Introduction to Utilitarianism

This chapter introduces utilitarianism, and its major costs and benefits as a moral theory. The original text contained 12 footnotes which were omitted from this narration. --- First published: January 29th, 2023 Source: https://utilitarianism.net/introduction-to-utilitarianism --- Narrated by TYPE III AUDIO.

After defining utilitarianism, this chapter offers a detailed analysis of its four key elements (consequentialism, welfarism, impartiality, and aggregationism). It explains the difference between maximizing, satisficing, and scalar utilitarianism, and other important distinctions between utilitarian theories. The original text contained 30 footnotes which were omitted from this narration. --- First published: January 29th, 2023 Source: https://utilitarianism.net/types-of-utilitarianism --- Narrated by TYPE III AUDIO.

This chapter explains reflective equilibrium as a moral methodology, and presents several arguments for utilitarianism over non-consequentialist approaches to ethics. The original text contained 35 footnotes which were omitted from this narration. --- First published: January 29th, 2023 Source: https://utilitarianism.net/arguments-for-utilitarianism --- Narrated by TYPE III AUDIO.

Explores the three major theories of well-being, or what makes a life good for the individual living it: hedonism, desire theory, and objective list theory. The original text contained 38 footnotes which were omitted from this narration. --- First published: January 29th, 2023 Source: https://utilitarianism.net/theories-of-wellbeing --- Narrated by TYPE III AUDIO.

Population ethics tackles questions like how we should weigh new lives against existing lives, and how we should balance quantity and quality of life (when comparing different-sized populations). This chapter critically surveys five major approaches to population ethics: the total view, the average view, variable value theories, critical level (and critical range) theories, and person-affecting views. The original text contained 63 footnotes which were omitted from this narration. --- First published: January 29th, 2023 Source: https://utilitarianism.net/population-ethics --- Narrated by TYPE III AUDIO.

Utilitarianism has important implications for how we should think about leading an ethical life. Despite giving no intrinsic weight to deontic constraints, it supports many commonsense prohibitions and virtues in practice. Its main practical difference instead lies in its emphasis on positively doing good, in more expansive and efficient ways than people typically prioritize. The original text contained 27 footnotes which were omitted from this narration. --- First published: January 29th, 2023 Source: https://utilitarianism.net/utilitarianism-and-practical-ethics --- Narrated by TYPE III AUDIO.

There are several ways to reject aspects of utilitarianism while remaining on board with the general thrust of the theory (at least in practice). This chapter explores a range of such near-utilitarian views, to demonstrate the robustness of utilitarianism's practical recommendations. Even if you think the theory is technically false, you may nonetheless have good grounds to largely agree with its practical verdicts. The original text contained 25 footnotes which were omitted from this narration. --- First published: January 29th, 2023 Source: https://utilitarianism.net/near-utilitarian-alternatives --- Narrated by TYPE III AUDIO.

This chapter presents a toolkit of general strategies for responding to objections to utilitarianism, before introducing the most influential specific objections to the theory. The original text contained 7 footnotes which were omitted from this narration. --- First published: January 29th, 2023 Source: https://utilitarianism.net/objections-to-utilitarianism --- Narrated by TYPE III AUDIO.

Many find it objectionable that utilitarianism seemingly licenses outrageous rights violations in certain hypothetical scenarios, killing innocent people for the greater good. This article explores how utilitarians might best respond. The original text contained 4 footnotes which were omitted from this narration. --- First published: January 29th, 2023 Source: https://utilitarianism.net/objections-to-utilitarianism/rights --- Narrated by TYPE III AUDIO.

Critics often allege that utilitarianism objectionably instrumentalizes people—treating us as mere means to the greater good, rather than properly valuing individuals as ends in themselves. In this article, we assess whether this is a fair objection. The original text contained 8 footnotes which were omitted from this narration. --- First published: January 29th, 2023 Source: https://utilitarianism.net/objections-to-utilitarianism/mere-means --- Narrated by TYPE III AUDIO.

The idea that utilitarianism neglects the 'separateness of persons' has proven to be a widely influential objection. But it is one that is difficult to pin down. This article explores three candidate interpretations of the objection, and how utilitarians can respond to each. The original text contained 21 footnotes which were omitted from this narration. --- First published: January 29th, 2023 Source: https://utilitarianism.net/objections-to-utilitarianism/separateness-of-persons --- Narrated by TYPE III AUDIO.

In directing us to choose the impartially best outcome, even at significant cost to ourselves, utilitarianism can seem an incredibly demanding theory. This page explores whether this feature of utilitarianism is objectionable, and if so, how defenders of the view might best respond. The original text contained 5 footnotes which were omitted from this narration. --- First published: January 29th, 2023 Source: https://utilitarianism.net/objections-to-utilitarianism/demandingness --- Narrated by TYPE III AUDIO.

Abstract moral theories threaten to alienate us from much that we hold dear. This article explores two possible defenses of utilitarianism against this charge. One recommends adopting motivations other than explicitly utilitarian ones. The second argues that suitably concrete concerns can be subsumed within broader utilitarian motivations. The original text contained 11 footnotes which were omitted from this narration. --- First published: January 29th, 2023 Source: https://utilitarianism.net/objections-to-utilitarianism/alienation --- Narrated by TYPE III AUDIO.

Relationships like parenthood or guardianship seemingly give rise to special obligations to protect those who fall under our care (where these obligations are more stringent than our general duties of beneficence towards strangers). This article explores the extent to which impartial utilitarianism can accommodate intuitions and normative practices of partiality. The original text contained 10 footnotes which were omitted from this narration. --- First published: January 29th, 2023 Source: https://utilitarianism.net/objections-to-utilitarianism/special-obligations --- Narrated by TYPE III AUDIO.

Is utilitarianism undermined by our inability to predict the long-term consequences of our actions? This article explores whether utilitarians can still be guided by near-term expected value even when this is small in comparison to the potential value or disvalue of the unknown long-term consequences. The original text contained 18 footnotes which were omitted from this narration. --- First published: March 8th, 2023 Source: https://utilitarianism.net/objections-to-utilitarianism/cluelessness --- Narrated by TYPE III AUDIO.

Utilitarianism is concerned with the overall well-being of individuals in the population, but many object that justice requires an additional concern for how this well-being is distributed across individuals. This article examines this objection, and how utilitarians might best respond. The original text contained 6 footnotes which were omitted from this narration. --- First published: January 29th, 2023 Source: https://utilitarianism.net/objections-to-utilitarianism/equality --- Narrated by TYPE III AUDIO.

Some argue that utilitarianism is self-effacing, or recommends against its own acceptance, due to the risk that mistaken appeals to the 'greater good' may actually result in horrifically harmful actions being done. This article explores how best to guard against such risks, and questions whether it is an objection to a theory if it turns out to be self-effacing in this way. The original text contained 15 footnotes which were omitted from this narration. --- First published: March 8th, 2023 Source: https://utilitarianism.net/objections-to-utilitarianism/abusability --- Narrated by TYPE III AUDIO.

“Create all the happiness you are able to create; remove all the misery you are able to remove. Every day will allow you, will invite you to add something to the pleasure of others, or to diminish something of their pains.” —Jeremy Bentham So far we have looked at utilitarianism from a theoretical viewpoint. But what does utilitarianism actually mean in practice? What concrete actions does it say we should take? This article explains what it means to live an ethical life from the perspective of utilitarianism. The original text contained 40 footnotes which were omitted from this narration. --- First published: January 29th, 2023 Source: https://utilitarianism.net/acting-on-utilitarianism --- Narrated by TYPE III AUDIO.

Mò Dí (墨翟), better known as Mòzǐ or “Master Mò,” flourished c. 430 BCE in what is now Tengzhou, Shandong Province, China. Likely an artisan by craft, Mò Dí attracted many dedicated followers and founded the philosophical school of Mohism during China's Warring States Period (475 - 221 BCE).Like other philosophers of his day, including the better-known Confucius, Mò Dí traveled from state to state to persuade rulers to adopt policies intended to end war, alleviate poverty, install meritocracy, and promote the welfare of all. The original text contained 10 footnotes which were omitted from this narration. --- First published: January 29th, 2023 Source: https://utilitarianism.net/utilitarian-thinker/mozi --- Narrated by TYPE III AUDIO.

Susanna Newcome (1685-1763) was an eighteenth-century philosopher and theologian who lived and worked in England. Her most significant work, An Enquiry into the Evidence of the Christian Religion, contains an early formulation of utilitarian thought. In this short book, Newcome synthesizes contemporary developments in natural theology and moral psychology to offer a utilitarian account of the nature of ethics and our moral duties.Life and Works Newcome (née Squire) was born in 1685 in the small Wiltshire village of Durnford, where her father was a vicar. The original text contained 10 footnotes which were omitted from this narration. --- First published: January 29th, 2023 Source: https://utilitarianism.net/utilitarian-thinker/susanna-newcome --- Narrated by TYPE III AUDIO.

Jeremy Bentham was born in 1748 to a wealthy family. A child prodigy, his father sent him to study at Queen's College, Oxford University, aged 12. Although he never practiced, Bentham trained as a lawyer and wrote extensively on law and legal reform. He died in 1832 at the age of 84 and requested his body and head to be preserved for scientific research. They are currently on display at University College London. The original text contained 9 footnotes which were omitted from this narration. --- First published: January 29th, 2023 Source: https://utilitarianism.net/utilitarian-thinker/jeremy-bentham --- Narrated by TYPE III AUDIO.

William Thompson (1775–1833) was a philosopher, political economist, and social reformer working during the early nineteenth century. He and his sometimes co-author Anna Doyle Wheeler made significant, though under-appreciated, contributions to the utilitarian, socialist, and feminist philosophical traditions.1 Life William Thompson was a landowner from Cork, Ireland with a reputation for eccentricity. He was often disparaged as “the Red Republican”—a reference to both the red flags of the Jacobins of the French Revolution and contemporaneous attempts at revolution against the British by the Irish Republicans. The original text contained 9 footnotes which were omitted from this narration. --- First published: January 29th, 2023 Source: https://utilitarianism.net/utilitarian-thinker/william-thompson --- Narrated by TYPE III AUDIO.

John Stuart Mill was born in 1806, in London. He was the son of James Mill, a friend of Jeremy Bentham's who shared many of his principles. James intended that his son carry on the radical utilitarian empiricist tradition, and this was reflected in his upbringing: John learned Greek and arithmetic at 3, and helped to edit his father's book (the History of India) at 11. Mill was influenced by the thought of both Jeremy Bentham and political economist David Ricardo (another friend of his father's), and himself committed to utilitarianism after reading Bentham's Traités de Legislation. The original text contained 11 footnotes which were omitted from this narration. --- First published: January 29th, 2023 Source: https://utilitarianism.net/utilitarian-thinker/john-stuart-mill --- Narrated by TYPE III AUDIO.

Harriet Taylor Mill (née Hardy) was born in 1807 in Walworth, South London, as the daughter of a midwife. She was educated at home and became interested in poetry and writing at a young age. She married John Taylor, a pharmacist, aged 18. Even before she met John Stuart Mill, she was writing extensively on topics such as women's rights (particularly in marriage, domestic violence and education), politics, ethics and religious toleration. The original text contained 8 footnotes which were omitted from this narration. --- First published: January 29th, 2023 Source: https://utilitarianism.net/utilitarian-thinker/harriet-taylor-mill --- Narrated by TYPE III AUDIO.

Sidgwick was born in 1838 to a wealthy family in Yorkshire, England. He studied at Cambridge as an undergraduate, where he stayed for the rest of his life. While he is best known as a moral philosopher, he was also a political economist, epistemologist, classicist, theologist, educator, political theorist and parapsychologist (studying psychic phenomena, including telepathy and survival after death). At Cambridge, Sidgwick became a part of “the Apostles”: a secret society whose members discussed topics including ethics, truth and God. The original text contained 7 footnotes which were omitted from this narration. --- First published: January 29th, 2023 Source: https://utilitarianism.net/utilitarian-thinker/henry-sidgwick --- Narrated by TYPE III AUDIO.

Richard M. Hare (1919 - 2002) is usually acknowledged to be one of the major moral thinkers of the 20th century. After being a Japanese prisoner of war for most of World War II, he completed his education at Oxford, later joining the faculty and becoming a professor. In 1983 he moved to the University of Florida but still kept his ties with Oxford. He had many students, including Peter Singer. The original text contained 7 footnotes which were omitted from this narration. --- First published: January 29th, 2023 Source: https://utilitarianism.net/utilitarian-thinker/richard-hare --- Narrated by TYPE III AUDIO.

Singer was born in 1946, Melbourne, Australia, to an Austrian Jewish family that emigrated from Austria to escape persecution by the Nazis. He studied law, history and philosophy at the University of Melbourne, and majored in philosophy. He later did a B.Phil at Oxford University, where he associated with a vegetarian student group and became a vegetarian himself. Around this time he wrote Animal Liberation (1975), which has been called the “bible” of the animal liberation movement. The original text contained 9 footnotes which were omitted from this narration. --- First published: January 29th, 2023 Source: https://utilitarianism.net/utilitarian-thinker/peter-singer --- Narrated by TYPE III AUDIO.

In this summary of her 2016 book The Feeling of Value, Sharon Hewitt Rawlette defends “analytic hedonism”. From our direct acquaintance with the intrinsic value of good and bad experiential states, we can build an entire ethical system that is fully grounded in observable fact. The original text contained 26 footnotes which were omitted from this narration. --- First published: July 11th, 2023 Source: https://utilitarianism.net/guest-essays/precis-of-the-feeling-of-value --- Narrated by TYPE III AUDIO.

This article analyses the extent to which elements of utilitarianism can be found within (i) the Early Buddhist tradition, and (ii) classical Indian Mahāyāna Buddhism. It then explores a Buddhist perspective on well-being, and concludes by comparing Engaged Buddhism to effective altruism. The original text contained 61 footnotes which were omitted from this narration. --- First published: January 29th, 2023 Source: https://utilitarianism.net/guest-essays/buddhism-and-utilitarianism --- Narrated by TYPE III AUDIO.

This article discusses how utilitarians should go about applying their philosophy in the real world. It argues that utilitarians should cultivate a set of utilitarian virtues, including moderate altruism, moral expansiveness, effectiveness-focus, truth-seeking, collaborativeness, and determination. A longer version of this essay can be found here: https://psyarxiv.com/w52zm The original text contained 35 footnotes which were omitted from this narration. --- First published: July 11th, 2023 Source: https://utilitarianism.net/guest-essays/virtues-for-real-world-utilitarians --- Narrated by TYPE III AUDIO.

Many deny that objective and universal moral truth exists. Many more deny that it can be empirically discovered within natural reality. The arguments in this essay seek to empirically discover objective and universal moral truth in natural reality. This truth is that pleasure is goodness. The original text contained 38 footnotes which were omitted from this narration. --- First published: July 11th, 2023 Source: https://utilitarianism.net/guest-essays/naturalistic-arguments-for-ethical-hedonism --- Narrated by TYPE III AUDIO.

This essay questions common assumptions about the philosophical foundations of research ethics. It argues that (I) utilitarianism can account for many core research ethics norms, (II) Kantian ethics may conflict with many core research ethics norms, and (III) a more utilitarian outlook would improve contemporary research ethics in concrete ways. The original text contained 40 footnotes which were omitted from this narration. --- First published: July 11th, 2023 Source: https://utilitarianism.net/guest-essays/utilitarianism-and-research-ethics --- Narrated by TYPE III AUDIO.

How does utilitarianism direct us to respond to climate change? This essay explores the harms caused by carbon emissions, how the cost-effectiveness of reducing emissions compares to other global priorities, and what both individuals and governments ought to do in light of these facts. The original text contained 16 footnotes which were omitted from this narration. --- First published: July 11th, 2023 Source: https://utilitarianism.net/guest-essays/utilitarianism-and-climate-change --- Narrated by TYPE III AUDIO.

When we're less than fully certain of which moral view is correct, it may be wise to ‘hedge our bets' by finding a compromise between the different views we find plausible. This essay especially explores the implications of moral uncertainty for utilitarian-friendly agents—those who have non-negligible confidence in utilitarianism or in some of its central claims. The original text contained 13 footnotes which were omitted from this narration. --- First published: July 11th, 2023 Source: https://utilitarianism.net/guest-essays/uncertainty-and-utilitarianism --- Narrated by TYPE III AUDIO.

Jeremy Bentham (1748-1832) sought to design a set of legal and political institutions that would conform to the ‘principle of utility', i.e. produce the most happiness. This article presents a survey of his famous work, An Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation, and discusses Bentham's thinking about what utilitarian criminal law would look like. The original text contained 26 footnotes which were omitted from this narration. --- First published: July 11th, 2023 Source: https://utilitarianism.net/guest-essays/bentham-and-criminal-law --- Narrated by TYPE III AUDIO.

This essay advances three claims about utilitarianism and nonhuman animals. Utilitarianism plausibly implies, first, that all vertebrates and many invertebrates morally matter, but that some of these animals might matter more than others; second, that we should attempt to both promote animal welfare and respect animal rights in practice; and third, that we should prioritize farmed and wild animals and work to support them. The original text contained 4 footnotes which were omitted from this narration. --- First published: July 11th, 2023 Source: https://utilitarianism.net/guest-essays/utilitarianism-and-nonhuman-animals --- Narrated by TYPE III AUDIO.

The utilitarian goal of promoting everyone’s interests is complicated by the Parfitian view that one’s self-interest across time is a matter of degree (based on psychological connectedness) rather than all-or-nothing identity. This essay introduces and explores the Time-Relative Account of Interests, which uniquely captures key intuitions about the relative misfortune of death at different stages of life. ---Outline:(00:13) Introduction: Utilitarianism and Interests(03:43) Egoistic Concern(11:49) The Misfortune of Death(17:44) The Divergent Lives Problem(27:59) The No-Difference View(36:21) Interests and Reasons(39:44) An Asymmetry Between Benefits and Harms(41:40) About the Author(42:09) Want to learn more about utilitarianism?(42:13) Guest EssaysThe original text contained 9 footnotes which were omitted from this narration. --- First published: September 7th, 2023 Source: https://www.utilitarianism.net/guest-essays/time-relative-account-of-interests --- Narrated by TYPE III AUDIO.

Utilitarianism is a moral theory that combines two key claims: (1) Everyone matters equally and (2) It's better to do more good than less.Seems obvious, right? --- First published: January 29th, 2023 Source: https://utilitarianism.net/utilitarianism-for-high-school-students --- Narrated by TYPE III AUDIO.

Peter Singer's ‘Famine, Affluence, and Morality'1 is widely regarded as one of the most important and influential texts in applied ethics. This study guide explains Singer's central argument, explores possible objections, and clarifies common misunderstandings. The original text contained 19 footnotes which were omitted from this narration. --- First published: January 29th, 2023 Source: https://utilitarianism.net/peter-singer-famine-affluence-and-morality --- Narrated by TYPE III AUDIO.

Most of our readers will probably learn from these pages for the first time, that there has arisen in the United States, and in the most civilised and enlightened portion of them, an organised agitation on a new question - new, not to thinkers, nor to any one by whom the principles of free and popular government are felt as well as acknowledged, but new, and even unheard of, as a subject for public meetings and practical political action. This question is, the enfranchisement of women; their admission, in law and in fact, to equality in all rights, political, civil, and social, with the male citizens of the community.It will add to the surprise with which many will receive this intelligence, that the agitation which has commenced is not a pleading by male writers and orators for women, those who are professedly to be benefitted remaining either indifferent or ostensibly hostile: it is a political movement, practical in its objects, carried on in a form which denotes an intention to persevere. And it is a movement not merely for women, but by them. Its first public manifestation appears to have been a Convention of Women, held in the State of [...] --- Source: https://utilitarianism.net/books/enfranchisement-of-women-harriet-taylor-mill --- Narrated by TYPE III AUDIO.

On Liberty (1859) details Mill's view that individuals should be left wholly free to engage in any activity, thought or belief that does not harm others. Simple though it sounds, it is a position that challenges our ideas on the very nature of government and society, and sheds light on some of the key issues we face today. A key text of political philosophy, On Liberty has been continuously in print since its first publication. --- Source: https://utilitarianism.net/books/on-liberty-john-stuart-mill/1 --- Narrated by Librivox. Served by TYPE III AUDIO.

On Liberty (1859) details Mill's view that individuals should be left wholly free to engage in any activity, thought or belief that does not harm others. Simple though it sounds, it is a position that challenges our ideas on the very nature of government and society, and sheds light on some of the key issues we face today. A key text of political philosophy, On Liberty has been continuously in print since its first publication. --- Source: https://utilitarianism.net/books/on-liberty-john-stuart-mill/2 --- Narrated by Librivox. Served by TYPE III AUDIO.

On Liberty (1859) details Mill's view that individuals should be left wholly free to engage in any activity, thought or belief that does not harm others. Simple though it sounds, it is a position that challenges our ideas on the very nature of government and society, and sheds light on some of the key issues we face today. A key text of political philosophy, On Liberty has been continuously in print since its first publication. --- Source: https://utilitarianism.net/books/on-liberty-john-stuart-mill/3 --- Narrated by Librivox. Served by TYPE III AUDIO.

On Liberty (1859) details Mill's view that individuals should be left wholly free to engage in any activity, thought or belief that does not harm others. Simple though it sounds, it is a position that challenges our ideas on the very nature of government and society, and sheds light on some of the key issues we face today. A key text of political philosophy, On Liberty has been continuously in print since its first publication. --- Source: https://utilitarianism.net/books/on-liberty-john-stuart-mill/4 --- Narrated by Librivox. Served by TYPE III AUDIO.

On Liberty (1859) details Mill's view that individuals should be left wholly free to engage in any activity, thought or belief that does not harm others. Simple though it sounds, it is a position that challenges our ideas on the very nature of government and society, and sheds light on some of the key issues we face today. A key text of political philosophy, On Liberty has been continuously in print since its first publication. --- Source: https://utilitarianism.net/books/on-liberty-john-stuart-mill/5 --- Narrated by Librivox. Served by TYPE III AUDIO.

John Stuart Mill's book Utilitarianism is one of the most influential and widely-read philosophical defenses of utilitarianism in ethics. The essay first appeared as a series of three articles published in Fraser's Magazine in 1861; the articles were collected and reprinted as a single book in 1863. It went through four editions during Mill's lifetime with minor additions and revisions.Although Mill includes discussions of utilitarian ethical principles in other works such as On Liberty and The Subjection of Women, Utilitarianism contains Mill's only major discussion of the fundamental grounds for utilitarian ethical theory. --- Source: https://utilitarianism.net/books/utilitarianism-john-stuart-mill/1 --- Narrated by Librivox. Served by TYPE III AUDIO.

John Stuart Mill's book Utilitarianism is one of the most influential and widely-read philosophical defenses of utilitarianism in ethics. The essay first appeared as a series of three articles published in Fraser's Magazine in 1861; the articles were collected and reprinted as a single book in 1863. It went through four editions during Mill's lifetime with minor additions and revisions.Although Mill includes discussions of utilitarian ethical principles in other works such as On Liberty and The Subjection of Women, Utilitarianism contains Mill's only major discussion of the fundamental grounds for utilitarian ethical theory. --- Source: https://utilitarianism.net/books/utilitarianism-john-stuart-mill/2 --- Narrated by Librivox. Served by TYPE III AUDIO.

John Stuart Mill's book Utilitarianism is one of the most influential and widely-read philosophical defenses of utilitarianism in ethics. The essay first appeared as a series of three articles published in Fraser's Magazine in 1861; the articles were collected and reprinted as a single book in 1863. It went through four editions during Mill's lifetime with minor additions and revisions.Although Mill includes discussions of utilitarian ethical principles in other works such as On Liberty and The Subjection of Women, Utilitarianism contains Mill's only major discussion of the fundamental grounds for utilitarian ethical theory. --- Source: https://utilitarianism.net/books/utilitarianism-john-stuart-mill/3 --- Narrated by Librivox. Served by TYPE III AUDIO.

John Stuart Mill's book Utilitarianism is one of the most influential and widely-read philosophical defenses of utilitarianism in ethics. The essay first appeared as a series of three articles published in Fraser's Magazine in 1861; the articles were collected and reprinted as a single book in 1863. It went through four editions during Mill's lifetime with minor additions and revisions.Although Mill includes discussions of utilitarian ethical principles in other works such as On Liberty and The Subjection of Women, Utilitarianism contains Mill's only major discussion of the fundamental grounds for utilitarian ethical theory. --- Source: https://utilitarianism.net/books/utilitarianism-john-stuart-mill/4 --- Narrated by Librivox. Served by TYPE III AUDIO.

John Stuart Mill's book Utilitarianism is one of the most influential and widely-read philosophical defenses of utilitarianism in ethics. The essay first appeared as a series of three articles published in Fraser's Magazine in 1861; the articles were collected and reprinted as a single book in 1863. It went through four editions during Mill's lifetime with minor additions and revisions.Although Mill includes discussions of utilitarian ethical principles in other works such as On Liberty and The Subjection of Women, Utilitarianism contains Mill's only major discussion of the fundamental grounds for utilitarian ethical theory. --- Source: https://utilitarianism.net/books/utilitarianism-john-stuart-mill/5 --- Narrated by Librivox. Served by TYPE III AUDIO.

The Subjection of Women is the title of an essay written by John Stuart Mill in 1869, possibly jointly with his wife Harriet Taylor Mill, stating an argument in favor of equality between the sexes. It offers both detailed argumentation and passionate eloquence in opposition to the social and legal inequalities commonly imposed upon women by a patriarchal culture. Just as in "On Liberty," Mill defends the emancipation of women on utilitarian grounds, convinced that the moral and intellectual advancement of women would result in greater happiness for everybody. --- Source: https://utilitarianism.net/books/the-subjection-of-women-john-stuart-mill/1 --- Narrated by Librivox. Served by TYPE III AUDIO.