Podcasts about gardening under lights

Dear friend and horticulturist Kristen Colvin gives us some practical pest tips that will help both now, and also in advance of a new season. She talks us through pest prevention in the home garden and also the steps for when you see trouble. Kristen talks about when to plant a plant to help combat common ailments, as well as her favorite trap plant and why. To find out more about Kristen, you can find her on Instagram HERE. Some links mentioned: Moleskin with dots for keeping your garden journal, HERE. Book recommendations: Gardening Under Lights by Leslie Halleck Plant Grow Harvest Repeat by Meg Cowden For more information about Bailey, www.baileyvantassel.com

LESLIE HALLECK BIOLeslie Halleck is a Certified Professional Horticulturist (ASHS) who has spent her 30-year career hybridizing horticulture science with home gardening consumer needs. Halleck earned a BS in Biology/Botany from the University of North Texas and an MS in Horticulture from Michigan State University. Halleck's professional experience is well rounded, with time spent in botanical field research, public gardens, landscape design and maintenance, garden writing, garden center retail, and horticulture and green industry consulting. For the last decade Halleck has devoted herself full-time to running her company, Halleck Horticultural, LLC, a horticulture industry consulting and marketing agency. Halleck also coaches horticulture industry business owners, from larger established businesses to brand new Plantrepreneurs. Halleck has developed and teaches courses on indoor plants and botany for UCLA Extension since 2020.Halleck currently sits on the certification board for ASHS and the Leadership Advisory Committee for Resource Innovation Institute (supporting the CEA and cannabis sectors).  She also holds certificates in “The Science and Technology of Medical Cannabis Cultivation” from Utah State and two certificates in “Women in Leadership” from Cornell University.Halleck's previous positions include Director of Horticulture Research at the Dallas Arboretum and General Manager for North Haven Gardens, an independent garden center in Dallas, Texas. Halleck is a regular feature on the professional speaking and industry publication circuit and was a columnist at Garden Center Magazine, Greenhouse Management Magazine, and Produce Grower Magazine for almost a decade; but she also continues to offer up common-sense gardening advice and hands-on learning to home gardeners via her Plantgeek Chic blog, public workshops, and consumer publications. During her career, Halleck has written hundreds of articles for local, regional, and national publications, as well as taught countless gardening programs for the home houseplant keeper, indoor grower, flower gardener, edible enthusiast, and backyard farmer.Halleck is the author of Gardening Under Lights: The Complete Guide for Indoor Growers (2018), Plant Parenting: Easy Ways to Make More Houseplants, Vegetables, and Flowers (2019), and Tiny Plants: Discover the Joys of Growing and Collecting Itty Bitty Houseplants (2021).Halleck is an avid lifelong plant and gardening “everythingist” who prefers low-input “fluffy” landscapes and gardens as well as dense high-output vegetable gardening (both indoors and out!). She's obsessed with tiny plants and tiny chihuahuas. Halleck is also an artist who creates botanical and nature-focused work in watercolor, colored pencil, printmaking, as well as digital illustration. You can find some of her work at her website.  THE PLANTASTIC PODCASTThe Plantastic Podcast is a monthly podcast created by Dr. Jared Barnes.  He's been gardening since he was five years old and now is an award-winning professor of horticulture at Stephen F. Austin State University in Nacogdoches, TX.  To say hi and find the show notes, visit theplantasticpodcast.com.You can learn more about how Dr. Jared cultivates plants, minds, and life at meristemhorticulture.com.  He also shares thoughts and cutting-edge plant research each week in his newsletter plant•ed, and you can sign up at meristemhorticulture.com/subscribe.  Until next time, #keepgrowing!

In this week's episode of Down the Garden Path, Matt and Joanne welcome horticulturist and author Leslie Halleck. Tune in as they discuss Leslie's latest book, Tiny Plants, and explore the fascinating world of tiny indoor plants, inspiring you to creatively get growing indoors. Leslie began her career in horticulture in 1992, where she worked at and helped run a retail plant nursery while operating her own small gardening business. In December 1998, she started at the Dallas Arboretum and Botanical Garden as Curator of Plants, and then Director of Horticulture Research. One of her specific duties included the creation of their nationally recognized plant trials program and gardens, design, and plant selection for all the display gardens, plant collections management, teaching, and website development. In 2000, Leslie launched Halleck Horticultural which she operated in addition to her position at the Dallas Arboretum. For almost a decade, Halleck Horticultural has provided a variety of services to the green industry, including horticultural consulting, marketing, and branding plants and development -- as well as garden center design -- and consulting. Leslie has won multiple awards for writing, creative direction, and marketing from the Turf & Ornamental Communicators Association, including the coveted Gardner Award for Writing in 2017. Don't miss our conversation on tiny plants with author Leslie Halleck. Leslie shared that during an internship in Puerto Rico to study the effects of Hurricane Hugo. she discovered a colony of tiny orchids (Lepanthes rupestris) growing and this led to a lifelong interest in “tiny plants” and inspired her latest book. Tiny Plants are defined as species that are genetically determined to grow under 6 inches. During the show, Leslie breaks down the basic plant classification based on how plants grow and uses that to explain the differences in a variety of “tiny” plants in the book. These classifications help us to determine how to best group these plant types together, and the best way in our indoor environments (e.g., window sills vs grown under glass) The book outlines some great ways to display our tiny plants What is the difference between a terrarium and a cloche? Leslie answers some listener questions about indoor lighting and bonsai and tells us about the Garden Society Project. Where to find Leslie Halleck online: You can order all of her books (Tiny Plants, Gardening Under Lights, Plant Parenting) on her website: www.lesliehalleck.com Twitter: @lesliehalleck Pinterest: lesliehalleck YouTube: lesliehalleck Instagram: @lesliehalleck Each week on Down The Garden Path, professional landscape designers Joanne Shaw and Matthew Dressing discuss down-to-earth tips and advice for your plants, gardens and landscapes. As the owner of Down2Earth Landscape Design, Joanne Shaw has been designing beautiful gardens for homeowners east of Toronto for over a decade. And Matthew Dressing is a horticulturist and landscape designer. He owns Natural Affinity Garden Design, a landscape design and garden maintenance firm servicing Toronto and the Eastern GTA. Together, Joanne and Matthew do their best to bring you interesting, relevant and helpful topics. Their goal is to help you keep your garden as low maintenance as possible.

Today Leslie Halleck ("Her Highness of Horticulture") joins me again to talk about the topic I was most excited to cover this season: ROOTS (or as we call it "root-ology". We spend so much time thinking about the “above soil” section of the plant, and often times, disregard the unbelievable root structure underneath the soil that is responsible for keeping the plant alive! So today Leslie walks us through what roots are, why they are important, how they vary, and lots of troubleshooting questions from our Patreon supporters.   Make sure to subscribe to the Bloom and Grow Youtube Show- this week I released a Wallygro grow wall update and this month we will have other videos like a tour of my grow lights and more! Make sure you subscribe so you don't miss anything.   In this episode we learn: What roots do for the plant Roots relationship with the “above ground” portion of the plant Water vs soil roots What growing medium does for root development Different types of roots: fibrous, tap, tuberous, adventitious What an aerial root is Is a rhizome a root? Best practices with roots when repotting Listener questions!   Mentioned in this episode: Bloom and Grow Youtube Show! Wallygro Greenwall Update and Install Leslie's Books: Plant Parenting (for propagation) and Gardening Under Lights    Thank you to today's episode sponsors!   Wallygro offers sustainable and ridiculously simple vertical gardening solutions for any plant parent to have the greenwall of their dreams! (Check mine out on the youtube channel this week!) To learn more about their Eco Planters (that come in 12 gorgeous colors!) head to wallygro.com and use code BLOOM20 for 20% off!   Plants by Post is a family-owned nursery located in Northern California cutting out the middleman and delivering beautiful and healthy  indoor and outdoor annuals and perennials directly to your doorstep, nationwide. I have used them several times and have been blown away by the quality of their plants, intention behind their shipping and love how environmentally friendly they are! Give the gift of PLANTS this season! Head to plantsbypost.com and use code BLOOM19 for 20% off your order!   Follow Leslie Halleck: Books: Plant Parenting and Gardening Under Lights Instagram Twitter Pinterest Facebook Website: https://lesliehalleck.com/   Follow Maria and Bloom and Grow Radio: Support Bloom and Grow Radio by becoming a Plant Friend on Patreon! Instagram and Facebook: @BloomandGrowRadio Subscribe to the Bloom and Grow Youtube Show! /Bloomandgrowradio Website: www.bloomandgrowradio.com Join the (free) Garden Club: www.bloomandgrowradio.com/garden-club

Thrilled as always to welcome Leslie Halleck back on the show. You will remember Leslie from our two part series on Understanding Natural Light and Propagation 101. She has two books, Plant Parenting- a guide to plant propagation and Gardening Under Lights. Today Leslie joins me to discuss everything we need to know about grow lights. Winter is coming plant friends, and many of us might need to take the plunge with additional grow lights to make sure our plants are happy and healthy. Personally, as my plant collection grew, I quickly realized I did not have the amount of light needed for the amount of plants I had collected. That's when I started bringing grow lights home to help keep all my plants happy. I also got really into using them as part of the design of our apartments, as my go to grow light companies, Soltech Solutions and Modern Sprout make gorgeous lights that actually enhance your homes aesthetic instead of making you look like you are up to something questionable. This is the second episode we’ve done on grow lights. The first one was Episode 12 with Chris Satch. I wanted to do another one because this science of grow lights, and photosynthesis can be tricky and it’s nice to hear it explained by various people. That’s why we have several episodes on succulents, and other topics. So listen to today’s episode, listen to it again, listen to episode 12, just keep listening and absorbing and learning.   In this episode we learn: What Leslie’s personal grow light set up is What photosynthesis is Why light is important for plants What the different colors of light do for plants and why “full spectrum” grow lights are so important Lumens vs PAR vs Kelvin = how to measure light What the best choice of grow lights for indoor houseplants are Defining “bright indirect” for a grow light Patreon Plant Friend and listener Questions !   Mentioned in today's episode! Leslie's books: Gardening Under Lights and Plant Parenting: Easy Ways to Make New Houseplants Soltech Solutions: soltechsolutions.com and use "Bloom20" for 20% Modern Sprout: modernsprout.com use code "Bloom" for 15% off Bloom and Grow Amazon Grow light  Storefront: http://bit.ly/growlightep *The mentioned codes and amazon links are Bloom and Grow Affiliate partnerships, meaning Bloom and Grow Radio will receive a portion of the sale at no extra cost to you.*   Thank you to our two amazing episode sponsors: Espoma Organics and Floating Bed and Breakfast.   For responsibly made, unbelievable indoor and outdoor organic soils, fertilizers, pest control sprays and more visit espoma.com to find your local dealer or check out my amazon storefront of my favorite Espoma products here. For the plantiest airbnb experience of your life in the Norfolk, VA area, visit theloiselaine.com and message Nicole for 20% off by telling her Maria sent you!   Follow Leslie Halleck: Book: Plant Parenting and Gardening Under Lights Instagram Twitter Pinterest Facebook Website: https://lesliehalleck.com/   Follow Maria and Bloom and Grow Radio: Support Bloom and Grow Radio by becoming a Plant Friend on Patreon! Instagram and Facebook: @BloomandGrowRadio Subscribe to the Bloom and Grow Youtube Show! /Bloomandgrowradio Website: www.bloomandgrowradio.com Join the (free) Garden Club: www.bloomandgrowradio.com/garden-club

So thrilled to be joined again by Leslie Halleck after the wildly successful two part episode on Understanding Natural Light (Episodes 46 and 47) last season. After the success of her recent book, Gardening Under Lights, Leslie published a new book this month on propagation called Plant Parenting. Today Leslie joins me to discuss not the techniques for propagation, by how plants actually multiply. Today’s episode is meant to help us zoom out and understand the overarching reasons for why the propagation projects we know and love are so successful. It is the perfect conversation to enrich our understanding of our plants and how intelligently designed they are. Leslie Halleck is a Horticulturalist by education and profession with a passion for plants and gardening. She has worked in many sectors of the gardening industry, from nurseries, to being the Director of Horticulture Research at the Dallas Arboretum and Botanical Garden to founding Halleck Horticultural, a consulting service for Green Industry businesses. Her book, Gardening under Lights; The Complete Guide for Indoor Growers, is the ultimate guide to understanding artificial lighting for indoor growers of any experience level. Her new book Plant Parenthood In this episode we learn: what is Totipotency the different types of cuttings for propagation roots vs shoots How to properly propagate a Fiddle Leaf Fig tree- and what not to do the most common way to propagate the science behind how plant cuttings instigate root growth (and dos and don'ts you need to know) best practices for taking great cuttings best cuttings to start with for beginners Mentioned in the episode: Support Bloom and Grow Radio by becoming a Plant Friend on Patreon! Come to our Bloom and Grow Radio Happy Hour/Plant Swap and Live Taping in Philly! Details Here Leslie's books: Gardening Under Lights and Plant Parenting: Easy Ways to Make New Houseplants (Bloom and Grow Affiliate Links) GIVEAWAY! To participate in the giveaway of one signed copy of Leslie's new book, visit the @bloomandgrowradio instagram account and check out the post about today's episode. Instructions for the giveaway are there! Giveaway ends June 18th, 2019.   Thank you Bloem Living for Sponsoring today's episode! Bloem Living makes flower pots and garden accessories in the USA that are clever, efficient and fun! They have a garden accessory or container for every garden! Discover their products at www.bloemliving.com - there you can find your local Bloem Living dealer, or see the many websites you can order their products from! You can also check out my amazon storefront for a selection of my favorite Bloem products! Follow Leslie Halleck: Book: Plant Parenting and Gardening Under Lights Instagram Twitter Pinterest Facebook Website: https://lesliehalleck.com/   Follow Maria and Bloom and Grow Radio: Support Bloom and Grow Radio by becoming a Plant Friend on Patreon! Instagram and Facebook: @BloomandGrowRadio Subscribe to the Bloom and Grow Youtube Show! /Bloomandgrowradio Website: www.bloomandgrowradio.com Join the (free) Garden Club: www.bloomandgrowradio.com/garden-club

As Spring approaches, learn how to best start seeds indoors as well as the major mistakes most newbie gardeners will make. I've definitely made some of these myself! About Leslie Halleck Leslie is a Degreed & Certified Professional Horticulturist with 25 years of Green Industry, and has a WEALTH of knowledge about growing under artificial lighting. Learn More: Buy Leslie's Book - Gardening Under Lights https://lesliehalleck.com/ Follow Leslie on Instagram Keep Growing, Kevin Support Epic Gardening Support Epic Gardening on Patreon Follow Epic Gardening YouTube Instagram Pinterest Facebook Facebook Group Buy the Epic Soil Starter Organic Fertilizer! How do you super-charge your soil with good, inexpensive organic matter? That was the question I sought to answer when I designed this custom-mixed fertilizer with my friends over at Garden Maker Naturals. It's designed to take your ordinary raised bed garden soil and give it enough organic matter to kick-start your growing season. Order Your Epic Soil Starter Here

Did you know that you can keep your citrus indoors in the winter...and if you're REALLY epic, you can grow them indoors all year long? Learn how in today's show. About Leslie Halleck Leslie is a Degreed & Certified Professional Horticulturist with 25 years of Green Industry, and has a WEALTH of knowledge about growing under artificial lighting. Learn More: Buy Leslie's Book - Gardening Under Lights https://lesliehalleck.com/ Follow Leslie on Instagram Keep Growing, Kevin Support Epic Gardening Support Epic Gardening on Patreon Follow Epic Gardening YouTube Instagram Pinterest Facebook Facebook Group Buy the Epic Soil Starter Organic Fertilizer! How do you super-charge your soil with good, inexpensive organic matter? That was the question I sought to answer when I designed this custom-mixed fertilizer with my friends over at Garden Maker Naturals. It's designed to take your ordinary raised bed garden soil and give it enough organic matter to kick-start your growing season. Order Your Epic Soil Starter Here

If you're more of an edibles-focused gardener (like me), you're probably wondering which you can grow indoors! Find out in today's show with Leslie. About Leslie Halleck Leslie is a Degreed & Certified Professional Horticulturist with 25 years of Green Industry, and has a WEALTH of knowledge about growing under artificial lighting. Learn More: Buy Leslie's Book - Gardening Under Lights https://lesliehalleck.com/ Follow Leslie on Instagram Keep Growing, Kevin Support Epic Gardening Support Epic Gardening on Patreon Follow Epic Gardening YouTube Instagram Pinterest Facebook Facebook Group Buy the Epic Soil Starter Organic Fertilizer! How do you super-charge your soil with good, inexpensive organic matter? That was the question I sought to answer when I designed this custom-mixed fertilizer with my friends over at Garden Maker Naturals. It's designed to take your ordinary raised bed garden soil and give it enough organic matter to kick-start your growing season. Order Your Epic Soil Starter Here

There are some plants you simply CAN'T grow indoors without supplemental light. Even a south-facing, bright window isn't enough. Find out which in today's show. About Leslie Halleck Leslie is a Degreed & Certified Professional Horticulturist with 25 years of Green Industry, and has a WEALTH of knowledge about growing under artificial lighting. Learn More: Buy Leslie's Book - Gardening Under Lights https://lesliehalleck.com/ Follow Leslie on Instagram Keep Growing, Kevin Support Epic Gardening Support Epic Gardening on Patreon Follow Epic Gardening YouTube Instagram Pinterest Facebook Facebook Group Buy the Epic Soil Starter Organic Fertilizer! How do you super-charge your soil with good, inexpensive organic matter? That was the question I sought to answer when I designed this custom-mixed fertilizer with my friends over at Garden Maker Naturals. It's designed to take your ordinary raised bed garden soil and give it enough organic matter to kick-start your growing season. Order Your Epic Soil Starter Here

Today, Leslie and I chat about how long plants need to be lit when growing indoors. We get into the nerdy weeds here, but I think you'll appreciate the deeper understanding :) About Leslie Halleck Leslie is a Degreed & Certified Professional Horticulturist with 25 years of Green Industry, and has a WEALTH of knowledge about growing under artificial lighting. Learn More: Buy Leslie's Book - Gardening Under Lights https://lesliehalleck.com/ Follow Leslie on Instagram Keep Growing, Kevin Support Epic Gardening Support Epic Gardening on Patreon Follow Epic Gardening YouTube Instagram Pinterest Facebook Facebook Group Buy the Epic Soil Starter Organic Fertilizer! How do you super-charge your soil with good, inexpensive organic matter? That was the question I sought to answer when I designed this custom-mixed fertilizer with my friends over at Garden Maker Naturals. It's designed to take your ordinary raised bed garden soil and give it enough organic matter to kick-start your growing season. Order Your Epic Soil Starter Here

Do you grow plants indoors? Have you tried starting plants from seed or are you thinking of trying this year? In either case, light may be on your mind lately. It’s been on mine, so I invited Leslie Halleck, author of the new book Gardening Under Lights, to join me for this week’s podcast to […] The post 083-Gardening Indoors: The Science of Light, with Leslie Halleck appeared first on joe gardener® | Organic Gardening Like a Pro.

I’m joined again by my new plant friend and horticulturalist and lighting expert, Leslie Halleck, for part two of my quest to understand what “bright indirect light” really is. If you haven’t yet, listen to last weeks episode where Leslie and I dive into the basics of understanding natural light, and hacks and tricks for measuring your personal lighting environment without any type of app or meter. Leslie is a Horticulturalist by education and profession with a passion for plants and gardening. She has worked in many sectors of the gardening industry, from nurseries, to being the Director of Horticulture Research at the Dallas Arboretum and Botanical Garden to founding Halleck Horticultural, a consulting service for Green Industry businesses. Her book, Gardening under Lights; The Complete Guide for Indoor Growers, is published by Timber Press and is the ultimate guide to understanding artificial lighting for indoor growers of any experience level. Today, we dive into learning the basics of how to measure light and how to use simple measurements to better understand exactly what light we are personally working with. Leslie gave me a homework assignment which involved me measuring the light in my apartment with a free app, and we walk through what I learned from it. As you’ll find out, my results were surprising and I learned so much from the experience of actually taking measurements of my surroundings. Leslie and I then challenge you to take your own measurements with a free download we provide so you can have all the aha moments I had throughout this process!   In the episode we learn: What the most important colors of light are for growing plants How to use a free app to get a better understanding of your indoor lighting environment What is the difference between LUX, Footcandles and PAR What micromoles are What DLI (Daily Light Intergral) is The results of my homework and how many “aha” moments I had about the ACTUAL light in my apartment How drastic the difference in light is within only a few feet from your window What area of your apartment is probably low light that you never knew about Whether or not you can put plants in a bathroom with no windows Whether or not you can put plants in an office with no windows Citrus under lights, pests   GET THE FREE DOWNLOAD! Get the free measuring light overview, worksheet and Leslie’s Plant Geek Glossary by subscribing here https://bloomandgrowradio.com/resources   Mentioned in this episode: - Lux Light Meter  - PAR meter - Soltech Solution Aspect Light (link has BAGR 15% off Affiliate Code)  - Leslie’s Book, Gardening Under Lights; The Complete Guide for Indoor Growers    Follow Leslie Halleck: https://lesliehalleck.com/ @lesliehalleck https://twitter.com/@LeslieHalleck https://www.pinterest.com/lesliehalleck/ https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCgVSrcFLIllF6fDhu1_8XDw https://www.facebook.com/HalleckHorticultural facebook groups: gardening under lights and plant parenting   Follow Bloom and Grow Radio www.bloomandgrowradio.com https://www.pinterest.com/bloomandgrowradio https://www.instagram.com/bloomandgrowradio/

I’m excited to bring you another two part episode on a topic that has plagued me in my first year as a plant parent: understanding natural light, and what the heck “bright indirect light” actually means. When figuring out how to do this episode, I knew I needed a lighting and plant expert who would give me the space to ask the simple questions to understand this complex topic. Enter Leslie Halleck. Leslie is a Horticulturalist by education and profession with a passion for plants and gardening. She has worked in many sectors of the gardening industry, from nurseries, to being the Director of Horticulture Research at the Dallas Arboretum and Botanical Garden to founding Halleck Horticultural, a consulting service for Green Industry businesses. Her book, Gardening under Lights; The Complete Guide for Indoor Growers, is the ultimate guide to understanding artificial lighting for indoor growers of any experience level. Leslie joins me to share her years of experience with houseplants and indoor gardening to ironically not discuss her vast knowledge of indoor grow lights, but to teach us about the basics of measuring our natural indoor light, to better understand out indoor environment, and whether we need to supplement with lights. Today’s episode is titled General Rules, next weeks episode is titled Measuring Tools. General Rules will consist of my lengthy conversation with Leslie about lighting basics, and how we can understand our indoor lighting environments without special or expensive meters. She also just imparts piece after piece or plant parenthood wisdom, and honestly teaches us a lot more than just how to understand light. Next week, in “Measuring Tools”, we will dive into the homework assignment she gave me, which involved me using a light meter on my phone to actually measure my surrounds, which gave me shocking “aha” moments. I hope this two part series helps uncover this tricky problem and helps you be more at ease and empowered about your personal indoor environments. In this episode we learn: - How Leslie came to be the lighting expert she is now - Measuring and understanding NATURAL light 101 - The difference between the volume of light vs the brightness of light - What PAR is and why it is important for understand our natural light in our apartments - The most brilliant metaphor for light that will make even the science inept person understand light, photons and photosynthesis - How the direction your window faces affects the amount of light in your apartment, and a good rule of thumb to live by - What the heck “bright indirect light’ actually is! - Practical steps to understanding “bright indirect light” for your specific surrounding - How many feet away from your windowsill does “bright light” turn to “medium light” and then turn to “low light” - Why we overwater our plants (spoiler alert… it’s often because of your lighting conditions) - If sunbeams that move throughout your apartments make a different for your plants - Why experimenting with plant placement and light is crucial Mentioned in this Episode: - Soltech Solutions Light, use bloomandgrow15 for 15% off on any of their lights at www.soltechsolutions.com - Lux Light Meter Pro App - Leslie’s Book, Gardening Under Lights; The Complete Guide for Indoor Growers Follow Leslie Halleck: https://lesliehalleck.com/ @lesliehalleck on twitter, pinterest, youtube, facebook Follow Bloom and Grow Radio @bloomandgrowradio on Instagram, www.bloomandgrowradio.com/garden-club to join the (free) online garden club!

Leslie Halleck's book Gardening Under Lights (published by Timber Press) is a really welcome book for those of us who haven't fully dipped our toes into the confusing world of artificial light for our plants. In this episode, I find out about what kind of light houseplants need, investigate the pros and cons of the difference types from LECs to LEDs and beyond, and discuss how cannabis growing fits into the picture.  I also find out whether you need to invest in a light meter, whether IKEA's LED offering is worth a look, and whether it's possible to buy a non-ugly growlight!   Visit janeperrone.com for full show notes.