bienveillante et pédagogique, Pauline nous plonge dans l'univers fascinant de la couleur à travers la lumière et la perception visuelle. Elle nous rappelle que la couleur, en réalité, n'existe que par notre perception, révélant ainsi une facette souvent méconnue de notre interaction avec le monde qui nous entoure.Saviez-vous que nos yeux sont dotés de capteurs de lumière, appelés cônes, qui détectent trois longueurs d'onde principales : rouge, vert et bleu ? Grâce à cette capacité, nous pouvons percevoir une multitude de couleurs, dont celles issues de la teinture végétale. Dans cet épisode, Pauline aborde l'importance cruciale de la lumière dans la perception des couleurs, en illustrant comment les objets, qu'ils soient teintés avec des colorants biosourcés comme l'indigo ou la garance, réfléchissent ou absorbent différentes longueurs d'onde. Au fil de la discussion, elle nous fait découvrir des concepts fondamentaux tels que le spectre de la lumière, les couleurs primaires et secondaires, ainsi que des référentiels de couleur utilisés dans divers domaines, tels que le CMJN pour l'impression et le RVB pour les écrans. Ces notions sont essentielles pour quiconque s'intéresse à la couleur végétale et à ses applications, que ce soit dans l'agriculture tinctoriale, la création d'encre végétale ou la coloration capillaire végétale.Pauline partage également des anecdotes historiques captivantes sur des figures emblématiques comme Isaac Newton et Michel-Eugène Chevreul, illustrant comment notre compréhension des couleurs a évolué au fil du temps. "La couleur est un dialogue entre la lumière et l'œil", nous rappelle-t-elle, une citation qui résonne tout au long de cet épisode riche en informations et en découvertes.Que vous soyez un passionné de plantes tinctoriales, un amateur de fibres naturelles, ou simplement curieux d'en savoir plus sur le monde des pigments végétaux, cet épisode d'ArtEcoVert est fait pour vous. Préparez-vous à explorer les couleurs de plantes et à comprendre comment elles influencent notre perception et notre quotidien.Pour en savoir plus sur la teinture végétale et découvrir des ressources utiles, n'hésitez pas à consulter les liens que nous avons préparés pour vous. Belle écoute à tous et à toutes, et merci de vous joindre à nous pour ce voyage au cœur de la couleur végétale avec Pauline !

Steve Richards shows you how you can communicate with your own unconscious through ideo-motor phenomena, relayed through Chevreul's Pendulum. Steve is a depth psychologist with 40 years clinical experience, and the co-founder of Psycho-Systems Analysis, a school of Depth Psychology that was supported by Franz Jung (Carl Jung's son) in his father's house. ⚔️ Our cutting-edge suite of Individuation Tools ⚔️ ✅ Join our Discord server ✅ Submit questions for our podcasts ✅ Book a consultation https://www.patreon.com/jungtoliveby ✅ Integrate your Shadow with the most advanced guide ever written on the topic - completely free! https://mailchi.mp/b88a956828b8/jungtoliveby ✅ Visit our bookshop, for professional and personal development manuals, and mythic Jungian fiction! https://gumroad.com/jungtoliveby --- Instagram: @JungToLiveBy https://www.instagram.com/jungtoliveby Twitter: @JungToLiveBy https://twitter.com/JungToLiveBy Facebook: @JungToLiveByPodcast https://www.facebook.com/JungToLiveByPodcast --- Music by Mike Bastow and Luke Jennings: 'The Valiant of Albion'

Giovane pittore affascinato dalle leggi dell'ottica e della percezione visiva, Georges Seurat è considerato uno dei massimi esponenti del Puntinismo, una tecnica pittorica che consiste nell'accostamento di puntini di colore puro complementari tra loro, i quali attraverso la mescolanza ottica si fondono direttamente nell'occhio dell'osservatore. Nato nel 1859 da una famiglia benestante, si iscrisse all'École des Beaux-Arts dove studiò i grandi maestri del passato: Delacroix, Paolo Veronese, Piero della Francesca. Fu l'incontro con gli Impressionisti che diede un impulso maggiore allo nascita del suo personalissimo stile. Protagonisti delle opere di Seurat sono uomini e donne, appartenenti a diverse classi sociali ritratti in scene di vita parigina dove il tempo sembra essersi fermato. Un Edward Hopper ante litteram che con le sue opere riesce ad esprimere un senso di solitudine e di sospensione.link "Bagnanti ad Asnières": https://bit.ly/2UOMhiJlink "Una domenica pomeriggio sull'isola della Grande-Jatte" Google Art and Culture https://g.co/arts/8T5ejUjzA7pu3zc3Alink "Lo Chahut": https://bit.ly/2N3rQdSlink Chevreul: https://bit.ly/3d6THEzmusic by Giorgio di CampoBossa Blue for you https://bit.ly/2DCsxH3Doxie in the club https://bit.ly/2TilubI

Maggie Adler is Curator at the Amon Carter Museum of American Art in Fort Worth, Texas, where she organizes exhibitions that explore the breadth of American art that exists within and outside of the museum’s collection. A native of rural New York, she received her higher education at Williams College in Williamstown, Massachusetts where she obtained a BA in classical languages and art history and a Masters in art history. Prior to the Amon Carter, Maggie held positions at Williams College Museum of Art and the Addison Gallery of American Art at Phillips Academy, as well as a fellowship at the Philadelphia Museum of Art. In addition to her curatorial duties, she also serves as co-chair for the Association for the Historians of American Art. Though her research focuses on nineteenth-century art, she is also passionate about collaborating with contemporary artists to create large-scale commissions and has worked with Jenny Holzer, Pepon Osorio, and Gabriel Dawe on site-specific installations. She is currently planning a major commission with artist Mark Dion and collaborating on a traveling exhibition pairing Winslow Homer and Frederic Remington. I recently sat down with Maggie in the main gallery of the Amon Carter where we discussed her attraction to Williams College, her love of Winslow Homer, the color theory of Michel Eugène Chevreul, her winding career path, what makes the Amon Carter unique, and finding contemporary work that fits within the museum’s narrative.

Maggie Adler is Curator at the Amon Carter Museum of American Art in Fort Worth, Texas, where she organizes exhibitions that explore the breadth of American art that exists within and outside of the museum’s collection. A native of rural New York, she received her higher education at Williams College in Williamstown, Massachusetts where she obtained a BA in classical languages and art history and a Masters in art history. Prior to the Amon Carter, Maggie held positions at Williams College Museum of Art and the Addison Gallery of American Art at Phillips Academy, as well as a fellowship at the Philadelphia Museum of Art. In addition to her curatorial duties, she also serves as co-chair for the Association for the Historians of American Art. Though her research focuses on nineteenth-century art, she is also passionate about collaborating with contemporary artists to create large-scale commissions and has worked with Jenny Holzer, Pepon Osorio, and Gabriel Dawe on site-specific installations. She is currently planning a major commission with artist Mark Dion and collaborating on a traveling exhibition pairing Winslow Homer and Frederic Remington. I recently sat down with Maggie in the main gallery of the Amon Carter where we discussed her attraction to Williams College, her love of Winslow Homer, the color theory of Michel Eugène Chevreul, her winding career path, what makes the Amon Carter unique, and finding contemporary work that fits within the museum’s narrative.

Forever the Hypnotist Will Be Connected to the “Hypnotist’s Pendulum” and There Is Nothing We Can Do About It, So Let’s Have Some Fun Also Known as the Chevreul’s Pendulum, Used Properly, It Can Be Useful with Some Clients Cal … Continue reading → The post Hypnosis Training Video #514: 4-Part Series – Part 4; The Fun and Interesting Hypnotist’s Pendulum (Chevreul’s Pendulum) appeared first on Hypnosis Training by Cal Banyan Including Live Training, Videos & More.

Forever the Hypnotist Will Be Connected to the “Hypnotist’s Pendulum” and There Is Nothing We Can Do About It, So Let’s Have Some Fun Click here to view the video for this podcast The post Hypnosis Training Video #514: 4-Part Series – Part 4; The Fun and Interesting Hypnotist’s Pendulum (Chevreul’s Pendulum) appeared first on Free Hypnosis and Hypnotherapy Training Videos.

La capacidad de realizar movimientos ideodinámicos existe en el ser humano.

Reflections on chemistry by Michel Eugene Chevreul on the occasion of his 100th birthday.

Female Nude Reading 1915 Size: 54 in. x 42 3/8 in. (137.2 cm x 107.6 cm) Museum purchase through the Earle W. Grant Acquisition Fund, 1979:20 Robert Delaunay, 1885–1941 Single-minded in his pursuit of a pure pictorial language based on bold chromatic contrasts, Delaunay turned away from the muted Cubist palette of Picasso and Braque and looked instead to the lessons of Matisse and his followers, who had pioneered an expressive and deliberately dissonant use of color. The critic Guillaume Apollinaire used the term “Orphic,” a poetic label meant to evoke the work’s “cosmic” character, to describe Delaunay’s language of luminous, abstract forms. Much of Delaunay’s work is more purely abstract, but this painting belongs to the series of female nudes – exceptional among Delaunay’s oeuvre – executed in Spain and Portugal, where the artist and his wife had withdrawn during World War I. The overlapping constellation of circular motifs at the edges of the composition are more typical of his work and recalls the so-called color wheels of Michel Eugène Chevreul, the nineteenth century chemist whose theory of simultaneous color contrasts had also been a touchstone of Impressionism.

Here we see a field of lucerne, the green crop infiltrated by red poppies. Along the skyline is strung a series of pale sheds and outbuildings under a silvery sky. In the distance is Saint-Denis, a suburb ten kilometres north of central Paris, which was industrialising rapidly in the last decades of the nineteenth century. The painting has a very high horizon line: Seurat depicts the plants as eighty per cent of the canvas. On the right against the sky is a small tree, and in the foreground a darker mass results from the shadow cast by a large tree behind the artist and the viewer. The luscious intensity of Seurat’s paintings is achieved by pure colour and his application of paint in small, organised strokes. The colour wheel was first elaborated by the chemist Chevreul in 1839, with red, blue and yellow being primary, and the mixtures violet, green and orange secondary colours. Each resulting hue can be lightened or darkened by white or black. Colour theory is based on the spectator’s changing perceptions, each colour being affected by surrounding ones. Instead of pre-mixing paints, Divisionist or Neo-Impressionist artists like Seurat placed patches of pure colour alongside each other, so that the eye would blend them. In Lucerne, Saint-Denis the bright green of the lucerne is produced by Seurat’s short, straight strokes of blue and yellow, criss-crossed to produce the animated field. Joyous interruptions of red, white and pink occur when flowers emerge from the crop. The shade from the tree in the right front is produced by darker blue, with less yellow. Beyond the fence, paintstrokes become horizontal, calming the view and lightening in tone towards the distant horizon and sky. Seurat employs these radical strategies to produce an all-over effect, so characteristic of art after the first Impressionist experiments in the 1860s and 1870s. There is no story to tell here, no incident to draw conclusions from, only the reproduction of visual effects as perceived by the artist. The nature of beauty has changed, as the painter makes new and different choices of subject and technique, so that the content and meaning of art are transformed. Christine Dixon