Podcasts about liaih

Soil bacteria are exposed to constant changes in temperature, moisture, and oxygen content. Additionally, they have to encounter different antimicrobial substances, which are produced by competing bacteria. Those agents often target the bacterial cell envelope, which is an essential structure composed of the cell wall and cell membrane. In order to counteract such life-threatening conditions, bacteria developed signal transducing systems to monitor their environment and to respond signal-specifically to any stress conditions, mostly by differential gene expression. Different principles of signal transducing systems have been evolved: one-component systems (1CSs), two-component systems (2CSs), and extracytoplasmic function (ECF) sigma factors. Bacillus subtilis is a soil bacterium, which counteracts cell envelope stress by four different 2CSs (LiaSR, BceRS, PsdRS, and YxdJK) and at least three different ECF sigma factors (σX, σM, and σW). In the course of the present thesis, the LiaSR 2CS was investigated in detail. The LiaSR 2CS of B. subtilis is a cell envelope stress-sensing system that shows a high dynamic range of induction in response to cell wall antibiotics like bacitracin. It provides no resistance against its inducer molecules. Rather, it is a damage-sensing system that maintains the cell envelope integrity under stress conditions. The membrane-anchored histidine kinase (HK) LiaS and its cognate response regulator (RR) LiaR work together with a third protein, LiaF, which was identified as the inhibitor of the 2CS. Upon induction, the target promoter PliaI is induced by phosphorylated LiaR, leading to the expression of the liaIH-liaGFSR locus, with liaIH as being the most induced genes. In the first part of this thesis, the mechanisms of stimulus perception and signal transduction of the LiaFSR system were analyzed. Therefore, the native stoichiometry of the proteins LiaF, LiaS, and LiaR were determined genetically and biochemically with a resulting ratio of 18 to 4 to 1. We found out that maintaining this specific stoichiometry is crucial for the functionality of the LiaFSR system and thus a proper response to cell envelope stress. Changing the relative protein ratios by the overproduction of either LiaS or LiaR leads to a constitutive activation of the promoter PliaI. These data suggest a non-robust behavior of the LiaFSR system regarding perturbations of its stoichiometry, which stands in contrast to quantitative analyses of other well-known 2CSs. Furthermore, a HK-independent phosphorylation of the RR LiaR was observed. This happened in each case if the amount of LiaR exceeded those of LiaS, irrespective of the presence or absence of a stimulus. By using growth media supplied with different carbon sources, acetyl phosphate was identified as being the phosphoryl group-donor for LiaR under these conditions. Moreover, by performing a mutagenesis experiment, we obtained genetic evidence that LiaS is a bifunctional HK offering both a kinase and a phosphatase activity. In the second part of this thesis, the liaI promoter was used to generate a protein expression toolbox for the use in B. subtilis, referred to as the LIKE (from the German “Lia-kontrollierte Expression”) system. PliaI is a perfect candidate for driving recombinant protein expression. It is tightly regulated under non-inducing conditions showing no significant basal expression levels. Depending on the inducer molecule concentration, it is induced up to 1000-fold reaching a maximum already 30 minutes after addition of the inducer. Two expression vectors, an integrative and a replicative one, were constructed consisting of an alternative liaI promoter, which was optimized to enhance promoter strength. Additionally, different B. subtilis expression hosts were generated that possess liaIH deletions to prevent undesired protein production. The feasibility of the LIKE system was evaluated by using gfp and ydfG as reporter genes and bacitracin as inducer molecule. As a result, both proteins were successfully overproduced.

The peptidoglycan cell wall (CW) and the actin-like MreB cytoskeleton are the majordeterminants of cell morphology in non-spherical bacteria. Bacillus subtilis is a rod-shaped Grampositive bacterium that has three MreB isoforms: MreB, Mbl (MreB–like) and MreBH (MreBHomologue). Over the last decade, all three proteins were reported to localize in dynamic filamentous helical structures running the length of the cells underneath the membrane. This helical pattern led to a model where the extended MreB structures act as scaffolds to position CW-synthesizing machineries along sidewalls. However, the dynamic relationship between the MreB cytoskeleton and CW elongation complexes remained to be elucidated. Here we describe the characterization of the dynamics of the three MreB isoforms, CW synthesis and elongation complexes in live Bacillus subtilis cells at high spatial and temporal resolution. Using total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy (TIRFM) we found that MreB, Mbl and MreBH actually do not assemble into an extended helical structure but instead into discrete patches that move processively along peripheral tracks perpendicular to the long axis of the cell. We found similar patch localization and dynamics for several morphogenetic factors and CW-synthesizing enzymes including MreD, MreC, RodA, PbpH and PBP2a. Furthermore, using fluorescent recovery after photobleaching (FRAP), we showed that treadmilling of MreB filaments does not drive patch motility, as expected from the structural homology to actin. Blocking CW synthesis with antibiotics that target different steps of the peptidoglycan biosynthetic pathway stopped MreB patches motion, suggesting that CW synthesis is the driving force of patch motility. On the basis of these findings, we proposed a new model for MreB fuction in which MreB polymers restrict and orient patch motility to ensure controlled lateral CW expansion, thereby maintaining cell shape. To further investigate the molecular mechanism underlying MreB action, we next performed a site-directed mutagenesis analysis. Alanine substitutions of three charged amino 2 acids of MreB generated a B. subtilis strain with cell shape and growth defects. TIRFM analysis revealed that the mutated MreB protein displayed wild-type localization and dynamics, suggesting that it is still associated to the CW elongation machinery but might be defective in an interaction important for MreB morphogenetic function. Thus, this mutant appears as as a good candidate to start characterizing the interactions between the three MreB isoforms and components involved in CW elongation. It might also help to understand the function of components of theCWsynthetic complexes, and how they are coordinated to achieve efficient CW synthesis. Finally, to investigate how the integrity of the CW is maintained, we studied the localization and dynamics of the LiaIH-system, which i s t he t arget o f L iaRS, a t wo-component system involved in cell envelope stress response. We found that under stress conditions, when liaI and LiaH genes are expressed, the proteins form static complexes that coat the cell membrane. LiaI is required for the even distribution of the LiaH in the membrane. Taken together, these data suggest that LiaIH complexes may protect the cell from CW damage. Taken together, the findings described in this thesis provide valuable insights into the understanding of CW synthesis in B. subtilis, which may open new perspectives for the design of novel antimicrobial agents.

Für das Überleben von Bacillus subtilis ist eine verlässliche Überwachung der Integrität der Zellhülle essentiell, um diese zu schützen und bei Schäden adäquat zu reagieren. Neben den ECF � Faktoren spielen Zwei-Komponenten-Systeme (2KS) in der Zellhüllstressantwort von B. subtilis eine zentrale Rolle. Eines dieser Systeme, das LiaRS- 2KS reagiert auf eine große Anzahl verschiedener Zellwand-Antibiotika sowie andere zellhüllstress-auslösende Substanzen. Die zelluläre Funktion und Rolle des Lia-Systems konnte bisher nicht genau definiert werden. In der hier vorliegenden Dissertation wurde das Lia-System erstmals hinsichtlich seiner funktionalen Rolle in B. subtilis untersucht. Im ersten Teil der Ergebnisse wurde eine detaillierte Analyse der LiaR-vermittelten Zellhüllstressantwort in B. subtilisvorgenommen. Transkriptom-Studien dienten zur Identifizierung des LiaR-Regulons. Hierbei wurde die Genexpression des Wildtyps mit zwei Mutanten, die den „ON“ (�liaF) und „OFF“ (�liaR) Zustand des Lia-Systems repräsentierten, verglichen. Von den dabei identifizierten drei potentiellen LiaR-Zielloci (liaIH, yhcYZ-ydhA, ydhE) konnten durch anschließende Folgeuntersuchungen nur die Gene liaI und liaH als in vivo relevante Zielgene für LiaR verifiziert werden. Umfangreiche phänotypische Analysen zeigten, dass �liaIH-Mutanten nur schwach sensitiv auf einige Antibiotika sowie oxidativen Stress reagierten. Ebenso vermittelt eine Überexpression von LiaH in einer �liaF-Mutante keine Resistenz gegenüber stressauslösenden Substanzen. LiaH gehört zur Familie der Phagenschock-Proteine. Weitere Mitglieder dieser Familie sind PspA aus Escherichia coli und Vipp1 aus Arabidopsis thaliana, die große oligomere Ringstrukturen bilden. Die strukturelle Untersuchung von LiaH ergab, dass auch dieses Protein große Ringe bildet (>1MDa). Der zweite Ergebnisteil befasst sich mit der Untersuchung der Stimuluswahrnehmung der Zellhüllstress-detektierenden Systeme in B. subtilis. Die Zellhüllstressantwort auf das Antibiotikum Bacitracin wurde hierbei mittels �-Galaktosidase-Assay sowie Western Blot- Analyse erforscht. Das Bce-System reagiert dabei am stärksten und spezifischsten auf Bacitracin-Stress. Es wurde ebenfalls festgestellt, dass der ABC-Transporter BceAB essentiell für die Stimuluswahrnehmung ist und dass das Bce-System an sich eine Resistenzdeterminante in B. subtilis darstellt. Das Lia-System hingegen wird erst bei höheren Bacitracin-Konzentrationen induziert. Zusammengefasst deuten diese Ergebnisse darauf hin, dass das Bce-System Bacitracin direkt wahrnimmt (drug sensing) und das LiaSystem in indirekter Weise auf Zellhüllstress ausgelöst durch Bacitracin reagiert (damage sensing). Im dritten Teil der Ergebnisse wurdendie zelluläre Lokalisation von LiaI, LiaH und LiaG sowie die Beziehung der Proteine untereinander mittels Fluoreszenz-Mikroskopie und biochemische Ansätze untersucht. Die Membranproteine LiaI und LiaG sind unter Stressbedingungen in der Zellmembran lokalisiert. LiaH, ein cytoplasmatisches Protein verändert unter Stressbedingungen seine Lokalisation vom Cytoplasma an die Membran. Die Funktion von LiaH scheint sich also an der Zellmembran zu vollziehen, wobei LiaI als Interaktionspartner identifiziert wurde. Da in einer �liaI-Mutante LiaH unter Stressbedingungenebenfallsnoch an die Zellmembran assoziert ist, wurde nach weiteren Interaktionspartnern von LiaH gesucht. Eine umfangreiche bacterial-two-hybrid-Analyse ergab, dass sowohl LiaH als auch LiaI und LiaG in ein Interaktionsnetzwerk eingebettet sind, in welchem das bisher uncharakterisierte Protein YvlB eine Schlüsselrolle spielt.Die ebenso in dieses Netzwerk involvierten Proteine YjoB, DnaK und HtpG üben als Proteasen/Chaperone Funktionen in der Faltung und Degradierung von Proteinen aus. Ein Zusammenspiel des Lia-Systems und des Schlüsselproteins YvlB mit den Proteasen/Chaperonen als Reaktion auf Zellhüllstress ist denkbar. Die Phagenschock-Homologe PspA in Streptomyces lividans und E. coli üben einen erheblichen Einfluss auf die Proteinsekretion sowie die elektronenmotorische Kraft der Zelle aus. Daher wurde im letzten Teil der Ergebnisse die Rolle von LiaH in der Proteinsekretion sowie im Energiestoffwechsel näher analysiert. Ein Einfluß des Lia- Systems in der Aufrechterhaltung der elektronenmotorischen Kraft der Zelle konnte nicht bestätigt werden. Durch die Analyse des Sekretoms in B. subtilis konnte gezeigt werden, dass das extrazelluläre Proteom einer �PliaI-liaIH-Mutante im Vergleich zum Wildtyp signifikante Veränderungen in der Komposition aufwies.So wurde im Sekretom der �PliaIliaIH- Mutante vor allem das Zellwand-assoziierte Protein WapAidentifiziert, welches im Wildtyp oder in einer �liaF-Mutante nicht auftrat. Das Lia-System beeinflußt somit auch die Proteinsekretion von B. subtilis, wobei die molekularen Mechanismen noch unbekannt sind.

Background: Bacillus subtilis is a very important Gram-positive model organism of high biotechnological relevance, which is widely used as a host for the production of both secreted and cytoplasmic proteins. We developed a novel and efficient expression system, based on the liaI promoter (P-liaI) from B. subtilis, which is under control of the LiaRS antibiotic-inducible two-component system. In the absence of a stimulus, this promoter is kept tightly inactive. Upon induction by cell wall antibiotics, it shows an over 100-fold increase in activity within 10 min. Results: Based on these traits of P-liaI, we developed a novel LiaRS-controlled gene expression system for B. subtilis (the "LIKE" system). Two expression vectors, the integrative pLIKE-int and the replicative pLIKE-rep, were constructed. To enhance the performance of the P-liaI-derived system, site-directed mutagenesis was employed to optimize the ribosome binding site and alter its spacing to the initiation codon used for the translational fusion. The impact of these genetic modifications on protein production yield was measured using GFP as a model protein. Moreover, a number of tailored B. subtilis expression strains containing different markerless chromosomal deletions of the liaIH region were constructed to circumvent undesired protein production, enhance the positive autoregulation of the LiaRS system and thereby increase target gene expression strength from the P-liaI promoter. Conclusions: The LIKE protein expression system is a novel protein expression system, which offers a number of advantages over existing systems. Its major advantages are (i) a tightly switched-off promoter during exponential growth in the absence of a stimulus, (ii) a concentration-dependent activation of P-liaI in the presence of suitable inducers, (iii) a very fast but transient response with a very high dynamic range of over 100-fold (up to 1,000-fold) induction, (iv) a choice from a range of well-defined, commercially available, and affordable inducers and (v) the convenient conversion of LIKE-derived inducible expression strains into strong constitutive protein production factories.