Podcasts about Snowball Earth

Is There A Simple Solution To The Fermi Paradox? https://youtu.be/abvzkSJEhKk?si=Ez4RPqTmD5ayxaCj The Rare Earth Hypothesis: What Is It? | Aliens: The Big Think | BBC Earth Science https://youtu.be/F5mndlV_R3w?si=2JCANvvyu06jWvzZ GOE and Snowball Earth https://chatgpt.com/share/682b2258-c93c-8006-b024-5a7822b2586b canal do radinho no whatsapp! canal do radinho no telegram:   http://t.me/radinhodepilha meu perfil no Threads: https://www.threads.net/@renedepaulajr meu perfil no BlueSky https://bsky.app/profile/renedepaula.bsky.social meu ... Read more The post milagres acontecem! mas… onde estão os alienígenas? appeared first on radinho de pilha.

Paul Hoffman is the 2024 Kyoto Prize Laureate in Basic Sciences. He is an adjunct professor at the University of Victoria, has conducted groundbreaking research in the “Snowball Earth” (global freezing) hypothesis and plate tectonics occurring in the first half of the Earth's 4.6-billion-year history. After earning his doctorate from Johns Hopkins University, Hoffman served the Geological Survey of his native Canada for 24 years followed by teaching at Harvard University and conducting related research in Sub-Saharan Africa. He has geologically demonstrated the occurrence of the postulated global freeze, so-called “Snowball Earth,” which drove the rapid diversification of animals in the Cambrian period approximately 520 million years ago. Series: "Kyoto Prize Symposium" [Science] [Show ID: 39991]

Paul Hoffman is the 2024 Kyoto Prize Laureate in Basic Sciences. He is an adjunct professor at the University of Victoria, has conducted groundbreaking research in the “Snowball Earth” (global freezing) hypothesis and plate tectonics occurring in the first half of the Earth's 4.6-billion-year history. After earning his doctorate from Johns Hopkins University, Hoffman served the Geological Survey of his native Canada for 24 years followed by teaching at Harvard University and conducting related research in Sub-Saharan Africa. He has geologically demonstrated the occurrence of the postulated global freeze, so-called “Snowball Earth,” which drove the rapid diversification of animals in the Cambrian period approximately 520 million years ago. Series: "Kyoto Prize Symposium" [Science] [Show ID: 39991]

Paul Hoffman is the 2024 Kyoto Prize Laureate in Basic Sciences. He is an adjunct professor at the University of Victoria, has conducted groundbreaking research in the “Snowball Earth” (global freezing) hypothesis and plate tectonics occurring in the first half of the Earth's 4.6-billion-year history. After earning his doctorate from Johns Hopkins University, Hoffman served the Geological Survey of his native Canada for 24 years followed by teaching at Harvard University and conducting related research in Sub-Saharan Africa. He has geologically demonstrated the occurrence of the postulated global freeze, so-called “Snowball Earth,” which drove the rapid diversification of animals in the Cambrian period approximately 520 million years ago. Series: "Kyoto Prize Symposium" [Science] [Show ID: 39991]

Paul Hoffman is the 2024 Kyoto Prize Laureate in Basic Sciences. He is an adjunct professor at the University of Victoria, has conducted groundbreaking research in the “Snowball Earth” (global freezing) hypothesis and plate tectonics occurring in the first half of the Earth's 4.6-billion-year history. After earning his doctorate from Johns Hopkins University, Hoffman served the Geological Survey of his native Canada for 24 years followed by teaching at Harvard University and conducting related research in Sub-Saharan Africa. He has geologically demonstrated the occurrence of the postulated global freeze, so-called “Snowball Earth,” which drove the rapid diversification of animals in the Cambrian period approximately 520 million years ago. Series: "Kyoto Prize Symposium" [Science] [Show ID: 39991]

SpaceTime Series 28 Episode 23The Astronomy, Space and Science News PodcastSnowball Earth Evidence, Blue Origin's Parachute Failure, and the Moon Illusion ExplainedIn this episode of SpaceTime, we dive into groundbreaking geological research that provides compelling evidence for the Snowball Earth hypothesis, suggesting that glaciers may have covered the planet from pole to pole hundreds of millions of years ago. This research reveals insights into Earth's climatic history and the emergence of multicellular life following this extreme glaciation event.Blue Origin's Lunar Gravity MissionWe also discuss the recent Blue Origin mission, where the New Shepard spacecraft experienced a parachute failure during a lunar gravity simulation flight. Despite the malfunction, mission managers confirm that the capsule was designed to land safely with two parachutes, and investigations are underway to understand the issue.The Moon Illusion: Why Does It Appear Larger on the Horizon?Additionally, we explore the fascinating phenomenon known as the Moon illusion, which causes the Moon to appear larger when it is near the horizon compared to when it is high in the sky. We delve into the psychological and perceptual factors that contribute to this optical illusion, despite the Moon's actual size remaining constant.00:00 Space Time Series 28 Episode 23 for broadcast on 21 February 202500:49 Evidence supporting the Snowball Earth hypothesis06:30 Implications for Earth's climatic history12:15 Blue Origin's lunar gravity mission details18:00 Analysis of parachute failure during descent22:45 The Moon illusion and its psychological explanations27:00 Understanding optical illusions in astronomy30:15 The self-domestication of wolves and its implicationswww.spacetimewithstuartgary.comwww.bitesz.com

How Snowball Earth melted Science Sessions are brief conversations with cutting-edge researchers, National Academy members, and policymakers as they discuss topics relevant to today's scientific community. Learn the behind-the-scenes story of work published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS), plus a broad range of scientific news about discoveries that affect the world around us. In this episode, Shuhai Xiao explores how the Earth emerged from a planetwide glaciation called Snowball Earth. In this episode, we cover: •[00:00] Introduction •[00:48] Geobiologist Shuhai Xiao introduces us to Snowball Earth. •[01:58] Xiao introduces the “plumeworld” hypothesis that describes the end of Snowball Earth. •[03:41] He explains how lithium isotopes in rocks can confirm the plumeworld hypothesis. •[05:54] Xiao explains why dolostone deposits in China were suitable for studying this hypothesis. •[06:53] He talks about the results of the study. •[07:39] He talks about the implications of the study results. •[08:26] Caveats and limitations of the study. •[10:06] Conclusion. About Our Guests: Shuhai Xiao Professor Virginia Tech View related content here: https://www.pnas.org/doi/full/10.1073/pnas.2407419121 Follow us on Spotify, Apple Podcasts, YouTube, or wherever you get your podcasts for more captivating discussions on scientific breakthroughs! Visit Science Sessions on PNAS.org: https://www.pnas.org/about/science-sessions-podcast  Follow PNAS: Twitter/X Facebook LinkedIn YouTube Sign up for the PNAS Highlights newsletter

Layers of rock can be thought of as pages of a history book – with each layer containing details of the Earth's condition in the distant past. But the critical period leading up to Snowball Earth was thought to be missing because the rock layers were eroded in the big freeze.不同的岩石层可以被认为是一本历史书的不同页，每一层都包含了在遥远的过去地球状况的细节。但是 “雪球地球” 形成的关键时期的记录曾被认为是缺失的，因为岩石层曾在冰川期中受到侵蚀。 Now, a new study by researchers at University College London, has revealed that the Garvellachs somehow escaped unscathed and may be the only place on Earth to have a detailed record of how the Earth entered one of the most catastrophic periods in its history, as well as what happened when the first animal life emerged when the snowball thawed.现在，由伦敦大学学院的研究人员进行的一项新研究表明，加韦勒赫群岛不知为何毫发无损地度过了冰川期，成为了可能是地球上唯一一个详细记录了地球是如何进入其历史上最具灾难性的时期之一的地方，它也记录了当 “雪球地球” 融化、第一个动物生命出现时地球上发生了什么。The discovery could mean that the islands may be awarded one of the biggest accolades in science: a golden spike, which is an actual spike hammered into a location that catalogues big transitions in the planet's geological history.这一发现意味着加韦勒赫群岛有可能被授予科学界的最高荣誉之一——“金钉子”，这是一个真正的钉子，它将会被钉在加韦勒赫群岛上记载着地球的地质历史发生重大转变的位置。词汇表layers 层critical period 关键时期eroded 被侵蚀unscathed 毫发无损地catastrophic 灾难性的emerged 出现thawed 融化，解冻accolades 荣誉，嘉奖catalogues 记载，编入目录

It's time for another trip around the solar system on the BIGGER and BETTER Science Weekly!  This episode of the Fun Kids Science Weekly we continue our bigger and better podcast where we answer YOUR questions, have scientists battle it out for which science is the best & learn all about how Scottish Islands may hold the secret behind 'Snowball Earth' Dan starts with the latest science news, how a rocket's engine exploded in the Shetland Islands, why two astronaut's who left for the International Space Station in June are still there and Elias Rugen from University College London tells us what secrets the Scottish islands hold to help us truly understand the theory of 'Snowball Earth' Then we delve into your questions where Dan explains why we sweat and why February is the only month affected by a leap year. Dangerous Dan continues and we learn all about the Frilled SharkThe Battle of the Sciences continues where Dan chats to Henry Taylor from University of Birmingham about why the Philosophy of Science is the best kind of science? What do we learn about? - A rocket's engine exploding in the Shetland Islands - Astronaut's stuck at the International Space Station - Snowball Theory and why Scotland holds the secrets to it - Why February is the only month affected by leap years - Is the Philosophy of Science the best type of science? All on this week's episode of Science Weekly!Join Fun Kids Podcasts+: https://funkidslive.com/plusSee omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

Hi there. Thanks for joining us on another episode of Space Nuts. Andrew Dunkley here and it's good to have your company. Coming up on this episode we're going to be looking at snowball Earth. There was a time where it was just a frozen sphere of nothingness for, well, billions of years. Now they have a new theory about that and it's no Irish joke. There's a clue in there. The dinosaur asteroid's origin has been revealed. Yep. The thing that started the getting rid of them all across the planet. We know where it came from. And the so-called crisis in cosmology might not be a crisis at all. We're talking about the Hubble tension. We'll talk about all of that on this episode of Space Nuts.ChaptersSnowball Earth: Discover the new theory about Earth's frozen past and the rocks in Scotland and Australia that provide clues.- Dinosaur Asteroid's Origin: Learn about the new study revealing the origin of the asteroid that led to the extinction of the dinosaurs.- Crisis in Cosmology: Delve into the Hubble tension and why it might not be a crisis after all.- Chinese High-Speed Engine: Explore the claims of a new Chinese engine that could revolutionise air travel with speeds up to 19,700 km/h.For more Space Nuts, including our continually updating newsfeed, visit our website at spacenutspodcast.com. Follow us on social media at SpaceNutsPod on facebook, X, YouTubeMusic, and TikTok. We love engaging with our community, so be sure to drop us a message or comment on your favourite platform.For more Space and Astronomy News Podcasts, visit our HQ at www.bitesz.com.Become a supporter of this podcast: https://www.spreaker.com/podcast/space-nuts/support.Stay curious, keep looking up, and join us next time for more stellar insights and cosmic wonders. Until then, clear skies and happy stargazing.Sponsor Link:www.bytes.com/nordpass

I finally got a chance to talk about Snowball Earth manga. This is a scifi survival series that follows and pilot and his robot as they fight space kaiju while Earth enters a new ice age. Story and Art by Yuhiro Tsujitsugu Published by Viz Media Timestamps (00:00) Intro (01:45) What is Snowball Earth about? (08:40) Deeper details (14:41) Final thoughts and outro #snowballearth #mangareview #vizmedia ______________________________ If you enjoy what I do and want to support Kofi: https://ko-fi.com/dadneedstotalk Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/Dadneedstotalk Follow me My website: https://dadneedstotalk.com/ Twitter: https://twitter.com/DadNeedsToTalk Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/dadneedstotalkpodcast/ --- Support this podcast: https://podcasters.spotify.com/pod/show/dadneedstotalkpodcast/support

Happy 16 Year Anniversary To Spiraken!!!! In this special anniversary episode of the Spiraken Manga Review, Xan reviews a science fiction, survival mech series. Is it worth the read? Well Sit back and find out as he reviews Snowball Earth by Yuhiro Tsujitsugu. ----more---- Besides discussing the manga, Xan also goes over some fun statistics about the podcast and reveals the panel schedule for Animazement, next week.  Remember to Like, Share and Subscribe. Follow us @spiraken on Twitter @spiraken.bsky.social, and @spiraken on Instagram, subscribe to this podcast and our YouTube channel, Support our Patreon and if you would kindly, please go to www.tinyurl.com/helpxan and give us a great rating on Apple Podcasts. Also join our discord and Thank you, hope you enjoy this episode. #spiraken #mangareview #wheelofmanga #seinenmanga #survivalmanga #scifimanga #snowballearth #yuhirotsujitsugu #vizmedia #podcasthq #manga #spirakenreviewpodcast Music Used in This Episode: Closing Theme-Trendsetter by Mood Maze (Uppbeat) Music from Uppbeat (free for Creators!): https://uppbeat.io/t/mood-maze/trendsetter License code: YEPNB5COHX56JVES WHERE TO FIND US Our Bluesky @spiraken.bsky.social Our Instagram https://www.instagram.com/spiraken/ Our Email Spiraken@gmail.com Xan's Email xan@spiraken.com Our Patron https://www.patreon.podbean.com/spiraken or https://www.patreon.com/spiraken Our Discord https://tinyurl.com/spiradiscord Our Twitter https://twitter.com/spiraken Our Youtube Channel https://www.youtube.com/@spiraken Our Twitch https://www.twitch.tv/spiraken Our Amazon Store http://www.amazon.com/shops/spiraken Random Question of the Day: Could You Survive In Another Ice Age?

SpaceTime Series 27 Episode 22*Technical Troubles for NASA's Mars Perseverance RoverNASA's Mars Perseverance rover faces a new challenge as engineers work to stabilize a dust cover on one of the rover's crucial science instrument cameras. The Sherlock instrument's cover remains partially open, hindering its quest to find signs of past microbial life in Jezero Crater. Will the team overcome this cosmic hiccup? Stay tuned.*Was Snowball Earth Triggered by an Asteroid Impact?A new study suggests that Snowball Earth events, which turned our planet into an icy wasteland, could have been sparked by an asteroid impact winter. It's a chilling thought that adds a new layer to the mystery of Earth's ancient climate catastrophes.*Ancient Astronomy and Britain's Standing StonesBritain's prehistoric standing stones have long puzzled archaeologists and astronomers alike. Now, research reveals that these ancient monuments were precisely aligned with the sun and moon, reflecting a deep connection between our ancestors and the cosmos.*Testing the Next-Gen NASA Spacesuit in MicrogravityNASA's future Artemis astronauts will don new spacesuits, and the latest design is undergoing microgravity testing aboard the "vomit comet." Will these suits meet the stringent demands of spacewalks and lunar exploration?Join us on SpaceTime with Stuart Gary as we explore these intriguing stories from our universe's vast expanse.Listen to SpaceTime on your favorite podcast app with our universal listen link: https://spacetimewithstuartgary.com/listen and access show links via https://linktr.ee/biteszHQFor more SpaceTime and show links: https://linktr.ee/biteszHQFor more space and astronomy podcasts visit our HQ at https://bitesz.comYour support is needed... **Support SpaceTime with Stuart Gary: Be Part of Our Cosmic Journey!** Help us continue to unravel the mysteries of the universe and the wonders of space exploration. By becoming a patron, you'll gain access to commercial-free episodes, exclusive content, and the satisfaction of propelling us forward on this stellar journey. [Join the Journey with SpaceTime](https://bitesznetwork.supercast.tech/)#space #astronomy #science #spacetime #podcast #MarsRover #SnowballEarth #StandingStones #NASA #SpacesuitBecome a supporter of this podcast: https://www.spreaker.com/podcast/spacetime-with-stuart-gary--2458531/support.

In the late 1970's, English chemist Dr. James Lovelock and American biologist Dr. Lynn Margulis published a research paper hypothesizing that living organisms – without intention or agency – could have a regulatory effect on their environment that helped ensure their continued habitability. While the Gaia hypothesis they originated has remained controversial for the last four decades, it has provided a provocative explanation for why the Earth remained more or less clement over its ~4 billion year history, even though the sun that warms it has grown about 30% brighter over that time span. Of course, there have been notable catastrophic exceptions to Earth's habitable stability – in the form of cataclysmic Snowball Earth events that froze the entire planet at least twice in its first 3.5 billion years of existence.  In our latest episode, Probable Futures founder Spencer Glendon explores another application of the Gaia Hypothesis, as it applies to human civilizations. In a December 2023 newsletter, Mr. Glendon examines how for much of the last 12,000 years, humans have been agents in shaping the stable global climate from which we are a beneficiary, through the expansion of agriculture and its related deforestation. By releasing CO2 at rates that balanced the cooling effects of various planetary orbital shifts, humans helped avoid the planet plunging into another Ice Age. But, much like the Snowball Earth events of the Precambrian Era, the advent and acceleration of fossil fuel combustion then shifted people's relationship with climate from stabilizing to potentially catastrophic. The difference between the ancient and modern examples is that now – with awareness of the problem – humans can impact their environment with intention and agency. Join us as we examine how past climate stability has shaped much of humanity's world view, and how that might impact our approach in responding to climate change now.  Follow us on Twitter, LinkedIn, Facebook, and Instagram.Contact us at contact@climatenow.comVisit our website for all of our content and sources for each episode.

As the saying goes, history often repeats itself. Could that also hold true when looking at the current state of the climate and where we may be heading? On this episode, the team talks with Dr. Michael Mann, the director of the University of Pennsylvania Center for Science, Sustainability, and the Media and one of the world's leading experts on climate change. They discuss his new book, “Our Fragile Moment,” that examines Earth's climate history. Mann explains why the climate change we're currently experiencing is unique, why the next decade is so critical to our future climate, and what could happen to life on Earth if no action is taken. We want to hear from you! Have a question for the meteorologists? Call 609-272-7099 and leave a message. You might hear your question and get an answer on a future episode! You can also email questions or comments to podcasts@lee.net. About the Across the Sky podcast The weekly weather podcast is hosted on a rotation by the Lee Weather team: Matt Holiner of Lee Enterprises' Midwest group in Chicago, Kirsten Lang of the Tulsa World in Oklahoma, Joe Martucci of the Press of Atlantic City, N.J., and Sean Sublette of the Richmond Times-Dispatch in Virginia. Episode transcript Note: The following transcript was created by Headliner and may contain misspellings and other inaccuracies as it was generated automatically: Sean Sublette: Hello once again, everybody. I'm, meteorologist Sean Sublette, and welcome to Across the Sky, our national Lee Enterprises weather podcast. Lee Enterprises has print and digital operations in more than 70 locations across the country, including in my home base in Richmond, Virginia. I'm joined by my colleagues from across the sky, Matt Holiner in Chicago, and Joe Martucci at the Jersey Shore. Kirsten Lang is out this week. Our very special guest this week is Dr. Michael Mann, director of the University of Pennsylvania Center for Science, Sustainability, and the Media, and the Presidential Distinguished Professor of Earth and Environmental Science. His latest book came out a couple of weeks ago called Our Fragile Moment. It goes through Earth's climate history to illustrate how we know what the current warming climate is without precedent in Earth's history. There is so much good stuff in this book. I could go on and on, but I really like the way he goes into paleo climate and helping us understand why we are at this moment in time and why he calls it Our Fragile Moment. And as a quick aside, in the book, he kind of alludes to, the police, the band The Police, and the, extinction of the dinosaurs and walking in your footsteps. So those of us of a certain age who remember that a good part of, you know, sting was the lead man of the police, and, Fragile was another song that Sting wrote. So this all kind of ties back into me. Here I am showing my age. but, guys, this is such a great conversation. What did you kind of take out of this? Joe Martucci: I think, you know, and just take a step back. I mean, Mike Mann is, I would say, one of the people who really put climate science on the map to the general public. So this is really a big interview that we have here. And, when you're listening, sometimes we're getting into the weeds, sometimes it's big philosophical questions. In fact, at the end, we talk about his thoughts on where our position as the human race is in the universe just by writing this book. So, it was a nice interview, and good to be with, Mike here. Matt Holiner: Yes, there are few people that are a bigger expert on climate change than Mike Mann. And so, yeah, we're honored to have him on the podcast. And what I like is how he talks about paleo climate, which is something that's starting to get a little bit of buzz now. I think everybody's accepted that, okay, the climate is changing now, but hasn't it changed in the past? And he does dive into that. Yes, it has changed, but what he points out is the change that we're undergoing right now is unique, and he. Joe Martucci: Points out why that is. Matt Holiner: And I really liked his discussion of that. Sean Sublette: Yeah, there is so much good stuff. So let's get right to it and start up with our interview with Dr. Michael Mann. Mike Mann, it is so good to have you on the across the sky podcast. Dr. Michael Mann writes a new book about climate change called ‘Our Fragile Moment' Sean Sublette: I want to jump right into this on this book, Our Fragile Moment. This is the 6th book. What I loved about this one is that it goes a lot deeper into understanding paleo climatology. For us real science geeks out there, it really gets into depth about how we know how we got to this fragile moment. So I wanted to start on the big picture. What motivated you to write this book now? Dr. Michael Mann: Yeah. Thanks, Sean. It's great to be with all of you. All three of you know, it's interesting, this is sort of where I got my start as, a climate scientist, Paleo Climate, the hockey stick curve that my co authors and I published. it's hard to believe now, but it's, two and a half decades ago, that graph became sort of this iconic symbol, in the climate change debate. And that's really how I sort of entered the fray. And so now, two and a half decades later, I decided, well, let's do a deeper dive, because the hockey stick only went back a thousand years. That's really shallow time, as we say in Paleo climate. We've got four plus billion years of Earth history to look at and let's see what we can learn from it. And so it's sort of a return to my roots, in a sense. I hadn't really written a book about paleo climate, even though it's where I started as a scientist. And there's another sort of driving force here as well, which, relates to my last book, The New Climate War, which is about sort of the challenges we face now as climate denial becomes almost untenable, because we can all sort of see the impacts of climate change playing out. Bad actors are using misinformation to delay transition off fossil fuels Dr. Michael Mann: But there are other tactics that bad actors are using to sort of delay the transition off fossil fuels. and one of them, ironically, is doom mongering. If they can convince us that it's too late to do anything about the problem, then why bother? And so I was seeing Paleo Climate, something that I hold dear. I was seeing paleo climate science. Weaponized. Now in the same way that climate deniers used to weaponize misinformation. I was seeing climate doomers weaponizing misinformation about paleo climate to convince us it's too late, that we're experiencing runaway warming. We are going to it's yet, another mass, extinction that we've set off that's unstoppable and we will all be gone in less than ten years. There were players out there, serious protagonists who have pretty large followings, who have been spreading that sort of misinformation. So I decided, let's reclaim paleo climate. Let's look at what the science actually says. And that was the purpose of the book initially, was to address some of those misconceptions that have been used to feed climate doomism. But in the process, I realized, well, no, there's a whole lot more to talk about. there are all sorts of lessons in 4 billion plus years of Earth history. Let's see what we can learn from it for sure. Sean Sublette: Before I turn it over to the other guys for questions, I want to talk a little bit more about that doomism concept. It's important to walk a line between urgency and agency, as you like to talk about, but get away from doomism. I'd like to point out I was actually talking to a Rotary Club earlier today, that there has been progress. Right. clearly there needs to be more, but I like to point out we're starting to phase out coal globally. So there are things going how do you walk that line in terms of this is important, we need to stay on it, showing that there's progress and not succumbing to doomism for folks who are kind of depressed about it. Dr. Michael Mann: Yeah, no, absolutely. And there's sort of two pieces to it. First of all, there is just the science. Like, does the science say that we've triggered unstoppable warming and nothing we do to reduce carbon emissions is going to make a difference? No, it doesn't. And I wanted to make that very clear. And no, the paleo climate record doesn't support that. the best available science, in fact, tells us now that the planet stops warming up when we stop adding carbon pollution to the atmosphere. So there's this direct and immediate impact, on the climate of our efforts to act here. There's another piece to it, though, which is sort of there's another sort of component to doismism, which is like, we're not going to get our act together. And you could argue that remains to be seen, that's at least Arguable, the science doesn't support runaway warming. It doesn't support that sort of side of doomism. But will we garner the will to tackle this problem? Only the, future will tell. But it's interesting because you mentioned Rotary Club. There are lots of reasons for optimism. Lots of reasons. Things that we can look at, where we can say we're making real progress, rotarians have really taken a leadership role on this issue. I've spoken to some Rotary Clubs, groups in the past, and the Youth Climate movement, right. I mean, just, there is all of this energy. I see. know I teach at the University Of Pennsylvania. Climate is probably the number one issue to these students today, to these gen zers. Now, some of them fall victim to climate anxiety and climate doomism. So it's really important for them to understand the agency part of that urgency and agency duality. But yeah, the science certainly doesn't support the notion that we can't do something about the climate crisis. And the paleo climate record certainly doesn't support that either. Joe Martucci: Hey, this is Joe and just want to thank you so much for coming on again. We really appreciate it. And best of luck to you and your, book here, Our Fragile Moment. More journalists are reporting on extreme weather events linked to climate change Joe Martucci: My question does partially relate to what you said about gen zers. And some people do have climate anxiety. And if you're young, you're impressionable you're getting content from a variety of different sources, right? More than ever before, when we talk about extreme weather events and parlaying this into climate change. Right. I feel like in the past five years, maybe three years, we've seen a lot of this recently. And I think, personally, from my perspective, it's good. It's always a good teaching moment to talk about the facts and to forecast the climate science. How do you feel, though, about journalists reporting on this, as opposed to meteorologists who are experts in their field? There's many great journalists all across the country. We know that. But just like I don't know everything about maybe astronomy, right. Journals may not be completely in sync with what's happening with some of these events. Dr. Michael Mann: I don't know if you could kind. Joe Martucci: Of give us where you fall on this and how you would like to see these extreme weather events being parlayed into coverage as we go forward. Dr. Michael Mann: Thanks, Joe. It's a great question. And, you were talking about young folks, and, I used to think of myself as a young person, and then today I realized that David Lee Roth is 69 years old. I finally forced to accept the fact that I am now old. But you're right, there is this, energy and passion, among young folks. And another part of what's going on is we're seeing the impacts of climate change now play out in a profound way in the form of these extreme weather events. And there's always sort of this delicate balance in the way we cover those events. You'll often hear people say, well, you can never blame any one, weather event, on climate change. and the thinking there has evolved quite a bit. We have detection and attribution. We can characterize how likely an event was to occur in the absence of climate change and how likely it was to occur. When we consider climate change and when we see that there's a huge increase when an event is a thousand year event without climate change, and it's suddenly a ten year event when we include climate change, then we can say, hey, the fact that we saw this is probably because we've warmed up the planet and we've made these sorts of events, these extreme heat waves, heat domes that we've been reading about, wildfires floods, superstorms. So there's this scientific machinery now that allows us to sort of characterize the impact that climate change is having on these events. But you're right. When you have trained meteorologists and climate experts who are familiar with that science, they're able to sort of frame it that way. When you have just sort of say, political journalists, journalists from other fields covering, the science, it's a quandary. It's very complicated because they're hearing conflicting things. They're hearing this. You can never blame any one event on climate change, but now they know that there is a way to try to characterize the impact that climate change is having. So I think there's some confusion among in the journalistic community right now. you also sometimes see it overplayed, right, where, like, every extreme event was caused by climate change. We can't say that it's like a loading of the dice. Sixes are going to come up anyways. The fact that they're coming up so often is because we've loaded those dice, by the warming of the planet. So it is a complicated topic, and it's difficult to even trained climate and meteorology, specialists, even for us, it can be sort of challenging to explain the science and how we're able to quantify the impact climate change is having on these events. And that means that it often gets very confused in the public discourse. And at the same time, I would say that we are seeing the signal of climate change now emerge from the noise in the form of these extreme weather events. And it's a lost opportunity for certain if we don't explain that to the public. And so I personally think that there has been sort of a shift towards journalists in general, recognizing that there is a relationship and mentioning that when they talk about these events, not as often as we might like them to do, but we do see much more of that now. Climate change is part of the conversation here. And that's a real game changer, because that's where the rubber hits the road. When people realize, oh, man, it's these devastating fires. I have a friend who lost a house, or I have people, I know who got flooded, by that storm. When people start to know people who have been impacted or who have been impacted themselves, when people have their own climate story to tell, it really changes the whole conversation. And I think we're seeing that shift. Matt Holiner: Hey, Mike, it's Matt, and I think you're right about the climate change just becoming a term that everyone is familiar with now. But I think the term that people aren't as familiar with that. Matt Holiner: You mentioned your book is Paleo climate. So when you're talking about paleo climate, how far back are you looking and what are you looking at to determine what the climate was thousands or millions of years ago? Dr. Michael Mann: So it's a matter of perspective, right? If you ask my daughter what's paleo climate LBO is like, those winters when you were growing up, that's paleo climate, to me, those 1970s winters. so it's always a matter of perspective. One person's paleo climate is another person's sort of recent, climate history. I focused a lot of my early work on the last thousand years where we could pull together all sorts of types of information to try to reconstruct in some detail how the climate had changed. but there are ways to go much further back. There are sediment cores. We can look at ancient, oxygen isotopes and reconstruct what ocean temperatures were and what, sea, levels were. so there's all of this wealth of information. And so what paleo climate really means, technically, it's anything that predates the historical era of the last couple of centuries where we actually have thermometer measurements or rain gauges measurements or what have you. Anything farther back than that, where we have to turn to indirect measures of climate like tree rings or corals or ice that becomes paleo climate. And so 1000 years that's paleoclimate. But a million years is paleoclimate and a billion years is paleoclimate. And the stories are so different on these different timescales. And the puzzles are all different. And each of these intervals, there are all of these events in Earth's climate history that I talk about in the book, and we can learn something from each of them. Snowball Earth. Yes, the Earth was once entirely covered in ice and unpacking. That tells us a lot about the dynamics of the climate system. the faint early sun. The great Carl Sagan recognized that the Earth should have been frozen 4 billion years ago, when life first emerged in the oceans. And we know it wasn't because there was liquid water, there was life. And he realized because the sun was only about 70% as bright back then, the Earth should have been frozen, but it wasn't. What, what's the explanation? How come there was an even stronger greenhouse effect? And it turns out that, gets us into sort of the Gaia hypothesis because there's this remarkable story where as the sun gradually gets brighter and the Earth should have got hotter and hotter, but it didn't because the greenhouse effect got weaker over time. And in just such a way that the planet's climate, with some exceptions, like snowball Earth, stayed within habitable bounds, within bounds, that are habitable for life. Why is that? that's a really interesting puzzle. And it turns out life itself plays a role in stabilizing the climate, the global carbon cycle, the oxygenation of the atmosphere. There are all of these things that life itself did to change the composition of our atmosphere and to change the dynamics of the planet. And amazingly, life works in such a way as to help keep the climate, Earth's climate, habitable for life. And so that's an interesting puzzle. There's a lot to learn from that as well. And that's a good thing, right? There are stabilizing factors within the climate system that helps us. There is a certain amount of resilience. And that's one of the arguments against doomism that we're getting some help from the behavior of Earth's climate. There's a m safety margin. There's a margin, where we can perturb the climate, and it will stay within habitable bounds. The problem and what makes this such a fragile moment is we're now sort of at the edge of that envelope of stability. And if we continue with business as usual, we continue to pollute the atmosphere with carbon pollution, we will leave that moment behind. We, will depart from the sort of climate upon which all of this societal infrastructure was built to support now a global population of more than 8 billion people. And that's the real threat today. Sean Sublette: All right, so we're going to take a quick break. We'll come back with a couple more key questions with Michael Mann on the across the sky podcast. Stay with us. Michael Mann talks about the chemistry that helps us reconstruct past climate Sean Sublette: And we're back with Dr. Michael Mann on the across the sky podcast. The new book is our fragile moment. It is a very deep dive, as they say, into paleo climatology, and why this particular moment in time is so crucial in the climate going forward. Mike, your expertise, obviously, is in paleo climates and all these things that we use geologically to reconstruct climate. A lot of us are familiar with the ice cores. also, these oxygen isotopes, those for the weather folks, are not quite as complicated. But, what I'd like to talk about a little bit, explain some of the chemistry that's involved, that help us tell us what the climate was like. When we look at ocean sediment cores, these are things that aren't classic atmospheric proxies, right? These are much more in the rocks, geological proxies, those stalagmites, stalactites, those kinds of things. Can you talk about what are we doing with these things in terms of chemistry that tell us what we need to know? Dr. Michael Mann: Yeah, so it's amazing. There are these paleothermometers, we sometimes, call them, and you think about ice, right? Ice is frozen water. That's h 20. And so there's an O in there. There's oxygen, atoms, in that ice. And it turns out that the ratio of heavy to light isotopes of oxygen there are two main stable isotopes of oxygen oxygen 16 and oxygen 18. And the ratio, of them is a function of, the temperature. And when you form precipitation, when you condense water vapor into a droplet, there is what we call fractionation, where the heavy and the light isotopes behave differently during that process. That's true for evaporation, it's true for condensation. And so if you think about what's going on an ice core, you're drilling down in the ice, and that ice got there because it snowed at some point. And that snow was condensation of water vapor in the atmosphere. And that water vapor originally came from the evaporation from the ocean surface. And so at each stage, we have what's called a fractionation, where you're getting some sort of separation between the behavior of oxygen 16 and oxygen 18. The bottom line is, because of that, we can say things about ancient sea level from oxygen isotopes in sediment cores. We can say something about temperature from oxygen isotopes in sediment cores. We can say something about temperature from ice in ice cores on land. And it isn't just oxygen. We can look at carbon isotopes because there's carbon twelve and carbon 13, two different stable isotopes of carbon. And that allows us, for example, to figure out, what happened with carbon dioxide, and what happened with ocean acidification, how much CO2 there was, dissolved in the ocean. In fact, if you really want to get into it, we can estimate the PH of the ocean from other isotopes, boron isotopes. And I'm not going to get into the chemistry of that. But the bottom line is there are all of these amazing we call them proxy data. It's almost like nature provided us a way to sort of solve this puzzle of what happened in distant past. Almost like we were given, clues. It's like, well, I'm going to give you these isotopes, and if you're smart, and if you figure out the chemistry and the physics, you will be able to figure out what happened to sea level, what happened to ocean temperatures, what happened to the amount of ice, what happened to the acidity of the ocean. All of these things that are very relevant to how carbon pollution is impacting our environment today. Matt Holiner: And Mike, I think we've reached a point now where everybody acknowledges that the climate is changing. It took us a long time to get here, but I think we've reached that point. But what people are pointing out now is that, as you're talking about with paleo climate, the Earth's climate has changed many times over the years, warming and cooling. So what makes the climate change that we're experiencing now unique compared to the past? Dr. Michael Mann: Yeah, it's a great question, because we can certainly find times in the distant past when carbon dioxide levels, greenhouse gas levels, carbon dioxide being the main sort of greenhouse, gas that varies over time. They were higher than they are today, and global temperatures were warmer than they are today. During the Early Cretaceous Period, dinosaurs were wandering the polar regions of the planet. There was no ice on, the face of the Earth. We've seen Earth go from ice covered to ice free. So we know there are times when it's been much colder than today. And there are times when it's been considerably warmer than today. So then the question is, all right, well, then what makes climate change such a problem? Because even if we warm the planet, with carbon pollution, we're not going to get up to those Early Cretaceous levels. Well, actually, if we tried really hard, we could. If we extracted every bit of fossil fuels we could find, we could do that. Why? Because all of that carbon that was in the atmosphere slowly got deposited beneath the surface of the Earth in what we today call fossil fuels, ancient carbon, organic carbon that got buried in soils or shells that fell to the bottom of the ocean. Carbon that was in the atmosphere, got buried beneath the surface of the planet and came down from those very high early Cretaceous levels, over 100 million years. Due to those natural processes, carbon dioxide levels came down. Well, what we're doing now is we're taking all that carbon that got buried over 100 million years beneath the surface and we're putting it back into the atmosphere, but we're doing it a million times faster. We're taking carbon that was buried over 100 million years and we're putting it back up in the atmosphere over 100 years. And so I sometimes say if I was going to write a slogan for this, it would be, it's the rate, stupid. We all remember, it's the economy, stupid. I think we're old enough some of us are old enough to remember that was sort of a political sort of logo. Well, it's the rate, stupid. Which is to say it's not so much how warm the planet is or, what the CO2 levels are. It's what climate are you adapted to and how rapidly are you moving away from that climate. Because we have developed this massive societal infrastructure over a 6000 year period. Civilization, I talk about sort of the origins of civilization in Mesopotamia, 6000 years was the first true civilization. And it turns out global temperatures were remarkably stable for six, seven, 8000 years during which we developed all of this infrastructure that supports eight plus billion people. And we are dependent on the stability of that climate and its ability to continue to support that infrastructure which we've created. And if we're rapidly changing the climate and moving out of that window of variability during which we created civilization, that's a real threat. If the warming exceeds our adaptive capacity and it exceeds the adaptive capacity of other living things, life has learned to adapt to, climate changes that take place over tens of millions of years. That's pretty easy. Adapting to climate changes of similar magnitude that take place over tens of years, that's much more difficult. And again, what makes it so fragile, such a fragile moment for us is that we have leveraged the number of people who can live on this planet, what we call the carrying capacity of the planet. We've probably leveraged it by a factor of ten. Through our technology, through our infrastructure. We can support eight plus billion people because we have all of this infrastructure, agricultural infrastructure, engineering. But it's fragile, right? Because if the planet warms dramatically and that infrastructure no longer remains viable, then we can no longer support that elevated carrying capacity. Then we revert to the natural carrying capacity of the planet, which is maybe a billion people. And you think about that. The planet without our infrastructure, without our technology, probably can't support more than a billion people. We've got more than 8 billion people. That's why we can't afford to destabilize the infrastructure that supports human civilization today. And that's what dramatic warming, that's what unmitigated climate change will do. How does studying Paleo climatology make you see our place in the universe? Joe Martucci: John said, I had the last question here, so I'll wrap up with this. how does studying Paleo climatology and maybe even writing this book make you see our space or our race as humans in this universe? Because a lot of what you're talking about, you said Fragile Rights, the name of the book. How do you see our place in the universe, given what you've studied over the decade? Dr. Michael Mann: Thanks. It's a great question. and it's something I get into a little bit. Have some fun. At one point, we do some thought experiments. Some thought experiments, like, what if in one of the chapters, which is on, an episode of rapid warming, and by rapid warming, we mean, like, over 10,000 or 20,000 years rapid on geological timescales. Nothing like what we're doing today. But there was this period of relatively rapid warming, about 56 million years ago. We call it the PETM. Stands for the Paleocene eocene thermal maximum. It just rolls right off the tongue. And it was this period during which there was a massive injection of carbon dioxide into the system. Obviously, there weren't SUVs, and there weren't coal fired power plants. This was a natural input of volcanism through unusually intense volcanic eruptions, centered in Iceland, that tapped into a very carbon rich reservoir and put a very large amount of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere over a relatively short period of time. And so it turns out that you can ask the question, can we rule out the possibility that there was an intelligent civilization back then that went on this massive fossil fuel burning spree and basically extinguished themselves? And my good friend Gavin Schmidt, who's the director of the NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies, has written a paper and has written some popular, essays about this idea because of the Silurian hypothesis. and it's basically imagine lizard people who existed 56 million. How can we rule out that that's what happened? And I grew up watching the land of the lost. And, Gavin, around the same time he was in Britain, and I think it was Dr who had a similar that's where the Silurian there were, like, these reptile beings, that basically destroyed their environment. And so it's a really interesting question. Can we rule that out? And in the process of trying to rule that out, it actually raises some really interesting questions about, what are the conditions for life? Do intelligent civilizations extinguish themselves naturally? this is sometimes called the Fermi paradox. it was something that Carl Sagan thought about if the universe is teeming. With life? How come we're not hearing from them? How come we're not getting radio signals? And it turns out you can look at all of the different how many planetary systems are there in the universe? You can sort of try to do the math and figure out how many intelligent civilizations you might expect there to be in the universe based on various assumptions. And it turns out the defining problem, all the uncertainty comes down to when intelligent civilizations emerge, how long do they persist for? Do they extinguish themselves? And that would be one explanation of Fermi's paradox. Obviously, it's very personal to us. We don't want to think that, we are on our own way to self caused extinction. So there's some deep questions there. When you look at Paleo Climate and you look at some of these past episodes, you can start to ask some larger questions that tap into these deeper philosophical questions about our place in the universe. is there life elsewhere in the universe? The thinking that you go through turns out to be very relevant to the thinking that you need to go through for, Know. And the punchline is, Adam. I'm going to draw a blank on his, so, he's a well known astrophysicist, and writes about the search for extraterrestrial life. Adam and I'm drawing a blank on his last name, which is very embarrassing. I'm, sure he'll watch this and be very upset at me. but, he actually came to Gavin because he was interested in the search for extraterrestrial life and asking some questions about climate change and climate change on other planets. and could that explain why we're not hearing from other civilizations? Because they cause climate change and they extinguish themselves. And, Adam Frank is his name, and he's a well known sort of, science communicator, astrophysics search for extraterrestrial, sort of continuing the legacy of Carl Sagan and the Planetary Society and the sorts of questions that they were asking. So he came to Gavin, who's a climate modeler, and know, I want to work on, know, figuring out if climate change could have been what caused these other potential civilizations elsewhere in the universe to extinguish themselves. And then Gavin says, how do we know that that didn't happen on Earth? And they go through this amazing sort of thought experiment, and it turns out it's hard at first blush to rule out that that's what happened. For example, the PETM. It takes quite a bit of work to convince yourself that it couldn't have been ancient lizard people that burned, fossil fuels. and so, yeah, so there's a lot you can learn from what are seemingly silly thought experiments that actually start to get at some pretty deep questions about us and our place in the universe. Sean Sublette: We know not all questions are silly. What plate tectonics has only been around for about 100 years or so. And everybody kind of thought, well, that was silly at the time. Dr. Michael Mann: Mike, we're going to stickers stop plate tectonics bumper stickers. Sean Sublette: Yeah, we're going to let you go. But, again, the book is our fragile moment. Social media is a mess nowadays, but where's the best place people can find you digitally and online? Dr. Michael Mann: Well, they can still find me on, what are we calling it this day? X. that's what it's called this week. But, I've sort of diversified. You can find me pretty much on all of the major social media platforms now. I'm still on Twitter. X, and, Instagram and mastodon and Blue, sky, and I'm forgetting threads. It's like, now we've got to be so diversified because we're no longer confident we can rely on the one that we were all relying on for so long. But, yeah, I'm out there and people can find me at WW Michaelman Net. So, yeah, it was great talking with you guys and I, hope to do so again. Sean Sublette: Mike, appreciate it so much. Take care. travel safely. Good luck promoting the book. and it's great. I mean, I've read it. It's just wonderful. And also, I will say this publicly. Thanks for the little shout out at the back, my friend. Dr. Michael Mann: Thank you, my friend. It was great talking with you guys. Sean Sublette: Those are some very deep answers, guys. where is our place in the universe and this concept of lizard people from 50 OD million years ago. and the things you will go down the road you will go down when you start doing these thought experiments. But for me, the importance here, I think what Mike said is the pace of the warming is without precedent. What we're doing is happening so fast, it is going to be difficult to adapt. Some things are going to adapt more easily than others. And that's why this moment in time is so particular. Yeah, it's been warmer in the past, but our civilization, which is increasingly global over these last 2000, 3000 years in particular, last couple of hundred years, where the population has just blossomed, really kind of dependent on the climate that we have out there now. Guys, what do you think? Joe, what did you kind of take away from? Joe Martucci: Well, you know, anytime we talk about our place in the really, I don't know, just really focused on the topic because it does make you think about in some ways, how small we are relative to everything. And not just even planet Earth and the spec of the universe, but also human life in the span of the Earth's long, long history. And like he also said a few minutes before that question, it's the rate of change of the warming that's unique. I say this a lot of times when I do public talks. I said, listen, yeah, we've been warmer than we've been before, we've been colder than we've been before. But barring like an asteroid or some cataclysmic event, this is the only time we're really changing at such a rate. and there's facts and forecasts, and then there's what to do or not to do about it. And that's where your beliefs come in. But there's no denying that the rate of change, a lot of this is significant and something we haven't seen really in the scope of human history. And beyond that, the Earth's history, again, minus the early millions, billion, two or four years, when the Earth was really trying to just get itself together, for lack of a better word. And in some of these asteroid or supervolcano events, it happened as well. Matt Holiner: I would say this was a humbling conversation, because also at the end, when he was talking about why haven't we encountered other intelligent life? And then the comment that stood out to me is like, maybe it has existed, but because of their actions, resulted in their own extinction, and are we headed down that path? And is that why we haven't encountered intelligent life? And then, the other comment that he made is when he was talking about carrying capacity, and now the Earth has a population of 8 billion. But you take out our technology, and what we could see if we continue on this path, if the climate continues. To the rate the change that it's. Matt Holiner: Experiencing now, that carrying capacity could drop to a billion. And then you think, you think about going from a population of 8 billion people to 1 billion, 7 billion people disappearing. That makes the hair stand your, arms and to think about could we result in our own extinction by our actions? And when you hear that, you want to say, let's not make that mistake, let's do something about this. Because again, the other comment was it's the rate stupid? And he talks about, yes, climate has changed in the past. And that's what some people keep coming out. It's like, well, what's the big deal if the climate has changed the past? We're just going through another cycle, but it's never changed at this pace and. Joe Martucci: We can't keep up. Matt Holiner: He also talked about the planet has taken care of itself. When the sun became stronger, the greenhouse effect decreased. And so there has been that the Earth has all these protections in place to kind of keep the climate in balance. But we're breaking that. We're breaking these natural protections. That's why he calls it our fragile moment. Because if we continue at this pace, the Earth isn't going to be able to heal itself. And so we have to take action to make sure we don't lose 7 billion people. So, again, we don't want to talk about the doomism. So it's a fine balance, though, because we absolutely have to take action, but know that we can take action. This is not hopeless. We still have time to fix this. Problem, so let's get on it. Sean Sublette: Yeah, as he says, there is urgency, but there is also agency. So I think that that's the quote that I like from him, most of all. So as we look to some other episodes coming down the pike, a little bit less heady. coming up next week, we've got Paul James of HGTV. We're going to look at the science of changing leaves. We are thick into, the fall right now, the leaves changing from north to south across the country, and we're also working in the background to bring you a broader winter forecast. We're still turning a couple of knobs on that, but we're working on that. I'll be talking to Neil degrasse Tyson in a few weeks. We'll bring that to the podcast. also I've talked to a couple of colleagues, the fifth national climate assessments coming out, and we're going to say, well, what does that mean and why should we care? We'll answer those questions. we've got one more, Joe. you've got somebody coming in from Ohio State, right? Joe Martucci: Yeah, we do. That's coming up in a couple of weeks. That's for your, November 6 episode. We're speaking with Dr. Lawrence Sutherland, and it's tips prepare older loved ones in case of natural disasters or extreme weather. I've covered this topic a, number of times for the press of Atlantic City, where I'm based out of shout out to everybody listening Jersey, but talking about, some of the challenges our senior citizens are having when there are these kind of extreme weather events. so that should be really good. I'm looking forward to that one, too. And that one comes out on November. Sean Sublette: So we have got a lot of good stuff in the pipeline in the weeks ahead, but for now, we're going to close up shop. So for Joe Martucci at the Jersey Shore. Matt Hollner in Chicagoland. I'm meteorologist Sean Subletz at the Richmond Times dispatch. We'll talk with you next time. Thanks for listening to the across the sky podcast.See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

In this episode of SpaceTime: 1. A new study predicts that humans and mammals may go extinct in 250 million years due to continental drift and the formation of the next supercontinent, Pangea Ultima. 2. Strange planet-like structures have been discovered in the Orion Nebula, as revealed by the James Webb Space Telescope. 3. Learn about the link between Snowball Earth and the evolution of complex life, with insights from recent research. In the Science Report: - Earth's near-surface permafrost may disappear by the turn of the century. - High blood pressure affects one in three people worldwide. - Archaeologists uncover evidence of the earliest use of wood for construction. - Alex on Tech discusses the new Pixel 8 and 8 Pro and raises concerns about the iPhone 15. For more space and science updates, subscribe to SpaceTime with Stuart Gary on your favorite podcast platform. Visit our website ( spacetimewithstuartgary.com ) for additional show links and support the podcast through our premium versions on Spotify, Apple Podcasts. Patreon and Supercast.This show is part of the Spreaker Prime Network, if you are interested in advertising on this podcast, contact us at https://www.spreaker.com/show/2458531/advertisement

https://www.patreon.com/BizarreConspiracies if you want to help support the show for just one dollar a month head other to our patreon, you get bonus episodes and early access to new shows! Email us, bizarreconspiracies@gmail.com Intro Music by Karl Casey @ White Bat Audio --- Send in a voice message: https://podcasters.spotify.com/pod/show/bizarre-conspiracies/message Support this podcast: https://podcasters.spotify.com/pod/show/bizarre-conspiracies/support

SpaceTime Series 26 Episode 46 *This week's Australian Total Solar Eclipse Sky watchers from around the world are making their way to the outback Western Australian township of Ningaloo on north west cape for one of the most spectacular events on the astronomical calendar – a total eclipse of the Sun. *Snowball Earth might have been slush ball At least five ice ages have befallen Earth, including one 635 million years ago that was thought to have created glaciers from pole to pole. *Discovery of a nearby binary brown dwarf system Astronomers have discovered the first ever binary star system comprising two brown dwarfs. *The Science Report New warnings about the link between air pollution and lung cancer. As well as links between air pollution and dementia Antarctic breeding sites being decimated. Skeptics guide to Chinese spy balloons This week's talent includes: Dr Toner Stevenson honorary History affiliate at the University of Sydney And our regular guests: Alex Zaharov-Reutt from iTWire.com Tim Mendham from Australian Skeptics Jonathan Nally the editor of Australian Sky and Telescope Magazine Listen to SpaceTime on your favorite podcast app with our universal listen link: https://spacetimewithstuartgary.com/listen For more SpaceTime and show links: https://linktr.ee/biteszHQ If you love this podcast, please get someone else to listen to. Thank you… For more podcasts visit our HQ at https://bitesz.com Your support is needed... SpaceTime is an independently produced podcast (we are not funded by any government grants, big organisations or companies), and we're working towards becoming a completely listener supported show...meaning we can do away with the commercials and sponsors. We figure the time can be much better spent on researching and producing stories for you, rather than having to chase sponsors to help us pay the bills. That's where you come in....help us reach our first 1,000 subscribers...at that level the show becomes financially viable, and bills can be paid without us breaking into a sweat every month. Every little bit helps...even if you could contribute just $1 per month. It all adds up. By signing up and becoming a supporter at the $5 or more level, you get immediate access to over 350 commercial-free, triple episode editions of SpaceTime plus extended interview bonus content. You also receive all new episodes on a Monday rather than having to wait the week out. Subscribe via Supercast (you get a month's free trial to see if it's really for you or not) ... and share in the rewards. Details at Supercast - https://bitesznetwork.supercast.tech/ Details at https://spacetimewithstuartgary.com or www.bitesz.com

In the early 20th century, a meteorologist named Alfred Wegener noticed striking similarities between the coasts of Africa and South America. These observations led him to propose a controversial new theory: perhaps these and many other continents had once been connected in a single, gigantic landmass. Wegener's Theory of Continental Drift directly contradicted the popular opinion that Earth's continents had remained steady for millennia, and it took almost 50 years for his advocates to convince the larger scientific community. But today, we know something even more exciting— Pangea was only the latest in a long lineage of supercontinents, and it won't be the last.20 世纪初，一位名叫阿尔弗雷德·韦格纳 (Alfred Wegener) 的气象学家注意到非洲和南美洲海岸之间惊人的相似之处。这些观察使他提出了一个有争议的新理论：也许这些大陆和许多其他大陆曾经连接在一个巨大的大陆上。韦格纳的大陆漂移理论直接与地球大陆几千年来保持稳定的流行观点相矛盾，他的支持者花了将近 50 年的时间才说服更大的科学界。但是今天，我们知道了一些更令人兴奋的事情——盘古大陆只是一长串超级大陆中最新的一个，而且不会是最后一个。Continental Drift laid the foundation for our modern theory of plate tectonics, which states that Earth's crust is made of vast, jagged plates that shift over a layer of partially molten rock called the mantle. These plates only move at rates of around 2.5 to 10 centimeters per year, but those incremental movements shape the planet's surface. So to determine when a new supercontinent will emerge, we need to predict where these plates are headed.大陆漂移为我们的现代板块构造理论奠定了基础，该理论指出地壳由巨大的锯齿状板块组成，这些板块在称为地幔的部分熔融岩石层上方移动。这些板块每年仅以约 2.5 至 10 厘米的速度移动，但这些增量运动塑造了地球表面。因此，要确定新的超大陆何时出现，我们需要预测这些板块的走向。One approach here is to look at how they've moved in the past. Geologists can trace the position of continents over time by measuring changes in Earth's magnetic field. When molten rock cools, its magnetic minerals are “frozen” at a specific point in time. So by calculating the direction and intensity of a given rock's magnetic field, we can discover the latitude at which it was located at the time of cooling. But this approach has serious limitations. For one thing, a rock's magnetic field doesn't tell us the plate's longitude, and the latitude measurement could be either north or south. Worse still, this magnetic data gets erased when the rock is reheated, like during continental collisions or volcanic activity. So geologists need to employ other methods to reconstruct the continents' positions. Dating local fossils and comparing them to the global fossil record can help identifying previously connected regions. The same is true of cracks and other deformations in the Earth's crust, which can sometimes be traced across plates.这里的一种方法是查看它们过去的移动方式。地质学家可以通过测量地球磁场的变化来追踪大陆随时间的位置。当熔岩冷却时，其磁性矿物会在特定时间点“冻结”。因此，通过计算给定岩石磁场的方向和强度，我们可以发现它在冷却时所处的纬度。但这种方法有严重的局限性。一方面，岩石的磁场并不能告诉我们板块的经度，纬度测量值可能是北也可能是南。更糟糕的是，当岩石被重新加热时，这些磁性数据会被删除，比如在大陆碰撞或火山活动期间。因此，地质学家需要采用其他方法来重建大陆的位置。确定当地化石的年代并将它们与全球化石记录进行比较可以帮助识别以前连接的区域。地壳中的裂缝和其他变形也是如此，有时可以跨越板块追踪。Using these tools, scientists have pieced together a relatively reliable history of plate movements, and their research revealed a pattern spanning hundreds of millions of years. What's now known as the Wilson Cycle predicts how continents diverge and reassemble. And it currently predicts the next supercontinent will form 50 to 250 million years from now. We don't have much certainty on what that landmass will look like. It could be a new Pangea that emerges from the closing of the Atlantic. Or it might result from the formation of a new Pan-Asian ocean. But while its shape and size remain a mystery, we do know these changes will impact much more than our national borders.使用这些工具，科学家们拼凑出了相对可靠的板块运动历史，他们的研究揭示了一种跨越数亿年的模式。现在被称为威尔逊循环的东西预测了大陆是如何分开和重新组合的。它目前预测下一个超级大陆将在 50 到 2.5 亿年后形成。我们不太确定那块大陆会是什么样子。它可能是大西洋关闭后出现的新盘古大陆。或者它可能是新泛亚洋形成的结果。但是，尽管它的形状和大小仍然是个谜，但我们知道这些变化的影响将远远超过我们的国界。In the past, colliding plates have caused major environmental upheavals. When the Rodinia supercontinent broke up circa 750 million years ago, it left large landmasses vulnerable to weathering. This newly exposed rock absorbed more carbon dioxide from rainfall, eventually removing so much atmospheric CO2 that the planet was plunged into a period called Snowball Earth. Over time, volcanic activity released enough CO2 to melt this ice, but that process took another 4 to 6 million years. Meanwhile, when the next supercontinent assembles, it's more likely to heat things up. Shifting plates and continental collisions could create and enlarge cracks in the Earth's crust, potentially releasing huge amounts of carbon and methane into the atmosphere. This influx of greenhouse gases would rapidly heat the planet, possibly triggering a mass extinction. The sheer scale of these cracks would make them almost impossible to plug, and even if we could, the resulting pressure would just create new ruptures.过去，板块碰撞曾造成重大的环境剧变。大约 7.5 亿年前，当罗迪尼亚超级大陆分裂时，大片大陆容易受到风化作用的影响。这块新暴露的岩石从降雨中吸收了更多的二氧化碳，最终去除了如此多的大气中的二氧化碳，以至于地球陷入了一个被称为雪球地球的时期。随着时间的推移，火山活动释放出足够的二氧化碳来融化这些冰，但这个过程又需要 4 到 600 万年。同时，当下一个超级大陆聚集时，它更有可能使事情升温。移动的板块和大陆碰撞可能会在地壳中产生和扩大裂缝，可能会向大气中释放大量的碳和甲烷。温室气体的涌入将迅速加热地球，可能引发大规模灭绝。这些裂缝的巨大规模使它们几乎不可能被堵塞，即使我们可以，由此产生的压力只会造成新的破裂。Fortunately, we have at least 50 million years to come up with a solution here, and we might already be onto something. In Iceland, recently conducted trials were able to store carbon in basalt, rapidly transforming these gases into stone. So it's possible a global network of pipes could redirect vented gases into basalt outcrops, mitigating some of our emissions now and protecting our supercontinental future.幸运的是，我们至少有 5000 万年的时间来找到解决方案，而且我们可能已经有所作为。在冰岛，最近进行的试验能够将碳储存在玄武岩中，迅速将这些气体转化为石头。因此，全球管道网络有可能将排出的气体重新定向到玄武岩露头，从而减少我们现在的一些排放并保护我们超大陆的未来。

Freaky space monsters, a crash-landing on a frozen planet, and advice from a robot on how to make friends. What more do you need, really? This effervescent and  Evangelion-inspired debut from Yuhiro Tsujitsugu is a chaotic blend of elements that just barely hangs together, and yet somehow, it works!Get in touch with us!Email: mangaroospodcast@gmail.comEverywhere else: @mangaroos

Snowball Earth

This is Episode 15 of This Is Islay, a volunteer-led podcast celebrating the people, places, events and connections of Islay and Jura. This episode is hosted by Jolyon Thurgood and Glen Roberts, and production was led by Tom O'Farrell . Thanks to the Port Charlotte Hotel for hosting our Rhinns recording studio. The goal of This Is Islay is to use podcasting to foster community involvement, education and training, providing resources and facilities to research, produce and promote content for a worldwide audience. We collaborate with Islay High School through the support of their staff and access to their recording facilities, and are working closely with MYFOS to involve the young people of Islay in digital media and podcasting. We invite you to provide feedback, ideas, or even join our podcasting team. Find us at https://anchor.fm/thisisislay and at our website https://www.thisisislay.co.uk . Let us know what you enjoyed and what you would like to hear next month. Contact us by e-mail: thisisislay@gmail.com and follow us on Twitter @thisisislay, on Facebook @thisisislay and Instagram @thisisislaypodcast. More about this podcast: We hear from Professor Alasdair Skelton of Stockholm University, a regular visitor to Islay, who tells us about Snowball Earth, his most recent visit to Islay, and his attendance at COP26 in Glasgow in November 2021, all in conversation with Glen Roberts. We also welcome Mr Iain Beggs, Gaelic teacher at Islay High School, chatting to his Gaelic students about their award-winning short film “Easga Bhuidhe na Feidh”, which won the Best Film (Learners) award this year as part of the FilmG competition. For more information about FilmG, please visit filmg.co.uk . To view the winning short film, visit https://youtu.be/oARMiRNVzyQor https://www.filmg.co.uk/filmichean/easga-bhuidhe-na-feidh/?lang=en Our theme music is '£50 Cashback' from The Fraser Shaw Trust. Keep up to date on Islay Sessions and the work of the Trust in support of the relief of multiple sclerosis at https://frasershawtrust.com . rbav6js5

Terre boule de glace, volcanisme hyperactif ou période du Sahara Vert : au cours des derniers milliards d'années, et jusqu'il y a quelques millénaires, la Terre a connu des climats très différents de ceux d'aujourd'hui, des périodes essentielles à comprendre pour anticiper les changements climatiques. D'où cette question : quels furent les climats de notre planète ? Pour y répondre nous recevons Gilles Ramstein, paléoclimatologue, directeur de recherches au Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA) et auteur de Voyage à travers les climats de la Terre.  Interview réalisée par Maxime Thuillez Suivre le Greenletter Club :

The rings of the Aïr Mountains in Niger could be the result of impacts by fragments of a comet that disintegrated entering the Earth's atmosphere and triggered the Cryogenian Period known as Snowball Earth.

Gavin teaches Mike about that time the earth was a snowball. Or, and hear me out here, a slushball. Follow us on Twitter Subscribe on YouTube Topic form Guest Form Gavin's Blog Leave us an audio message Sources: Snowball Earth WikiPedia Page Fully Frozen Hypothesis Supporter Interview More Slushy Hypothesis Support Entire Website About Snowball Earth YouTube Video That Does This Better And Shorter

We're all familiar with the idea of ice ages during which the polar ice caps advance to cover significant portions of their respective hemispheres, and then, after a period of tens to hundreds of thousands of years, retreat back to the polar regions. But now we believe that twice during the Earth's history, the ice advanced all the way to the equator, almost completely blanketing the Earth with a sheet of ice several kilometers thick. This is the Snowball Earth hypothesis. In the podcast Paul Hoffman explains the mechanisms that could have brought about a snowball Earth, and describes the extensive evidence that has now been amassed in support of two such periods in the Neoproterozoic, about 720 and 650 million years ago. Paul Hoffman is Emeritus Professor of Geology at Harvard University. His research on the sedimentary rocks of Namibia, and that of his students in North America, Arctic Europe, and Mongolia, uncovered compelling evidence of glaciation near the equator about 650 million years ago in the Neoproterozoic. More than anyone else, he is responsible for synthesizing the evidence in the geological record to develop a persuasive case for a Snowball Earth. For illustrations that support this podcast and to learn more about Geology Bites, go to geologybites.com.

An Earth covered in ice might sound far-fetched, but there's reason to think it has actually happened in the past – more than once. In this episode, we examine the Snowball Earth hypothesis and the geologic evidence and climate models that back it up, as well as some of the major lingering questions: Just how snowy is the snowball? How could this start? How could it end? And how did life fare on a frozen planet? In the news: ancient tardigrades, meat-eating sloths, shark communities, and relict mangroves. Time markers: Intro & Announcements: 00:00:00 News: 00:04:30 Main discussion, Part 1: 00:32:30 Main discussion, Part 2: 01:02:00 Patron question: 01:44:00 Check out our blog for bonus info and pictures: http://commondescentpodcast.wordpress.com/ Join us on Patreon to support the podcast and enjoy bonus content! https://www.patreon.com/commondescentpodcast  Or make a one-time donation via PayPal: https://tinyurl.com/4c68u4hp Find merch at the Common Descent Store! http://zazzle.com/common_descent Follow and Support us on: Twitter: https://twitter.com/CommonDescentPC Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/commondescentpodcast Instagram: @commondescentpodcast YouTube: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCePRXHEnZmTGum2r1l2mduw PodBean: https://commondescentpodcast.podbean.com/ iTunes: https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/the-common-descent-podcast/id1207586509?mt=2 The Intro and Outro music is “On the Origin of Species” by Protodome. More music like this at http://ocremix.org. Musical Interludes are "Professor Umlaut" by Kevin MacLeod (incompetech.com). Licensed under Creative Commons: By Attribution 3.0 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/

Learn about non-human animals that say hello and goodbye; life on Snowball Earth; and how to learn skills twice as fast. Apes use their own form of hello and goodbye, the first time we've seen that in non-human animals by Steffie Drucker  Heesen, R., Bangerter, A., Zuberbühler, K., Iglesias, K., Neumann, C., Pajot, A., Perrenoud, L., Guéry, J.-P., Rossano, F., & Genty, E. (2021). Assessing joint commitment as a process in great apes. IScience, 102872. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.isci.2021.102872  Like humans, apes communicate to start and end social interactions. (2021, August 11). EurekAlert! https://www.eurekalert.org/news-releases/924594  ‌Schultz, I. (2021, August 11). Bonobos Appear to Say “Hello” and “Goodbye” to Each Other. Gizmodo; Gizmodo. https://gizmodo.com/bonobos-appear-to-say-hello-and-goodbye-to-each-other-1847464864  Conor Feehly. (2021). Apes Have Been Observed Starting And Ending Interactions Just Like Humans Do. ScienceAlert. https://www.sciencealert.com/apes-observed-using-purposeful-signals-to-start-and-end-interactions  Life survived on "Snowball Earth" despite the ice; a new study says Earth's orbit explains why by Briana Brownell Changes in Earth's orbit enabled the emergence of complex life. (2021). EurekAlert! https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2021-07/uos-cie070721.php  ‌Mitchell, R. N., Gernon, T. M., Cox, G. M., Nordsvan, A. R., Kirscher, U., Xuan, C., Liu, Y., Liu, X., & He, X. (2021). Orbital forcing of ice sheets during snowball Earth. Nature Communications, 12(1). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-021-24439-4  Buis, NASA's, A. (2021, February 24). Milankovitch (Orbital) Cycles and Their Role in Earth's Climate. Climate Change: Vital Signs of the Planet. https://climate.nasa.gov/news/2948/milankovitch-orbital-cycles-and-their-role-in-earths-climate/  Scientists Found a Technique That Can Help You Learn Skills Twice as Fast by Joanie Faletto first aired April 26, 2018 https://omny.fm/shows/curiosity-daily/freezer-burn-science-a-giant-flying-reptile-and-ho  Follow Curiosity Daily on your favorite podcast app to learn something new every day withCody Gough andAshley Hamer. Still curious? Get exclusive science shows, nature documentaries, and more real-life entertainment on discovery+! Go to https://discoveryplus.com/curiosity to start your 7-day free trial. discovery+ is currently only available for US subscribers. See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

University of Chicago associate professor Dorian Abbot chats about his research on the controversial Snowball Earth Hypothesis.  That is, the idea that at least twice in Earth's geological past, our planet was basically a glacial ball of ice and snow.  Abbot says it likely happened some 2 billion years ago and again some 600 to 800 million years ago.   There's evidence for at least four such snowball events that likely persisted for tens of millions of years.  

The Flannelcasters talk about the snowball Earth hypothesis, where the Earth froze over several times at the end of Precambrian time.

Join Conley, Dr. Sean Graham, Dr. Anirban Bhattacharjee and Dr. Thomas Shiller as they answer questions from listeners about the NASA program, Snowball Earth and the Moon!

Katie gathers some of our favorite stories about a dancing parrot named Snowball, the time known as Snowball Earth, and a unique chemical property of limoncello

Dr Ashleigh Hood's career in geology started as a child. “When I was just a kid, my grandpa used to take me on walks. I'd find rocks and put them in people's letterboxes, so that was the start of my love affair with geology,” says Dr Hood. She now searches the globe for ancient reefs, looking for ancient life forms and information about animal evolution. No longer in the oceans, these 500 million-year-old reefs are preserved high in mountains across Canada, Namibia and Australia. “Earth's history spans back about 4.5 billion years, so these tiny little slivers of rock record one snapshot of time, Dr Hood says. “Our work addresses one of the most fundamental questions in science and that's how did we get here? This is, of course, a very big question.” “For example, these reefs formed during a time called Snowball Earth, which is when the Earth froze over almost completely, twice. This is our most severe climate change in Earth's history and so right in the middle of this big ice age we see these huge tropical reefs grow,” Dr Hood says. “We know, for example, that animals potentially survived this climate change and so can use examples like this to better understand how we're going to go with climate change in the future.” Episode recorded: December 4, 2019. Interviewer: Dr Andi Horvath. Producer, audio engineer and editor: Chris Hatzis. Co-production: Silvi Vann-Wall and Dr Andi Horvath. Banner image: Getty Images.

Dr Ashleigh Hood’s career in geology started as a child.“When I was just a kid, my grandpa used to take me on walks. I’d find rocks and put them in people’s letterboxes, so that was the start of my love affair with geology,” says Dr Hood.She now searches the globe for ancient reefs, looking for ancient life forms and information about animal evolution. No longer in the oceans, these 500 million-year-old reefs are preserved high in mountains across Canada, Namibia and Australia.“Earth’s history spans back about 4.5 billion years, so these tiny little slivers of rock record one snapshot of time, Dr Hood says. “Our work addresses one of the most fundamental questions in science and that’s how did we get here? This is, of course, a very big question.”“For example, these reefs formed during a time called Snowball Earth, which is when the Earth froze over almost completely, twice. This is our most severe climate change in Earth’s history and so right in the middle of this big ice age we see these huge tropical reefs grow,” Dr Hood says.“We know, for example, that animals potentially survived this climate change and so can use examples like this to better understand how we’re going to go with climate change in the future.”Episode recorded: December 4, 2019.Interviewer: Dr Andi Horvath.Producer, audio engineer and editor: Chris Hatzis.Co-production: Silvi Vann-Wall and Dr Andi Horvath.Banner image: Getty Images.

News Items: Oldest Crater and Snowball Earth, The Broomstick Challenge, Hypoallergenic Cats, Betelgeuse, Supernova, and Neutrinos, Genetics of Dating; Science or Fiction

News Items: Oldest Crater and Snowball Earth, The Broomstick Challenge, Hypoallergenic Cats, Betelgeuse, Supernova, and Neutrinos, Genetics of Dating; Science or Fiction

What can bacteria from an iron ore rich lake tell us about life on early earth? Have scientists finally solved a Carl Sagan paradox about life on early earth? When the earth was young, so was the sun, and that meant less light and heat. How did early life on earth survive if there was not enough sunlight to keep it warm? How did iron ore eating and secreting bacteria help lead to widespread life on our planet? How did micro organisms get enough oxygen to survive when the entire planet was frozen over? What can iron ore deposits tell us about life surviving when the entire planet was frozen over? Can life survive on a meteorite, the answer is surprising. How can a microbe be more suited to life on a meteorite than on earth? Katharine J. Thompson, Paul A. Kenward, Kohen W. Bauer, Tyler Warchola, Tina Gauger, Raul Martinez, Rachel L. Simister, Céline C. Michiels, Marc Llirós, Christopher T. Reinhard, Andreas Kappler, Kurt O. Konhauser, Sean A. Crowe. Photoferrotrophy, deposition of banded iron formations, and methane production in Archean oceans. Science Advances, 2019; 5 (11): eaav2869 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aav2869 Maxwell A. Lechte, Malcolm W. Wallace, Ashleigh van Smeerdijk Hood, Weiqiang Li, Ganqing Jiang, Galen P. Halverson, Dan Asael, Stephanie L. McColl, Noah J. Planavsky. Subglacial meltwater supported aerobic marine habitats during Snowball Earth. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 2019; 201909165 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1909165116 Tetyana Milojevic, Denise Kölbl, Ludovic Ferrière, Mihaela Albu, Adrienne Kish, Roberta L. Flemming, Christian Koeberl, Amir Blazevic, Ziga Zebec, Simon K.-M. R. Rittmann, Christa Schleper, Marc Pignitter, Veronika Somoza, Mario P. Schimak, Alexandra N. Rupert. Exploring the microbial biotransformation of extraterrestrial material on nanometer scale. Scientific Reports, 2019; 9 (1) DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-54482-7

Nicole interviews David Gonzalez about mercury exposure in the Amazon rainforest, Kristen tells us how bacteria disguise themselves in our body, and Courtney teaches us about Snowball Earth.

In this episode I touch on the highlights of your development from a single celled organism to becoming a mammal including the invention of sex, becoming a multicelled organism, moving out of the ocean to wetlands then dry land, the invention of legs, and the displacement of the dinosaurs, with a brief stop to talk about extinction events. All with time for a little banjo break or two.

This episode is dedicated to one of the biggest scientific mysteries of the modern world: how living things came to be. The chemistry of life is examined and various hypotheses are discussed. Evolution by natural selection is explained, and the history of the world - from 4.03 billion to 541 million years ago - continues, covering the rise of multicellular life, Snowball Earth, and the first animals.Transcript: https://riverofhistory.tumblr.com/post/182173306141/episode-3-the-origin-of-lifeLinks and Referenced Mentioned:Geologic Time Scale: http://www.stratigraphy.org/ICSchart/ChronostratChart2018-08.jpg Richard Fortey quote: Life: A Natural History of the First Four Billion Years of Life on Earth. Richard Fortey, Vintage Books (1997)RNA experiment: https://www.pnas.org/content/early/2016/08/10/1610103113 Quebec Putative Micro-Fossils: http://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/112179/ August 2018 Genetic Study: https://www.nature.com/articles/s41559-018-0644-x

This episode is dedicated to one of the biggest scientific mysteries of the modern world: how living things came to be. The chemistry of life is examined and various hypotheses are discussed. Evolution by natural selection is explained, and the history of the world - from 4.03 billion to 541 million years ago - continues, covering the rise of multicellular life, Snowball Earth, and the first animals.Transcript: https://riverofhistory.tumblr.com/post/182173306141/episode-3-the-origin-of-lifeLinks and Referenced Mentioned:Geologic Time Scale: http://www.stratigraphy.org/ICSchart/ChronostratChart2018-08.jpg Richard Fortey quote: Life: A Natural History of the First Four Billion Years of Life on Earth. Richard Fortey, Vintage Books (1997)RNA experiment: https://www.pnas.org/content/early/2016/08/10/1610103113 Quebec Putative Micro-Fossils: http://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/112179/ August 2018 Genetic Study: https://www.nature.com/articles/s41559-018-0644-x

This episode is dedicated to one of the biggest scientific mysteries of the modern world: how living things came to be. The chemistry of life is examined and various hypotheses are discussed. Evolution by natural selection is explained, and the history of the world - from 4.03 billion to 541 million years ago - continues, covering the rise of multicellular life, Snowball Earth, and the first animals.Transcript: https://riverofhistory.tumblr.com/post/182173306141/episode-3-the-origin-of-lifeLinks and Referenced Mentioned:Geologic Time Scale: http://www.stratigraphy.org/ICSchart/ChronostratChart2018-08.jpg Richard Fortey quote: Life: A Natural History of the First Four Billion Years of Life on Earth. Richard Fortey, Vintage Books (1997)RNA experiment: https://www.pnas.org/content/early/2016/08/10/1610103113 Quebec Putative Micro-Fossils: http://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/112179/ August 2018 Genetic Study: https://www.nature.com/articles/s41559-018-0644-x

This episode is dedicated to one of the biggest scientific mysteries of the modern world: how living things came to be. The chemistry of life is examined and various hypotheses are discussed. Evolution by natural selection is explained, and the history of the world - from 4.03 billion to 541 million years ago - continues, covering the rise of multicellular life, Snowball Earth, and the first animals.Transcript: https://riverofhistory.tumblr.com/post/182173306141/episode-3-the-origin-of-lifeLinks and Referenced Mentioned:Geologic Time Scale: http://www.stratigraphy.org/ICSchart/ChronostratChart2018-08.jpg Richard Fortey quote: Life: A Natural History of the First Four Billion Years of Life on Earth. Richard Fortey, Vintage Books (1997)RNA experiment: https://www.pnas.org/content/early/2016/08/10/1610103113 Quebec Putative Micro-Fossils: http://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/112179/ August 2018 Genetic Study: https://www.nature.com/articles/s41559-018-0644-x

This episode is dedicated to one of the biggest scientific mysteries of the modern world: how living things came to be. The chemistry of life is examined and various hypotheses are discussed. Evolution by natural selection is explained, and the history of the world - from 4.03 billion to 541 million years ago - continues, covering the rise of multicellular life, Snowball Earth, and the first animals.Transcript: https://riverofhistory.tumblr.com/post/182173306141/episode-3-the-origin-of-lifeLinks and Referenced Mentioned:Geologic Time Scale: http://www.stratigraphy.org/ICSchart/ChronostratChart2018-08.jpg Richard Fortey quote: Life: A Natural History of the First Four Billion Years of Life on Earth. Richard Fortey, Vintage Books (1997)RNA experiment: https://www.pnas.org/content/early/2016/08/10/1610103113 Quebec Putative Micro-Fossils: http://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/112179/ August 2018 Genetic Study: https://www.nature.com/articles/s41559-018-0644-x

This episode is dedicated to one of the biggest scientific mysteries of the modern world: how living things came to be. The chemistry of life is examined and various hypotheses are discussed. Evolution by natural selection is explained, and the history of the world - from 4.03 billion to 541 million years ago - continues, covering the rise of multicellular life, Snowball Earth, and the first animals.Transcript: https://riverofhistory.tumblr.com/post/182173306141/episode-3-the-origin-of-lifeLinks and Referenced Mentioned:Geologic Time Scale: http://www.stratigraphy.org/ICSchart/ChronostratChart2018-08.jpg Richard Fortey quote: Life: A Natural History of the First Four Billion Years of Life on Earth. Richard Fortey, Vintage Books (1997)RNA experiment: https://www.pnas.org/content/early/2016/08/10/1610103113 Quebec Putative Micro-Fossils: http://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/112179/ August 2018 Genetic Study: https://www.nature.com/articles/s41559-018-0644-x

This episode is dedicated to one of the biggest scientific mysteries of the modern world: how living things came to be. The chemistry of life is examined and various hypotheses are discussed. Evolution by natural selection is explained, and the history of the world - from 4.03 billion to 541 million years ago - continues, covering the rise of multicellular life, Snowball Earth, and the first animals.Transcript: https://riverofhistory.tumblr.com/post/182173306141/episode-3-the-origin-of-lifeLinks and Referenced Mentioned:Geologic Time Scale: http://www.stratigraphy.org/ICSchart/ChronostratChart2018-08.jpg Richard Fortey quote: Life: A Natural History of the First Four Billion Years of Life on Earth. Richard Fortey, Vintage Books (1997)RNA experiment: https://www.pnas.org/content/early/2016/08/10/1610103113 Quebec Putative Micro-Fossils: http://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/112179/ August 2018 Genetic Study: https://www.nature.com/articles/s41559-018-0644-x

This episode is dedicated to one of the biggest scientific mysteries of the modern world: how living things came to be. The chemistry of life is examined and various hypotheses are discussed. Evolution by natural selection is explained, and the history of the world - from 4.03 billion to 541 million years ago - continues, covering the rise of multicellular life, Snowball Earth, and the first animals.Transcript: https://riverofhistory.tumblr.com/post/182173306141/episode-3-the-origin-of-lifeLinks and Referenced Mentioned:Geologic Time Scale: http://www.stratigraphy.org/ICSchart/ChronostratChart2018-08.jpg Richard Fortey quote: Life: A Natural History of the First Four Billion Years of Life on Earth. Richard Fortey, Vintage Books (1997)RNA experiment: https://www.pnas.org/content/early/2016/08/10/1610103113 Quebec Putative Micro-Fossils: http://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/112179/ August 2018 Genetic Study: https://www.nature.com/articles/s41559-018-0644-x

This week it’s all about snowball Earth, how we got there, how we got back. Snowball Earth Albedo Fun Paper Friday Small dinosaurs making tools in the lab! Gizmodo Article Auersperg, A. M. I., et al. “Tool making cockatoos adjust the lengths but not the widths of their tools to function.” PloS one 13.11 (2018): e0205429. Contact us: Show - Support us on Patreon! - www.dontpanicgeocast.com - SWUNG Slack - @dontpanicgeo - show@dontpanicgeocast.com John Leeman - www.johnrleeman.com - @geo_leeman Shannon Dulin - @ShannonDulin  

Presented by Prof. Patricia Vickers-Rich on Friday 7 July 2017.We have been plotting the history of life around the world and climate over more than 1 billion years. Tonight we will zero in on a time when the Earth's first animals came into the picture - at a time when the planet was in the grips of a massive glaciation, Snowball Earth - which is likely better named Slushball Earth.

Presented by Prof. Patricia Vickers-Rich on Friday 7 July 2017.We have been plotting the history of life around the world and climate over more than 1 billion years. Tonight we will zero in on a time when the Earth's first animals came into the picture - at a time when the planet was in the grips of a massive glaciation, Snowball Earth - which is likely better named Slushball Earth.

Snowball Earth

Geology teaches us a story. A story of epic proportions and events that has led to this moment, this day, this life. As the season swings to cold and winter comes back for the fun it is time to appreciate what we have. We have a planet that has changed again and again, over and over, for billions of years. Take a second to appreciate this winter because there have been many in the past. Each winter played a role and acted as a chapter in the story of how we got to today. A long time ago there was a series of events that took place which tipped the Earth into cold chaos. Snowball Earth is a theory that describes a time where our whole planet was covered in ice over a mile deep. Imagine a world cold as the Arctic as the equator and then reflect on how this winter is not so bad. Then get out there and play a snow sport since life is short. Click to view: show page on Awesound

This video was supported by the Heising-Simons Foundation. To learn more, visit https://www.heisingsimons.org/ Thanks also to our supporters on https://www.patreon.com/MinuteEarth : - Today I Found Out - Maarten Bremer - Jeff Straathof - Mark Roth - Tony Fadell - Muhammad Shifaz - Melissa Vigil - Alberto Bortoni - Valentin ___________________________________________ Credits (and Twitter handles): Script Writer: Emily Elert (@eelert) Script Editor: Rachel Becker (@RA_Becks) Video Illustrator: Ever Salazar (@eversalazar) Video Director: Emily Elert (@eelert) Video Narrator: Emily Elert (@eelert) With Contributions From: Henry Reich, Alex Reich, Kate Yoshida, Omkar Bhagat, Peter Reich, David Goldenberg Music by: Nathaniel Schroeder: http://www.soundcloud.com/drschroeder _________________________________________ Like our videos? Subscribe to MinuteEarth on YouTube: http://goo.gl/EpIDGd Get early, exclusive access to our videos on Vessel: https://goo.gl/hgD1iJ Support us on Patreon: https://goo.gl/ZVgLQZ Also, say hello on: Facebook: http://goo.gl/FpAvo6 Twitter: http://goo.gl/Y1aWVC And find us on itunes: https://goo.gl/sfwS6n ___________________________________________ If you liked this week’s video, we think you might also like this: Fantastic Aurora: Inside the Sun to Earth's Poles https://youtu.be/N5utQxtma2U?t=3m1s FYI: We try to leave jargon out of our videos, but if you want to learn more about this topic, here are some handy keywords to get your googling started: Abiogenesis – the process of life arising from non-living matter, such as simple organic compounds. Amino Acids – a class of organic compounds. Twenty of the roughly 500 known amino acids appear in the genetic code, and, when strung together into long chains, form the basic building blocks of proteins. Faint Young Sun Paradox – describes the apparent contradiction between evidence for a warm ancient Earth, and stellar models, which predict that the young Sun was 25% dimmer than today's Sun. First described by Carl Sagan and George Mullen in 1972. The Miller–Urey experiment – a landmark experiment in the 1950s in which scientists demonstrated that amino acids could form spontaneously from inorganic gases present in Earth's early atmosphere Snowball Earth – a climatic state of Earth in which the entire surface becomes frozen over. Molecules featured in this video: - Carbon dioxide (CO2) - Methane (CH4) - Nitrous oxide (N20) - Hydrogen cyanide (HCN) - Amino acids (especifically threonine, valine, cysteine and methionine) - Adenine (C5H5N5) - Glycine (C2H5NO2) ___________________________________________ References: Airapetian, V. S., Glocer, A., Gronoff, G., Hébrard, E., & Danchi, W. (2016). Prebiotic chemistry and atmospheric warming of early Earth by an active young Sun. Nature Geoscience Nature Geosci, 9(6), 452-455. doi:10.1038/ngeo2719 Earth's changeable atmosphere. (2016). Nature Geoscience Nature Geosci, 9(6), 409-409. doi:10.1038/ngeo2735 Feulner, G. (2012). The faint young Sun problem. Rev. Geophys. Reviews of Geophysics, 50(2). doi:10.1029/2011rg000375 Leconte, J., Forget, F., Charnay, B., Wordsworth, R., & Pottier, A. (2013). Increased insolation threshold for runaway greenhouse processes on Earth-like planets. Nature, 504(7479), 268-271. doi:10.1038/nature12827 Marchi, S., Black, B., Elkins-Tanton, L., & Bottke, W. (2016). Massive impact-induced release of carbon and sulfur gases in the early Earth's atmosphere. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 449, 96-104. doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2016.05.032 Sagan, C., & Mullen, G. (1972). Earth and Mars: Evolution of Atmospheres and Surface Temperatures. Science, 177(4043), 52-56. doi:10.1126/science.177.4043.52 Wolf, E. T., & Toon, O. B. (2014). Delayed onset of runaway and moist greenhouse climates for Earth. Geophys. Res. Lett. Geophysical Research Letters, 41(1), 167-172. doi:10.1002/2013gl058376

Host: Jeff Fox with special guest, Jon Telling. Jon Telling of Bristol University in Bristol, United Kingdom talks with Jeff Fox about his findings suggesting that the grinding of glaciers over rocks can liberate hydrogen, which, in turn, drives the growth of methanogens within microbial ecosystems. Telling and his collaborators provide evidence that the grinding of rocks beneath glaciers can free hydrogen gas from minerals in those rocks. In turn, that hydrogen provides energy to furnish the metabolic needs of particular microorganisms, called methanogens, that produce methane and other organic molecules from carbon dioxide through a non-photosynthetic process. “This is an important new mechanism for hydrogen production,” says Christopher McKay, senior planetary scientist at the NASA Ames Research Center at Moffett Field, Calif., who was not involved in conducting this research. “Water-water reactions producing hydrogen are usually associated with high temperature systems, and it has been thought that they could not operate at low temperatures. This shows how hydrogen can be produced in an ice-covered system and has huge implications for ice-sealed Antarctic ecosystems such as Lake Vida and for the ice-covered ocean moons of the outer Solar System, Europa and Enceladus.” The research also has important implications for subglacial environments that acted as refuges during the early history of our planet, enabling microorganisms to survive during the Neoproterozoic glaciations, also called Snowball Earth. This story was featured in the April 2016 issue of Microbe Magazine. Subscribe to MMP (free) on iTunes, Stitcher, Android, RSS, or by email. You can also listen on your mobile device with the Microbeworld app. Send your microbiology questions and comments (email or audio file) to jfox@asmusa.org Tweet me your questions or just let me know you heard this episode!

Can you discuss a story called "The Ice Warriors" and barely talk about the Ice Warriors? When there's a fascinating underlying sociopolitical context you can. Also: Jamie likes short skirts and yet another Arnold Rimmer reference. Main Topic: The Ice Warriors. An abbreviated introduction. Jack didn't like our discussion last week. Bad fan Daniel. A shoutout to Pex Lives. The Ice Warriors not so generic. The Abdominable Snowmen is unlistenable. Season 5. Political Troughton. Brian Hayles. Well-rounded characters in The Ice Warriors. Competent Arnold Rimmer. "Miss Garrett." Unspecified far future. "Snowball Earth." The Day After Tomorrow. The politics of global ecology. Ecological thrillers. Comparison to "In the Forest of the Night." Twelve weeks of ice. "Fake Buddhism and Robot Yeti." Claustrophobic. Production. Malthusian Caves of Steel. Oligarchy. Africa. Daniel the Ice Warrior. Design, direction, and purpose. Klingons. Shana falls into a pit of Moffat-Hate. A battle of ideologies. Compuerization. The ruling class. Skepticism. Penley and responsibility. Smartass Troughton. Raising, not answering, questions. Consequences. Artistic expression of science. Radically individualistic science. Being right is enough. Victoria. Wrapping Up. Next week: The Ribos Operation.  Find Our Stuff!  Find us on iTunes! Or Facebook! We love email (oispacemanpodcast@gmail.com)! And all our episodes are on oispaceman.libsyn.com. Daniel's Tumblr Twitter Shana's Tumblr Twitter 

The Cambrian Explosion is one of the most spectacular episodes in Earth history, with the first traces of animals appearing in the fossil record at around 550 million years, and most modern major groups (phyla and classes) present by 510 Ma. The event occurs after a long period, around one billion years, of limited evolutionary innovation, and immediately postdates the Snowball Earth event - a period of major climate perturbation when ice caps extended from the poles to the palaeo-equator. Furthermore, there are very few phyla and classes that evolve after this time interval. The coincidence of timing has proved irresistible for those in search of a causal mechanism for the origin of animals, and the deglaciation and return to equable climates has been hypothesised as a trigger for this major evolutionary innovation. Recent work in northern Greenland has shed light both on the nature of the Snowball Earth event and on the environmental conditions in which the major period of evolutionary diversification occurred. The Sirius Passet fossil locality on the northern tip of Greenland is the oldest of the global Cambrian localities with exceptional fossil preservation and offers new insights to the early evolutionary history of major animal groups, including the deuterostomes, a group that includes acorn worms, starfish and vertebrates.

The Cambrian Explosion is one of the most spectacular episodes in Earth history, with the first traces of animals appearing in the fossil record at around 550 million years, and most modern major groups (phyla and classes) present by 510 Ma. The event occurs after a long period, around one billion years, of limited evolutionary innovation, and immediately postdates the Snowball Earth event - a period of major climate perturbation when ice caps extended from the poles to the palaeo-equator. Furthermore, there are very few phyla and classes that evolve after this time interval. The coincidence of timing has proved irresistible for those in search of a causal mechanism for the origin of animals, and the deglaciation and return to equable climates has been hypothesised as a trigger for this major evolutionary innovation. Recent work in northern Greenland has shed light both on the nature of the Snowball Earth event and on the environmental conditions in which the major period of evolutionary diversification occurred. The Sirius Passet fossil locality on the northern tip of Greenland is the oldest of the global Cambrian localities with exceptional fossil preservation and offers new insights to the early evolutionary history of major animal groups, including the deuterostomes, a group that includes acorn worms, starfish and vertebrates.

Geological evidence suggests that around 650 million years ago, the Earth was covered in ice. It was believed only single-celled organisms could have survived 'Snowball Earth'. Until Adam Maloof found a fossilized sponge predating this by millions of years.

Transcript -- Evidence for and against the snowball earth hypothesis.

Evidence for and against the snowball earth hypothesis.

Transcript -- Evidence for and against the snowball earth hypothesis.

Evidence for and against the snowball earth hypothesis.