Podcasts about Convention

Last time we spoke about the Changsha fire. Chiang Kai-shek faced a brutal choice: defend Wuhan to the last man or flood the land to slow the invaders. He chose both, pushing rivers and rallying a fractured army as Japanese forces pressed along the Yangtze. Fortresses at Madang held long, but the cost was high—troops lost, civilians displaced, a city's heart burning in the night. Wuhan fell after months of brutal fighting, yet the battle did not break China's will. Mao Zedong urged strategy over martyrdom, preferring to drain the enemy and buy time for a broader struggle. The Japanese, though victorious tactically, found their strength ebbing, resource strains, supply gaps, and a war that felt endless. In the wake of Wuhan, Changsha stood next in the Japanese crosshairs, its evacuation and a devastating fire leaving ash and memory in its wake. Behind these prices, political currents swirled. Wang Jingwei defected again, seeking power beyond Chiang's grasp, while Chongqing rose as a western bastion of resistance. The war hardened into a protracted stalemate, turning Japan from an aggressive assailant into a wary occupier, and leaving China to endure, persist, and fight on.   #175  The Soviet-Japanese Border Conflicts Welcome to the Fall and Rise of China Podcast, I am your dutiful host Craig Watson. But, before we start I want to also remind you this podcast is only made possible through the efforts of Kings and Generals over at Youtube. Perhaps you want to learn more about the history of Asia? Kings and Generals have an assortment of episodes on history of asia and much more  so go give them a look over on Youtube. So please subscribe to Kings and Generals over at Youtube and to continue helping us produce this content please check out www.patreon.com/kingsandgenerals. If you are still hungry for some more history related content, over on my channel, the Pacific War Channel where I cover the history of China and Japan from the 19th century until the end of the Pacific War. So based on the title of this one, you probably can see we are taking a bit of a detour. For quite some time we have focused on the Japanese campaigns into China proper 1937-1938. Now the way the second sino-japanese war is traditionally broken down is in phases. 1937-1938, 1939-1942 and 1942-1945. However there is actually even more going on in China aside from the war with Japan. In Xinjiang province a large full blown Islamic revolution breaks out in 1937. We will be covering that story at a later date, but another significant event is escalating border skirmishes in Manchukuo. Now these border skirmishes had been raging ever since the USSR consolidated its hold over the far east. We talked about some of those skirmishes prior to the Sino-Soviet war in 1929. However when Japan created the puppet government of Manchukuo, this was a significant escalation in tensions with the reds. Today we are going to talk about the escalating border conflicts between the Soviets and Japan. A tongue of poorly demarcated land extends southeast from Hunchun, hugging the east bank of the Tumen River between Lake Khasan to the east and Korea to the west. Within this tongue stands Changkufeng Hill, one of a long chain of highlands sweeping from upstream along the rivers and moors toward the sea. The twin-peaked hill sits at the confluence area several miles northwest of the point where Manchuria, Korea, and the Russian Far East meet. The hill's shape reminded Koreans of their changgo, which is a long snare drum constricted at the center and tapped with the hands at each end. When the Manchus came to the Tumen, they rendered the phonetic sounds into three ideographic characters meaning "taut drum peaks" or Chang-ku-feng. The Japanese admired the imagery and preserved the Chinese readings, which they pronounce Cho-ko-ho. From their eastern vantage, the Russians called it Zaozernaya, "hill behind the lake." Soviet troops referred to it as a sugar-loaf hill. For many years, natives and a handful of officials in the region cultivated a relaxed attitude toward borders and sovereignty. Even after the Japanese seized Manchuria in 1931, the issue did not immediately come to a head. With the expansion of Manchukuo and the Soviet Far East under Stalin's Five-Year plans, both sides began to attend more closely to frontier delimitation. Whenever either party acted aggressively, force majeure was invoked to justify the unexpected and disruptive events recognized in international law. Most often, these incidents erupted along the eastern Manchurian borders with the USSR or along the 350-mile frontier south of Lake Khanka, each skirmish carrying the seeds of all-out warfare. Now we need to talk a little bit about border history. The borders in question essentially dated to pacts concluded by the Qing dynasty and the Tsardom. Between the first Sino-Russian Treaty of Nerchinsk in 1689 and the Mukden Agreement of 1924, there were over a dozen accords governing the borders. Relevant to Changkufeng were the basic 15-article Convention of Peking, supplementing the Tientsin Treaties of November 1860, some maps made in 1861, and the eight-article Hunchun Border Protocol of 1886. By the 1860 treaty, the Qing ceded to Tsarist Russia the entire maritime province of Siberia, but the meaning of "lands south of Lake Khanka" remained rather vague. Consequently, a further border agreement was negotiated in June 1861 known as "the Lake Khanka Border Pact", by which demarcations were drawn on maps and eight wooden markers erected. The border was to run from Khanka along ridgelines between the Hunchun River and the sea, past Suifenho and Tungning, terminating about 6 miles from the mouth of the Tumen. Then a Russo-Chinese commission established in 1886 drew up the Hunchun Border Pact, proposing new or modified markers along the 1860–1861 lines and arranging a Russian resurvey. However, for the Japanese, in 1938, the Chinese or Manchu texts of the 1886 Hunchun agreement were considered controlling. The Soviets argued the border ran along every summit west of Khasan, thereby granting them jurisdiction over at least the eastern slopes of all elevations, including Changkufeng and Shachaofeng.  Since the Qing dynasty and the house of Romanov were already defunct, the new sovereignties publicly appealed to opposing texts, and the Soviet side would not concede that the Russian-language version had never been deemed binding by the Qing commissioners. Yet, even in 1938, the Japanese knew that only the Chinese text had survived or could be located.    Now both the Chinese and Russian military maps generally drew the frontier along the watershed east of Khasan; this aligned with the 1861 readings based on the Khanka agreement. The Chinese Republican Army conducted new surveys sometime between 1915 and 1920. The latest Chinese military map of the Changkufeng area drew the border considerably closer to the old "red line" of 1886, running west of Khasan but near the shore rather than traversing the highland crests. None of the military delimitations of the border was sanctified by an official agreement. Hence, the Hunchun Protocol, whether well known or not, invaluable or worthless, remained the only government-to-government pact dealing with the frontiers.  Before we jump into it, how about a little summary of what became known as the Soviet-Japanese border conflicts. The first major conflict would obviously be the Russo-Japanese war of 1904-1905. Following years of conflict between the Russian Empire and Japan culminating in the costly Battle of Tsushima, Tsar Nicholas II's government sought peace, recognizing Japan's claims to Korea and agreeing to evacuate Manchuria.  From 1918 to 1920, the Imperial Japanese Army, under Emperor Taishō after the death of Meiji, assisted the White Army and Alexander Kerensky against the Bolshevik Red Army. They also aided the Czechoslovak Legion in Siberia to facilitate its return to Europe after an Austrian-Hungarian armoured train purportedly went astray. By 1920, with Austria-Hungary dissolved and Czechoslovakia established two years earlier, the Czechoslovak Legion reached Europe. Japan withdrew from the Russian Revolution and the Civil War in 1922. Following Japan's 1919-1920 occupations and the Soviet intervention in Mongolia in 1921, the Republic of China also withdrew from Outer Mongolia in 1921. In 1922, after capturing Vladivostok in 1918 to halt Bolshevik advances, Japanese forces retreated to Japan as Bolshevik power grew and the postwar fatigue among combatants increased. After Hirohito's invasion of Manchuria in 1931–1932, following Taishō's death in 1926, border disputes between Manchukuo, the Mongolian People's Republic, and the Soviet Union increased. Many clashes stemmed from poorly defined borders, though some involved espionage. Between 1932 and 1934, the Imperial Japanese Army reported 152 border disputes, largely tied to Soviet intelligence activity in Manchuria, while the Soviets accused Japan of 15 border violations, six air intrusions, and 20 cases of "spy smuggling" in 1933 alone. Numerous additional violations followed in the ensuing years. By the mid-1930s, Soviet-Japanese diplomacy and trust had deteriorated further, with the Japanese being openly labeled "fascist enemies" at the Seventh Comintern Congress in July 1935. Beginning in 1935, conflicts significantly escalated. On 8 January 1935, the first armed clash, known as the Halhamiao incident, took place on the border between Mongolia and Manchukuo. Several dozen cavalrymen of the Mongolian People's Army crossed into Manchuria near disputed fishing grounds and engaged an 11‑man Manchukuo Imperial Army patrol near the Buddhist temple at Halhamiao, led by a Japanese military advisor. The Manchukuo Army sustained 6 wounded and 2 dead, including the Japanese officer; the Mongols suffered no casualties and withdrew after the Japanese sent a punitive expedition to reclaim the area. Two motorized cavalry companies, a machine‑gun company, and a tankette platoon occupied the position for three weeks without resistance. In June 1935, the first direct exchange of fire between the Japanese and Soviets occurred when an 11‑man Japanese patrol west of Lake Khanka was attacked by six Soviet horsemen, reportedly inside Manchukuo territory. In the firefight, one Soviet soldier was killed and two horses were captured. The Japanese requested a joint investigation, but the Soviets rejected the proposal. In October 1935, nine Japanese and 32 Manchukuoan border guards were establishing a post about 20 kilometers north of Suifenho when they were attacked by 50 Soviet soldiers. The Soviets opened fire with rifles and five heavy machine guns. Two Japanese and four Manchukuoan soldiers were killed, and another five were wounded. The Manchukuoan foreign affairs representative lodged a verbal protest with the Soviet consul at Suifenho. The Kwantung Army of Japan also sent an intelligence officer to investigate the clash. On 19 December 1935, a Manchukuoan unit reconnoitering southwest of Buir Lake clashed with a Mongolian party, reportedly capturing 10 soldiers. Five days later, 60 truck‑borne Mongolian troops assaulted the Manchukuoans and were repulsed, at the cost of three Manchukuoan dead. On the same day, at Brunders, Mongolian forces attempted three times to drive out Manchukuoan outposts, and again at night, but all attempts failed. Further small attempts occurred in January, with Mongolians using airplanes for reconnaissance. The arrival of a small Japanese force in three trucks helped foil these attempts; casualties occurred on both sides, though Mongolian casualties are unknown aside from 10 prisoners taken. In February 1936, Lieutenant-Colonel Sugimoto Yasuo was ordered to form a detachment from the 14th Cavalry Regiment to "drive the Outer Mongol intruders from the Olankhuduk region," a directive attributed to Lieutenant-General Kasai Heijuro. Sugimoto's detachment included cavalry guns, heavy machine guns, and tankettes. They faced a force of about 140 Mongolians equipped with heavy machine guns and light artillery. On February 12, Sugimoto's men drove the Mongolians south, at the cost of eight Japanese killed, four wounded, and one tankette destroyed. The Japanese began to withdraw, but were attacked by 5–6 Mongolian armored cars and two bombers, which briefly disrupted the column. The situation was stabilized when the Japanese unit received artillery support, allowing them to destroy or repel the armored cars. In March 1936, the Tauran incident occurred. In this clash, both the Japanese Army and the Mongolian Army deployed a small number of armored fighting vehicles and aircraft. The incident began when 100 Mongolian and six Soviet troops attacked and occupied the disputed village of Tauran, Mongolia, driving off the small Manchurian garrison. They were supported by light bombers and armored cars, though the bombing sorties failed to inflict damage on the Japanese, and three bombers were shot down by Japanese heavy machine guns. Local Japanese forces counter-attacked, conducting dozens of bombing sorties and finally assaulting Tauran with 400 men and 10 tankettes. The result was a Mongolian rout, with 56 Mongolian soldiers killed, including three Soviet advisors, and an unknown number wounded. Japanese losses were 27 killed and 9 wounded. Later in March 1936, another border clash occurred between Japanese and Soviet forces. Reports of border violations prompted the Japanese Korean Army to send ten men by truck to investigate, but the patrol was ambushed by 20 Soviet NKVD soldiers deployed about 300 meters inside territory claimed by Japan. After suffering several casualties, the Japanese patrol withdrew and was reinforced with 100 men, who then drove off the Soviets. Fighting resumed later that day when the NKVD brought reinforcements. By nightfall, the fighting had ceased and both sides had pulled back. The Soviets agreed to return the bodies of two Japanese soldiers who had died in the fighting, a development viewed by the Japanese government as encouraging. In early April 1936, three Japanese soldiers were killed near Suifenho in another minor affray. This incident was notable because the Soviets again returned the bodies of the fallen servicemen. In June 1937, the Kanchazu Island incident occurred on the Amur River along the Soviet–Manchukuo border. Three Soviet gunboats crossed the river's center line, disembarked troops, and occupied Kanchazu Island. Japanese forces from the IJA 1st Division, equipped with two horse-drawn 37 mm artillery pieces, quickly established improvised firing positions and loaded their guns with both high-explosive and armor-piercing shells. They shelled the Soviet vessels, sinking the lead gunboat, crippling the second, and driving off the third. Japanese troops subsequently fired on the swimming crewmen from the sunken ships using machine guns. Thirty-seven Soviet soldiers were killed, while Japanese casualties were zero. The Japanese Ministry of Foreign Affairs protested and demanded the Soviet forces withdraw from the island. The Soviet leadership, apparently shocked by the incident and reluctant to escalate, agreed to evacuate their troops. By 1938 the border situation had deteriorated. The tangled terrain features, mountain, bog, stream, forest, and valley, would have complicated even careful observers' discernment of the old red line drawn in 1886. Fifty years later, the markers themselves had undergone a metamorphosis. Japanese investigators could find, at most, only 14 to 17 markers standing fairly intact between the Tumen estuary and Khanka—roughly one every 25 miles at best. The remainder were missing or ruined; five were found in new locations. Marker "K," for example, was 40 meters deeper inside Manchuria, away from Khanka. Japanese military experts noted that of the 20 markers originally set along the boundaries of Hunchun Prefecture alone, only four could be found by the summer of 1938. The rest had either been wrecked or arbitrarily moved and discarded by Russian or Chinese officials and inhabitants. It is even said that one missing marker could be seen on display in Khabarovsk. The Chinese had generally interpreted the boundary as the road line just west of Khasan, at least in practice. Free road movement, however, had become a problem even 20 years before the Japanese overran Manchuria in 1931–1932 during the so-called Manchurian Incident. The Japanese adopted, or inherited, the Chinese interpretation, which was based on the 1886 agreement on border roads; the key clause held that the frontier west of Khasan would be the road along the lake. Japanese sources emphasize that local residents' anger toward gradual Soviet oppression and penetrations westward into Manchurian territory fueled the conflict. Many natives believed the original boundaries lay east of the lake, but the Soviets adjusted the situation to suit their own convenience. In practice, the Russians were restricting road use just west of Khasan by Manchurian and Korean residents. There was speculation that this was a prelude to taking over the ridgelines, depending on the reaction of the Manchukuoan–Japanese side. Villagers who went to streams or the lake to launder clothing found themselves subjected to sniper fire. Along a 25-mile stretch of road near Shachaofeng, farmers reported coming under fire from new Soviet positions as early as November 1935. Nevertheless, Japanese and Koreans familiar with the Tumen area noted agrarian, seasonal Korean religious rites atop Changkufeng Hill, including fattened pigs sacrificed and changgo drums beaten. Village elders told Japanese visitors in 1938 that, until early the preceding year, no Russians had come as far as Changkufeng Hill. Looking only at the border sector around Changkufeng, the easy days were clearly behind us. In the summer of 1938, Gaimusho "Foreign Ministry" observers described the explosive situation along the Korea–Manchuria–USSR borders as a matter of de facto frontiers. Both sides pressed against each other, and their trigger-happy posture was summed up in the colloquial refrain: "Take another step and we'll let you have it." Near dawn on 13 June 1938, a Manchurian patrol detected a suspicious figure in the fog swirling over Changlingtzu Hill on the Siberian–Manchurian frontier. Challenged at 15 feet, the suspect hurled two pistols to the ground and raised his hands in surrender. At headquarters, the police soon realized this was no routine border-trespassing case. The man was a defector and he was a Russian general, in fact he was the director of all NKVD forces in the Soviet Far East. Beneath a mufti of spring coat and hunting cap, he wore a full uniform with medals. His identification card No. 83 designated him as G. S. Lyushkov, Commissar 3rd Class, countersigned by Nikolai Yezhov, NKVD head in Moscow. Lyushkov was promptly turned over to the Japanese military authorities, who transferred him to Seoul and then to Tokyo under close escort. On 1 July, the Japanese press was permitted to disclose that Lyushkov had sought refuge in Japan. Ten days later, to capitalize on the commissar's notoriety and to confound skeptics, the Japanese produced Lyushkov at a press conference in Tokyo. For the Japanese and foreign correspondents, who met separately with him, Lyushkov described Soviet Far East strength and the turmoil wracking the USSR, because for those of you unfamiliar this was during the Stalinist purges. Clearly, the Japanese had gained a unique reservoir of high-level intelligence and a wealth of materials, including notes scratched in blood by suspects incarcerated at Khabarovsk. A general tightening of Russian frontier security had recently been reported. Natives of Fangchuanting asserted that a Soviet cavalry patrol appeared in June, seemingly for the first time. Contact with Yangkuanping, northwest of Khasan, was severed. More importantly, Japanese Army Signal Corps intelligence detected a surge of Soviet message traffic from the Posyet Bay district. After Lyushkov's defection, a drastic reshuffle in the local Russian command apparently occurred, and responsibility for border surveillance seems to have been reallocated. Japanese records indicate that the Novokievsk security force commander was relieved and the sector garrison replaced by troops from Vladivostok. Gaimusho intelligence also received reports that a border garrison unit had been transferred from Khabarovsk or Chita to the Tumen sector. The Kwantung Army signal monitors also intercepted two significant frontline messages on 6 July from the new Russian local commander in the Posyet region, addressed to Lieutenant General Sokolov in Khabarovsk. Decoded, the messages suggested (1) that ammunition for infantry mortars amounted to less than half the required supply; and  (2) a recommendation that higher headquarters authorize Russian elements to secure certain unoccupied high ground west of Khasan.  The commander noted terrain advantages and the contemplated construction of emplacements that would command Najin and the Korean railway. As a start, at least one Russian platoon should be authorized to dig in on the highest ground (presumably Changkufeng) and deploy four tons of entanglements to stake out the Soviet claim. Korea Army Headquarters received a telegram from the Kwantung Army on 7 July conveying the deciphered messages. On the same day, the 19th Division in North Korea telephoned Seoul that, on 6 July, three or four Soviet horsemen had been observed reconnoitering Manchurian territory from atop a hill called Changkufeng. The alarming intelligence from the Kwantung Army and the front warranted immediate attention by the Korea Army. Some Kwantung Army officers doubted the significance of the developments, with one intelligence official even suggesting the Russian messages might be a deliberate ploy designed to entrap the Japanese at Changkufeng. On 7–8 July, all staff officers in Seoul convened at army headquarters. The name of Changkufeng Hill was not well known, but maps and other data suggested that neither the Japanese nor the Russians had previously stationed border units in the ridge complex west of Khasan. As early as March 1936, Army Commander Koiso Kuniaki had distributed maps to subordinate units, indicating which sectors were in dispute. No patrol was to enter zones lacking definitive demarcation. Until then, the only Japanese element east of the Tumen was a Manchurian policeman at Fangchuanting. Ownership of the high ground emerged as an early issue. A number of other points were raised by  the Kwantung Army: At present, Soviet elements in the area were negligible. The intrusion must not be overlooked. The Russians could be expected to exploit any weakness, and half-measures would not suffice, especially regarding the Japanese defense mission along a 125-mile frontier. In Japanese hands, Changkufeng Hill would be useful, but two excellent observation posts already existed in the neighboring sector of the Manchurian tongue. With dissidence and purges underway, the Russians may have judged it necessary to seal border gaps, particularly after Lyushkov's defection. They may also have sought to control Changkufeng to offset Japanese dominance of the high ground to the north. Soviet seizure of Changkufeng would upset the delicate status quo and could provoke a contest for equivalent observation posts. In broader terms, it mattered little whether the Russians sought a permanent observation post on Changkufeng Hill, which was of relatively minor strategic value. Japan's primary concern lay in the China theater; Changkufeng was peripheral. The Japanese should not expend limited resources or become distracted. The matter required consultation with the high command in Tokyo. In the absence of more comprehensive intelligence, the assembled staff officers concluded that the Korea Army should, at a minimum, ignore or disregard Soviet actions for the time being, while maintaining vigilant observation of the area. The consensus was communicated to Major General Kitano Kenzo, the Korea Army chief of staff, who concurred, and to Koiso. Upon learning that the recommendation advocated a low posture, Koiso inquired only whether the opinion reflected the unanimous view of the staff. Having been assured that it did, he approved the policy. Koiso, then 58, was at the threshold of the routine personnel changes occurring around 15 July. He had just been informed that he would retire and that General Nakamura Kotaro would succeed him. Those acquainted with Koiso perceived him as treating the border difficulties as a minor anticlimax in the course of his command tour. He appeared unemphatic or relaxed as he prepared to depart from a post he had held for twenty-one years. Although neither Koiso nor his staff welcomed the Soviet activities that appeared under way, his reaction likely reflected a reluctance to make decisions that could constrain his soon-to-arrive successor. On 8 July Koiso authorized the dispatch of warnings to the 19th Division at Nanam, to the Hunchun garrison, and to the intelligence branch at Hunchun. These units were instructed to exercise maximum precautions and to tighten frontier security north of Shuiliufeng. In response to the initial appearance of Soviet horsemen at Changkufeng, the Kucheng Border Garrison Unit of the 76th Infantry Regiment maintained close surveillance across the Tumen. By about noon on 9 July, patrols detected approximately a dozen Russian troops commencing construction atop Changkufeng. Between 11 and 13 July, the number of soldiers on the slopes increased to forty; there were also thirty horses and eleven camouflaged tents. Operating in shifts on the western side, thirty meters from the crest, the Russians erected barbed wire and firing trenches; fifty meters forward, they excavated observation trenches. In addition to existing telephone lines between Changkufeng, Lake Khasan, and Kozando, the Russians installed a portable telephone net. Logistical support was provided by three boats on the lake. Approximately twenty kilometers to the east, well within Soviet territory, large forces were being mobilized, and steamship traffic into Posyet Bay intensified. Upon learning of the "intrusion" at Changkufeng on 9 July, Lt. General Suetaka Kamezo, the commander of the 19th Division, dispatched staff officers to the front and prepared to send elements to reinforce border units.  The special significance of Suetaka and his division stemmed from a series of unusual circumstances. Chientao Province, the same zone into which Lyushkov had fled and the sector where Soviet horsemen had appeared, fell within Manchukuo geographically and administratively. Yet, in terms of defense, the configuration of the frontier, the terrain, and the transportation network more closely connected the region with North Korea than with southeastern Manchuria. Approximately 80% of the population was of Korean origin, which implied Japanese rather than Manchukuoan allegiance. Consequently, the Korea Army had been made operationally responsible for the defense of Chientao and controlled not only the three-battalion garrison at Hunchun but also the intelligence detachment located there. In the event of war, the Korea Army's mission was defined as mobilization and execution of subsidiary operational tasks against the USSR, under the control and in support of the Kwantung Army.  The Korea Army ordinarily possessed two infantry divisions, the 19th in North Korea and the 20th stationed at Seoul, but the 20th Division had already departed for China, leaving only the 20th Depot Division in the capital. Beyond sparse ground units, devoid of armor and with weak heavy artillery, there were only two air regiments in Korea, the nearest being the unit at Hoeryong. The Korea Army was designed to maintain public security within Korea as well as fulfill minimal defensive responsibilities. Such an army did not require a full-time operations officer, and none was maintained. When needed, as in mid-1938, the task fell to the senior staff officer, in this case Colonel Iwasaki Tamio. In peacetime, training constituted the primary focus.  Thus, the 19th Division was entrusted with defending northeastern Korea. Its commander, Suetaka, a seasoned infantryman, resented the fact that his elite force had never engaged in combat in China. He intensified training with zeal, emphasizing strict discipline, bravery, aggressiveness, and thorough preparation. Japanese veterans characterized him as severe, bullish, short-tempered, hot-blooded, highly strung, unbending, and stubborn. Nonetheless, there was widespread respect for his realistic training program, maintained under firm, even violent, personal supervision. His men regarded Suetaka as a professional, a modern samurai who forged the division into superb condition. Privately, he was reputed for sensitivity and warmth; a Japanese phrase "yakamashii oyaji" captures the dual sense of stern father and martinet in his character. At the outset, however, Suetaka displayed little aggression. Although not widely known, he did not welcome the orders from army headquarters to deploy to the Tumen. Until late July, he remained somewhat opposed to the notion of dislodging the Soviets from the crest, a proposition arising from neither the division staff nor, initially, Suetaka himself. Colonel Sato noted that, for a week after reports of Soviet excavation at Changkufeng, the division's response was limited to preparations for a possible emergency, as they perceived the matter as a local issue best settled through diplomacy. Korea Army officers acknowledged that, around the time the Soviets consolidated their outpost strength at Changkufeng, an informal and personal telegram arrived in Seoul from a Kwantung Army Intelligence field-grade officer who specialized in Soviet affairs. If the Korea Army hesitated, the Kwantung Army would be obliged to eject the Russians; the matter could not be ignored. While the telegram did not demand a reply and struck several officers as presumptuous and implausible, the message was promptly shown to Koiso. Koiso was driven to immediate action, he wired Tokyo asserting that only the Korea Army could and would handle the incident. One staff officer recalled "We felt we had to act, out of a sense of responsibility. But we resented the Kwantung Army's interference." The Korea Army staff convened shortly after receipt of the unofficial telegram from Hsinking. Based on the latest intelligence from the division dated 13 July, the officers prepared an assessment for submission to the army commander. The hypotheses were distilled into three scenarios: The USSR, or the Far East authorities, desires hostilities. Conclusion: Slightly possible. The USSR seeks to restrain Japan on the eve of the pivotal operations in China: the major Japanese offensive to seize Hankow. Conclusion: Highly probable. The Posyet district commander is new in his post; by occupying the Changkufeng ridges, he would demonstrate loyalty, impress superiors, and seek glory. Conclusion: Possible. Late on 13 July or early on 14 July, Koiso approved the dispatch of a message to the vice minister of war, and the Kwantung Army chief of staff:  "Lake Khasan area lies in troublesome sector USSR has been claiming . . . in accordance with treaties [said Secret Message No. 913], but we interpret it to be Manchukuoan territory, evident even from maps published by Soviet side. Russian actions are patently illegal, but, considering that area does not exert major or immediate influence on operations [Japan] is intending and that China Incident is in full swing, we are not going to conduct counterattack measures immediately. This army is thinking of reasoning with Soviets and requesting pullback, directly on spot. . . . In case Russians do not accede in long run, we have intention to drive Soviet soldiers out of area east of Khasan firmly by use of force."  The message concluded with a request that the Tokyo authorities lodge a formal protest with the USSR, on behalf of Manchukuo and Japan, and guide matters so that the Russians would withdraw quickly. Dominant in Japanese high command thinking in 1938 was the China theater; the Changkufeng episode constituted a mere digression. A sequence of Japanese tactical victories had preceded the summer: Tsingtao fell in January; the Yellow River was reached in March; a "reformed government of the Republic of China" was installed at Nanking several weeks later; Amoy fell in early May; Suchow fell on the 20th. With these gains, northern and central fronts could be linked by the Japanese. Yet Chinese resistance persisted, and while public statements anticipated imminent Chinese dissension, private admissions acknowledged that the partial effects of Suchow's fall were ominous: control might pass from Chiang Kai-shek to the Communists, Chinese defiance might intensify, and Soviet involvement could ensue. A Hankow drive appeared desirable to symbolize the conclusion of the military phase of hostilities. The Japanese and their adversaries were in accord regarding the importance of the summer and autumn campaigns. Even after Suchow's fall, the government discouraged public insinuations that enemy resistance was collapsing; when Chiang addressed the nation on the first anniversary of hostilities, Premier Konoe prophetically proclaimed, "The war has just begun." Colonel Inada Masazum served as the Army General Staff's principal figure for the Changkufeng affair, occupying the position of chief of the 2nd Operations Section within the Operations Bureau in March 1938. A distinguished graduate of the Military Academy, Inada completed the War College program and held a combination of line, instructional, and staff assignments at the War College, the Army General Staff, and the War Ministry. He was recognized as a sharp, highly capable, and driveful personality, though some regarded him as enigmatic. Following the capture of Suchow, Imperial General Headquarters on 18 June ordered field forces to undertake operational preparations for a drive to seize the Wuhan complex. Inada favored a decisive move aimed at achieving a rapid political settlement. He acknowledged that Soviet intervention in 1938, during Japan's involvement in China, would have been critical. Although Japanese forces could still defeat the Chinese, an overextended Japanese Army might be fatally compromised against the Russians. Soviet assistance to China was already pronouncedly unwelcome. The Soviets were reported to possess roughly 20 rifle divisions, four to five cavalry divisions, 1,500 tanks, and 1,560 aircraft, including 300 bombers with a range of approximately 3,000 kilometers, enabling reach from Vladivostok to Tokyo. Soviet manpower in Siberia was likely near 370,000. In response, Japanese central authorities stressed a no-trouble policy toward the USSR while seeking to "wall off" the border and bolster the Kwantung Army as quickly as possible. Nevertheless, the envisaged correction of the strategic imbalance could not occur before 1943, given shortages in ammunition, manpower, and materiel across existing theaters in China. By the end of 1937 Japan had committed 16 of its 24 divisions to China, bringing the standing force to roughly 700,000. Army General Staff planners reallocated three ground divisions, intended for a northern contingency, from north to central China, even as the Kwantung Army operated from a less favorable posture. Attitudes toward the northern problem varied within senior military circles. While concern persisted, it was not universal. As campaigns in China widened, planning at the high command level deteriorated, propagating confusion and anxiety to field armies in China. The Japanese Navy suspected that the Army general staff was invoking the USSR as a pretext for broader strategic aims—namely, to provoke a more consequential confrontation with the USSR while the Navy contended with its own strategic rivalries with the Army, centered on the United States and Britain. Army leaders, however, denied aggressive intent against the USSR at that time. The Hankow plan encountered substantial internal opposition at high levels. Private assessments among army planners suggested that a two-front war would be premature given operational readiness and troop strength. Not only were new War Ministry officials cautious, but many high-ranking Army general staff officers and court circles shared doubts.  Aggressive tendencies, influenced by subordinates and the Kwantung Army, were evident in Inada, who repeatedly pressed Tada Shun, the deputy army chief of staff, to endorse the Wuhan drive as both necessary and feasible, arguing that the USSR would gain from Japan's weakening without incurring substantial losses. Inada contended that Stalin was rational and that time favored the USSR in the Far East, where industrial buildup and military modernization were ongoing. He argued that the Soviet purges impeded opportunistic ventures with Japan. He posited that Nazi Germany posed a growing threat on the western front, and thus the USSR should be avoided by both Japan, due to China and Russia, due to Germany. While most of the army remained engaged in China, Tada did not initially share Inada's views; only after inspecting the Manchurian borders in April 1938 did he finally align with Inada's broader vision, which encompassed both northern and Chinese considerations. During this period, Inada studied daily intelligence from the Kwantung Army, and after Lyushkov's defection in June, reports suggested the Soviets were following their sector commander's recommendations. Russian troops appeared at Changkufeng, seemingly prepared to dig in. Inada recollects his reaction: "That's nice, my chance has come." I would like to take this time to remind you all that this podcast is only made possible through the efforts of Kings and Generals over at Youtube. Please go subscribe to Kings and Generals over at Youtube and to continue helping us produce this content please check out www.patreon.com/kingsandgenerals. If you are still hungry after that, give my personal channel a look over at The Pacific War Channel at Youtube, it would mean a lot to me. The simmering Soviet–Japanese border clashes centered on Changkufeng Hill near Lake Khanka, set within a broader history of contested frontiers dating to Qing and Tsarist treaties. Japan, prioritizing China, considered Changkufeng peripheral but ready to confront Soviet encroachment; Moscow aimed to consolidate border gains, with high-level war planning overlaying regional skirmishes. Conflict loomed over Manchuria.

In our podcast about a narrative podcast, PhantasticGeek.com's Pete and Matt review the data tapes on the nine episode journey that was Star Trek: Khan.Thanks as always to everyone who supports the podcast by visiting Patreon.com/PhantasticGeek.Share your feedback by emailing PhantasticGeek@gmail.com, commenting at PhantasticGeek.com, or tweeting @PhantasticGeek.MP3

We did a remote location show at the Clean Eatz National Convention in Wrightsville Beach NC. We talked to four Franchise Partners in the brand that shared their experiences in the beginning and gave a few nuggets of wisdom to other Clean Eatz Partners but they also translated to anyone in any business. The event was the 10yr Anniversary of Clean Eatz being a Franchise brand and was an amazing event. One of the best yet. https://www.instagram.com/cleaneatzlife/https://instagram.com/donvarady https://instagram.com/stevebon8https://instagram.com/thefounderzlounge https://instagram.com/founderzlounge Clean Eatz - http://www.cleaneatz.comBonseye Marketing - http://www.bonseyeonline.comFounderz Lounge - http://www.thefounderzlounge.com

Mark Meckler is back from his D.C. trip, and he has thoughts. His friend Dr. Kevin Roberts (President of the Heritage Foundation) had a less-than-stellar reaction to the ongoing Tucker Carlson controversy. Plus, Mark comments on the BLOCKBUSTER news out of Kansas and what it means for the Convention of States movement. Then, the COS President launches into an extended edition of Ask Mark Anything. Welcome to The BattleCry! Ask Mark Anything

Episode 362 of RevolutionZ continues the oral history recounting by Miguel Guevara and his interviewees. It delves further with the motives, aims, and mechanics of a successful future revolution. This time, it asks, what if the hardest part of building a movement isn't the opposition outside, but the pressure inside the room—and inside our heads? Guevara leads Andre Goldman, Malcolm Mays and Cynthia Parks in a discussion that describes the founding convention of RPS where three thousand people traded posturing for process and built consensus without blunting their ideals. They describe how months of preparation, open amendments, and careful straw polls set a tone that prized clarity over dominance and turned potential stalemates into workable albeit provisional decisions.From there, the interviewees explore how a “starter program” could be broad without becoming a blur. Wages and work hours. Tax the rich and full employment. Expanded, revised education for all. Immigration and community control of policing. Reproductive and LGBTQ rights. Democratic reforms like ranked choice voting and public financing. Single‑payer healthcare, demilitarization, climate action, and oversight of AI. The initial national platform offered scaffolding that let chapters chose priorities that fit their own local needs—a structure that fed momentum instead of draining it.Then Cynthia's story reframes the stakes. Childhood eviction and family violence carved an inner voice in her mind that said you can't, a crippling voice that many carry with no one else seeing. Rather than pretend that politics is only external, In response to this widespread issue, RPS carved out space to confront internalized doubt and the habits that keep people silent. That attention to the psychological side of participation—paired with humble, flexible strategy—helped the project survive fragile beginnings, temper early rigidity, and welcome new leaders. Guevara's questions also wrestle with the family versus movement dilemma: what does responsible care look like when the future your kids inherit depends on what you build with others today. How much time to allot where? How can we even think about such a vexing choice? If you're organizing, if you're curious about consensus that actually works, or about how to fight the voices within that say your effort, or someone else's effort won't matter, this episode offers tools our interviewees used in their world and time—procedures that can keep trust intact, culture that can tame ego and liberate potentials, and a program that travels from national goals to neighborhood action. Does the episode resonates with you? IF so, perhaps share it and the whole Wind Cries Freedom sequence with a friend who is doing or considering doing movement work. Do you instead find the discussion lacking or even wrong, okay, in either case, perhaps even leave a comment to help improve coming episodes. .Support the show

Facing the Future with Faith In this Address to the Diocesan Convention of the Diocese of the Rio Grande, Bishop Michael Hunn address the pressing challenges facing the world and our communities today—from political division and economic fragility to environmental crises and immigration issues. Within this context, the Episcopal Church stands as a beacon of hope and unity. Bishop Michael emphasizes the crucial role of clergy in guiding us through these turbulent times, urging support for the church's future through phases of spiritual renewal, financial planning, and strategic resource management. Discover how we can ensure the continued presence and mission of the Episcopal Church in the Diocese of the Rio Grande for generations to come. 00:00 Introduction and Current Challenges 00:30 Political and Social Unrest 03:07 Environmental Concerns and Stewardship 04:25 Role of the Episcopal Church 05:40 The Importance of Clergy 09:09 Phases of Diocesan Renewal 15:19 Facing Financial Realities 18:13 Strategic Changes for the Future 21:18 Conclusion and Call to Action

For the 56th episode of THE LIST MAKERS, we discuss which (living) Doctor Who people we'd most like to see on a convention panel. Will this be particularly challenging for Rob, given his total disinterest in such events? Where will Dave take his list? Between them, can they come up with the ultimate convention guest list? What would your picks be? Why not write in and let us know? Contact us: X / Twitter: @theDWshow Bluesky: @thedwshow.net Facebook: facebook.com/theDWshow Email: hello@theDWshow.net

L'émission 28 minutes du 08/11/2025 Ce samedi, Renaud Dély décrypte l'actualité avec le regard international de nos clubistes : Lionel Zinsou, économiste, ancien Premier ministre de la République du Bénin (2015-2016), Eva Morletto, correspondante à Paris pour le magazine italien “Grazia”, Maya Khadra, enseignante et journaliste franco-libanaise et le dessinateur de presse Patrick Chappatte. Mamdani élu à New-York : le début de la remontada pour la gauche américaine ?Un an après la victoire des républicains à l'élection présidentielle avec Donald Trump, les démocrates reviennent en force avec l'élection de Zohran Mamdani à la tête de New York. Socialiste assumé, défenseur de la cause palestinienne, Mamdani redonne de l'espoir à la gauche américaine. Dans le même temps, des démocrates, centristes cette fois, ont remporté des postes de gouverneurs dans deux États.L'ultra fast-fashion, un désastre écologique et social…mais qui cartonne !Impossible d'y échapper cette semaine, l'arrivée de l'enseigne de vêtements Shein dans les murs du BHV, a animé les débats publics. C'est bien connu : la fast-fashion est un désastre environnemental et social puisqu'elle pollue énormément pour produire des vêtements à un coût horaire défiant toute concurrence. Mais s'ajoute en plus de cela, un signalement à la justice pour la mise en vente de poupées à caractère pédocriminel sur la plateforme de vente en ligne. Pourtant, malgré le bad buzz, la clientèle était au rendez-vous pour l'ouverture. Nous recevons Françoise Adamsbaum, directrice du Musée international des arts modestes de Sète. Elle présente l'exposition “Superbemarché, Papiers d'agrumes & Co”, jusqu'au 8 mars 2026. Au travers des papiers d'agrumes, elle raconte de nombreuses histoires notamment des débuts de la mondialisation. Valérie Brochard nous emmène chez nos chers voisins lettons, où les députés ont voté la sortie du pays de la Convention d'Istanbul sur la prévention des violences faites aux femmes. Face à cette décision, le Conseil de l'Europe, à l'origine de cette Convention, a dénoncé un message dangereux.Olivier Boucreux décerne le titre d'employé de la semaine à Duralex. En 2024, quelque 200 employés décident de reprendre l'entreprise après un énième redressement judiciaire. Cette semaine, ils ont lancé une opération de levée de fonds qui a porté ses fruits. Jean-Mathieu Pernin zappe sur la télévision égyptienne, qui vient de rouvrir le Grand musée du Caire après plus de 20 ans de travaux. Collection antique, trésors de Toutânkhamon, pour le président, Abdel Fattah al- Sissi, l'enjeu est colossal : il s'agit de remettre du carburant dans le moteur du tourisme. Natacha Triou nous invite à méditer sur la richesse et s'intéresse à la manière dont elle est perçue. Enfin, ne manquez pas Dérive des continents de Benoît Forgeard ! 28 minutes est le magazine d'actualité d'ARTE, présenté par Élisabeth Quin du lundi au jeudi à 20h05. Renaud Dély est aux commandes de l'émission le vendredi et le samedi. Ce podcast est coproduit par KM et ARTE Radio. Enregistrement 8 novembre 2025 Présentation Renaud Dély Production KM, ARTE Radio

Japanese Emperor Naruhito and Empress Masako arrived in Mie Prefecture, western Japan, on Saturday to attend the 44th National Convention for the Development of an Abundantly Productive Sea.

Flower City Tattoo Convention LIVE in Studio full 524 Fri, 07 Nov 2025 15:21:01 +0000 Df1nJNyQFD8bTXhgRFOiCGsQRy1NtwPT music PXY Mornings with Moose and Breezy music Flower City Tattoo Convention LIVE in Studio Join Moose and Breezy as they discuss current trends, lifestyle and entertainment, and everything happening in Rochester. 2024 © 2021 Audacy, Inc. Music False https://player.amperwavepodcasting.com?feed-link

GB2RS News Sunday, the 9th of November 2025   The news headlines: The RSGB launches its Construction Competition for 2026 RSGB exam shutdown over the festive season The Society appoints a new volunteer Brickworks Champion   Whether you have only recently soldered your first wire in a kit build or you have experience in designing an advanced software or systems engineering project, the RSGB Construction Competition is for you! As part of the RSGB's strategic growth priority, it wants to inspire people from different communities to find out more about amateur radio. That is why the Society has introduced a new category this year called “Reimagination”. If you think your project could be interesting to the maker community, or you have an idea that could encourage people from groups such as Men's Sheds to try amateur radio, this is the category for you. If it is radio-related but motivates non-radio amateurs to find out more, the RSGB welcomes your entry! There are six other categories, which means there really is something for everyone. You must be an RSGB member to enter, but you can live anywhere in the world, as entries will be judged online to allow you to participate and demonstrate your creativity remotely. The deadline for entries is the 1st of March 2026, and you have an opportunity to win a cash prize. For full details of the competition, including the other categories, visit rsgb.org/construction-competition If you're thinking of taking an amateur radio exam before Christmas, be aware that the last date you can take an online exam, either at a club or at home, is Monday, the 22nd of  December. The RSGB Exams Team will, where possible, post out exam results before HQ shuts over Christmas and New Year. Exams will resume on Monday, the 5th of January 2026 and the booking system will be available during the festive season, so you can book exams for January onwards. You can book your exam online at rsgb.org/exampay RSGB Board Director, Ben Lloyd, GW4BML, is delighted to announce Derek Hughes, G7LFC as the new volunteer RSGB Brickworks Champion. The Brickworks scheme consists of 23 tasks that give an insight into different aspects of amateur radio. Derek brings a wealth of knowledge and experience to this role, having previously been involved in the development and running of the Brickworks scheme. He currently serves as Chairman of the Quantum Amateur Radio & Technology Society. Derek is committed to building strong relationships with clubs across the UK, including those already engaged with RSGB initiatives. Individuals and clubs are encouraged to contact Derek via brickworks.champion@rsgb.org.uk  with their suggestions about how to develop the reach of the RSGB's Brickworks programme. Find out more about the programme by going to rsgb.org/brickworks The RSGB has continued to release content from its recent Convention. Watch the ‘Meet the Board' session and hear an update on the Society's strategy, as well as an outline of next steps and some important RSGB roles that need the right volunteers to step forward. These include four Board Directors and three Regional Representative vacancies, for which nominations open next week. An in-depth interview about polar modulation is also available to watch; listen to Hans Summers G0UPL, Mike Walker VA3MW and Stewart Bryant G3YSX sharing their thoughts about how this exciting technology is being applied within amateur radio. You can see both in the ‘RSGB 2025 Convention' playlist on the RSGB YouTube channel at youtube.com/theRSGB If you've been involved with Jamboree on the Air this year, the RSGB would love to hear from you. You have until this Thursday, the 13th, to submit your report and photos to radcom@rsgb.org.uk  and be included in the special JOTA feature in the January 2026 edition of RadCom. Essex CW Activity Week starts today, the 9th, and runs until Saturday, the 15th of November. This is a friendly, non-contest style event to encourage both experienced and new Morse operators. Slow-speed Morse operators are especially welcome. Whilst the aim is to contact as many radio amateurs as possible in a week, it is hoped that a QSO goes beyond just an exchange of signal reports and becomes a CW chat for as long a duration as you wish. Anyone who works at least 25 other stations qualifies for a free award certificate. Lots more information, including preferred operating frequencies, can be found via the ‘Activity Week' tab at essexcw.uk Please send details of all your news and events to radcom@rsgb.org.uk. The deadline for submissions is 10 am on Thursdays before the Sunday broadcast each week.  And now for details of rallies and events Rochdale and District Amateur Radio Society Winter Rally is taking place on Saturday, the 15th of November at St Vincent de Paul's Hall, Norden, Rochdale, OL12 7QR. The doors open at 10 am and entry costs £3. Traders, catering and plenty of free parking will be available on site. For more information, email rally.radars@hotmail.com On Sunday, the 30th of November, Bishop Auckland Radio Amateur's Club Rally is taking place at Spennymoor Leisure Centre, County Durham. Traders, catering, ample parking and disabled facilities will be available. For more information and downloadable trader forms, visit barac.org.uk Now the Special Event news Members of the Tarragonès Radio Club in Spain are active with special callsign AO25TWHS until the 30th of November. The station is often spotted on the HF bands using FT4. More information, including DX Cluster spots and a link to a diploma that is available for working the station, is available at QRZ.com Special event station V84SRU is active from Brunei on all bands and modes until the 26th of November to mark the centenary of the International Amateur Radio Union. Recently, the station was spotted on the 15m band using SSB. For more information, visit QRZ.com Now the DX news Members of the Italian DXpedition team are active as 5R8TT and 5R8XX until Wednesday, the 12th of November, from Nosy Be, AF-057 in Madagascar. Four stations are active on the 160 to 6m bands using CW, FT8, SSB and RTTY. QSL directly to I2YSB. To find out more, visit i2ysb.com/idt Members of the Yaguarete DX Group are active as CP7DX from Tarija in Bolivia until tomorrow, the 10th of November. They are operating FT8 and SSB on the 160 to 6m bands, as well as via EME. QSL via OQRS or directly to LU1FM. More details are available via QRZ.com Now the contest news The Worked All Europe DX RTTY Contest started at 0000 UTC yesterday, the 8th, and ends at 2359 UTC today, Sunday, the 9th of November. Using RTTY on the 80 to 10m bands, where contests are permitted, the exchange is signal report and serial number. Today, the 9th, the UK Microwave Group Low Band Contest runs from 1000 to 1400 UTC. Using all modes on 1.3 to 3.4GHz frequencies, the exchange is signal report, serial number and locator. On Tuesday the 11th, the RSGB 432MHz FM Activity Contest runs from 1900 to 1955 UTC. Using FM on the 70cm band, the exchange is signal report, serial number and locator. Also on Tuesday the 11th, the RSGB 432MHz UK Activity Contest runs from 2000 to 2230UTC. Using all modes on the 70cm band, the exchange is signal report, serial number and locator. On Wednesday the 12th, the RSGB Autumn Series SSB Contest runs from 2000 to 2130UTC. Using SSB on the 80m band, the exchange is signal report and serial number. On Wednesday the 12th, the RSGB 432MHz FT8 Activity four-hour Contest runs from 1700 to 2100 UTC. Using FT8 on the 70cm band, the exchange is a report and a four-character locator. Also on Wednesday the 12th, the RSGB 432MHz FT8 Activity two-hour Contest runs from 1900 to 2100 UTC. Using FT8 on the 70cm band, the exchange is a report and a four-character locator. Stations entering the four-hour contest may also enter the two-hour contest. On Thursday the 13th, the RSGB 50MHz UK Activity Contest runs from 2000 to 2230 UTC. Using all modes on the 6m band, the exchange is signal report, serial number and locator. On Saturday the 15th, the 2nd RSGB 1.8MHz Contest runs from 2000 to 2300 UTC. Using CW on the 160m band, the exchange is signal report, serial number and district code.                                                                                                                                                                       Now the radio propagation report, compiled by G0KYA, G3YLA and G4BAO on Thursday the 6th of November 2025 Last week was a mixed bag in terms of HF propagation. Earlier in the week, the 10m band was working very well, with Australia romping into the UK by mid-morning. But later in the week, everything had changed. Solar activity was high with multiple X-class and strong M-class solar flares. At least three coronal mass ejections, or CMEs, were expected to graze or directly hit Earth, sparking strong geomagnetic storms on the 6th and 7th of November. The X-ray flare on the 4th of November was the first seen since June and came from active region 4274 – a large sunspot group which helped push the solar flux index to 147. The Kp index climbed to 6.67 in the early hours of the 6th of November. Later that morning, maximum usable frequencies, or MUFs, were badly affected, with a maximum of 18MHz over a 3,000km path as a strong G3 geomagnetic storm was in progress. So, it looks like good DX on the higher bands may be off the cards for a few days. However, one interesting contact was noted on the CDXC Slack chat group when ZL7/LZIGCC was spotted on 14.005MHz using CW at 10.30 am on Thursday, the 6th. Interestingly, the current solar activity is nearly all in the Sun's northern hemisphere, so are we heading for a second peak in Cycle 25? Next week, NOAA predicts that the solar flux index may decline to the 130 to 145 range. Geomagnetic conditions are predicted to remain unstable until around the 12th of November. With active region 4274 rotating to be more Earth-facing, we may expect more solar activity, such as solar flares and coronal mass ejections, before things quieten down. And now the VHF and up propagation news from G3YLA and G4BAO We are becoming well acquainted with mild, unsettled weather, and as a result, there were plenty of rain scatter options on the GHz bands in the last week. These are likely to continue through the coming week. Tropo is not completely out of the frame in the extreme south and east, albeit fleetingly, but for most of the UK, it is unlikely to be a strong feature. As in recent weeks, a few auroral alerts are coming through, but so far, nothing too dramatic is showing up on the VHF bands. Meteor scatter looks more interesting as we move into mid-November. The Leonids, one of the more important meteor showers in the calendar, peaks just after next weekend on Monday the 17th and Tuesday the 18th, so we should expect to see some increasing activity as we progress through the coming week. The UK Activity Contest events feature 432MHz on Tuesday 11th, when the eastern side of the UK may have one of the fleeting moments of tropo to the east and south. Later in the week, on Thursday the 13th, it's the turn of 50MHz. Conditions look weaker for tropo for the 50MHz UK Activity Contest, but still favour the extreme east of England, if there is any left by then. Meteor scatter or even aurora might come to the rescue for this one. For EME operators, the Moon's declination is at its highest this weekend, ending today, the 9th, so Moon window lengths and peak elevation are also at their greatest. Path losses are now increasing as we passed perigee on the 5th of November. 144MHz sky noise is low and at its lowest midweek. And that's all from the propagation team this week.

2025 marks 50 years of the Biological Weapons Convention. Back in 1975, the treaty entered into force, and by banning biological weapons worldwide, it became the first global treaty to prohibit a particular weapon of war. The Biological Weapons Convention is widely adopted — 189 States Parties have pledged to never develop, produce, stockpile, or use biological weapons. And thankfully, these weapons have not featured much in modern conflict. But over the last 50 years, profound advances in the life sciences and bio research have emerged which, according to my guest today, pose a distinct challenge to this treaty. Jaime Yassif is the Vice President for Global Biological Policy and Programs at the Nuclear Threat Initiative, a nonprofit global security organization focused on reducing nuclear, biological, and emerging technology threats. We kick off by discussing the history of this treaty, including why the time was right 50 years ago for it to come together. We spend most of our conversation, though, exploring the ways in which this treaty might be strengthened to adapt to a changing landscape of potential biological weapons risks today. This episode is produced in partnership with Lex International Fund, a philanthropic initiative dedicated to strengthening international law to solve global challenges. It's part of our ongoing series highlighting the real-world impact of treaties on state behavior, called "When Treaties Work."

Earlier today BIG news broke for Convention of States. A federal district court handed down a long-anticipated ruling that has exciting implications for the Article V movement. Rita Peters (Senior Vice President for Legislative Affairs) will break it all down for you. Read More

Convention of States Action's Senior Vice President for Legislative Affairs joins your host Jonathan Viaud (Grassroots Director for COSA) to recap the 2025 elections and preview what it all means for the year ahead. Minutemen Mailbag COS University Take Action

Alongside SBC 2025 at CBL's "For the Faithful Majority" Conference, Dr. David Allen, Dr. Lewis Richerson, Mark Coppenger, Dr. Tom Ascol, and Sam Webb sit down to discuss how to work across the calvinist divide for the good of the SBC convention. ––––––   Follow Center for Baptist Leadership across Social Media: X / Twitter – https://twitter.com/BaptistLeaders Facebook – https://www.facebook.com/people/Center-For-Baptist-Leadership/61556762144277/ Rumble – https://rumble.com/c/c-6157089 YouTube – https://www.youtube.com/@CenterforBaptistLeadership Website – https://centerforbaptistleadership.org/   To book William for media appearances or speaking engagements, please contact him at media@centerfor­baptistleadership.org.   Follow Us on Twitter: William Wolfe - https://twitter.com/William_E_Wolfe Richard Henry - https://twitter.com/RThenry83    Renew the SBC from within and defend the SBC from those who seek its destruction, donate today: https://centerforbaptistleadership.org/donate/   The Center for Baptist Leadership Podcast is powered by American Reformer, recorded remotely in the United States by William Wolfe, and edited by Jared Cummings. Subscribe to the Center for Baptist Leadership Podcast: Distribute our RSS Feed – https://centerforbaptistleadership.podbean.com/ Apple Podcasts – https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/center-for-baptist-leadership/id1743074575 Spotify – https://open.spotify.com/show/0npXohTYKWYmWLsHkalF9t Amazon Music // Audible – https://music.amazon.com/podcasts/9ababbdd-6c6b-4ab9-b21a-eed951e1e67b BoomPlay – https://www.boomplaymusic.com/podcasts/96624 CastboxFM – https://castbox.fm/channel/id6132313 CastroFM – https://castro.fm/podcast/67110759-1bb9-4fd9-abcb-34113d42e945 CurioCaster – https://curiocaster.com/podcast/pi6894445 Fountain – https://fountain.fm/show/IURohE0rZPJr5h81wxbX Goodpods – https://goodpods.com/podcasts/center-for-baptist-leadership-565673 iHeartRadio – https://iheart.com/podcast/170321203 iVoox – https://www.ivoox.com/en/podcast-center-for-baptist-leadership_sq_f12419733_1.html Listen Notes – https://lnns.co/2Br0hw7p5R4 MoonFM – https://moon.fm/itunes/1743074575 PlayerFM – https://player.fm/series/3570081 PocketCasts – https://play.pocketcasts.com/podcasts/ddd92230-e3ff-013c-e7de-02cacb2c6223 PodcastAddict – https://podcastaddict.com/podcast/center-for-baptist-leadership/5090794 Podchaser – https://www.podchaser.com/podcasts/the-center-for-baptist-leaders-5696654 PodcastRepublic – https://www.podcastrepublic.net/podcast/1743074575 TrueFans – https://truefans.fm/center-for-baptist-leadership YouTube Podcasts – https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLFMvfuzJKMICA7wi3CXvQxdNtA_lqDFV

Last week, Donald Trump and Xi (ZHEE) Jinping reached a trade and economic deal designed to ease tensions between the U.S. and China, and the 98th National FFA Convention & Expo has ended after welcoming a record 73,000-plus attendees from across the country to downtown Indianapolis.

Last week, Donald Trump and Xi (ZHEE) Jinping reached a trade and economic deal designed to ease tensions between the U.S. and China, and the 98th National FFA Convention & Expo has ended after welcoming a record 73,000-plus attendees from across the country to downtown Indianapolis.

A few weeks ago, Mark Meckler and Rick Green gave a presentation in Sheridan about the Convention of States.  For two hours they gave their sales pitch.  It sounded great, except there's a whole bunch they left out--criticism that might dissuade support.  With a little reading, it's obvious an convention is the last thing we need to do as a country. Two of the supporters of Convention of States Action--the organization Mark Meckler helped found--who appear on promotional materials have written articles that are completely the opposite of what the crowd in Sheridan was told.  In the end, it's obvious, no one should support a convention.

News Jeff is Headed to a Convention in Champaign, Illinois Did Lionsgate bury The Anniversary New Movies Bugonia Directed by Yorgos Lanthimos Starring Emma Stone and Jesse Plemons Two conspiracy-obsessed men kidnap the CEO of a major company when they become convinced that she's an alien who wants to destroy Earth. Frankenstein (2025) Directed by Guillermo Del Toro Starring Oscar Isaac, Jacob Elordi and Mia Goth A brilliant but egotistical scientist brings a monstrous creature to life in a daring experiment that ultimately leads to the undoing of both the creator and his tragic creation. Classic Frankenstein (1931) Directed by James Whale Starring Boris Karloff, Colin Clive, Mae Clarke This iconic horror film follows the obsessed scientist Dr. Henry Frankenstein as he attempts to create life by assembling a creature from body parts of the deceased. Aided by his loyal misshapen assistant, Fritz, Frankenstein succeeds in animating his monster, but it escapes into the countryside and begins to wreak havoc. Frankenstein searches for the elusive being and eventually must confront his tormented creation.

From FAA Chapters to Convention to Careers. Click on the podcast to hear from Montana FFA members and mentors after a successful 98th annual National FFA Convention. How will the next generation of producers shape Montana's agriculture? With Montana FFA Executive […] The post Young Montanans Preparing for a Future of Ag Leadership first appeared on Voices of Montana.

Send us a textThis week you listen in as Danielle and Jon interview Thanh Duong of CA Blackberry's and Joseph Larson of Harmody Dairy Goats as they talk about some of the things they focus on to keep their herds above average in the show ring and milk bucket!  It was a fun time guiding this conversation at the 2025 ADGA Annual Convention!we have merch!

This year's Wisconsin Farmers Union Conference agenda is full of exciting news and discussion topics. To be held December 12-14, at the Chula Vista Resort in the Wisconsin Dells, the event is celebrating its 95th anniversary. Danielle Endvick, Executive Director of Wisconsin Farmers Union, says that with exciting conversations and a full agenda, there is something for everyone.See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

Just when you thought it was safe to watch a Batman movie... PhantasticGeek.com's Pete and Matt go back in time to 1997's notorious Batman and Robin....Thanks as always to everyone who supports the podcast by visiting Patreon.com/PhantasticGeek.Share your feedback by emailing PhantasticGeek@gmail.com, commenting at PhantasticGeek.com, or tweeting @PhantasticGeek.MP3

Just send it…Rob, Mike and Mike and Matt chatted right before convention.

Description: We did a remote location show at the Clean Eatz National Convention in Wrightsville Beach NC. We talked to four Franchise Partners in the brand that shared their experiences in the beginning and gave a few nuggets of wisdom to other Clean Eatz Partners but they also translated to anyone in any business. The event was the 10yr Anniversary of Clean Eatz being a Franchise brand and was an amazing event. One of the best yet. https://www.instagram.com/cleaneatzlife/https://instagram.com/donvarady https://instagram.com/stevebon8https://instagram.com/thefounderzlounge https://instagram.com/founderzlounge Clean Eatz - http://www.cleaneatz.comBonseye Marketing - http://www.bonseyeonline.comFounderz Lounge - http://www.thefounderzlounge.com

Indiana Lieutenant Governor Micah Beckwith takes the stage at the Race to Freedom Leadership Summit hosted by Convention of States Action. After a spellbinding speech, Beckwith sits down with COS President Mark Meckler for a live interview. Recorded September 19, 2025. The Race to Freedom Leadership Summit Ask Mark Anything

Neil Ross, the voice actor for Keith and Pidge, and many other voices from Voltron: Defender of the Universe, and Keith from Voltron: The Third Dimension, was the special guest at VoltCon 2025 in Indianapolis, Indiana on October 18 and 19.In this panel from VoltCon 2025, Neil Ross (voice actor for Keith & Pidge) is Interviewed by Let's Voltron Podcast Hosts Marc Morrell and Greg Tyler, with Q&A at the end from audience members.You can view the video version on our YouTube Channel HERE.As always, Thanks for watching and listening! Let's Voltron!!

Recorded in the basement of Convention 2025, we talk with FW Shannon about a new contract they just approved under the Ypsi GMB. Very exciting stuff! Enjoy! So listen in and if you want to be a part of that future and join the one big union, or just have questions for us about organizing your workplace, reach out at ypsilanti@iww.com and remember, an injury to one is an injury to all. Enjoy!

A description of our AA participation in Hawaii 2025 AA Annual convention. The bomb!Shacka!

Greetings everyone, welcome to today's experience as we embark on a journey through feature Alcoholics Anonymous Long timers 5 min each In Hawaii for a AA Convention and visit all three islands. Who would have thought that a guy from East LA, known for getting into trouble, DUIs, and being incorrigible through Alcoholic Anonymous, would be here today? Through God's love and affection, he has transformed his life. We are here on his dime on the islands, and we are going to the convention using the resources provided by AA. We are going to hang out with other AA members who claim to be chosen. They are the chosen ones, the ones who survived the Titanic's alcohol sea and live to tell the tale. Thank you for joining us today. Please enjoy and have a great day. Let's go out there and give them heaven.

On this episode of Cosplay and Cocktails, Jessi and Paige go on a road trip rant and discuss things that irk them about conventions.

Matt and Katie pit Star Trek against the Marvel Cinematic Universe on this episode. Which should continue and which should not? (at least in its present form) Is the Infinite Saga untoppable? Is there room to grow for a show that came out in the 60s? We also get interviews with Ivan from Brainy Pixel's Studio, Gillian Bronte Adams and L.E. Richmond from the Realm Maker's Convention.  Deep Dive: Content Creators Magic Horse Books -  Gillian Bronte Adams https://gillianbronteadams.com Brainy Pixels Studio - Ivan (artist) https://www.brainypixel.com Mermaid Books - L.E. Richmond (Laura Richmond)  https://laurarichmondwrites.com Support the show Tax Deductible Gift: http://www.globalstudentinc.com/seipel-anderson Donate: https://www.paypal.com/donate/?hosted_button_id=U8AU6JNDRH6KN Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/NerdyFolks  

Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program funds are set to expire tomorrow, leaving roughly half a million Nevadans without critical food assistance. Yesterday, state leaders approved filling the gap with a $30 million contingency fund — but is it enough? Co-hosts Dayvid Figler and Sarah Lohman sit down with community advocate Patricia Haddad Bennett to discuss. Next, the team looks at why the GOP is looking at Las Vegas for a possible midterm convention, and what happened in the tiny desert town of Goodsprings when a box of good old-fashioning mine shaft dynamite was discovered. Learn more about the sponsors of this October 31st episode: Water Lantern Festival Want to get in touch? Follow us @CityCastVegas on Instagram, or email us at lasvegas@citycast.fm. You can also call or text us at 702-514-0719. For more Las Vegas news, make sure to sign up for our morning newsletter, Hey Las Vegas. Learn more about becoming a City Cast Las Vegas Neighbor at membership.citycast.fm. Looking to advertise on City Cast Las Vegas? Check out our options for podcast and newsletter ads at citycast.fm/advertise.

Indiana University reversed course and will allow the Indiana Daily Student Newspaper to resume print editions. Students from across the country gathered in downtown Indianapolis this week to kick off the 98th National FFA Convention and Expo. A new low barrier resource for unhoused Hoosiers is coming to Fountain Square. Tariffs, immigration and the government shutdown have created a precarious U.S. market that Indiana is not immune to. Want to go deeper on the stories you hear on WFYI News Now? Visit wfyi.org/news and follow us on social media to get comprehensive analysis and local news daily. Subscribe to WFYI News Now wherever you get your podcasts. WFYI News Now is produced by Zach Bundy and Abriana Herron, with support from News Director Sarah Neal-Estes.

PREVIEW: Constitutional Debate on the Militia: Limiting Federal Power in Virginia Ratification Guest: Rob Natelson Constitutional scholar Rob Natelson discusses the militia debate during the Virginia ratification convention involving James Madison and Edmund Randolph. The core issue was limiting federal government power over the state militia and National Guard while securing gubernatorial authority. Natelson explains that the Founders assured voters that federal government power was restricted to prescribing discipline and training rules, but the actual training must be conducted by the states, reflecting the constitutional design to preserve state sovereignty over militia forces. 1789

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If you've ever wondered what actually happens at a balloon convention—or whether it's worth the investment—this episode is for you. I recorded this recap live from the Sempertex International Balloon Convention while the event was still in full swing. I share what the experience was like, how it compares to other conventions, and why I left feeling more energized than ever. I talk about: The new Sempertex color launch and matching decor Why I loved the preset class schedules What made the instructor lineup so unique Vendor highlights (including latex dog toys!) The MBP (Master Balloon Professional) certification process, now available in the U.S. How it felt to be truly welcomed by the Sempertex team Whether you're brand new to balloon decor or a seasoned pro, this episode will help you decide if attending this convention is right for you. In the UGlu Hotline, hear what one listener wishes she had purchased earlier to relieve some of the work at installations. Unlock three free bonus episodes! RESOURCES MENTIONED: Presenting sponsor: 17hats (get 50% off your 1st year) Other sponsors & resources: Havin' A Party Wholesale (save 5% on orders $200+ with code PODCAST) Courtney Lynette Creative Co. UGlu by Pro Tapes (save 5% on orders $200+ at Havin' A Party with code PODCAST) DM @thebrightballoon on Instagram to ask a question or leave advice for the UGlu Hotline! Balloon Boss Mastermind & Summit - - - - On the Bright Side (Apple) On the Bright Side (Patreon) 50 Ideas for Email Marketing | Join the Bright Balloon email list @thebrightballoon The Bright Balloon on YouTube

Ich sag immer Messe, aber die Polaris ist ja eher eine Convention als eine Messe. Hier ist die Geschichte, wie wir mit Russell Brown halbwegs spontan ein Fotostudio aufgebaut haben, und kontinuierlich wunderbare Menschen glücklich machen ist einfach toll!

On October 28 the Ohio House Committee on Government Oversight held a hearing on COS Action's Article V application (HJR 2) as well as its 34|Ready Bill. Convention of States Cofounder Michael Farris answers questions from the committee, and local supporters make their voices heard. After the hearing concludes, COSA's Vice President for Legislative Affairs Rita Peters provides a recap and contextual information. Take Action

On this episode we bring on the president of Resonant Sciences and fellow high school alumni member Micah North. We talk about his origin story, how he and a group of the individuals came together and build Resonant Sciences, a leader in aerospace communications, with their main headquarters based in Dayton, Ohio. With my branding company, Langfordesign, we've helped Resonant to build visual identities for many of their products that they market and promote. He shares his creative tips, why creativity is so important in their line of work, words of wisdom and more. They are currently hiring for various positions at their offices. Visit resonantsciences.com to see how you can join them today. I would love if you ranked this podcast, share a comment or share this episode out! Swing by Sands Coffee Roasters for a coffee, purchase a coffee bag or grab a treat. Follow them on IG @sandscoffeeroasters AVAILABLE ON SPOTIFY, SOUNDCLOUD, APPLE PODCASTS SUPPORT THE SHOW: BEHIND THE SCENES CONTENT + SPECIAL DEALS + BONUS EPISODES www.buymeacoffee.com/TheCreativeBrew My new art book Worlds within Worlds available in digital form at: Thelangfordstudio.storenvy.com Or get the physical book at: www.langfordesign.com/ebooks/ or locally at Studio Ace Artshop in Oceanside, CA. Oceanside Comic Stronghold, Oceanside, CA. Mystic Ritual Shop, Oceanside, CA. Mat Clash wrestling collectible card game available with my partner brand Mat Clash Wrestling at www.matclash.com we have wave 1 and wave 2 on sale in limited quantities before we launch wave 3. SPONSORS Resonant Sciences Looking to disrupt convention. If you're interested in engineering merged with a little creativity this company may be for you. A leader in the radome communications industry. Currently hiring at their offices Visit resonantsciences.com to see how you can join them today. Baba Coffee Baba roasts their coffee beans each week and offer only the freshest coffee. Have an espresso, latte, cappuccino, pour over or drip coffee. Try cold brew coffee, nitro cold brew or a bulletproof coffee. We serve hot tea, cold brew teas, and boba milk teas.  They also have an assortment of delicious food (try their Avocado Toast), mimosas, wine or beer. Open: Sun-Thurs. 6am-6pm + Fri 6am-9pm + Sat. 6am-7pm

Natalie Y. Morris-Sharma - The Singapore Convention on Mediation

Send us a textThis week Jon and Danielle are live in Danvers Mass to talk about semen collecting for the purpose of using down the road or preserving semen of those good bucks from years past.  M Sagebrush Acres - Marhsall Losey

L'Afrique connaît une augmentation sans précédent de sa population urbaine. D'ici 2050, les villes du continent accueilleront 700 millions d'urbains supplémentaires pour atteindre 1,4 milliard d'habitants. Des populations qui auront donc besoin de logements et de services et des villes qui devront s'efforcer de développer leurs infrastructures. Dans le même temps, les conséquences du réchauffement climatique : inondations, sécheresse, pics de chaleur, érosion côtière sont déjà palpables sur le continent africain. L'enjeu de construire des villes aménagées en fonction des risques et un habitat durable adapté au climat, est d'autant plus crucial.  Alors que l'urbanisation se fait de manière anarchique, que les populations manquent de moyens, que le secteur de la construction est dominé par le béton, matériau pas toujours adapté, quelles solutions pour les villes africaines ? Quels progrès ont déjà été accomplis par les municipalités ? Et comment appuyer les innovations en matière de construction ?  Émission à l'occasion du Sommet Climate Chance Afrique 2025 qui se déroule du 27 au 29 octobre 2025 à Cotonou au Bénin.    Avec :  • Luc Setondji Atrokpo, maire de Cotonou et président de l'Association Nationale des Communes du Bénin (ANCB) • Luc Gnacadja, ancien secrétaire exécutif de la Convention des Nations unies sur la lutte contre la désertification, ancien ministre de l'Environnement, de l'Habitat et de l'Urbanisme du Bénin. Fondateur et président de GPS-Dev (Governance & Policies for Sustainable Development), un think tank dont la mission est de rendre les systèmes de gouvernance plus propices au développement durable, notamment en Afrique. Vice-président de l'association Climate Chance • Ahouefa Madiana Pognon, ingénieur conseil construction bioclimatique, associée au cabinet d'architecte Ko • Anne Attane, anthropologue à l'IRD (Institut de recherche pour le développement), spécialiste des dynamiques familiales et des économies domestiques tant en milieu rural qu'urbain ouest-africains, au sein du Laboratoire Environnement et Développement (LPED) à Marseille. En accueil au Bénin au sein du Laboratoire de recherches Socio-Anthropologiques sur les Systèmes Organisés et les Mobilités (LASMO)   Programmation musicale :  ► Je Gère - Ami Yerewolo ► Mom'lo siwaju - Star Feminine Band.  

Is the plan to clean up crime in Memphis working? Who's going to win the New York gubernatorial race? Mark Meckler answers those questions, plus queries that you sent him. Welcome to The BattleCry with the President of Convention of States Action. Ask Mark Anything

As the Christopher Reeve era comes to an end, does Superman IV: The Quest for Peace end with a bang or a whimper? PhantasticGeek.com's Pete and Matt jump into the sun to debate.Thanks as always to everyone who supports the podcast by visiting Patreon.com/PhantasticGeek.Share your feedback by emailing PhantasticGeek@gmail.com, commenting at PhantasticGeek.com, or tweeting @PhantasticGeek.MP3

Theme Park Guys: We check back in with the Theme Park Guys that may have a major announcement. Theme Park Tragedies: We have someone living the dream and passing away on the Haunted Mansion in Disneyland followed by a suicide at Disney World Resort. What is up with theme parks? Corey's Twitter: Whether it be someone being mean or someone being nice, it is most likely us. The saga continues. Also we check in on Andy on Dancing With The Stars, he's still out there! THE BEAR!, FUCK YOU, WATCH THIS!, YE!, KANYE!, MONSTER!, RICK ROSS!, JAY-Z!, NICKI MINAJ!, GHOST IN MY CORNER!, PICK ME TRUMP!, HEAVEN!, SHY!, DWTS!, EMMA!, ANDY!, MAGIC OF A THEME PARK!, THEME PARK GUYS!, BIG NEWS!, SNAPBACK!, HUNTER!, NICK!, BEST FRIENDS!, MORTAL ENEMIES!, SUPERCHATS!, EMPATH!, MLK!, N-PATH!, MIKE COSIGNED!, SWEET SUMMER CHILD!, ANNOYED!, PASSIVE AGGRESSIVE!, EPISODE!, RAMBLING!, EPIC UNIVERSE!, THAT TRACKS!, TIM TRACKER!, LEAVING THE SHOW!, LOST TWO CO HOSTS!, FAMILY ANNIHILIATION!, HAUNTED MANSION!, DIED!, PASSED AWAY!, DEATH AT DISNEY!, MACABRE!, TRUE CRIME!, HITCHHIKING GHOSTS!, BIG T!, GHOUL IN THE CASKET!, LET ME OUTTA HERE!, TMZ!, STRETCHER!, CONTEMPORARY RESORT!, CINDERELLA SUITE!, FIREWORKS!, SUICIDE!, DREW STRUZAN!, MOVIE POSTER!, ART!, COREY'S TWITTER!, WEREWOLVES!, MONSTER TRUCKS!, JAMES AND THOSE!, WOLFMAN!, GRANDSON!, PICTURE!, DJ EDOC!, REMIX!, CHARACTERS!, JAMIE KENNEDY'S PODCAST!, BABAWAWA!, SNL!, CONVENTION!, BRAT!, DOMESTIC VIOLENCE!, PERIOD!, PMSING!, BEING A BRAT!, ANDY RICHTER!, DEDICATION NIGHT!, DAUGHTER!, COREY'S FAMILY!, ROBERT IRWIN!, KERRI GREEN!, GOONIES!  You can find the videos from this episode at our Discord RIGHT HERE!

In this episode, Amy Fraenkel, Executive Secretary of the UN Convention on Migratory Species (CMS), discusses the Convention's first State of the World's Migratory Species report, the urgent threats facing migratory animals, and the need for international cooperation and ecological connectivity to protect them. The conversation covers key findings from the report, main threats such as habitat loss and over-exploitation, successful cross-border conservation efforts, and practical ways governments, communities, scientists and industry can work together to safeguard migratory species.   Resources: Ask a Librarian! Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals  State of the World's Migratory Species Report: https://www.cms.int/publication/state-worlds-migratory-species Central Asian Mammals Initiative: https://cami.cms.int/about-cami Where to listen to this episode  Apple podcasts:  https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/the-next-page/id1469021154 Spotify: https://open.spotify.com/show/10fp8ROoVdve0el88KyFLy YouTube: https://youtu.be/4AK9WjzyQRs  Content    Guest: Amy Fraenkel, Executive Secretary, UN Convention on Migratory Species Host, production and editing: Amy Smith, UN Library & Archives Geneva Recorded online & produced at the United Nations Library & Archives Geneva 

After five years of turmoil, France needed a government. But how? With the Republic increasingly controlled by “rogues and scoundrels,” the battle was on for the Revolution's future. Assailed from all sides, the Committee of Public Safety emerged triumphant. This episode traces Robespierre's parliamentary victory of 25 September 1793, Saint-Just's decree of “Revolutionary Government” on 10 October 1793, and the Convention's decision to remain “until the peace.” From foreign plots and factional struggles to the subordination of ministers and generals, discover how dissent became treason as the Revolution laid the foundations for both survival and dictatorship. Early Access Become a True Revolutionary and listen now to Episode 101: The Foreign Plot! The Grey History Community Help keep Grey History on the air! Every revolution needs its supporters, and we need you! With an ad-free feed, a community discord, a reading club, and tonnes of exclusive bonus content, you're missing out! Do your part for as little as half a cup of coffee per episode! It's the best value on the internet, with the best people too! ⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠Join Now And Support the Show⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠ ⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠Make a one-off donation⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠ Contact Me Send your questions, praise, and scorn ⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠here⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠ Newsletter ⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠Sign Up⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠ for Free Bonus Episode Follow on Social Media: ⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠Facebook⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠ ⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠Instagram⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠ ⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠X⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠ Advertising Please contact ⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠sales@advertisecast.com⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠ if you would like to advertise on Grey History: The French Revolution and Napoleon. All members of the Grey History Community have an ad-free version of the show. Support the show ⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠here⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠. About Grey History: The French Revolution and Napoleon is a podcast dedicated to exploring the complexities of our history. By examining both the experiences of contemporaries and the conclusions of historians, Grey History seeks to unpack the ambiguities and nuances of the past. Understanding the French Revolution and the age of Napoleon Bonaparte is critical to understanding the history of the world, so join us on a journey through a series of events that would be almost unbelievable if it weren't for the fact that it's true! If you're looking for a binge-worthy history podcast on the Revolution and Napoleon, you're in the right place! Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

The State Director for Convention of States California joins the program to share how she integrates history lessons about America and western civilization into her role in order to effectively deepen the bonds with volunteers. Mary Hebert is a history teacher and homeschool mom, who utilizes free resources from Patriot Academy and Wallbuilders.  Volunteer with COS Patriot Academy COS University

It's a Previews episode of things to come: conventions, comics and news! Prestige Sponsor Nasser Rodriguez joins us to talk up the Comic Arts - San Antonio convention happening in November. As well as convention talk in general, Nasser recounts his own geekdom, and helps us pour through the comic coming attractions for December. We also wrap up our New York Comic Con trip, talk LEGO, compare the current states of DC and Marvel, react to Comic News out of NYCC and so much more! (1:45:58)