On the River of History

This episode traces the lives of humans during the last glacial period of the Ice Ages, particularly in the regions where polar conditions were most prevalent. In Europe, we trace the lineages of forager peoples from the Aurignacians to the Magdalenians and learn about their toolkits, hunting strategies, and artworks, including the spectacular cave paintings. In Siberia, we examine several different cultures that adapted to the expansive steppes. In North America, we look at the Clovis culture and come to understand how the first Americans lived in their world. History is covered from 39,000 to 12,500 years ago.Transcript: https://riverofhistory.tumblr.com/post/184021186461/episode-10-life-during-the-ice-agesLinks and References Mentioned: Chauvet Cave re-dating: https://www.pnas.org/content/113/17/4670Leroy McDermontt Venus figurines: https://steemit.com/science/@deeallen/self-portraits-of-fertility-symbols-venus-figurines-of-upper-paleolithic-eurasia-nudityMissing Fingers on Hand Stencils: https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs41982-018-0016-8Lascaux star map?: http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/871930.stmSiberian archaeological record: https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/full/10.1086/693388Gomphothere hunt: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4121807/

This episode traces the lives of humans during the last glacial period of the Ice Ages, particularly in the regions where polar conditions were most prevalent. In Europe, we trace the lineages of forager peoples from the Aurignacians to the Magdalenians and learn about their toolkits, hunting strategies, and artworks, including the spectacular cave paintings. In Siberia, we examine several different cultures that adapted to the expansive steppes. In North America, we look at the Clovis culture and come to understand how the first Americans lived in their world. History is covered from 39,000 to 12,500 years ago.Transcript: https://riverofhistory.tumblr.com/post/184021186461/episode-10-life-during-the-ice-agesLinks and References Mentioned: Chauvet Cave re-dating: https://www.pnas.org/content/113/17/4670Leroy McDermontt Venus figurines: https://steemit.com/science/@deeallen/self-portraits-of-fertility-symbols-venus-figurines-of-upper-paleolithic-eurasia-nudityMissing Fingers on Hand Stencils: https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs41982-018-0016-8Lascaux star map?: http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/871930.stmSiberian archaeological record: https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/full/10.1086/693388Gomphothere hunt: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4121807/

This episode traces the lives of humans during the last glacial period of the Ice Ages, particularly in the regions where polar conditions were most prevalent. In Europe, we trace the lineages of forager peoples from the Aurignacians to the Magdalenians and learn about their toolkits, hunting strategies, and artworks, including the spectacular cave paintings. In Siberia, we examine several different cultures that adapted to the expansive steppes. In North America, we look at the Clovis culture and come to understand how the first Americans lived in their world. History is covered from 39,000 to 12,500 years ago.Transcript: https://riverofhistory.tumblr.com/post/184021186461/episode-10-life-during-the-ice-agesLinks and References Mentioned: Chauvet Cave re-dating: https://www.pnas.org/content/113/17/4670Leroy McDermontt Venus figurines: https://steemit.com/science/@deeallen/self-portraits-of-fertility-symbols-venus-figurines-of-upper-paleolithic-eurasia-nudityMissing Fingers on Hand Stencils: https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs41982-018-0016-8Lascaux star map?: http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/871930.stmSiberian archaeological record: https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/full/10.1086/693388Gomphothere hunt: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4121807/

This episode traces the lives of humans during the last glacial period of the Ice Ages, particularly in the regions where polar conditions were most prevalent. In Europe, we trace the lineages of forager peoples from the Aurignacians to the Magdalenians and learn about their toolkits, hunting strategies, and artworks, including the spectacular cave paintings. In Siberia, we examine several different cultures that adapted to the expansive steppes. In North America, we look at the Clovis culture and come to understand how the first Americans lived in their world. History is covered from 39,000 to 12,500 years ago.Transcript: https://riverofhistory.tumblr.com/post/184021186461/episode-10-life-during-the-ice-agesLinks and References Mentioned: Chauvet Cave re-dating: https://www.pnas.org/content/113/17/4670Leroy McDermontt Venus figurines: https://steemit.com/science/@deeallen/self-portraits-of-fertility-symbols-venus-figurines-of-upper-paleolithic-eurasia-nudityMissing Fingers on Hand Stencils: https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs41982-018-0016-8Lascaux star map?: http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/871930.stmSiberian archaeological record: https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/full/10.1086/693388Gomphothere hunt: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4121807/

This episode begins our discussion of the prehistory of Homo sapiens, the species to which we belong. Our origins are examined on the African continent and we trace the movement of our Ancestors across the world, from Asia to Australia, and from Europe and Siberia to the Americas. This episode ends with a discussion of race, how it developed as a concept, and what it means to anthropologists today.Transcript: https://riverofhistory.tumblr.com/post/183673468776/episode-9-homo-sapiensLinks and Referenced Mentioned:Inspiration for the dissection of‘population’ and ‘migration’: https://blogs.scientificamerican.com/observations/plug-and-play-genetics-racial-migrations-and-human-history/Steve Olson quote: Mapping Human History, Mariner Books(2002)African Multiregionalism: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0959437X1730182X?dgcid=authorBorrowing of the term “Ancestor”: The Humans Who Went Extinct, CliveFinlayson, Oxford University Press (2009)Generalist Specialists:https://www.researchgate.net/publication/326689995_Defining_the_'generalist_specialist'_niche_for_Pleistocene_Homo_sapiens_Nature_Human_BehaviourDeep Ancestral Ties to LivingAfricans: https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-018-07164-9& https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0959437X18300601?via%3DihubOldest Bow-and-Arrow: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/324721964_The_antiquity_of_bow-and-arrow_technology_Evidence_from_Middle_Stone_Age_layers_at_Sibudu_CaveAccess of Southwest Asia fromAfrica via warm and wet corridors:https://www.researchgate.net/publication/303763801_Palaeohydrological_corridors_for_hominin_dispersals_in_the_Middle_East_250-70000_years_agoReturn movements into Africa:https://www.researchgate.net/publication/325856764_Carriers_of_mitochondrial_DNA_macrohaplogroup_L3_basal_lineages_migrated_back_to_Africa_from_Asia_around_70000_years_ago1.5-2.1% of non-African genomes areNeanderthal: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4031459/Neanderthal Traits in Homo sapiens: https://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/primer/dtcgenetictesting/neanderthaldna &https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28985494Early Homo sapiens movements into Eurasia:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5164938/& https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4933530/& https://www.nature.com/articles/s41559-017-0436-8 & https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-019-38818-xToba Eruption Discussion: When Humans Nearly Vanished, DonaldProthero, Smithsonian Books (2018) & TheGreat Divide, Peter Watson, HarperCollins Publishers (2013)Possible climate-driver for Humansleaving Africa: https://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/gsa/geology/article/45/11/1023/516677/a-climatic-context-for-the-out-of-africa-migrationLice study and the Origin ofClothing: https://www.cell.com/current-biology/fulltext/S0960-9822(03)00507-4?Bone needles: https://www.sapiens.org/archaeology/fashion-history-sewing-needles/Alexander Harcourt coastalmigration reference: Humankind,Pegasus Books (2015)Genetic evidence for peopling ofSoutheast Asia: http://science.sciencemag.org/content/361/6397/88.longPeopling of Sahul: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0047248418302136 &https://www.nature.com/articles/nature18299& https://www.nature.com/articles/nature21416Peopling of Eastern & Northern Asia:https://investigativegenetics.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/2041-2223-4-11 &http://www.genetics.org/content/202/1/261 & http://advances.sciencemag.org/content/3/2/e1601877.fullMating between Denisovans andAncestors: https://peerj.com/preprints/27526.pdfPeopling of Europe: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2752585/ &https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3427117/& https://www.newscientist.com/article/2139694-we-may-have-mated-with-neanderthals-more-than-219000-years-ago/ &https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-019-41033-3Peopling of Siberia: https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/full/10.1086/693388Peopling of the Americas: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27507099 &http://advances.sciencemag.org/content/4/8/eaat5473& https://journals.plos.org/plosgenetics/article?id=10.1371/journal.pgen.0030185 &https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/2018/11/ancient-dna-reveals-complex-migrations-first-americans/ &https://www.cell.com/current-biology/fulltext/S0960-9822(18)31495-7?Discussion of Race: A Brief History of Everyone Who Ever Lived,Adam Rutherford, The Experiment (2017); MappingHuman History, Steve Olson, Mariner Books (2002); https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4756148/Development of Phenotypic Traits: http://science.sciencemag.org/content/358/6365/eaan8433 &https://www.cell.com/abstract/S0092-8674%2813%2900067-6

This episode begins our discussion of the prehistory of Homo sapiens, the species to which we belong. Our origins are examined on the African continent and we trace the movement of our Ancestors across the world, from Asia to Australia, and from Europe and Siberia to the Americas. This episode ends with a discussion of race, how it developed as a concept, and what it means to anthropologists today.Transcript: https://riverofhistory.tumblr.com/post/183673468776/episode-9-homo-sapiensLinks and Referenced Mentioned:Inspiration for the dissection of‘population’ and ‘migration’: https://blogs.scientificamerican.com/observations/plug-and-play-genetics-racial-migrations-and-human-history/Steve Olson quote: Mapping Human History, Mariner Books(2002)African Multiregionalism: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0959437X1730182X?dgcid=authorBorrowing of the term “Ancestor”: The Humans Who Went Extinct, CliveFinlayson, Oxford University Press (2009)Generalist Specialists:https://www.researchgate.net/publication/326689995_Defining_the_'generalist_specialist'_niche_for_Pleistocene_Homo_sapiens_Nature_Human_BehaviourDeep Ancestral Ties to LivingAfricans: https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-018-07164-9& https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0959437X18300601?via%3DihubOldest Bow-and-Arrow: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/324721964_The_antiquity_of_bow-and-arrow_technology_Evidence_from_Middle_Stone_Age_layers_at_Sibudu_CaveAccess of Southwest Asia fromAfrica via warm and wet corridors:https://www.researchgate.net/publication/303763801_Palaeohydrological_corridors_for_hominin_dispersals_in_the_Middle_East_250-70000_years_agoReturn movements into Africa:https://www.researchgate.net/publication/325856764_Carriers_of_mitochondrial_DNA_macrohaplogroup_L3_basal_lineages_migrated_back_to_Africa_from_Asia_around_70000_years_ago1.5-2.1% of non-African genomes areNeanderthal: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4031459/Neanderthal Traits in Homo sapiens: https://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/primer/dtcgenetictesting/neanderthaldna &https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28985494Early Homo sapiens movements into Eurasia:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5164938/& https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4933530/& https://www.nature.com/articles/s41559-017-0436-8 & https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-019-38818-xToba Eruption Discussion: When Humans Nearly Vanished, DonaldProthero, Smithsonian Books (2018) & TheGreat Divide, Peter Watson, HarperCollins Publishers (2013)Possible climate-driver for Humansleaving Africa: https://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/gsa/geology/article/45/11/1023/516677/a-climatic-context-for-the-out-of-africa-migrationLice study and the Origin ofClothing: https://www.cell.com/current-biology/fulltext/S0960-9822(03)00507-4?Bone needles: https://www.sapiens.org/archaeology/fashion-history-sewing-needles/Alexander Harcourt coastalmigration reference: Humankind,Pegasus Books (2015)Genetic evidence for peopling ofSoutheast Asia: http://science.sciencemag.org/content/361/6397/88.longPeopling of Sahul: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0047248418302136 &https://www.nature.com/articles/nature18299& https://www.nature.com/articles/nature21416Peopling of Eastern & Northern Asia:https://investigativegenetics.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/2041-2223-4-11 &http://www.genetics.org/content/202/1/261 & http://advances.sciencemag.org/content/3/2/e1601877.fullMating between Denisovans andAncestors: https://peerj.com/preprints/27526.pdfPeopling of Europe: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2752585/ &https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3427117/& https://www.newscientist.com/article/2139694-we-may-have-mated-with-neanderthals-more-than-219000-years-ago/ &https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-019-41033-3Peopling of Siberia: https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/full/10.1086/693388Peopling of the Americas: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27507099 &http://advances.sciencemag.org/content/4/8/eaat5473& https://journals.plos.org/plosgenetics/article?id=10.1371/journal.pgen.0030185 &https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/2018/11/ancient-dna-reveals-complex-migrations-first-americans/ &https://www.cell.com/current-biology/fulltext/S0960-9822(18)31495-7?Discussion of Race: A Brief History of Everyone Who Ever Lived,Adam Rutherford, The Experiment (2017); MappingHuman History, Steve Olson, Mariner Books (2002); https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4756148/

This episode begins our discussion of the prehistory of Homo sapiens, the species to which we belong. Our origins are examined on the African continent and we trace the movement of our Ancestors across the world, from Asia to Australia, and from Europe and Siberia to the Americas. This episode ends with a discussion of race, how it developed as a concept, and what it means to anthropologists today.Transcript: https://riverofhistory.tumblr.com/post/183673468776/episode-9-homo-sapiensLinks and Referenced Mentioned:Inspiration for the dissection of‘population’ and ‘migration’: https://blogs.scientificamerican.com/observations/plug-and-play-genetics-racial-migrations-and-human-history/Steve Olson quote: Mapping Human History, Mariner Books(2002)African Multiregionalism: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0959437X1730182X?dgcid=authorBorrowing of the term “Ancestor”: The Humans Who Went Extinct, CliveFinlayson, Oxford University Press (2009)Generalist Specialists:https://www.researchgate.net/publication/326689995_Defining_the_'generalist_specialist'_niche_for_Pleistocene_Homo_sapiens_Nature_Human_BehaviourDeep Ancestral Ties to LivingAfricans: https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-018-07164-9& https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0959437X18300601?via%3DihubOldest Bow-and-Arrow: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/324721964_The_antiquity_of_bow-and-arrow_technology_Evidence_from_Middle_Stone_Age_layers_at_Sibudu_CaveAccess of Southwest Asia fromAfrica via warm and wet corridors:https://www.researchgate.net/publication/303763801_Palaeohydrological_corridors_for_hominin_dispersals_in_the_Middle_East_250-70000_years_agoReturn movements into Africa:https://www.researchgate.net/publication/325856764_Carriers_of_mitochondrial_DNA_macrohaplogroup_L3_basal_lineages_migrated_back_to_Africa_from_Asia_around_70000_years_ago1.5-2.1% of non-African genomes areNeanderthal: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4031459/Neanderthal Traits in Homo sapiens: https://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/primer/dtcgenetictesting/neanderthaldna &https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28985494Early Homo sapiens movements into Eurasia:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5164938/& https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4933530/& https://www.nature.com/articles/s41559-017-0436-8 & https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-019-38818-xToba Eruption Discussion: When Humans Nearly Vanished, DonaldProthero, Smithsonian Books (2018) & TheGreat Divide, Peter Watson, HarperCollins Publishers (2013)Possible climate-driver for Humansleaving Africa: https://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/gsa/geology/article/45/11/1023/516677/a-climatic-context-for-the-out-of-africa-migrationLice study and the Origin ofClothing: https://www.cell.com/current-biology/fulltext/S0960-9822(03)00507-4?Bone needles: https://www.sapiens.org/archaeology/fashion-history-sewing-needles/Alexander Harcourt coastalmigration reference: Humankind,Pegasus Books (2015)Genetic evidence for peopling ofSoutheast Asia: http://science.sciencemag.org/content/361/6397/88.longPeopling of Sahul: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0047248418302136 &https://www.nature.com/articles/nature18299& https://www.nature.com/articles/nature21416Peopling of Eastern & Northern Asia:https://investigativegenetics.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/2041-2223-4-11 &http://www.genetics.org/content/202/1/261 & http://advances.sciencemag.org/content/3/2/e1601877.fullMating between Denisovans andAncestors: https://peerj.com/preprints/27526.pdfPeopling of Europe: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2752585/ &https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3427117/& https://www.newscientist.com/article/2139694-we-may-have-mated-with-neanderthals-more-than-219000-years-ago/ &https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-019-41033-3Peopling of Siberia: https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/full/10.1086/693388Peopling of the Americas: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27507099 &http://advances.sciencemag.org/content/4/8/eaat5473& https://journals.plos.org/plosgenetics/article?id=10.1371/journal.pgen.0030185 &https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/2018/11/ancient-dna-reveals-complex-migrations-first-americans/ &https://www.cell.com/current-biology/fulltext/S0960-9822(18)31495-7?Discussion of Race: A Brief History of Everyone Who Ever Lived,Adam Rutherford, The Experiment (2017); MappingHuman History, Steve Olson, Mariner Books (2002); https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4756148/

This episode begins our discussion of the prehistory of Homo sapiens, the species to which we belong. Our origins are examined on the African continent and we trace the movement of our Ancestors across the world, from Asia to Australia, and from Europe and Siberia to the Americas. This episode ends with a discussion of race, how it developed as a concept, and what it means to anthropologists today.Transcript: https://riverofhistory.tumblr.com/post/183673468776/episode-9-homo-sapiensLinks and Referenced Mentioned:Inspiration for the dissection of ‘population’ and ‘migration’: https://blogs.scientificamerican.com/observations/plug-and-play-genetics-racial-migrations-and-human-history/Steve Olson quote: Mapping Human History, Mariner Books (2002)African Multiregionalism: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0959437X1730182X?dgcid=authorBorrowing of the term “Ancestor”: The Humans Who Went Extinct, Clive Finlayson, Oxford University Press (2009)Generalist Specialists: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/326689995_Defining_the_'generalist_specialist'_niche_for_Pleistocene_Homo_sapiens_Nature_Human_BehaviourDeep Ancestral Ties to Living Africans: https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-018-07164-9 & https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0959437X18300601?via%3DihubOldest Bow-and-Arrow: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/324721964_The_antiquity_of_bow-and-arrow_technology_Evidence_from_Middle_Stone_Age_layers_at_Sibudu_CaveAccess of Southwest Asia from Africa via warm and wet corridors: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/303763801_Palaeohydrological_corridors_for_hominin_dispersals_in_the_Middle_East_250-70000_years_agoReturn movements into Africa: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/325856764_Carriers_of_mitochondrial_DNA_macrohaplogroup_L3_basal_lineages_migrated_back_to_Africa_from_Asia_around_70000_years_ago1.5-2.1% of non-African genomes are Neanderthal: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4031459/Neanderthal Traits in Homo sapiens: https://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/primer/dtcgenetictesting/neanderthaldna & https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28985494Early Homo sapiens movements into Eurasia: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5164938/& https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4933530/ & https://www.nature.com/articles/s41559-017-0436-8 & https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-019-38818-xToba Eruption Discussion: When Humans Nearly Vanished, Donald Prothero, Smithsonian Books (2018) & The Great Divide, Peter Watson, HarperCollins Publishers (2013)Possible climate-driver for Humans leaving Africa: https://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/gsa/geology/article/45/11/1023/516677/a-climatic-context-for-the-out-of-africa-migrationLice study and the Origin of Clothing: https://www.cell.com/current-biology/fulltext/S0960-9822(03)00507-4?Bone needles: https://www.sapiens.org/archaeology/fashion-history-sewing-needles/Alexander Harcourt coastal migration reference: Humankind, Pegasus Books (2015)Genetic evidence for peopling of Southeast Asia: http://science.sciencemag.org/content/361/6397/88.longPeopling of Sahul: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0047248418302136 & https://www.nature.com/articles/nature18299 & https://www.nature.com/articles/nature21416Peopling of Eastern & Northern Asia: https://investigativegenetics.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/2041-2223-4-11 & http://www.genetics.org/content/202/1/261 & http://advances.sciencemag.org/content/3/2/e1601877.fullMating between Denisovans and Ancestors: https://peerj.com/preprints/27526.pdfPeopling of Europe: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2752585/ & https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3427117/ & https://www.newscientist.com/article/2139694-we-may-have-mated-with-neanderthals-more-than-219000-years-ago/ & https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-019-41033-3Peopling of Siberia: https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/full/10.1086/693388Peopling of the Americas: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27507099 & http://advances.sciencemag.org/content/4/8/eaat5473 & https://journals.plos.org/plosgenetics/article?id=10.1371/journal.pgen.0030185 & https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/2018/11/ancient-dna-reveals-complex-migrations-first-americans/ & https://www.cell.com/current-biology/fulltext/S0960-9822(18)31495-7?Discussion of Race: A Brief History of Everyone Who Ever Lived, Adam Rutherford, The Experiment (2017); Mapping Human History, Steve Olson, Mariner Books (2002); https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4756148/ Development of Phenotypic Traits: http://science.sciencemag.org/content/358/6365/eaan8433 & https://www.cell.com/abstract/S0092-8674%2813%2900067-6

This episode begins our discussion of the prehistory of Homo sapiens, the species to which we belong. Our origins are examined on the African continent and we trace the movement of our Ancestors across the world, from Asia to Australia, and from Europe and Siberia to the Americas. This episode ends with a discussion of race, how it developed as a concept, and what it means to anthropologists today.Transcript: https://riverofhistory.tumblr.com/post/183673468776/episode-9-homo-sapiensLinks and Referenced Mentioned:Inspiration for the dissection of‘population’ and ‘migration’: https://blogs.scientificamerican.com/observations/plug-and-play-genetics-racial-migrations-and-human-history/Steve Olson quote: Mapping Human History, Mariner Books(2002)African Multiregionalism: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0959437X1730182X?dgcid=authorBorrowing of the term “Ancestor”: The Humans Who Went Extinct, CliveFinlayson, Oxford University Press (2009)Generalist Specialists:https://www.researchgate.net/publication/326689995_Defining_the_'generalist_specialist'_niche_for_Pleistocene_Homo_sapiens_Nature_Human_BehaviourDeep Ancestral Ties to LivingAfricans: https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-018-07164-9& https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0959437X18300601?via%3DihubOldest Bow-and-Arrow: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/324721964_The_antiquity_of_bow-and-arrow_technology_Evidence_from_Middle_Stone_Age_layers_at_Sibudu_CaveAccess of Southwest Asia fromAfrica via warm and wet corridors:https://www.researchgate.net/publication/303763801_Palaeohydrological_corridors_for_hominin_dispersals_in_the_Middle_East_250-70000_years_agoReturn movements into Africa:https://www.researchgate.net/publication/325856764_Carriers_of_mitochondrial_DNA_macrohaplogroup_L3_basal_lineages_migrated_back_to_Africa_from_Asia_around_70000_years_ago1.5-2.1% of non-African genomes areNeanderthal: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4031459/Neanderthal Traits in Homo sapiens: https://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/primer/dtcgenetictesting/neanderthaldna &https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28985494Early Homo sapiens movements into Eurasia:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5164938/& https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4933530/& https://www.nature.com/articles/s41559-017-0436-8 & https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-019-38818-xToba Eruption Discussion: When Humans Nearly Vanished, DonaldProthero, Smithsonian Books (2018) & TheGreat Divide, Peter Watson, HarperCollins Publishers (2013)Possible climate-driver for Humansleaving Africa: https://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/gsa/geology/article/45/11/1023/516677/a-climatic-context-for-the-out-of-africa-migrationLice study and the Origin ofClothing: https://www.cell.com/current-biology/fulltext/S0960-9822(03)00507-4?Bone needles: https://www.sapiens.org/archaeology/fashion-history-sewing-needles/Alexander Harcourt coastalmigration reference: Humankind,Pegasus Books (2015)Genetic evidence for peopling ofSoutheast Asia: http://science.sciencemag.org/content/361/6397/88.longPeopling of Sahul: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0047248418302136 &https://www.nature.com/articles/nature18299& https://www.nature.com/articles/nature21416Peopling of Eastern & Northern Asia:https://investigativegenetics.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/2041-2223-4-11 &http://www.genetics.org/content/202/1/261 & http://advances.sciencemag.org/content/3/2/e1601877.fullMating between Denisovans andAncestors: https://peerj.com/preprints/27526.pdfPeopling of Europe: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2752585/ &https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3427117/& https://www.newscientist.com/article/2139694-we-may-have-mated-with-neanderthals-more-than-219000-years-ago/ &https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-019-41033-3Peopling of Siberia: https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/full/10.1086/693388Peopling of the Americas: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27507099 &http://advances.sciencemag.org/content/4/8/eaat5473& https://journals.plos.org/plosgenetics/article?id=10.1371/journal.pgen.0030185 &https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/2018/11/ancient-dna-reveals-complex-migrations-first-americans/ &https://www.cell.com/current-biology/fulltext/S0960-9822(18)31495-7?Discussion of Race: A Brief History of Everyone Who Ever Lived,Adam Rutherford, The Experiment (2017); MappingHuman History, Steve Olson, Mariner Books (2002); https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4756148/Development of Phenotypic Traits: http://science.sciencemag.org/content/358/6365/eaan8433 &https://www.cell.com/abstract/S0092-8674%2813%2900067-6

This episode begins our discussion of the prehistory of Homo sapiens, the species to which we belong. Our origins are examined on the African continent and we trace the movement of our Ancestors across the world, from Asia to Australia, and from Europe and Siberia to the Americas. This episode ends with a discussion of race, how it developed as a concept, and what it means to anthropologists today.Transcript: https://riverofhistory.tumblr.com/post/183673468776/episode-9-homo-sapiensLinks and Referenced Mentioned:Inspiration for the dissection of‘population’ and ‘migration’: https://blogs.scientificamerican.com/observations/plug-and-play-genetics-racial-migrations-and-human-history/Steve Olson quote: Mapping Human History, Mariner Books(2002)African Multiregionalism: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0959437X1730182X?dgcid=authorBorrowing of the term “Ancestor”: The Humans Who Went Extinct, CliveFinlayson, Oxford University Press (2009)Generalist Specialists:https://www.researchgate.net/publication/326689995_Defining_the_'generalist_specialist'_niche_for_Pleistocene_Homo_sapiens_Nature_Human_BehaviourDeep Ancestral Ties to LivingAfricans: https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-018-07164-9& https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0959437X18300601?via%3DihubOldest Bow-and-Arrow: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/324721964_The_antiquity_of_bow-and-arrow_technology_Evidence_from_Middle_Stone_Age_layers_at_Sibudu_CaveAccess of Southwest Asia fromAfrica via warm and wet corridors:https://www.researchgate.net/publication/303763801_Palaeohydrological_corridors_for_hominin_dispersals_in_the_Middle_East_250-70000_years_agoReturn movements into Africa:https://www.researchgate.net/publication/325856764_Carriers_of_mitochondrial_DNA_macrohaplogroup_L3_basal_lineages_migrated_back_to_Africa_from_Asia_around_70000_years_ago1.5-2.1% of non-African genomes areNeanderthal: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4031459/Neanderthal Traits in Homo sapiens: https://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/primer/dtcgenetictesting/neanderthaldna &https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28985494Early Homo sapiens movements into Eurasia:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5164938/& https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4933530/& https://www.nature.com/articles/s41559-017-0436-8 & https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-019-38818-xToba Eruption Discussion: When Humans Nearly Vanished, DonaldProthero, Smithsonian Books (2018) & TheGreat Divide, Peter Watson, HarperCollins Publishers (2013)Possible climate-driver for Humansleaving Africa: https://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/gsa/geology/article/45/11/1023/516677/a-climatic-context-for-the-out-of-africa-migrationLice study and the Origin ofClothing: https://www.cell.com/current-biology/fulltext/S0960-9822(03)00507-4?Bone needles: https://www.sapiens.org/archaeology/fashion-history-sewing-needles/Alexander Harcourt coastalmigration reference: Humankind,Pegasus Books (2015)Genetic evidence for peopling ofSoutheast Asia: http://science.sciencemag.org/content/361/6397/88.longPeopling of Sahul: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0047248418302136 &https://www.nature.com/articles/nature18299& https://www.nature.com/articles/nature21416Peopling of Eastern & Northern Asia:https://investigativegenetics.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/2041-2223-4-11 &http://www.genetics.org/content/202/1/261 & http://advances.sciencemag.org/content/3/2/e1601877.fullMating between Denisovans andAncestors: https://peerj.com/preprints/27526.pdfPeopling of Europe: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2752585/ &https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3427117/& https://www.newscientist.com/article/2139694-we-may-have-mated-with-neanderthals-more-than-219000-years-ago/ &https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-019-41033-3Peopling of Siberia: https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/full/10.1086/693388Peopling of the Americas: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27507099 &http://advances.sciencemag.org/content/4/8/eaat5473& https://journals.plos.org/plosgenetics/article?id=10.1371/journal.pgen.0030185 &https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/2018/11/ancient-dna-reveals-complex-migrations-first-americans/ &https://www.cell.com/current-biology/fulltext/S0960-9822(18)31495-7?Discussion of Race: A Brief History of Everyone Who Ever Lived,Adam Rutherford, The Experiment (2017); MappingHuman History, Steve Olson, Mariner Books (2002); https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4756148/

This episode begins our discussion of the prehistory of Homo sapiens, the species to which we belong. Our origins are examined on the African continent and we trace the movement of our Ancestors across the world, from Asia to Australia, and from Europe and Siberia to the Americas. This episode ends with a discussion of race, how it developed as a concept, and what it means to anthropologists today.Transcript: https://riverofhistory.tumblr.com/post/183673468776/episode-9-homo-sapiensLinks and Referenced Mentioned:Inspiration for the dissection of‘population’ and ‘migration’: https://blogs.scientificamerican.com/observations/plug-and-play-genetics-racial-migrations-and-human-history/Steve Olson quote: Mapping Human History, Mariner Books(2002)African Multiregionalism: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0959437X1730182X?dgcid=authorBorrowing of the term “Ancestor”: The Humans Who Went Extinct, CliveFinlayson, Oxford University Press (2009)Generalist Specialists:https://www.researchgate.net/publication/326689995_Defining_the_'generalist_specialist'_niche_for_Pleistocene_Homo_sapiens_Nature_Human_BehaviourDeep Ancestral Ties to LivingAfricans: https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-018-07164-9& https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0959437X18300601?via%3DihubOldest Bow-and-Arrow: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/324721964_The_antiquity_of_bow-and-arrow_technology_Evidence_from_Middle_Stone_Age_layers_at_Sibudu_CaveAccess of Southwest Asia fromAfrica via warm and wet corridors:https://www.researchgate.net/publication/303763801_Palaeohydrological_corridors_for_hominin_dispersals_in_the_Middle_East_250-70000_years_agoReturn movements into Africa:https://www.researchgate.net/publication/325856764_Carriers_of_mitochondrial_DNA_macrohaplogroup_L3_basal_lineages_migrated_back_to_Africa_from_Asia_around_70000_years_ago1.5-2.1% of non-African genomes areNeanderthal: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4031459/Neanderthal Traits in Homo sapiens: https://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/primer/dtcgenetictesting/neanderthaldna &https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28985494Early Homo sapiens movements into Eurasia:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5164938/& https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4933530/& https://www.nature.com/articles/s41559-017-0436-8 & https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-019-38818-xToba Eruption Discussion: When Humans Nearly Vanished, DonaldProthero, Smithsonian Books (2018) & TheGreat Divide, Peter Watson, HarperCollins Publishers (2013)Possible climate-driver for Humansleaving Africa: https://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/gsa/geology/article/45/11/1023/516677/a-climatic-context-for-the-out-of-africa-migrationLice study and the Origin ofClothing: https://www.cell.com/current-biology/fulltext/S0960-9822(03)00507-4?Bone needles: https://www.sapiens.org/archaeology/fashion-history-sewing-needles/Alexander Harcourt coastalmigration reference: Humankind,Pegasus Books (2015)Genetic evidence for peopling ofSoutheast Asia: http://science.sciencemag.org/content/361/6397/88.longPeopling of Sahul: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0047248418302136 &https://www.nature.com/articles/nature18299& https://www.nature.com/articles/nature21416Peopling of Eastern & Northern Asia:https://investigativegenetics.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/2041-2223-4-11 &http://www.genetics.org/content/202/1/261 & http://advances.sciencemag.org/content/3/2/e1601877.fullMating between Denisovans andAncestors: https://peerj.com/preprints/27526.pdfPeopling of Europe: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2752585/ &https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3427117/& https://www.newscientist.com/article/2139694-we-may-have-mated-with-neanderthals-more-than-219000-years-ago/ &https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-019-41033-3Peopling of Siberia: https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/full/10.1086/693388Peopling of the Americas: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27507099 &http://advances.sciencemag.org/content/4/8/eaat5473& https://journals.plos.org/plosgenetics/article?id=10.1371/journal.pgen.0030185 &https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/2018/11/ancient-dna-reveals-complex-migrations-first-americans/ &https://www.cell.com/current-biology/fulltext/S0960-9822(18)31495-7?Discussion of Race: A Brief History of Everyone Who Ever Lived,Adam Rutherford, The Experiment (2017); MappingHuman History, Steve Olson, Mariner Books (2002); https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4756148/

This episode begins our discussion of the prehistory of Homo sapiens, the species to which we belong. Our origins are examined on the African continent and we trace the movement of our Ancestors across the world, from Asia to Australia, and from Europe and Siberia to the Americas. This episode ends with a discussion of race, how it developed as a concept, and what it means to anthropologists today.Transcript: https://riverofhistory.tumblr.com/post/183673468776/episode-9-homo-sapiensLinks and Referenced Mentioned:Inspiration for the dissection of ‘population’ and ‘migration’: https://blogs.scientificamerican.com/observations/plug-and-play-genetics-racial-migrations-and-human-history/Steve Olson quote: Mapping Human History, Mariner Books (2002)African Multiregionalism: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0959437X1730182X?dgcid=authorBorrowing of the term “Ancestor”: The Humans Who Went Extinct, Clive Finlayson, Oxford University Press (2009)Generalist Specialists: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/326689995_Defining_the_'generalist_specialist'_niche_for_Pleistocene_Homo_sapiens_Nature_Human_BehaviourDeep Ancestral Ties to Living Africans: https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-018-07164-9 & https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0959437X18300601?via%3DihubOldest Bow-and-Arrow: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/324721964_The_antiquity_of_bow-and-arrow_technology_Evidence_from_Middle_Stone_Age_layers_at_Sibudu_CaveAccess of Southwest Asia from Africa via warm and wet corridors: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/303763801_Palaeohydrological_corridors_for_hominin_dispersals_in_the_Middle_East_250-70000_years_agoReturn movements into Africa: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/325856764_Carriers_of_mitochondrial_DNA_macrohaplogroup_L3_basal_lineages_migrated_back_to_Africa_from_Asia_around_70000_years_ago1.5-2.1% of non-African genomes are Neanderthal: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4031459/Neanderthal Traits in Homo sapiens: https://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/primer/dtcgenetictesting/neanderthaldna & https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28985494Early Homo sapiens movements into Eurasia: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5164938/& https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4933530/ & https://www.nature.com/articles/s41559-017-0436-8 & https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-019-38818-xToba Eruption Discussion: When Humans Nearly Vanished, Donald Prothero, Smithsonian Books (2018) & The Great Divide, Peter Watson, HarperCollins Publishers (2013)Possible climate-driver for Humans leaving Africa: https://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/gsa/geology/article/45/11/1023/516677/a-climatic-context-for-the-out-of-africa-migrationLice study and the Origin of Clothing: https://www.cell.com/current-biology/fulltext/S0960-9822(03)00507-4?Bone needles: https://www.sapiens.org/archaeology/fashion-history-sewing-needles/Alexander Harcourt coastal migration reference: Humankind, Pegasus Books (2015)Genetic evidence for peopling of Southeast Asia: http://science.sciencemag.org/content/361/6397/88.longPeopling of Sahul: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0047248418302136 & https://www.nature.com/articles/nature18299 & https://www.nature.com/articles/nature21416Peopling of Eastern & Northern Asia: https://investigativegenetics.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/2041-2223-4-11 & http://www.genetics.org/content/202/1/261 & http://advances.sciencemag.org/content/3/2/e1601877.fullMating between Denisovans and Ancestors: https://peerj.com/preprints/27526.pdfPeopling of Europe: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2752585/ & https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3427117/ & https://www.newscientist.com/article/2139694-we-may-have-mated-with-neanderthals-more-than-219000-years-ago/ & https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-019-41033-3Peopling of Siberia: https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/full/10.1086/693388Peopling of the Americas: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27507099 & http://advances.sciencemag.org/content/4/8/eaat5473 & https://journals.plos.org/plosgenetics/article?id=10.1371/journal.pgen.0030185 & https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/2018/11/ancient-dna-reveals-complex-migrations-first-americans/ & https://www.cell.com/current-biology/fulltext/S0960-9822(18)31495-7?Discussion of Race: A Brief History of Everyone Who Ever Lived, Adam Rutherford, The Experiment (2017); Mapping Human History, Steve Olson, Mariner Books (2002); https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4756148/ Development of Phenotypic Traits: http://science.sciencemag.org/content/358/6365/eaan8433 & https://www.cell.com/abstract/S0092-8674%2813%2900067-6

A continuation of the story of human evolution, examining some of the later species of Homo that coexisted throughout the ice ages. We look at the later developments of Homo erectus in Asia and meet Homo naledi. Then we focus on the Neanderthals and what we know about their lives, ending with a brief look at several mystery humans like the Denisovans.Transcript: https://riverofhistory.tumblr.com/post/183516695796/episode-8-lost-peoplesLinks and References Mentioned:Acheulean Artwork: https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/how-think-neandertal/201504/the-handaxe-enigmaTrinil Shell: http://johnhawks.net/weblog/archaeology/lower/trinil-shell-engraving-2014.htmlGerman Bison Hunt: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/298971814_The_oldest_hominin_butchery_in_European_mid-latitudes_at_the_Jaramillo_site_of_Untermassfeld_Thuringia_GermanyInvalidity of ‘Homo heidelbergensis’: https://nutcrackerman.com/2016/11/09/a-moment-of-silence-for-the-death-of-homo-heidelbergensis/“European phenomenon” by RichardKlein: from the chapter “Hominin Dispersals in the Old World” from The Human Past, Thames & Hudson(2018)Chinese & Korean neanderthals?:https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S004724840800050X& https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0047248499903901Neanderthal Skin, Hair, & Eyecolor: https://www.sciencemag.org/news/2012/03/were-some-neandertals-brown-eyed-girlsNeanderthal Spear-throwing: https://www.theatlantic.com/science/archive/2019/01/neanderthal-spears-threw-pretty-well/581218/Neanderthal Boats?: https://www.sciencemag.org/news/2018/04/neandertals-stone-age-people-may-have-voyaged-mediterraneanPossible Artwork by Neanderthals: https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-018-02357-8Candace Alcorta & RichardSosis, religions: https://richard-sosis.uconn.edu/wp-content/uploads/sites/2243/2018/08/2005-Sosis-Special-Issue-on-Religion.pdfDenisovan Skull piece: https://www.sapiens.org/evolution/denisovan-skull-found/

A continuation of the story of human evolution, examining some of the later species of Homo that coexisted throughout the ice ages. We look at the later developments of Homo erectus in Asia and meet Homo naledi. Then we focus on the Neanderthals and what we know about their lives, ending with a brief look at several mystery humans like the Denisovans.Transcript: https://riverofhistory.tumblr.com/post/183516695796/episode-8-lost-peoplesLinks and References Mentioned:Acheulean Artwork: https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/how-think-neandertal/201504/the-handaxe-enigmaTrinil Shell: http://johnhawks.net/weblog/archaeology/lower/trinil-shell-engraving-2014.htmlGerman Bison Hunt: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/298971814_The_oldest_hominin_butchery_in_European_mid-latitudes_at_the_Jaramillo_site_of_Untermassfeld_Thuringia_GermanyInvalidity of ‘Homo heidelbergensis’: https://nutcrackerman.com/2016/11/09/a-moment-of-silence-for-the-death-of-homo-heidelbergensis/“European phenomenon” by Richard Klein: from the chapter “Hominin Dispersals in the Old World” from The Human Past, Thames & Hudson (2018)Chinese & Korean neanderthals?: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S004724840800050X & https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0047248499903901Neanderthal Skin, Hair, & Eye color: https://www.sciencemag.org/news/2012/03/were-some-neandertals-brown-eyed-girlsNeanderthal Spear-throwing: https://www.theatlantic.com/science/archive/2019/01/neanderthal-spears-threw-pretty-well/581218/Neanderthal Boats?: https://www.sciencemag.org/news/2018/04/neandertals-stone-age-people-may-have-voyaged-mediterraneanPossible Artwork by Neanderthals: https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-018-02357-8Candace Alcorta & Richard Sosis, religions: https://richard-sosis.uconn.edu/wp-content/uploads/sites/2243/2018/08/2005-Sosis-Special-Issue-on-Religion.pdfDenisovan Skull piece: https://www.sapiens.org/evolution/denisovan-skull-found/ Possible Chinese Denisovans: https://www.sciencemag.org/news/2017/03/ancient-skulls-may-belong-elusive-humans-called-denisovans

A continuation of the story of human evolution, examining some of the later species of Homo that coexisted throughout the ice ages. We look at the later developments of Homo erectus in Asia and meet Homo naledi. Then we focus on the Neanderthals and what we know about their lives, ending with a brief look at several mystery humans like the Denisovans.Transcript: https://riverofhistory.tumblr.com/post/183516695796/episode-8-lost-peoplesLinks and References Mentioned:Acheulean Artwork: https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/how-think-neandertal/201504/the-handaxe-enigmaTrinil Shell: http://johnhawks.net/weblog/archaeology/lower/trinil-shell-engraving-2014.htmlGerman Bison Hunt: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/298971814_The_oldest_hominin_butchery_in_European_mid-latitudes_at_the_Jaramillo_site_of_Untermassfeld_Thuringia_GermanyInvalidity of ‘Homo heidelbergensis’: https://nutcrackerman.com/2016/11/09/a-moment-of-silence-for-the-death-of-homo-heidelbergensis/“European phenomenon” by RichardKlein: from the chapter “Hominin Dispersals in the Old World” from The Human Past, Thames & Hudson(2018)Chinese & Korean neanderthals?:https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S004724840800050X& https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0047248499903901Neanderthal Skin, Hair, & Eyecolor: https://www.sciencemag.org/news/2012/03/were-some-neandertals-brown-eyed-girlsNeanderthal Spear-throwing: https://www.theatlantic.com/science/archive/2019/01/neanderthal-spears-threw-pretty-well/581218/Neanderthal Boats?: https://www.sciencemag.org/news/2018/04/neandertals-stone-age-people-may-have-voyaged-mediterraneanPossible Artwork by Neanderthals: https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-018-02357-8Candace Alcorta & RichardSosis, religions: https://richard-sosis.uconn.edu/wp-content/uploads/sites/2243/2018/08/2005-Sosis-Special-Issue-on-Religion.pdfDenisovan Skull piece: https://www.sapiens.org/evolution/denisovan-skull-found/

A continuation of the story of human evolution, examining some of the later species of Homo that coexisted throughout the ice ages. We look at the later developments of Homo erectus in Asia and meet Homo naledi. Then we focus on the Neanderthals and what we know about their lives, ending with a brief look at several mystery humans like the Denisovans.Transcript: https://riverofhistory.tumblr.com/post/183516695796/episode-8-lost-peoplesLinks and References Mentioned:Acheulean Artwork: https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/how-think-neandertal/201504/the-handaxe-enigmaTrinil Shell: http://johnhawks.net/weblog/archaeology/lower/trinil-shell-engraving-2014.htmlGerman Bison Hunt: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/298971814_The_oldest_hominin_butchery_in_European_mid-latitudes_at_the_Jaramillo_site_of_Untermassfeld_Thuringia_GermanyInvalidity of ‘Homo heidelbergensis’: https://nutcrackerman.com/2016/11/09/a-moment-of-silence-for-the-death-of-homo-heidelbergensis/“European phenomenon” by Richard Klein: from the chapter “Hominin Dispersals in the Old World” from The Human Past, Thames & Hudson (2018)Chinese & Korean neanderthals?: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S004724840800050X & https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0047248499903901Neanderthal Skin, Hair, & Eye color: https://www.sciencemag.org/news/2012/03/were-some-neandertals-brown-eyed-girlsNeanderthal Spear-throwing: https://www.theatlantic.com/science/archive/2019/01/neanderthal-spears-threw-pretty-well/581218/Neanderthal Boats?: https://www.sciencemag.org/news/2018/04/neandertals-stone-age-people-may-have-voyaged-mediterraneanPossible Artwork by Neanderthals: https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-018-02357-8Candace Alcorta & Richard Sosis, religions: https://richard-sosis.uconn.edu/wp-content/uploads/sites/2243/2018/08/2005-Sosis-Special-Issue-on-Religion.pdfDenisovan Skull piece: https://www.sapiens.org/evolution/denisovan-skull-found/ Possible Chinese Denisovans: https://www.sciencemag.org/news/2017/03/ancient-skulls-may-belong-elusive-humans-called-denisovans

This episode begins our discussion of human origins and evolution. Backtracking to 66 million years ago, we begin with the history of the primates and lead into the evolution of the hominins (the human lineage) up to 1.2 million years ago. Special topics include the beginnings of bipedal locomotion in apes, the development of stone tool technologies, the use and creation of fire, endurance running, and what we know about the beginnings of language and speech. Transcript: https://riverofhistory.tumblr.com/post/183356510726/episode-7-first-rankLinks and References Mentioned:Linnaeus Quote (English Translation): https://groups.google.com/forum/#!topic/talk.origins/OaB6xyqyOu0Traits of Anthropoid Primates: https://www.pnas.org/content/107/11/4797.full"Human Nature" and Responses: https://webpages.uncc.edu/~jmarks/pubs/offhumannature.pdfThe Social Brain Hypothesis: http://oxfordre.com/psychology/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780190236557.001.0001/acrefore-9780190236557-e-44Plato & Diogenes: https://www.laphamsquarterly.org/animals/miscellany/plato-and-diogenes-debate-featherless-bipedsProposed Hominin Relationships: https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/full/10.1098/rspb.2015.0943Diversity and Age of Hominins: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/ajpa.22902Humans Among the Primates: https://blogs.scientificamerican.com/tetrapod-zoology/why-humans-are-important-to-studies-of-primate-diversity/The Domestication of Fire: https://www.sapiens.org/archaeology/neanderthal-fire/The Earliest Midwives: https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/how-we-do-it/201405/why-midwives-are-needed

This episode begins our discussion of human origins and evolution. Backtracking to 66 million years ago, we begin with the history of the primates and lead into the evolution of the hominins (the human lineage) up to 1.2 million years ago. Special topics include the beginnings of bipedal locomotion in apes, the development of stone tool technologies, the use and creation of fire, endurance running, and what we know about the beginnings of language and speech. Transcript: https://riverofhistory.tumblr.com/post/183356510726/episode-7-first-rankLinks and References Mentioned:Linnaeus Quote (English Translation): https://groups.google.com/forum/#!topic/talk.origins/OaB6xyqyOu0Traits of Anthropoid Primates: https://www.pnas.org/content/107/11/4797.full"Human Nature" and Responses: https://webpages.uncc.edu/~jmarks/pubs/offhumannature.pdfThe Social Brain Hypothesis: http://oxfordre.com/psychology/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780190236557.001.0001/acrefore-9780190236557-e-44Plato & Diogenes: https://www.laphamsquarterly.org/animals/miscellany/plato-and-diogenes-debate-featherless-bipedsProposed Hominin Relationships: https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/full/10.1098/rspb.2015.0943Diversity and Age of Hominins: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/ajpa.22902Humans Among the Primates: https://blogs.scientificamerican.com/tetrapod-zoology/why-humans-are-important-to-studies-of-primate-diversity/The Domestication of Fire: https://www.sapiens.org/archaeology/neanderthal-fire/The Earliest Midwives: https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/how-we-do-it/201405/why-midwives-are-needed

This episode begins our discussion of human origins and evolution. Backtracking to 66 million years ago, we begin with the history of the primates and lead into the evolution of the hominins (the human lineage) up to 1.2 million years ago. Special topics include the beginnings of bipedal locomotion in apes, the development of stone tool technologies, the use and creation of fire, endurance running, and what we know about the beginnings of language and speech. Transcript: https://riverofhistory.tumblr.com/post/183356510726/episode-7-first-rankLinks and References Mentioned:Linnaeus Quote (English Translation): https://groups.google.com/forum/#!topic/talk.origins/OaB6xyqyOu0Traits of Anthropoid Primates: https://www.pnas.org/content/107/11/4797.full"Human Nature" and Responses: https://webpages.uncc.edu/~jmarks/pubs/offhumannature.pdfThe Social Brain Hypothesis: http://oxfordre.com/psychology/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780190236557.001.0001/acrefore-9780190236557-e-44Plato & Diogenes: https://www.laphamsquarterly.org/animals/miscellany/plato-and-diogenes-debate-featherless-bipedsProposed Hominin Relationships: https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/full/10.1098/rspb.2015.0943Diversity and Age of Hominins: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/ajpa.22902Humans Among the Primates: https://blogs.scientificamerican.com/tetrapod-zoology/why-humans-are-important-to-studies-of-primate-diversity/The Domestication of Fire: https://www.sapiens.org/archaeology/neanderthal-fire/The Earliest Midwives: https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/how-we-do-it/201405/why-midwives-are-needed

This episode begins our discussion of human origins and evolution. Backtracking to 66 million years ago, we begin with the history of the primates and lead into the evolution of the hominins (the human lineage) up to 1.2 million years ago. Special topics include the beginnings of bipedal locomotion in apes, the development of stone tool technologies, the use and creation of fire, endurance running, and what we know about the beginnings of language and speech. Transcript: https://riverofhistory.tumblr.com/post/183356510726/episode-7-first-rankLinks and References Mentioned:Linnaeus Quote (English Translation): https://groups.google.com/forum/#!topic/talk.origins/OaB6xyqyOu0Traits of Anthropoid Primates: https://www.pnas.org/content/107/11/4797.full"Human Nature" and Responses: https://webpages.uncc.edu/~jmarks/pubs/offhumannature.pdfThe Social Brain Hypothesis: http://oxfordre.com/psychology/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780190236557.001.0001/acrefore-9780190236557-e-44Plato & Diogenes: https://www.laphamsquarterly.org/animals/miscellany/plato-and-diogenes-debate-featherless-bipedsProposed Hominin Relationships: https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/full/10.1098/rspb.2015.0943Diversity and Age of Hominins: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/ajpa.22902Humans Among the Primates: https://blogs.scientificamerican.com/tetrapod-zoology/why-humans-are-important-to-studies-of-primate-diversity/The Domestication of Fire: https://www.sapiens.org/archaeology/neanderthal-fire/The Earliest Midwives: https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/how-we-do-it/201405/why-midwives-are-needed

This episode begins our discussion of human origins and evolution. Backtracking to 66 million years ago, we begin with the history of the primates and lead into the evolution of the hominins (the human lineage) up to 1.2 million years ago. Special topics include the beginnings of bipedal locomotion in apes, the development of stone tool technologies, the use and creation of fire, endurance running, and what we know about the beginnings of language and speech. Transcript: https://riverofhistory.tumblr.com/post/183356510726/episode-7-first-rankLinks and References Mentioned:Linnaeus Quote (English Translation): https://groups.google.com/forum/#!topic/talk.origins/OaB6xyqyOu0Traits of Anthropoid Primates: https://www.pnas.org/content/107/11/4797.full"Human Nature" and Responses: https://webpages.uncc.edu/~jmarks/pubs/offhumannature.pdfThe Social Brain Hypothesis: http://oxfordre.com/psychology/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780190236557.001.0001/acrefore-9780190236557-e-44Plato & Diogenes: https://www.laphamsquarterly.org/animals/miscellany/plato-and-diogenes-debate-featherless-bipedsProposed Hominin Relationships: https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/full/10.1098/rspb.2015.0943Diversity and Age of Hominins: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/ajpa.22902Humans Among the Primates: https://blogs.scientificamerican.com/tetrapod-zoology/why-humans-are-important-to-studies-of-primate-diversity/The Domestication of Fire: https://www.sapiens.org/archaeology/neanderthal-fire/The Earliest Midwives: https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/how-we-do-it/201405/why-midwives-are-needed

This episode begins our discussion of human origins and evolution. Backtracking to 66 million years ago, we begin with the history of the primates and lead into the evolution of the hominins (the human lineage) up to 1.2 million years ago. Special topics include the beginnings of bipedal locomotion in apes, the development of stone tool technologies, the use and creation of fire, endurance running, and what we know about the beginnings of language and speech. Transcript: https://riverofhistory.tumblr.com/post/183356510726/episode-7-first-rankLinks and References Mentioned:Linnaeus Quote (English Translation): https://groups.google.com/forum/#!topic/talk.origins/OaB6xyqyOu0Traits of Anthropoid Primates: https://www.pnas.org/content/107/11/4797.full"Human Nature" and Responses: https://webpages.uncc.edu/~jmarks/pubs/offhumannature.pdfThe Social Brain Hypothesis: http://oxfordre.com/psychology/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780190236557.001.0001/acrefore-9780190236557-e-44Plato & Diogenes: https://www.laphamsquarterly.org/animals/miscellany/plato-and-diogenes-debate-featherless-bipedsProposed Hominin Relationships: https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/full/10.1098/rspb.2015.0943Diversity and Age of Hominins: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/ajpa.22902Humans Among the Primates: https://blogs.scientificamerican.com/tetrapod-zoology/why-humans-are-important-to-studies-of-primate-diversity/The Domestication of Fire: https://www.sapiens.org/archaeology/neanderthal-fire/The Earliest Midwives: https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/how-we-do-it/201405/why-midwives-are-needed

This episode begins our discussion of human origins and evolution. Backtracking to 66 million years ago, we begin with the history of the primates and lead into the evolution of the hominins (the human lineage) up to 1.2 million years ago. Special topics include the beginnings of bipedal locomotion in apes, the development of stone tool technologies, the use and creation of fire, endurance running, and what we know about the beginnings of language and speech. Transcript: https://riverofhistory.tumblr.com/post/183356510726/episode-7-first-rankLinks and References Mentioned:Linnaeus Quote (English Translation): https://groups.google.com/forum/#!topic/talk.origins/OaB6xyqyOu0Traits of Anthropoid Primates: https://www.pnas.org/content/107/11/4797.full"Human Nature" and Responses: https://webpages.uncc.edu/~jmarks/pubs/offhumannature.pdfThe Social Brain Hypothesis: http://oxfordre.com/psychology/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780190236557.001.0001/acrefore-9780190236557-e-44Plato & Diogenes: https://www.laphamsquarterly.org/animals/miscellany/plato-and-diogenes-debate-featherless-bipedsProposed Hominin Relationships: https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/full/10.1098/rspb.2015.0943Diversity and Age of Hominins: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/ajpa.22902Humans Among the Primates: https://blogs.scientificamerican.com/tetrapod-zoology/why-humans-are-important-to-studies-of-primate-diversity/The Domestication of Fire: https://www.sapiens.org/archaeology/neanderthal-fire/The Earliest Midwives: https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/how-we-do-it/201405/why-midwives-are-needed

This episode begins our discussion of human origins and evolution. Backtracking to 66 million years ago, we begin with the history of the primates and lead into the evolution of the hominins (the human lineage) up to 1.2 million years ago. Special topics include the beginnings of bipedal locomotion in apes, the development of stone tool technologies, the use and creation of fire, endurance running, and what we know about the beginnings of language and speech. Transcript: https://riverofhistory.tumblr.com/post/183356510726/episode-7-first-rankLinks and References Mentioned:Linnaeus Quote (English Translation): https://groups.google.com/forum/#!topic/talk.origins/OaB6xyqyOu0Traits of Anthropoid Primates: https://www.pnas.org/content/107/11/4797.full"Human Nature" and Responses: https://webpages.uncc.edu/~jmarks/pubs/offhumannature.pdfThe Social Brain Hypothesis: http://oxfordre.com/psychology/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780190236557.001.0001/acrefore-9780190236557-e-44Plato & Diogenes: https://www.laphamsquarterly.org/animals/miscellany/plato-and-diogenes-debate-featherless-bipedsProposed Hominin Relationships: https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/full/10.1098/rspb.2015.0943Diversity and Age of Hominins: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/ajpa.22902Humans Among the Primates: https://blogs.scientificamerican.com/tetrapod-zoology/why-humans-are-important-to-studies-of-primate-diversity/The Domestication of Fire: https://www.sapiens.org/archaeology/neanderthal-fire/The Earliest Midwives: https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/how-we-do-it/201405/why-midwives-are-needed

The story of life concludes with the Cenozoic Era, from the Paleocene to the Pliocene epoch (66 to 2.58 Million Years Ago). We follow the survivors of the great Cretaceous Extinction Event as they adapt to a rapidly changing world, including the mammals. Special topics include the the Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum, the Rise of the Himalayas, the Spread of the Grasslands, the Crisis of the Mediterranean, and the Great American Interchange. Transcript: https://riverofhistory.tumblr.com/post/183188061451/episode-6-the-age-of-mammalsLinks and References Mentioned:Placentals Didn't Displace North American Marsupials: https://www.zora.uzh.ch/id/eprint/71489/10/ZORA_NL_71489.pdfHow Neornithine Birds Survived: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2018.04.062Geology of the Pacific Islands: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2607379/ Evolution of Baleen Whales: https://www.cell.com/current-biology/fulltext/S0960-9822(18)31414-3

The story of life concludes with the Cenozoic Era, from the Paleocene to the Pliocene epoch (66 to 2.58 Million Years Ago). We follow the survivors of the great Cretaceous Extinction Event as they adapt to a rapidly changing world, including the mammals. Special topics include the the Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum, the Rise of the Himalayas, the Spread of the Grasslands, the Crisis of the Mediterranean, and the Great American Interchange. Transcript: https://riverofhistory.tumblr.com/post/183188061451/episode-6-the-age-of-mammalsLinks and References Mentioned:Placentals Didn't Displace North American Marsupials: https://www.zora.uzh.ch/id/eprint/71489/10/ZORA_NL_71489.pdfHow Neornithine Birds Survived: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2018.04.062Geology of the Pacific Islands: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2607379/ Evolution of Baleen Whales: https://www.cell.com/current-biology/fulltext/S0960-9822(18)31414-3

The story of life concludes with the Cenozoic Era, from the Paleocene to the Pliocene epoch (66 to 2.58 Million Years Ago). We follow the survivors of the great Cretaceous Extinction Event as they adapt to a rapidly changing world, including the mammals. Special topics include the the Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum, the Rise of the Himalayas, the Spread of the Grasslands, the Crisis of the Mediterranean, and the Great American Interchange. Transcript: https://riverofhistory.tumblr.com/post/183188061451/episode-6-the-age-of-mammalsLinks and References Mentioned:Placentals Didn't Displace North American Marsupials: https://www.zora.uzh.ch/id/eprint/71489/10/ZORA_NL_71489.pdfHow Neornithine Birds Survived: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2018.04.062Geology of the Pacific Islands: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2607379/ Evolution of Baleen Whales: https://www.cell.com/current-biology/fulltext/S0960-9822(18)31414-3

The story of life concludes with the Cenozoic Era, from the Paleocene to the Pliocene epoch (66 to 2.58 Million Years Ago). We follow the survivors of the great Cretaceous Extinction Event as they adapt to a rapidly changing world, including the mammals. Special topics include the the Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum, the Rise of the Himalayas, the Spread of the Grasslands, the Crisis of the Mediterranean, and the Great American Interchange. Transcript: https://riverofhistory.tumblr.com/post/183188061451/episode-6-the-age-of-mammalsLinks and References Mentioned:Placentals Didn't Displace North American Marsupials: https://www.zora.uzh.ch/id/eprint/71489/10/ZORA_NL_71489.pdfHow Neornithine Birds Survived: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2018.04.062Geology of the Pacific Islands: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2607379/ Evolution of Baleen Whales: https://www.cell.com/current-biology/fulltext/S0960-9822(18)31414-3

The story of life concludes with the Cenozoic Era, from the Paleocene to the Pliocene epoch (66 to 2.58 Million Years Ago). We follow the survivors of the great Cretaceous Extinction Event as they adapt to a rapidly changing world, including the mammals. Special topics include the the Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum, the Rise of the Himalayas, the Spread of the Grasslands, the Crisis of the Mediterranean, and the Great American Interchange. Transcript: https://riverofhistory.tumblr.com/post/183188061451/episode-6-the-age-of-mammalsLinks and References Mentioned:Placentals Didn't Displace North American Marsupials: https://www.zora.uzh.ch/id/eprint/71489/10/ZORA_NL_71489.pdfHow Neornithine Birds Survived: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2018.04.062Geology of the Pacific Islands: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2607379/ Evolution of Baleen Whales: https://www.cell.com/current-biology/fulltext/S0960-9822(18)31414-3

The story of life concludes with the Cenozoic Era, from the Paleocene to the Pliocene epoch (66 to 2.58 Million Years Ago). We follow the survivors of the great Cretaceous Extinction Event as they adapt to a rapidly changing world, including the mammals. Special topics include the the Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum, the Rise of the Himalayas, the Spread of the Grasslands, the Crisis of the Mediterranean, and the Great American Interchange. Transcript: https://riverofhistory.tumblr.com/post/183188061451/episode-6-the-age-of-mammalsLinks and References Mentioned:Placentals Didn't Displace North American Marsupials: https://www.zora.uzh.ch/id/eprint/71489/10/ZORA_NL_71489.pdfHow Neornithine Birds Survived: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2018.04.062Geology of the Pacific Islands: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2607379/ Evolution of Baleen Whales: https://www.cell.com/current-biology/fulltext/S0960-9822(18)31414-3

The story of life concludes with the Cenozoic Era, from the Paleocene to the Pliocene epoch (66 to 2.58 Million Years Ago). We follow the survivors of the great Cretaceous Extinction Event as they adapt to a rapidly changing world, including the mammals. Special topics include the the Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum, the Rise of the Himalayas, the Spread of the Grasslands, the Crisis of the Mediterranean, and the Great American Interchange. Transcript: https://riverofhistory.tumblr.com/post/183188061451/episode-6-the-age-of-mammalsLinks and References Mentioned:Placentals Didn't Displace North American Marsupials: https://www.zora.uzh.ch/id/eprint/71489/10/ZORA_NL_71489.pdfHow Neornithine Birds Survived: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2018.04.062Geology of the Pacific Islands: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2607379/ Evolution of Baleen Whales: https://www.cell.com/current-biology/fulltext/S0960-9822(18)31414-3

The story of life concludes with the Cenozoic Era, from the Paleocene to the Pliocene epoch (66 to 2.58 Million Years Ago). We follow the survivors of the great Cretaceous Extinction Event as they adapt to a rapidly changing world, including the mammals. Special topics include the the Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum, the Rise of the Himalayas, the Spread of the Grasslands, the Crisis of the Mediterranean, and the Great American Interchange. Transcript: https://riverofhistory.tumblr.com/post/183188061451/episode-6-the-age-of-mammalsLinks and References Mentioned:Placentals Didn't Displace North American Marsupials: https://www.zora.uzh.ch/id/eprint/71489/10/ZORA_NL_71489.pdfHow Neornithine Birds Survived: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2018.04.062Geology of the Pacific Islands: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2607379/ Evolution of Baleen Whales: https://www.cell.com/current-biology/fulltext/S0960-9822(18)31414-3

The story of life continues with coverage of the Mesozoic Era (251.9 to 66 Million Years Ago). This time is popularly known as the Age of Dinosaurs, but they shared the world with an entire host of fascinating plants and animals. Special topics include the ecological competition between early dinosaurs and the crocodile lineage, the role of sexual selection in shaping head crests and horns, the co-evolution of flowering plants and insects, the Mesozoic Marine Revolution, and the Cretaceous Extinction Event. Transcript: https://riverofhistory.tumblr.com/post/183025058501/episode-5-a-world-of-ruling-reptilesLinks and Referenced MentionedCretaceous Sea Level Rise: http://science.sciencemag.org/content/319/5868/1357Extinction of the Ichthyosaurs: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4786747/Impact Stress of an Ankylosaur Tail: https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0006738

The story of life continues with coverage of the Mesozoic Era (251.9 to 66 Million Years Ago). This time is popularly known as the Age of Dinosaurs, but they shared the world with an entire host of fascinating plants and animals. Special topics include the ecological competition between early dinosaurs and the crocodile lineage, the role of sexual selection in shaping head crests and horns, the co-evolution of flowering plants and insects, the Mesozoic Marine Revolution, and the Cretaceous Extinction Event. Transcript: https://riverofhistory.tumblr.com/post/183025058501/episode-5-a-world-of-ruling-reptilesLinks and Referenced MentionedCretaceous Sea Level Rise: http://science.sciencemag.org/content/319/5868/1357Extinction of the Ichthyosaurs: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4786747/Impact Stress of an Ankylosaur Tail: https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0006738

The story of life continues with coverage of the Mesozoic Era (251.9 to 66 Million Years Ago). This time is popularly known as the Age of Dinosaurs, but they shared the world with an entire host of fascinating plants and animals. Special topics include the ecological competition between early dinosaurs and the crocodile lineage, the role of sexual selection in shaping head crests and horns, the co-evolution of flowering plants and insects, the Mesozoic Marine Revolution, and the Cretaceous Extinction Event. Transcript: https://riverofhistory.tumblr.com/post/183025058501/episode-5-a-world-of-ruling-reptilesLinks and Referenced MentionedCretaceous Sea Level Rise: http://science.sciencemag.org/content/319/5868/1357Extinction of the Ichthyosaurs: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4786747/Impact Stress of an Ankylosaur Tail: https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0006738

The story of life continues with coverage of the Mesozoic Era (251.9 to 66 Million Years Ago). This time is popularly known as the Age of Dinosaurs, but they shared the world with an entire host of fascinating plants and animals. Special topics include the ecological competition between early dinosaurs and the crocodile lineage, the role of sexual selection in shaping head crests and horns, the co-evolution of flowering plants and insects, the Mesozoic Marine Revolution, and the Cretaceous Extinction Event. Transcript: https://riverofhistory.tumblr.com/post/183025058501/episode-5-a-world-of-ruling-reptilesLinks and Referenced MentionedCretaceous Sea Level Rise: http://science.sciencemag.org/content/319/5868/1357Extinction of the Ichthyosaurs: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4786747/Impact Stress of an Ankylosaur Tail: https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0006738

The story of life continues with coverage of the Mesozoic Era (251.9 to 66 Million Years Ago). This time is popularly known as the Age of Dinosaurs, but they shared the world with an entire host of fascinating plants and animals. Special topics include the ecological competition between early dinosaurs and the crocodile lineage, the role of sexual selection in shaping head crests and horns, the co-evolution of flowering plants and insects, the Mesozoic Marine Revolution, and the Cretaceous Extinction Event. Transcript: https://riverofhistory.tumblr.com/post/183025058501/episode-5-a-world-of-ruling-reptilesLinks and Referenced MentionedCretaceous Sea Level Rise: http://science.sciencemag.org/content/319/5868/1357Extinction of the Ichthyosaurs: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4786747/Impact Stress of an Ankylosaur Tail: https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0006738

The story of life continues with coverage of the Mesozoic Era (251.9 to 66 Million Years Ago). This time is popularly known as the Age of Dinosaurs, but they shared the world with an entire host of fascinating plants and animals. Special topics include the ecological competition between early dinosaurs and the crocodile lineage, the role of sexual selection in shaping head crests and horns, the co-evolution of flowering plants and insects, the Mesozoic Marine Revolution, and the Cretaceous Extinction Event. Transcript: https://riverofhistory.tumblr.com/post/183025058501/episode-5-a-world-of-ruling-reptilesLinks and Referenced MentionedCretaceous Sea Level Rise: http://science.sciencemag.org/content/319/5868/1357Extinction of the Ichthyosaurs: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4786747/Impact Stress of an Ankylosaur Tail: https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0006738

The story of life continues with coverage of the Mesozoic Era (251.9 to 66 Million Years Ago). This time is popularly known as the Age of Dinosaurs, but they shared the world with an entire host of fascinating plants and animals. Special topics include the ecological competition between early dinosaurs and the crocodile lineage, the role of sexual selection in shaping head crests and horns, the co-evolution of flowering plants and insects, the Mesozoic Marine Revolution, and the Cretaceous Extinction Event. Transcript: https://riverofhistory.tumblr.com/post/183025058501/episode-5-a-world-of-ruling-reptilesLinks and Referenced MentionedCretaceous Sea Level Rise: http://science.sciencemag.org/content/319/5868/1357Extinction of the Ichthyosaurs: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4786747/Impact Stress of an Ankylosaur Tail: https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0006738

The story of life continues with coverage of the Mesozoic Era (251.9 to 66 Million Years Ago). This time is popularly known as the Age of Dinosaurs, but they shared the world with an entire host of fascinating plants and animals. Special topics include the ecological competition between early dinosaurs and the crocodile lineage, the role of sexual selection in shaping head crests and horns, the co-evolution of flowering plants and insects, the Mesozoic Marine Revolution, and the Cretaceous Extinction Event. Transcript: https://riverofhistory.tumblr.com/post/183025058501/episode-5-a-world-of-ruling-reptilesLinks and Referenced MentionedCretaceous Sea Level Rise: http://science.sciencemag.org/content/319/5868/1357Extinction of the Ichthyosaurs: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4786747/Impact Stress of an Ankylosaur Tail: https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0006738

The story of life continues with coverage of the Paleozoic Era (541 to 251.9 Million Years Ago). We trek through the different periods of this ancient age to uncover how animals, plants, and microorganisms evolved and coped with a continuously changing climate. Special topics include the Cambrian Explosion, the Ordovician Biodiversification Event, the Colonization of the Land, the Evolution of Tetrapods, and the horrors of the Permian Extinction Event. Transcript: https://riverofhistory.tumblr.com/post/182868647096/episode-4-from-trilobites-to-therapsidsLinks and Referenced Mentioned:Cambrian Extinction Event: https://www.nature.com/articles/nature09700Possible link to volcanism for Ordovician Extinction Event: https://cpb-us-w2.wpmucdn.com/u.osu.edu/dist/f/94/files/2014/05/young_etal_2009_final-28qe1mk.pdfHelicoprion's tooth whorl: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3639784/

The story of life continues with coverage of the Paleozoic Era (541 to 251.9 Million Years Ago). We trek through the different periods of this ancient age to uncover how animals, plants, and microorganisms evolved and coped with a continuously changing climate. Special topics include the Cambrian Explosion, the Ordovician Biodiversification Event, the Colonization of the Land, the Evolution of Tetrapods, and the horrors of the Permian Extinction Event. Transcript: https://riverofhistory.tumblr.com/post/182868647096/episode-4-from-trilobites-to-therapsidsLinks and Referenced Mentioned:Cambrian Extinction Event: https://www.nature.com/articles/nature09700Possible link to volcanism for Ordovician Extinction Event: https://cpb-us-w2.wpmucdn.com/u.osu.edu/dist/f/94/files/2014/05/young_etal_2009_final-28qe1mk.pdfHelicoprion's tooth whorl: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3639784/

The story of life continues with coverage of the Paleozoic Era (541 to 251.9 Million Years Ago). We trek through the different periods of this ancient age to uncover how animals, plants, and microorganisms evolved and coped with a continuously changing climate. Special topics include the Cambrian Explosion, the Ordovician Biodiversification Event, the Colonization of the Land, the Evolution of Tetrapods, and the horrors of the Permian Extinction Event. Transcript: https://riverofhistory.tumblr.com/post/182868647096/episode-4-from-trilobites-to-therapsidsLinks and Referenced Mentioned:Cambrian Extinction Event: https://www.nature.com/articles/nature09700Possible link to volcanism for Ordovician Extinction Event: https://cpb-us-w2.wpmucdn.com/u.osu.edu/dist/f/94/files/2014/05/young_etal_2009_final-28qe1mk.pdfHelicoprion's tooth whorl: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3639784/

The story of life continues with coverage of the Paleozoic Era (541 to 251.9 Million Years Ago). We trek through the different periods of this ancient age to uncover how animals, plants, and microorganisms evolved and coped with a continuously changing climate. Special topics include the Cambrian Explosion, the Ordovician Biodiversification Event, the Colonization of the Land, the Evolution of Tetrapods, and the horrors of the Permian Extinction Event. Transcript: https://riverofhistory.tumblr.com/post/182868647096/episode-4-from-trilobites-to-therapsidsLinks and Referenced Mentioned:Cambrian Extinction Event: https://www.nature.com/articles/nature09700 Possible link to volcanism for Ordovician Extinction Event: https://cpb-us-w2.wpmucdn.com/u.osu.edu/dist/f/94/files/2014/05/young_etal_2009_final-28qe1mk.pdf Helicoprion’s tooth whorl: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3639784/

The story of life continues with coverage of the Paleozoic Era (541 to 251.9 Million Years Ago). We trek through the different periods of this ancient age to uncover how animals, plants, and microorganisms evolved and coped with a continuously changing climate. Special topics include the Cambrian Explosion, the Ordovician Biodiversification Event, the Colonization of the Land, the Evolution of Tetrapods, and the horrors of the Permian Extinction Event. Transcript: https://riverofhistory.tumblr.com/post/182868647096/episode-4-from-trilobites-to-therapsidsLinks and Referenced Mentioned:Cambrian Extinction Event: https://www.nature.com/articles/nature09700Possible link to volcanism for Ordovician Extinction Event: https://cpb-us-w2.wpmucdn.com/u.osu.edu/dist/f/94/files/2014/05/young_etal_2009_final-28qe1mk.pdfHelicoprion's tooth whorl: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3639784/

The story of life continues with coverage of the Paleozoic Era (541 to 251.9 Million Years Ago). We trek through the different periods of this ancient age to uncover how animals, plants, and microorganisms evolved and coped with a continuously changing climate. Special topics include the Cambrian Explosion, the Ordovician Biodiversification Event, the Colonization of the Land, the Evolution of Tetrapods, and the horrors of the Permian Extinction Event. Transcript: https://riverofhistory.tumblr.com/post/182868647096/episode-4-from-trilobites-to-therapsidsLinks and Referenced Mentioned:Cambrian Extinction Event: https://www.nature.com/articles/nature09700Possible link to volcanism for Ordovician Extinction Event: https://cpb-us-w2.wpmucdn.com/u.osu.edu/dist/f/94/files/2014/05/young_etal_2009_final-28qe1mk.pdfHelicoprion's tooth whorl: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3639784/

The story of life continues with coverage of the Paleozoic Era (541 to 251.9 Million Years Ago). We trek through the different periods of this ancient age to uncover how animals, plants, and microorganisms evolved and coped with a continuously changing climate. Special topics include the Cambrian Explosion, the Ordovician Biodiversification Event, the Colonization of the Land, the Evolution of Tetrapods, and the horrors of the Permian Extinction Event. Transcript: https://riverofhistory.tumblr.com/post/182868647096/episode-4-from-trilobites-to-therapsidsLinks and Referenced Mentioned:Cambrian Extinction Event: https://www.nature.com/articles/nature09700Possible link to volcanism for Ordovician Extinction Event: https://cpb-us-w2.wpmucdn.com/u.osu.edu/dist/f/94/files/2014/05/young_etal_2009_final-28qe1mk.pdfHelicoprion's tooth whorl: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3639784/

The story of life continues with coverage of the Paleozoic Era (541 to 251.9 Million Years Ago). We trek through the different periods of this ancient age to uncover how animals, plants, and microorganisms evolved and coped with a continuously changing climate. Special topics include the Cambrian Explosion, the Ordovician Biodiversification Event, the Colonization of the Land, the Evolution of Tetrapods, and the horrors of the Permian Extinction Event. Transcript: https://riverofhistory.tumblr.com/post/182868647096/episode-4-from-trilobites-to-therapsidsLinks and Referenced Mentioned:Cambrian Extinction Event: https://www.nature.com/articles/nature09700 Possible link to volcanism for Ordovician Extinction Event: https://cpb-us-w2.wpmucdn.com/u.osu.edu/dist/f/94/files/2014/05/young_etal_2009_final-28qe1mk.pdf Helicoprion’s tooth whorl: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3639784/

This episode is dedicated to one of the biggest scientific mysteries of the modern world: how living things came to be. The chemistry of life is examined and various hypotheses are discussed. Evolution by natural selection is explained, and the history of the world - from 4.03 billion to 541 million years ago - continues, covering the rise of multicellular life, Snowball Earth, and the first animals.Transcript: https://riverofhistory.tumblr.com/post/182173306141/episode-3-the-origin-of-lifeLinks and Referenced Mentioned:Geologic Time Scale: http://www.stratigraphy.org/ICSchart/ChronostratChart2018-08.jpg Richard Fortey quote: Life: A Natural History of the First Four Billion Years of Life on Earth. Richard Fortey, Vintage Books (1997)RNA experiment: https://www.pnas.org/content/early/2016/08/10/1610103113 Quebec Putative Micro-Fossils: http://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/112179/ August 2018 Genetic Study: https://www.nature.com/articles/s41559-018-0644-x

This episode is dedicated to one of the biggest scientific mysteries of the modern world: how living things came to be. The chemistry of life is examined and various hypotheses are discussed. Evolution by natural selection is explained, and the history of the world - from 4.03 billion to 541 million years ago - continues, covering the rise of multicellular life, Snowball Earth, and the first animals.Transcript: https://riverofhistory.tumblr.com/post/182173306141/episode-3-the-origin-of-lifeLinks and Referenced Mentioned:Geologic Time Scale: http://www.stratigraphy.org/ICSchart/ChronostratChart2018-08.jpg Richard Fortey quote: Life: A Natural History of the First Four Billion Years of Life on Earth. Richard Fortey, Vintage Books (1997)RNA experiment: https://www.pnas.org/content/early/2016/08/10/1610103113 Quebec Putative Micro-Fossils: http://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/112179/ August 2018 Genetic Study: https://www.nature.com/articles/s41559-018-0644-x

This episode is dedicated to one of the biggest scientific mysteries of the modern world: how living things came to be. The chemistry of life is examined and various hypotheses are discussed. Evolution by natural selection is explained, and the history of the world - from 4.03 billion to 541 million years ago - continues, covering the rise of multicellular life, Snowball Earth, and the first animals.Transcript: https://riverofhistory.tumblr.com/post/182173306141/episode-3-the-origin-of-lifeLinks and Referenced Mentioned:Geologic Time Scale: http://www.stratigraphy.org/ICSchart/ChronostratChart2018-08.jpg Richard Fortey quote: Life: A Natural History of the First Four Billion Years of Life on Earth. Richard Fortey, Vintage Books (1997)RNA experiment: https://www.pnas.org/content/early/2016/08/10/1610103113 Quebec Putative Micro-Fossils: http://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/112179/ August 2018 Genetic Study: https://www.nature.com/articles/s41559-018-0644-x