Essential Ethics

The session considers some case examples where ‘deciding with children' isn't ethically straightforward. When parents exclude an adolescent from being involved, or when parents disagree with their child's views, clinicians must decide when and how to advocate for a child to decide. When and why ought they to defer to the parent's views?Professor Lynn Gillam (Academic Director of the Children's Bioethics Centre, The Royal Children's Hospital) in discussion with Professor Douglas Diekema (Physician and Director of Education, Treuman Katz Center for Pediatric Bioethics, Seattle Children's Hospital, USA) and Professor Lainie Friedman Ross (Professor of Clinical Medical Ethics and Professor, Departments of Pediatrics, Medicine, Surgery and the College, University of Chicago).

The session considers some case examples where ‘deciding with children' isn't ethically straightforward. When parents exclude an adolescent from being involved, or when parents disagree with their child's views, clinicians must decide when and how to advocate for a child to decide. When and why ought they to defer to the parent's views? Professor Lynn Gillam (Academic Director of the Children's Bioethics Centre, The Royal Children's Hospital) in discussion with Professor Douglas Diekema (Physician and Director of Education, Treuman Katz Center for Pediatric Bioethics, Seattle Children's Hospital, USA) and Professor Lainie Friedman Ross (Professor of Clinical Medical Ethics and Professor, Departments of Pediatrics, Medicine, Surgery and the College, University of Chicago).

In part 3 of the conference wrap-up, we hear a fascinating concluding presentation from Professor Clare Delany, Clinical Ethicist at The Royal Children's Hospital and Peter McCallum Cancer Centre. Clare challenges the audience to consider the child's ability to participate in their medical decision-making in the context of socio-cultural theory of cognitive development. She sets the presentation in a fascinating historical and philosophical landscape. Her reflections on the clinician's role in ‘deciding with children' round out the conference nicely.

In part 3 of the conference wrap-up, we hear a fascinating concluding presentation from Professor Clare Delany, Clinical Ethicist at The Royal Children's Hospital and Peter McCallum Cancer Centre. Clare challenges the audience to consider the child's ability to participate in their medical decision-making in the context of socio-cultural theory of cognitive development. She sets the presentation in a fascinating historical and philosophical landscape. Her reflections on the clinician's role in ‘deciding with children' round out the conference nicely.

Professor Lynn Gillam, Academic Director of the Children's Bioethics Centre at The Royal Children's Hospital explores what decision-making really is and what it looks like – the various models of shared decision-making that are often used in the healthcare context, who shares the authority to make medical decisions for children, and when does the child's voice count? With her usual clarity of thought, Lynn wraps up the conference presentations that have taken us on a journey to discover what ‘deciding' means in ‘deciding with children'.

Professor Lynn Gillam, Academic Director of the Children's Bioethics Centre at The Royal Children's Hospital explores what decision-making really is and what it looks like – the various models of shared decision-making that are often used in the healthcare context, who shares the authority to make medical decisions for children, and when does the child's voice count? With her usual clarity of thought, Lynn wraps up the conference presentations that have taken us on a journey to discover what ‘deciding' means in ‘deciding with children'.

Clinical Director of the Children's Bioethics Centre, Professor John Massie, summarises some of the key messages and critical reflections on how clinicians can decide ‘with' children in the paediatric environment. What does it really mean to seek and consider the child's view, and what happens when you've asked them, and then don't do what they want?

Clinical Director of the Children's Bioethics Centre, Professor John Massie, summarises some of the key messages and critical reflections on how clinicians can decide ‘with' children in the paediatric environment. What does it really mean to seek and consider the child's view, and what happens when you've asked them, and then don't do what they want?

This session explores the challenges of respecting a child's privacy in the age of social media. The phenomenon of ‘sharenting', whereby parents share news and images of their child on social media is becoming increasingly common among families where children have chronic illness and disability, and some families manage a public social media account dedicated to their child's medical journey. This highlights a clash between the rights of parents and children: does the parent's right and responsibility to manage their child's care override the child's right to privacy and confidentiality as a patient? Our speaker, Elise Burn from Queensland Children's Hospital Centre for Children's Health Ethics and Law, won the Patron's Prize for the best conference paper.

This session explores the challenges of respecting a child's privacy in the age of social media. The phenomenon of ‘sharenting', whereby parents share news and images of their child on social media is becoming increasingly common among families where children have chronic illness and disability, and some families manage a public social media account dedicated to their child's medical journey. This highlights a clash between the rights of parents and children: does the parent's right and responsibility to manage their child's care override the child's right to privacy and confidentiality as a patient? Our speaker, Elise Burn from Queensland Children's Hospital Centre for Children's Health Ethics and Law, won the Patron's Prize for the best conference paper.

Professor Douglas S. Diekema (Director of Education for the Treuman Katz Center for Pediatric Bioethics at Seattle Children's Research Institute) opens the Conference by considering the ethical underpinning of the conference theme, ‘Deciding with Children'. Deciding with Children is more than a vague abstraction or aspirational goal of children's healthcare workers. Prof Diekema demonstrates that Deciding with Children matters to the well-being of children and is a vital part of healthcare delivery. He builds on this foundation, using his clinical experience, to consider how best to authentically involve children in healthcare decisions. This Keynote session is named in honour of the recent Clinical Director of the Children's Bioethics Centre, Associate Professor Jill Sewell.

Professor Douglas S. Diekema (Director of Education for the Treuman Katz Center for Pediatric Bioethics at Seattle Children's Research Institute) opens the Conference by considering the ethical underpinning of the conference theme, ‘Deciding with Children'. Deciding with Children is more than a vague abstraction or aspirational goal of children's healthcare workers. Prof Diekema demonstrates that Deciding with Children matters to the well-being of children and is a vital part of healthcare delivery. He builds on this foundation, using his clinical experience, to consider how best to authentically involve children in healthcare decisions. This Keynote session is named in honour of the recent Clinical Director of the Children's Bioethics Centre, Associate Professor Jill Sewell.

We explore ways to involve children and young people when managing their chronic condition, using type 1 diabetes as an example. How do the small decisions that respect the child's preferences and values build towards an independent decision-maker? Given the level of responsibility that parents feel for the outcomes of their child's disease control, what role does a parent have in deciding with children? We also consider the clinician as holder of special knowledge about diabetes, and also as coach for the child and the parents to develop the independent decision-maker. Host: Prof John Massie. Guests: Dr Michele O'Connell, Endocrinologist at RCH; and Prof Lynn Gillam, Children's Bioethics Centre, RCH.

We explore ways to involve children and young people when managing their chronic condition, using type 1 diabetes as an example. How do the small decisions that respect the child's preferences and values build towards an independent decision-maker? Given the level of responsibility that parents feel for the outcomes of their child's disease control, what role does a parent have in deciding with children? We also consider the clinician as holder of special knowledge about diabetes, and also as coach for the child and the parents to develop the independent decision-maker. Host: Prof John Massie. Guests: Dr Michele O'Connell, Endocrinologist at RCH; and Prof Lynn Gillam, Children's Bioethics Centre, RCH.

This session considers what deciding with children looks like when a child has cancer. In this one we try to operationalise deciding with children. We explore ways to engage younger children in their medical decision-making and consider what types of decisions children with cancer can be encouraged to make for themselves. How serious would a decision need to be for the treating team to go against the child's known wishes? How would you deliver this decision to your patient? We consider if sub-optimal medical treatments are ever acceptable when they're preferred by the child. Host: Prof John Massie. Guests: Dr Molly Williams, Paediatrician, Oncology & Palliative Care, RCH and Jayne Harrison, Clinical Nurse Specialist, RCH Oncology.

This session considers what deciding with children looks like when a child has cancer. In this one we try to operationalise deciding with children. We explore ways to engage younger children in their medical decision-making and consider what types of decisions children with cancer can be encouraged to make for themselves. How serious would a decision need to be for the treating team to go against the child's known wishes? How would you deliver this decision to your patient? We consider if sub-optimal medical treatments are ever acceptable when they're preferred by the child. Host: Prof John Massie. Guests: Dr Molly Williams, Paediatrician, Oncology & Palliative Care, RCH and Jayne Harrison, Clinical Nurse Specialist, RCH Oncology.

This episode explores how clinicians currently involve adolescents in their medical decision making, and how they should involve them. We unpack the tricky transitory space that exists between deciding for younger children, to deciding with these young people who have an increased capacity for reasoning, weighing choices and decision-making. We also consider how far paediatricians should go to promote decision making with adolescents. Host: Prof John Massie. Guests: Dr Mick Creati, RCH adolescent physician and Prof Lynn Gillam, Children's Bioethics Centre, RCH.

This episode explores how clinicians currently involve adolescents in their medical decision making, and how they should involve them. We unpack the tricky transitory space that exists between deciding for younger children, to deciding with these young people who have an increased capacity for reasoning, weighing choices and decision-making. We also consider how far paediatricians should go to promote decision making with adolescents. Host: Prof John Massie. Guests: Dr Mick Creati, RCH adolescent physician and Prof Lynn Gillam, Children's Bioethics Centre, RCH.

This time focusing on involving young children and early adolescents in medical decision making, we explore the transition from deciding for children to deciding with children. We consider child development and neurobiology, what things are important to children, what we can offer in terms of choices and what to do if we have to override a child's preference or decision. We also explore decision-making for children with developmental issues, such as attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and autistic spectrum disorder (ASD). Host: Prof John Massie. Guests: Dr Daryl Efron, RCH general paediatrician, and Prof Lynn Gillam, Children's Bioethics Centre, RCH.

This time focusing on involving young children and early adolescents in medical decision making, we explore the transition from deciding for children to deciding with children. We consider child development and neurobiology, what things are important to children, what we can offer in terms of choices and what to do if we have to override a child's preference or decision. We also explore decision-making for children with developmental issues, such as attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and autistic spectrum disorder (ASD). Host: Prof John Massie. Guests: Dr Daryl Efron, RCH general paediatrician, and Prof Lynn Gillam, Children's Bioethics Centre, RCH.

We analyse the Gillick decision from the UK with regard to adolescent medical decision-making and the concept of the ‘mature minor.' We discuss the legal aspects of ‘Gillick competence' and consider the limitations of the Gillick decision in ethical and practical terms. Finally, we consider alternative framings of adolescent medical decision-making. Host: Prof John Massie. Guests: Annabelle Mann, RCH General Counsel, Prof Lynn Gillam and Prof Clare Delany, Children's Bioethics Centre, RCH.

We analyse the Gillick decision from the UK with regard to adolescent medical decision-making and the concept of the ‘mature minor.' We discuss the legal aspects of ‘Gillick competence' and consider the limitations of the Gillick decision in ethical and practical terms. Finally, we consider alternative framings of adolescent medical decision-making. Host: Prof John Massie. Guests: Annabelle Mann, RCH General Counsel, Prof Lynn Gillam and Prof Clare Delany, Children's Bioethics Centre, RCH.

In this podcast we explore the ethical underpinnings of deciding with children when providing medical care. We recognise that children of all ages have varying levels of capacity to understand and participate in medical decisions that affect their own bodies. We cover the following ethical principles in our exploration of deciding with children: the intrinsic and instrumental value of asking and considering the child's view; respect for personhood, bodily sovereignty and liberty; the child's right to a view; truth-telling and children's best interests. Host: Prof John Massie. Guests: Prof Lynn Gillam and Prof Clare Delany, Children's Bioethics Centre, RCH.

In this podcast we explore the ethical underpinnings of deciding with children when providing medical care. We recognise that children of all ages have varying levels of capacity to understand and participate in medical decisions that affect their own bodies. We cover the following ethical principles in our exploration of deciding with children: the intrinsic and instrumental value of asking and considering the child's view; respect for personhood, bodily sovereignty and liberty; the child's right to a view; truth-telling and children's best interests. Host: Prof John Massie. Guests: Prof Lynn Gillam and Prof Clare Delany, Children's Bioethics Centre, RCH.

Speakers: Prof David Archard - Chair Nuffield Council on Bioethics, UK and Dr Joe Brierley - Chair, Clinical Ethics Service and Intensivist, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London.This session is a fascinating debate in which Prof Archard advocates for the immediate needs of the sick child in intensive care now, while Dr Brierley insists that medical care for children, even if they are desperately sick, can only advance if we collect and publish data. Whose argument sways you the most?The session is moderated from London by Dr Sarah Aylett - Clinical Ethics Service and Neurologist, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London and from Melbourne by Prof Lynn Gillam, Children's Bioethics Centre, RCH.

Speakers: Prof David Archard - Chair Nuffield Council on Bioethics, UK and Dr Joe Brierley - Chair, Clinical Ethics Service and Intensivist, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London. This session is a fascinating debate in which Prof Archard advocates for the immediate needs of the sick child in intensive care now, while Dr Brierley insists that medical care for children, even if they are desperately sick, can only advance if we collect and publish data. Whose argument sways you the most? The session is moderated from London by Dr Sarah Aylett - Clinical Ethics Service and Neurologist, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London and from Melbourne by Prof Lynn Gillam, Children's Bioethics Centre, RCH.

Speakers: Prof David Archard - Chair Nuffield Council on Bioethics, UK; Dr Joe Brierley - Chair, Clinical Ethics Service and Intensivist, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London; Dr Sarah Aylett - Clinical Ethics Service and Neurologist Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London.In this session we discuss how innovative therapies should be considered for use in the COVID-19 pandemic. The ethics team from GOSH London and the Nuffield Council on Bioethics take into account the clinical needs of sick children and the imperative to 'do something', against the scarcity of solid scientific evidence about proposed treatments. The session is moderated by Prof Lynn Gillam, Children's Bioethics Centre, RCH.

Speakers: Prof David Archard - Chair Nuffield Council on Bioethics, UK; Dr Joe Brierley - Chair, Clinical Ethics Service and Intensivist, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London; Dr Sarah Aylett - Clinical Ethics Service and Neurologist Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London. In this session we discuss how innovative therapies should be considered for use in the COVID-19 pandemic. The ethics team from GOSH London and the Nuffield Council on Bioethics take into account the clinical needs of sick children and the imperative to 'do something', against the scarcity of solid scientific evidence about proposed treatments. The session is moderated by Prof Lynn Gillam, Children's Bioethics Centre, RCH.

Speakers: Professors Lynn Gillam and Clare Delany, Children's Bioethics Centre, RCH and Associate Professor Helen Irving, Clinical Lead for Children Health Ethics and Law, Queensland Children's Hospital.In this session, the initial consideration is safety to hospital staff in the COVID-19 pandemic, and what might constitute acceptable risk to those staff of becoming infected at work. This opens the way for a more general discussion about an ethical approach to staff safety when parents or patients threaten staff.

Speakers: Professors Lynn Gillam and Clare Delany, Children's Bioethics Centre, RCH and Associate Professor Helen Irving, Clinical Lead for Children Health Ethics and Law, Queensland Children's Hospital. In this session, the initial consideration is safety to hospital staff in the COVID-19 pandemic, and what might constitute acceptable risk to those staff of becoming infected at work. This opens the way for a more general discussion about an ethical approach to staff safety when parents or patients threaten staff.

Speakers: Professors Dominic Wilkinson and Julian Savulescu, from the Uehiro Centre for Practical Ethics at Oxford University, UK. Moderator: Professor David Isaacs, Clinician-ethicist and infectious diseases physician, Children's Hospital, Westmead, Australia.In this session, Prof Savulescu accepts the premise that a safe COVID-19 vaccine is developed and brings a consequentialist approach to justify mandatory vaccination. Prof Wilkinson rebuts this, indicating mandatory vaccination is unjustified coercion.

Speakers: Professors Dominic Wilkinson and Julian Savulescu, from the Uehiro Centre for Practical Ethics at Oxford University, UK. Moderator: Professor David Isaacs, Clinician-ethicist and infectious diseases physician, Children's Hospital, Westmead, Australia. In this session, Prof Savulescu accepts the premise that a safe COVID-19 vaccine is developed and brings a consequentialist approach to justify mandatory vaccination. Prof Wilkinson rebuts this, indicating mandatory vaccination is unjustified coercion.

Speakers: Professor Dominic Wilkinson and Professor Julian Savulescu, both from the Uehiro Centre for Practical Ethics at Oxford University, UK. Moderator: Professor David Isaacs, Clinician-ethicist and infectious diseases physician from the Children's Hospital, Westmead, Australia. In this session Prof Wilkinson presents arguments in favour of COVID-19 challenge trials, arguing that we have an obligation to know all we can, and that such trials would guide vaccination research. Prof Savulescu presents the case against challenge trials, on the basis that children are the wrong candidates, given their low infection and mortality rates.

Speakers: Professor Dominic Wilkinson and Professor Julian Savulescu, both from the Uehiro Centre for Practical Ethics at Oxford University, UK. Moderator: Professor David Isaacs, Clinician-ethicist and infectious diseases physician from the Children's Hospital, Westmead, Australia.In this session Prof Wilkinson presents arguments in favour of COVID-19 challenge trials, arguing that we have an obligation to know all we can, and that such trials would guide vaccination research. Prof Savulescu presents the case against challenge trials, on the basis that children are the wrong candidates, given their low infection and mortality rates.

Professor John Lantos, Bioethicist and Neonatologist at Mercy Hospital for Children, Kansas City Missouri considers the many ethical dilemmas in clinical care raised by the COVID-19 pandemic and how we can learn from these for post-pandemic times. This is a far-ranging session considering surge management, staff infection, innovative therapies and research.

Professor John Lantos, Bioethicist and Neonatologist at Mercy Hospital for Children, Kansas City Missouri considers the many ethical dilemmas in clinical care raised by the COVID-19 pandemic and how we can learn from these for post-pandemic times. This is a far-ranging session considering surge management, staff infection, innovative therapies and research.

The Ethics Toolkit is a series within Essential Ethics designed to give clinicians a clear understanding of the tools that bioethicists use to think through complex problems. In this episode we explore the ethical foundations of child and family centred care. The conversation considers the obligations of healthcare providers to involve patients and families in their own healthcare and in designing healthcare systems. Host, Prof John Massie, is joined by: Prof Catherine Crock AM, physician at The Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne (RCH), Co-founder of the Hush Foundation and Gathering of Kindness; and Prof Lynn Gillam, Academic Director of the RCH Children's Bioethics Centre and Professor, University of Melbourne School of Population and Global Health.

The Ethics Toolkit is a series within Essential Ethics designed to give clinicians a clear understanding of the tools that bioethicists use to think through complex problems. In this episode we explore the ethical foundations of child and family centred care. The conversation considers the obligations of healthcare providers to involve patients and families in their own healthcare and in designing healthcare systems. Host, Prof John Massie, is joined by: Prof Catherine Crock AM, physician at The Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne (RCH), Co-founder of the Hush Foundation and Gathering of Kindness; and Prof Lynn Gillam, Academic Director of the RCH Children’s Bioethics Centre and Professor, University of Melbourne School of Population and Global Health.

The Ethics Toolkit is a series within Essential Ethics designed to give clinicians a clear understanding of the tools that bioethicists use to think through complex problems. In this episode we discuss what shared decision-making means and consider the ethical principles that underpin it. We then consider how this should include children and adolescents as emerging decision-makers. Host, Prof John Massie, is joined by Dr Giuliana Antolovich, Paediatrician with Developmental Medicine at The Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne (RCH), and Prof Clare Delany, Senior Ethicist with the Children's Bioethics Centre at RCH and Professor at the University of Melbourne School of Population and Global Health.

The Ethics Toolkit is a series within Essential Ethics designed to give clinicians a clear understanding of the tools that bioethicists use to think through complex problems. In this episode we discuss what shared decision-making means and consider the ethical principles that underpin it. We then consider how this should include children and adolescents as emerging decision-makers. Host, Prof John Massie, is joined by Dr Giuliana Antolovich, Paediatrician with Developmental Medicine at The Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne (RCH), and Prof Clare Delany, Senior Ethicist with the Children’s Bioethics Centre at RCH and Professor at the University of Melbourne School of Population and Global Health.

The Ethics Toolkit is a series within Essential Ethics designed to give clinicians a clear understanding of the tools that bioethicists use to think through complex problems. This episode looks at the Zone of Parental Discretion (ZPD) which is a protected space in which parents can make medical decisions for their children that may not be optimal (best interests) but are not substantially harmful (Harm Principle) to the interests of their child. It recognises parents as natural, and legal, decision-makers for their children and acts to preserve the parent-child-doctor relationship. Host: Prof John Massie, Clinical Director, Children's Bioethics Centre, RCH. Guest: Prof Lynn Gillam, Academic Director, Children's Bioethics Centre, RCH, and Professor, University of Melbourne School of Population and Global Health.

The Ethics Toolkit is a series within Essential Ethics designed to give clinicians a clear understanding of the tools that bioethicists use to think through complex problems. This episode looks at the Zone of Parental Discretion (ZPD) which is a protected space in which parents can make medical decisions for their children that may not be optimal (best interests) but are not substantially harmful (Harm Principle) to the interests of their child. It recognises parents as natural, and legal, decision-makers for their children and acts to preserve the parent-child-doctor relationship. Host: Prof John Massie, Clinical Director, Children’s Bioethics Centre, RCH. Guest: Prof Lynn Gillam, Academic Director, Children’s Bioethics Centre, RCH, and Professor, University of Melbourne School of Population and Global Health.

The Ethics Toolkit is a series within Essential Ethics designed to give clinicians a clear understanding of the tools that bioethicists use to think through complex problems. In this episode Prof Doug Diekema explains the origins of the Harm Principle and how it sets a threshold for state intervention when children risk being harmed. Prof Diekema outlines the necessary conditions that must be met under the Harm Principle. Host: Prof John Massie, Clinical Director, Children's Bioethics Centre, RCH. Guest: Prof Doug Diekema, Treuman Katz Center for Pediatric Bioethics, University of Washington.

The Ethics Toolkit is a series within Essential Ethics designed to give clinicians a clear understanding of the tools that bioethicists use to think through complex problems. In this episode Prof Doug Diekema explains the origins of the Harm Principle and how it sets a threshold for state intervention when children risk being harmed. Prof Diekema outlines the necessary conditions that must be met under the Harm Principle. Host: Prof John Massie, Clinical Director, Children’s Bioethics Centre, RCH.Guest: Prof Doug Diekema, Treuman Katz Center for Pediatric Bioethics, University of Washington.

The Ethics Toolkit is a series within Essential Ethics designed to give clinicians a clear understanding of the tools that bioethicists use to think through complex problems. This episode examines different ways to consider bioethics, beyond the commonly used framework of the four principles. Virtue ethics, consequentialism and rule-based ethics all get a road test to see how they might add value to bioethical discourse in various situations. Host: Prof John Massie, Clinical Director, Children's Bioethics Centre. Guest: Dr Ros McDougall, Senior Lecturer, University of Melbourne School of Population and Global Health.

The Ethics Toolkit is a series within Essential Ethics designed to give clinicians a clear understanding of the tools that bioethicists use to think through complex problems. This episode examines different ways to consider bioethics, beyond the commonly used framework of the four principles. Virtue ethics, consequentialism and rule-based ethics all get a road test to see how they might add value to bioethical discourse in various situations. Host: Prof John Massie, Clinical Director, Children’s Bioethics Centre. Guest: Dr Ros McDougall, Senior Lecturer, University of Melbourne School of Population and Global Health.

The Ethics Toolkit is a series within Essential Ethics designed to give clinicians a clear understanding of the tools that bioethicists use to think through complex problems. In this episode we explore the origin of the four principles of bioethics, namely, respect for autonomy, beneficence, non-maleficence and justice. The four principles provide an easy framework for ethical analysis and have gained prominence as the main framework that is used for clinical ethics consultation. Host: Prof John Massie, Clinical Director, Children's Bioethics Centre. Guest: Prof Lynn Gillam: Academic Director, RCH Children's Bioethics Centre and Professor, University of Melbourne School of Population and Global Health.

The Ethics Toolkit is a series within Essential Ethics designed to give clinicians a clear understanding of the tools that bioethicists use to think through complex problems. In this episode we explore the origin of the four principles of bioethics, namely, respect for autonomy, beneficence, non-maleficence and justice. The four principles provide an easy framework for ethical analysis and have gained prominence as the main framework that is used for clinical ethics consultation. Host: Prof John Massie, Clinical Director, Children’s Bioethics Centre. Guest: Prof Lynn Gillam: Academic Director, RCH Children’s Bioethics Centre and Professor, University of Melbourne School of Population and Global Health.

In the closing plenary session of the 2019 National Children's Bioethics Conference, two senior clinical ethicists lead a discussion on the ethical dimensions of respect: Professor Lynn Gillam and Professor Clare Delany, both from the Children's Bioethics Centre at The Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne.

In the closing plenary session of the 2019 National Children's Bioethics Conference, two senior clinical ethicists lead a discussion on the ethical dimensions of respect: Professor Lynn Gillam and Professor Clare Delany, both from the Children’s Bioethics Centre at The Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne.

What happens when the medical team and parents have divergent views about the best interests of the infant? Dr Sid Vemuri, Consultant in Paediatric Palliative Medicine, Victorian Paediatric Palliative Care Program, and Dr Bennett Sheridan, Paediatric Cardiologist, Cardiac Intensivist, RCH, and Nurse Emelina Finnegan present a case of an infant with an inoperable congenital heart malformation whose life is prolonged by prostin infusion.