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What are the main tenets of the sexual revolution and who are some of the main victims? How do the debates over gender connect to the overall sexual revolution? Who are some of the main victims of the sexual revolution? What is the view of the body in gender ideology and how is that different from a Christian view of the body? We'll answer these questions and more with our guest, Dr. Jennifer Morse, founder and president of the Ruth Institute. Dr. Morse is the President and founder of The Ruth Institute, an interfaith international coalition to defend the family and build a Civilization of Love. Dr. Morse was a campaign spokeswoman for California's winning Proposition 8 campaign, defining marriage as the union of a man and a woman. She has authored or co-authored six books and spoken around the globe. Her work has been translated into Spanish, Chinese, Korean, Polish and Chuukese, the native language of the Micronesian Islands. ==========Think Biblically: Conversations on Faith and Culture is a podcast from Talbot School of Theology at Biola University, which offers degrees both online and on campus in Southern California. Find all episodes of Think Biblically at: https://www.biola.edu/think-biblically. Watch video episodes at: https://bit.ly/think-biblically-video. To submit comments, ask questions, or make suggestions on issues you'd like us to cover or guests you'd like us to have on the podcast, email us at thinkbiblically@biola.edu.

It's getting hot in the COP.Executive Secretary Simon Stiell turned up the pressure in Belém on Monday, sharpening his message as ministers arrived for what is often the most charged phase of the summit. He called for no more tactical delays, and no more dancing around the hardest issues. And Pope Francis weighed in with an appeal to moral responsibility and global solidarity.Fiona McRaith and Paul Dickenson break down what these dual interventions signal for the state of play at COP30, as key sticking points emerge for negotiators.And: a major milestone in the global energy transition. South Korea has joined the Powering Past Coal Alliance and committed to phasing out coal by 2040. Paul speaks with Joojin Kim of Solutions for Our Climate to unpack what pushed a G20 economy to move and why Korean industry now sees clean power as its competitive future.Finally, Christiana sits down with Minister Sonia Guajajara, Brazil's Minister for Indigenous Peoples, for a powerful conversation about Indigenous diplomacy, forest protection, and why this COP marks a historic shift in global recognition of Indigenous leadership.Learn more:⛏ Mine more information about the Powering Past Coal Alliance

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Hello again Pacific War Week by Week listeners, it is I your dutiful host Craig Watson with more goodies from my exclusive patreon podcast series. This is actually going to be a two parter specifically looking at the failure and responsibility of Emperor Hirohito during the 15 year war Japan unleashed in 1931. Again a big thanks to all of you for listening all these years, you are all awesome.   Hello everyone, a big thanks to all of you who joined the patreon and voted for this to be the next episode, you all are awesome.    Now I realize very well when I jumped into my former patreon episode on Ishiwara Kanji, I fell into a rabbit hole and it became a rather long series. I wanted to get this one done in a single episode but its also kind of a behemoth subject, so I will do this in two parts: this episode will be on Hirohito's failure and responsibility in regards to the China War from 1931-1941. The next one will cover Hirohito's failure and responsibility in the world war from 1941-1945.   I am not going to cover the entire life of Hirohito, no what I want is to specifically cover his actions from 1931-1945. Nw I want you to understand the purpose of this episode is to destroy a narrative, a narrative that carried on from 1945-1989. That narrative has always been that Emperor Hirohito was nothing more than a hostage during the war years of 1931-1945. This narrative was largely built by himself and the United States as a means of keeping the peace after 1945. However upon his death in 1989 many meeting notes and diaries from those who worked close to him began emerging and much work was done by historians like Herbert P Bix and Francis Pike. The narrative had it that Hirohito was powerless to stop things, did not know or was being misled by those around him, but this is far from the truth. Hirohito was very active in matters that led to the horrors of the 15 year war and he had his own reasons for why or when he acted and when he did not.   For this episode to be able to contain it into a single one, I am going to focus on Hirohito's involvement in the undeclared war with China, that's 1931-1941. For those of you who don't know, China and Japan were very much at war in 1931-1937 and certainly 1937 onwards, but it was undeclared for various reasons. If you guys really like this one, let me know and I can hit Hirohito 1941-1945 which is honestly a different beast of its own.   For those of you who don't know, Hirohito was born on April 29th of 1901, the grandson of Emperor Meiji. Hirohito entered the world right at the dawn of a new era of imperial rivalry in Asia and the Pacific. According to custom, Japanese royals were raised apart from their parents, at the age of 3 he was placed in the care of the Kwamura family who vowed to raise him to be unselfish, persevering in the face of difficulties, respectful of the views of others and immune to fear. In 1908 he entered elementary education at the age of 7 and would be taught first be General Nogi Maresuke who notoriously did not pamper the prince. Nogi rigorously had Hirohito train in physical education and specifically implanted virtues and traits he thought appropriate for the future sovereign: frugality, diligence, patience, manliness, and the ability to exercise self-control under difficult conditions. Hirohito learnt what hard work was from Nogi and that education could overcome all shortcomings. Emperor Meiji made sure his grandson received military training.   When Emperor Meiji died in 1912, Hirohito's father, Yoshihito took the throne as emperor Taisho. Taisho for a lack of better words, suffered from cerebral meningitis at an early age and this led to cognitive deficiency's and in reality the Genro would really be running the show so to say. When Taisho took the throne it was understood immediately, Hirohito needed to be prepared quickly to take the throne. After Meiji's funeral General Nogi politely told the family he could no longer be a teacher and committed seppuku with his wife. He wrote a suicide letter explained he wanted to expiate his disgrace during the russo japanese war for all the casualties that occurred at Port Arthur, hardcore as fuck. Hirohito would view Nogi nearly as much of an iconic hero as his grandfather Meiji, the most important figure in his life.   Hirohito's next teacher was the absolute legendary Fleet Admiral Togo Heihachiro who would instill national defense policy into him. Hirohito would be taught Admiral Alfred Thayer Mahans theories as all the great minds were taught at the time. Now I know it sucks but I cant delve deep into all this. What I want you to envision is a growing Man, instilled with the belief above all else, the Kokutai was most important. The Kokutai was the national essence of Japan. It was all aspects of Japanese polity, derived from history, tradition and customs all focused around the cult of the Emperor. The government run by politicians was secondary, at any given time the kokutai was the belief the Emperor could come in and directly rule.   If you are confused, dont worry, I am too haha. Its confusing. The Meiji constitution was extremely ambiguous. It dictated a form of constitutional monarchy with the kokutai sovereign emperor and the “seitai” that being the actual government. Basically on paper the government runs things, but the feeling of the Japanese people was that the wishes of the emperor should be followed. Thus the kokutai was like an extra-judicial structure built into the constitution without real legal framework, its a nightmare I know.    Let me make an example, most of you are American I imagine. Your congress and senate actually run the country, wink wink lets forget about lobbyists from raytheon. The president does not have actual executive powers to override any and all things, but what if all Americans simply felt he did. Thus everyone acted in accordance to his wishes as they assumed them to be, thats my best way of explaining Japan under Hirohito.    Emperor Taisho dies in 1926, and Hirohito takes the throne ushering in the Showa Era. He inherited a financial crisis and a military that was increasingly seizing control of governmental policies. Hirohito sought to restore the image of a strong charismatic leader on par with his grandfather Meiji, which was sorely lacking in his father Taishos reign. He was pressured immediately by the Navy that the national sphere of defense needed to be expanded upon, they felt threatened by the west, specifically by the US and Britain who had enacted the Washington Naval Treaty. Hirohito agreed a large navy was necessary for Japan's future, he was a proponent of the decisive naval battle doctrine, remember his teacher was Togo.    From the very beginning Hirohito intensely followed all military decisions. In 1928 the Japanese covertly assassinated the warlord of Manchuria, Zhang Zuolin. The current prime minister Tanaka Giichi had performed a thorough investigation of the incident and presented his report to Hirohito on December 24th of 1928. He told Hirohito he intended to court martial the criminals, purge the army and re-establish discipline. However the rest of Tanaka's cabinet wished to allow the army to deal with the matter and quiet the entire thing down. Hirohito responded by stating he had lost confidence in Tanaka and admonished his report. Hirohito allowed the army to cover up the incident, he sought to have it hushed up as well. Thus Hirohito had indulged the army in its insubordination and the kwantung army officers now felt they could take matters into their own hands.   Also in 1928 the Tanaka cabinet failed to endorse the international protocol banning chemical and biological warfare. The next year the privy council, pressured by the military, failed to ratify the full geneva convention of prisoners of war. Hirohito in response began doing something Emperor Meiji never had done, he began to scold officials to force them to retire from positions. Tanaka Giichi was bullied out. Hirohito then stated his endorsement of Hamaguchi Osachi as Tanaka's successors.   Just a few months after Hamaguchi cabinet formed, Hirohito overrode the advice of his naval chief of staff and vice chief of staff, Admiral Kato and Vice Admiral Suetsugu. The Americans and British were hinting they might form a naval alliance against Japan if she did not abide by the Washington Conference mandates on naval tonnage. Kato and Suetsugu refused to accept the terms, but prime minister Hamaguchi stood firm against them. The navy leaders were outraged and accused Hamaguchi of signing the treaty without the support of the Navy General Staff thereby infringing upon the “emperor's right of supreme command”. Two months after signing the treaty, Hamaguchi was assassinated and upon learning of this Hirohito's first concern apparently was “that constitutional politics not be interrupted”. The military felt greatly emboldened, and thus began the age of the military feeling “its right of supreme command”. Generals and Admirals fought back against arms reduction talks, discipline within the officer corps loosened, things spiraled out of control. Alongside this came the increasing cult of the emperor, that they were all doing this in his name.   When rumors emerged of the emerging Mukden Incident in 1931, Hirohito  demanded the army be reigned in. Attempts were made, but on September 18th of 1931, Kwantung army officer detonated an explosion at Liut'iaokou north of Mukden as a false flag operation. The next day the imperial palace were given a report and Hirohito was advised by chief aide de camp Nara Takeji “this incident would not spread and if the Emperor was to convene an imperial conference to take control of the situation, the virtue of his majesty might be soiled if the decisions of such a conference should prove impossible to implement”. This will be a key theme in Hirohito's decision making, protect the kokutai from any threats.   As the Mukden incident was getting worse, the Kwantung officers began to demand reinforcement be sent from the Korea army. The current Wakatsuki cabinet met on the issue and decided the Mukden incident had to remain an incident, they needed to avoid a declaration of war. The official orders were for no reinforcements of the Korea army to mobilize, however the field commander took it upon his own authority and mobilized them. The army chief of staff Kanaya reported to Hirohito the Korea army was marching into Manchuria against orders. At 31 years of age Hirohito now had an excellent opportunity to back the current cabinet, to control the military and stop the incident from getting worse. At this time the military was greatly divided on the issue, politically still weak compared to what they would become in a few years, if Hirohito wanted to rule as a constitutional monarch instead of an autocratic monarch, well this was his chance. Hirohito said to Kanaya at 4:20pm on September 22nd “although this time it couldn't be helped, [the army] had to be more careful in the future”. Thus Hirohito accepted the situation as fait accompli, he was not seriously opposed to seeing his army expand his empire. If it involved a brief usurpation of his authority so bit, as long as the operation was successful. Within two weeks of the incident, most of Japan had rallied being the kwantung army's cause. Hirohito knew it was a false flag, all of what they had done. Hirohito planned the lightests punishments for those responsible. Hirohito then officially sanctioned the aerial strike against Chinchou, the first air attack since ww1.   A message had gone out to the young officers in the Japanese military that the emperors main concern was success; obedience to central command was secondary. After the Mukden incident Prime Minister Wakatsuki resigned in december after failing to control the army and failing to contain the financial depression. The new Priminister Inukai took to action requesting permission from Hirohito to dispatch battalions to Tientsin and a brigade to Manchuria to help the Kwantung army take Chinchou. Hirohito responded by advising caution when attacking Chinchou and to keep a close eye on international public perception. Nevertheless Chinchou was taken and Hirohito issued an imperial rescript praising the insubordinate Kwantung army for fighting a courageous self defense against Chinese bandits. In a few more years Hirohito would grant awards and promotions to 3000 military and civil officials involved in the Manchurian war. When incidents broke out in Shanghai in 1932 involved the IJN, Tokyo high command organized a full fledged Shanghai expeditionary force under General Shirakawa with 2 full divisions. But within Shanghai were western powers, like Britain and America, whom Hirohito knew full well could place economic sanctions upon Japan if things got out of hand. Hirohito went out of his way to demand Shirakawa settle the Shanghai matter quickly and return to Japan.   And thus here is a major problem with Hirohito during the war years. On one end with Manchuria he let pretty much everything slide, but with Shanghai he suddenly cracks the whip. Hirohito had a real tendency of choosing when he wanted to act and this influenced the military heavily. On May 15th of 1932, young naval officers assassinated prime minister Inukai at his office. In the political chaos, Hirohito and his advisors agreed to abandon the experiment in party cabinets that had been the custom since the Taisho era. Now Hirohito endorsed a fully bureaucratic system of policy making, cabinet parties would no longer depend on the two main conservative parties existing in the diet. When the diet looked to the genro as to who should be the next prime minister, Hirohito wrote up “his wishes regarding the choice of the next prime minister”. Loyal officials backed Hirohito's wishes, the cult of the emperor grew in power. To the military it looked like Hirohito was blaming the party based cabinets rather than insubordinate officers for the erosion of his own authority as commander in chief. The young military officers who already were distrustful of the politicians were now being emboldened further.    After Manchuria was seized and Manchukuo was ushered in many in the Japanese military saw a crisis emerge, that required a “showa restoration' to solve. There were two emerging political factions within the military, the Kodoha and Toseiha factions. Both aimed to create military dictatorships under the emperor. The Kodoha saw the USSR as the number one threat to Japan and advocated an invasion of them, aka the Hokushin-ron doctrine, but the Toseiha faction prioritized a national defense state built on the idea they must build Japans industrial capabilities to face multiple enemies in the future. What separated the two, was the Kodoha sought to use a violent coup d'etat to do so, the Toseiha were unwilling to go so far. The Kodoha faction was made up of junior and youthful officers who greatly distrusted the capitalists and industrialists of Japan, like the Zaibatsu and believed they were undermining the Emperor. The Toseiha faction were willing to work with the Zaibatsu to make Japan stronger. Hirohito's brother Prince Chichibu sympathized with the Kodoha faction and repeatedly counseled his brother that he should implement direct imperial rule even if it meant suspending the constitution, aka a show restoration. Hirohito believed his brother who was active in the IJA at the time was being radicalized. Chichibu might I add was in the 3rd infantry regiment under the leadership of Colonel Tomoyuki Yamashita.   This time period has been deemed the government by assassination period. Military leaders in both the IJA and IJN and from both the Kodoha and Toseiha began performing violence against politicians and senior officers to get things done.    A enormous event took place in 1936 known as the february 26 incident. Kodoha faction officers of the IJA attempted a coup d'etat to usher in a showa restoration. They assassinated several leading officials, such as two former prime ministers and occupied the government center of Tokyo. They failed to assassinate the current prime minister Keisuke Okada or take control over the Imperial palace. These men believed Japan was straying from the Kokutai and that the capitalist/industrialists were exploiting the people of the nation by deceiving the emperor and usurping his power. The only solution to them was to purge such people and place Hirohito as an absolute leader over a military dictatorship.    Now the insurrectionists failed horribly, within just a few hours they failed to kill the current prime minister, and failed to seize the Sakashita Gate to the imperial palace, thus allowing the palace to continue communicating with the outside, and they never thought about what the IJN might do about all of this. The IJN sent marines immediately to suppress them. The insurrectionists had planned to have the army minister General Kwashima who was a Kodoha backer, report their intentions to Hirohito who they presumed would declare a showa restoration. They falsely assumed the emperor was a puppet being taken hostage by his advisers and devoid of his own will.   At 5:40am on February the 26th Hirohito was awakened and informed of the assassinations and coup attempt. From the moment he learnt of this, he was outraged and demanded the coup be suppressed and something I would love to highlight is he also immediately demanded his brother Prince Chichibu be brought over to him. Why would this be important? Hirohito believed the insurrectionists might enlist his brother to force him to abdicate. Hirohito put on his army uniform and ordered the military to “end it immediately and turn this misfortune into a blessing”. Hirohito then met with Kwashima who presented him with the insurrectionists demands to “clarify the kokutai, stabilize national life and fulfill national defense, aka showa restoration”. Hirohito scolded Kwashima and ordered him to suppress the mutiny. On the morning of the 27th Hirohito declared administrative martial law on the basis of Article 8 of the Imperial Constitution, pertaining to emergency imperial ordinances. Formally he was invoking his sovereign power to handle a crisis. Hirohito displayed an incredible amount of energy to crush the mutiny as noted by those around him at the time. Every few hours he demanded reports to be given to him by top officials and at one point he was so angry he threatened to lead the Imperial Guard division himself to go out and quell it. Hirohito met with Chichibu and its alleged he told his brother to end any relationships he had with the Kodoha members. By february 29th, Hirohito had firmly crushed the mutiny, most of the ringleaders were arrested. In april they were court martialed secretly without even given a chance to defend themselves in court and 17 were executed by firing squad in July. As a result of it all, the Kodoha faction dissolved and the Toseiha faction reigned supreme.    On the morning of July 8th of 1937 came the Marco Polo Bridge incident, a nearly identical false flag operation to what occurred at Mukden in 1931. Hirohito's reaction was first to consider the possible threat of the USSR. He wondered if the communists would seize the opportunity to attack Manchukuo. This is what he said to Prime Minister Konoe and army minister Sugiyama “What will you do if the Soviets attack us from the rear?” he asked the prince. Kan'in answered, “I believe the army will rise to the occasion.” The emperor repeated his question: “That's no more than army dogma. What will you actually do in the unlikely event that Soviet [forces] attack?” The prince said only, “We will have no choice.” His Majesty seemed very dissatisfied.    Hirohito demanded to know what contingency plans existed. After this he approved the decision of the Konoe cabinet to move troops into Northern China and fixed his seal to the orders of dispatch. The emperor had tacitly agreed to it all from the start. With each action taken for the following months, Hirohito would explicitly sanction them after the fact. In his mind he kept thinking about a fight with the USSR, he believed he had no choice in the China matter. All of his top ranking officials like Sugiyama would tell him “even if war with China came… it could be finished up within two or three months”. Hirohito was not convinced, he went to Konoe, to imperial conferences, to other military officials to get their views. None convinced him but as Hirohito put it  “they agreed with each other on the time factor, and that made a big difference; so all right, we'll go ahead.”     Two weeks into the conflict, the kwangtung army and Korean army were reinforced by 3 divisions from Japan and on July 25th were reaching Beijing. What did the man who was not responsible in such decision making say? On July 27 Hirohito sanctioned an imperial order directing the commander of the China Garrison Force to “chastise the Chinese army in the Peking-Tientsin area and bring stability to the main strategic places in that region.” Hirohito wanted a killing blow to end the war, and thus he escalated the incident. Historian Fujiwara Akira noted “it was the [Konoe] government itself that had resolved on war, dispatched an army, and expanded the conflict,” and Hirohito had fully supported it”   Chiang Kai-shek abandoned northern China pulling into the Interior and unleashed a campaign in Shanghai to draw the Japanese into a battle showcased in front of western audiences. Chiang Kai-shek tossed the creme of his military all into Shanghai to make it as long and explosive as possible to try and win support from other great powers. On August 18 Hirohito summoned his army and navy chiefs for a pointed recommendation. The war, he told them, “is gradually spreading; our situation in Shanghai is critical; Tsingtao is also at risk. If under these circumstances we try to deploy troops everywhere, the war will merely drag on and on. Wouldn't it be better to concentrate a large force at the most critical point and deliver one overwhelming blow? Based on our attitude of fairness, Do you, have in hand plans for such action? In other words, do we have any way worked out to force the Chinese to reflect on their actions?”   The chiefs of staff returned 3 days later with an aerial campaign to break China's will to fight and strategic cities needed to be seized. Hirohito gave his sanction and on August 31st gave the order “for the Dispatch of the North China Area Army. [D]estroy the enemy's will to fight and wipe out resistance in the central part of Hepei Province,” Over the course of weeks Hirohito sanctioned 6 troop mobilizations to the Shanghai area where the fighting had bogged down. Then he sanctioned 3 divisions from Taiwan to Shanghai, but for units in northern Manchuria to stand guard firmly in case the USSR attacked. The entire time this was happening both China and Japan referred to it as an incident and not a real war lest either of them lose the backing of their great power allies. Japan needed oil, iron and rubber from America, China was likewise received materials from the USSR/America/Britain and even Germany.    By november the war was not going well and Hirohito had the Imperial Headquarters established within his palace as a means to exercise his constitutional role as supreme commander, the army and navy would act in concert. For a few hours in the morning a few days every week, the chiefs of staff, army and navy ministers and chiefs of operations would meet with Hirohito. At these imperial conferences Hirohito presided over and approved decisions impacting the war. This was Hirohito's device for legally transforming the will of the emperor into the will of the state. Hirohito not only involved himself, sometimes on a daily basis he would shape strategy and decide the planning, timing and so on of military campaigns. He even intervened in ongoing field operations. He monitored and occasionally issued orders through commanders to subordinate units. Now I can't go through the entire 1937-1945 war and showcase all the things he did but I will highlight things I think we're important.    On November 9th, the Shanghai battle was finally falling apart for the Chinese as they began a withdrawal to the Nanking area some 180 miles away. The Japanese forces chased them and for the first time were really coming into direct contact with Chinese civilians, when it came to Shanghai most had evacuated the areas. The Japanese burned, plundered and raped villages and towns as they marched towards Nanking. On december 1st, Hirohito's imperial HQ ordered the 10th army and Shanghai expeditionary force to close in on Nanking from different directions, a pincer maneuver. Prince Asaka took command of the Shanghai expeditionary force and General Matsui commanded the Central China Area Army consisted of the Shanghai force and 10th army. Asaka led the forces to assault the walled city of Nanking with a population estimated to be 4-5 hundred thousand and it would fall on December 13th. Was there an order to “rape Nanking”, no. The Imperial HQ did not order the total extermination of the Chinese in Nanking, they had ordered an encirclement campaign. However, the standing orders at this time were to take no prisoners. Once Nanking fell, the Japanese began to execute en massage military prisoners and unarmed troops who surrendered willingly. There was a orgy of rape, arson, pillage and murder. The horror was seen in Nanking and the 6 adjacent villages over the course of 3 months far exceeding any atrocities seen during the battle for Shanghai or even the march to Nanking. General Nakajima's 16th division on its first day in Nanking was estimated to have murdered 30,000 POWs. Estimate range insanely, but perhaps 200,000 POW's and civilians were butchered over the course of 6 weeks.   Prince Asaka the 54 year old grand uncle to Hirohito and other members of the Imperial Family commanded the attack on Nanking and supervised the horrors. 49 year old General Prince Higashikuni chief of the army air force alongside Prince Kan'in knew of the atrocities occurring. Army minister Sugiyama knew, many middle echelon officers of the Imperial HQ knew. Hirohito was at the top of the chain of command, there is no way he was not informed. Hirohito followed the war extensively, reading daily reports, questioned his aides. It was under his orders that his army “chastise China”, but did he show any concern for the breakdown of his army's discipline? There is no documented evidence he ordered an investigation, all we are met with as historians is a bizarre period of silence. Hirohito goes from supervising the war with OCD precision, to silence, then back to normal precision. Did Hirohito show anything publicly to show angry, displeasure or remorse, at the time he energetically began spurring his generals and admirals on their great victories and the national project to induce “Chinese self-reflection”.    On November 24th Hirohito gave an after the fact sanction to the decision of General Matsui to attack and occupy Nanking. Hirohito was informed the city was going to be bombarded by aircraft and artillery and he sanctioned that as well. That was basically him removing any restrictions on the army's conduct. On December 14th the day after Nankings fall, he made an imperial message to his chiefs of staff expressing his pleasure at the news of the city's capture and occupation. Hirohito granted General Matsui an imperial rescript for his great military accomplishments in 1938 and gave the order of the golden early to Prince Asaka in 1940. Perhaps Hirohito privately agonized over what happened, but publicly did nothing about the conduct of his armed forces, especially in regards to the treatment of POW's.   Emperor Hirohito was presented with several opportunities to cause cease-fires or peace settlements during the war years. One of the best possible moments to end it all came during the attack on Naking when Chiang Kai-sheks military were in disarray. Chiang Kai-shek had hoped to end the fighting by enticing the other great powers to intervene. At the 9 power treaty conference in Brussel in november of 1937, Britain and the US proposed boycotting Japan. However the conference ended without any sanctions being enacted upon Japan. The Konoe government and Imperial HQ immediately expanded the combat zone. Chiang Kai-shek in desperation accepted a previous offer by Germany to mediate. Oscar Trautmann, the German ambassador to China attempted to negotiate with Japan, but it failed. China was offered harsh terms; to formally recognize Manchukuo, cooperate with it and Japan to fight communism, permit the indefinite stationg of Japanese forces and pay war reparations.    On January 9th of 1938, Imperial HQ formed a policy for handling the China incident which was reported to Hirohito. Konoe asked Hirohito to convene an imperial conference for it, but not to speak out at it  “For we just want to formally decide the matter in your majesty's presence.” Konoe and Hirohito were concerned with anti expansionists within the army general staff and wanted to prevent German interference in Japanese affairs. On January 11th, the policy was showcased and adopted, there would be no peace until Chiang kai-shek's regime was dissolved and a more compliant regime followed. Hirohito presided over the conference in full army dress uniform and gave his approval. He sat there for 27 minutes without uttering a word, appearing to be neutral in the matter, though in fact he was firmly backing a stronger military policy towards China.    The Konoe cabinet inaugurated a second phase to the China incident, greatly escalating the war. By this point in time Japanese had seen combat casualties at 62,007 killed, 160,000 wounded. In 1939 it would be 30,081 killed, 55,970 wounded, then 15,827 killed and 72,653 wounded in 1940. Major cities were under Japanese control ranging from the north east and south. Chiang Kai-shek fled to Chongqing, the war was deadlocked without any prospect of victory in sight.    On July 11 of 1938, the commander of the 19th division fought a border clash with the USSR known to us in the west as the battle of Lake Khasan. It was a costly defeat for Japan and in the diary of Harada Kumao he noted Hirohito scolded Army minister Itagaki “Hereafter not a single soldier is to be moved without my permission.” When it looked like the USSR would not press for a counter attack across the border, Hirohito gave the order for offensives in China to recommence, again an example of him deciding when to lay down the hammer. Konoe resigned in disgrace in 1939 having failed to bring the China war to an end and being outed by his colleagues who sought an alliance with Germany, which he did not agree with. His successor was Hiranuma a man Hirohito considered a outright fascist. Hiranuma only received the job because he promised Hirohito he would not make enemies of Britain or the US by entering in a hasty alliance with Nazi Germany. However his enter prime ministership would be engulfed by the alliance question.   In May of 1939 there was another border clash with the USSR, the battle of Khalkhin Gol. This one was much larger in scale, involving armored warfare, aircraft and though it seems it was not used, the Japanese brought biological warfare weapons as well. The Japanese had nearly 20,000 casualties, it was an unbelievable defeat that shocked everyone. Hirohito refrained from punishing anyone because they technically followed orders based on a document “outline for dealing with disputes along the manchurian soviet border” that Hirohito had sanctioned shortly before the conflict arose.   In July of 1939, the US told Hiranuma's government they intended not to renew the US-Japan treaty of commerce and navigation. Until this point Roosevelt had been very lenient towards Japan, but now it looked to him war would break out in europe and he wanted Japan to know they could expect serious economic sanctions if they escalated things. Hirohito complained to his chief aide de camp Hata Shunroku on August 5th “It could be a great blow to scrap metal and oil”. Then suddenly as Japan was engaging in a truce with the USSR to stop the border conflict, Germany shocked the world and signed a nonaggression pact with them. This completely contravened the 1936 Japan-German anti-comintern pact. Hiranuma resigned in disgrace on august 28th.    Hirohito was livid and scolded many of his top officials and forced the appointment of General Abe to prime minister and demanded of him “to cooperate with the US and Britain and preserve internal order”. Then Germany invaded Poland and began a new European War. Abe's cabinet collapsed from the unbelievable amount of international actions by January 14th 1940. Hirohito appointed Admiral Yonai as prime minister  and General Tojo to vice army minister. As we have seen Hirohito played a active role appointing high level personnel and imposed conditions upon their appointments.    Hirohito dictated what Yonai was to do, who he was to appoint to certain positions so on and so forth. When a large part of the military were calling for an alliance with Germany, Hirohito resisted, arguing Japan should focus on the China war and not ally itself to Germany unless it was to counter the USSR. Three months passed by and Germany began invading western europe. Norway fell, Denmark fell, Luxembourg, Belgium, the netherlands and then France, it was simply stunning. While Japan had been locked in a deadlock against China, Germany was crushing multiple nations with ease, and this had a large effect on asia. Britain, France and the Netherlands could not hope to protect their holdings in asia. But Hirohito kept pressuring Yonai not to begin any talks of an alliance, and the military leaders forced Yonai's cabinet to collapse.    So Hirohito stood by while Hiranuma, Abe and Yonai met each crisis and collapses. He watched as the China war went nowhere and the military was gradually pushing for the Nanshin-ron doctrine to open a southern war up with the west. Not once did he make a public effort on his lonesome to end the war in China. Japan's demands of China were unchanged, relations with the west were getting worse each day. The China war was undeclared, hell it was from the Japanese viewpoint “chastising China”. Japan was no respecting any rules of war in China, atrocities were performed regularly and for that Hirohito shared responsibility. For he alone was free to act in this area, he needed to act, but he did not. He could have intervened and insisted on respecting the rules of war, especially in regards to POW's and the results could have been dramatically different. Hirohito bore direct responsibility for the use of poison gas upon Chinese and Mongolian combatants and non combatants even before the undeclared war of 1937.    Then on July 28th of 1937 Hirohito made his first directive authorizing the use of chemical weapons which was transmitted by the chief of the army general staff prince Kan'in. It stated that in mopping up the Beijing-Tientsin area, “[Y]ou may use tear gas at suitable times.” Then on September 11th of 1937 he transmitted again through Kan'in the authorization to deploy special chemical warfare units in Shanghai. Gas weapons were one weapon the imperial HQ, aka Hirohito held effective control over throughout the China war. Front line units were never free to employ it at their own discretion, it required explicit authorization from the imperial HQ. During the Wuhan offensive of August to October 1938, imperial HQ authorized the use of poison gas 375 separate times. Hirohito authorized on May 15th of 1939 the carrying out of field studies of chemical warfare along the Manchukuo-soviet border.  In 1940 Hirohito sanctioned the first experimental use of bacteriological weapons in China, though there is no documented evidence of this, given the nature of how he micro managed everything it goes without saying he would have treated it the same as the poison gas. He was a man of science, a person who questioned everything and refused to put his seal on orders without first examining them. Imperial HQ directives went to unit 731 and as a rule Hirohito overlooked them. There again is no documents directly linking him to it, but Hirohito should be held responsibility for strategic bombing campaigns performing on cities like Chongqing. Alongside such horror Hirohito sanctioned annihilation campaigns in China. Such military campaigns were on the scale of what occurred at Nanking. Take for example the Hebei offensive which saw the infamous “three alls policy, burn all, kill all, steal all”.    Before Pearl Harbor and the ushering in of the war against the west, look at the scene that had unfolded. China and Japan were not officially at war until December of 1941. Not to say it would have been easy by any means, but look at the countless opportunities the man, emperor, so called god if you will, held in his hands to stop it all or at the very least stop escalating it. Why did he not do so? To protect the Kokutai. Above all else, the role and survival of the emperor's divinity over the people of Japan was always at the forefront of his mind. He did what he thought was always necessary to thwart threats internal and external. He allowed his military to do horrible things, because they did so in his name, and likewise they were a threat to him. I know its abrupt to end it like this, but for those of you who perhaps say to yourself “well he really was powerless to stop it, they would have killed him or something”, who chose suddenly to intervene in 1945 and made the decision to surrender?

Fluent Fiction - Korean: From Shy to Shine: Minji's Leap at the Autumn Festival Find the full episode transcript, vocabulary words, and more:fluentfiction.com/ko/episode/2025-11-18-08-38-20-ko Story Transcript:Ko: 가을이었다.En: It was autumn.Ko: 바람은 선선했고, 햇살은 따뜻했다.En: The wind was cool, and the sunlight was warm.Ko: 작은 동네의 나무들에는 금빛 잎사귀가 가득했다.En: The trees in the small town were full of golden leaves.Ko: 사람들은 추석을 기념하여 공원에서 열린 마을 축제에 모였다.En: People gathered at the village festival held in the park to celebrate Chuseok.Ko: 색색의 등불이 걸리고, 전통 음식과 공예품이 준비되어 있었다.En: Colorful lanterns were hung, and traditional food and crafts were prepared.Ko: 민지는 최근 이사 왔다.En: Minji had recently moved in.Ko: 그녀는 조용하고 수줍음이 많았다.En: She was quiet and shy.Ko: 하지만 오늘은 용기를 내어 축제에 가기로 했다.En: But today, she decided to muster her courage and go to the festival.Ko: 그녀는 직접 만든 쿠키를 가지고 갔다.En: She brought cookies she had baked herself.Ko: 새로운 시작을 위해 한 발 내디뎠다.En: She took a step forward for a new beginning.Ko: 민지는 공원에 도착해 조용히 주변을 둘러보았다.En: Minji arrived at the park and quietly looked around.Ko: 사람들은 삼삼오오 모여 웃고 이야기했다.En: People gathered in groups, laughing and talking.Ko: 민지는 쿠키 상자를 꼭 끌어안고 서 있었다.En: Minji stood there, holding her cookie box tightly.Ko: 그때, 환한 미소를 지닌 지수가 다가왔다.En: Then, Jisoo, with a bright smile, approached her.Ko: "안녕하세요!En: "Hello!Ko: 처음 뵙네요?En: Is this the first time we've met?"Ko: " 지수가 말했다.En: Jisoo said.Ko: 민지는 살짝 웃었다.En: Minji smiled slightly.Ko: "네, 안녕하세요.En: "Yes, hello.Ko: 저는 민지예요.En: I'm Minji."Ko: "지수는 친절하게 민지를 안내했다.En: Jisoo kindly guided Minji.Ko: 그들은 함께 축제 부스를 준비했다.En: They prepared the festival booth together.Ko: "가드닝 동호회 부스입니다.En: "This is the gardening club booth.Ko: 꽃과 채소를 키워요.En: We grow flowers and vegetables.Ko: 가드닝 좋아하세요?En: Do you like gardening?"Ko: " 지수가 물었다.En: Jisoo asked.Ko: 민지는 눈을 반짝였다.En: Minji brightened up her eyes.Ko: "네, 정말 좋아해요.En: "Yes, I really like it.Ko: 하지만 잘하지는 못해요.En: But I'm not very good at it."Ko: ""저도 처음에는 그랬어요.En: "I was like that at first too.Ko: 우리 같이 해봐요!En: Let's try it together!"Ko: " 지수가 초대했다.En: Jisoo invited.Ko: 민지는 조심스럽게 쿠키 상자를 내밀었다.En: Minji carefully offered her cookie box.Ko: "이거 제가 만든 거예요.En: "I made these.Ko: 같이 나눠 먹어요.En: Let's share them."Ko: "지수는 감사 인사를 하며 쿠키를 나눴다.En: Jisoo thanked her and passed around the cookies.Ko: 그들은 가드닝 이야기로 깊이 빠져들었다.En: They deeply delved into gardening discussions.Ko: 꽃 이름과 채소 키우는 방법을 공유했다.En: They shared flower names and ways to grow vegetables.Ko: 민지는 자신도 모르게 환하게 웃고 있었다.En: Minji was smiling brightly without realizing it.Ko: 축제가 끝난 후, 민지는 지수의 초대로 가드닝 클럽에 가입하기로 했다.En: After the festival ended, Minji decided to join the gardening club at Jisoo's invitation.Ko: 그녀는 자신이 이 동네의 일원이 된 것 같았다.En: She felt like she had become part of the town.Ko: 그녀의 두려움은 사라지고 자신감이 생겼다.En: Her fears disappeared, and she gained confidence.Ko: 민지는 이제 더 이상 외롭지 않았다.En: Minji was no longer lonely.Ko: 용기를 내어 한 발 내딛는 것이 아름다운 우정을 만든다는 것을 배웠다.En: She learned that taking a brave step forward can create beautiful friendships.Ko: 그녀는 새로운 친구들과 함께하는 내일이 기다려졌다.En: She was looking forward to tomorrow with her new friends.Ko: 그날 밤, 민지는 따뜻한 마음으로 잠에 들었다.En: That night, Minji fell asleep with a warm heart.Ko: 지수와의 만남은 민지에게 선물이었다.En: Meeting Jisoo was a gift to her.Ko: 그녀는 새로운 곳에서 진정한 집을 찾았다.En: She found a true home in a new place.Ko: 왁자지껄한 가을 축제는 그녀의 마음속 깊숙이 자리 잡았다.En: The bustling autumn festival took a deep place in her heart. Vocabulary Words:autumn: 가을cool: 선선한golden: 금빛gathered: 모였다celebrate: 기념하다lanterns: 등불crafts: 공예품recently: 최근courage: 용기muster: 내다festival: 축제embrace: 끌어안다kindly: 친절하게booth: 부스gardening: 가드닝brightened: 반짝였다offered: 내밀다shared: 나눴다delved: 빠져들었다discussions: 이야기invitation: 초대confidence: 자신감lonely: 외롭다brave: 용감한friendships: 우정gift: 선물true: 진정한bustling: 왁자지껄한deep place: 깊숙이 자리 잡다

Last time we spoke about the Soviet-Japanese Border Conflict. The border between Soviet Manchuria and Japanese-occupied territories emerges not as a single line but as a mosaic of contested spaces, marks, and memories. A sequence of incidents, skirmishes along the Chaun and Tumen rivers, reconnaissance sorties, and the complex diplomacy of Moscow, Tokyo, and peripheral actors to trace how risk escalated from routine patrols to calibrated leverage. On the ground, terrain functioned as both obstacle and argument: ridges like Changkufeng Hill shaping sightlines, river valleys shaping decisions, and markers weathered by snow, wind, and drift. In command tents, officers translated terrain into doctrine: contingency plans, supply routes, and the precarious calculus of restraint versus escalation. Both nations sought to establish firmer defensive barriers against the other. Inevitably they were destined to clash, but how large that clash would become, nobody knew.   #176 The Changkufeng Incident Welcome to the Fall and Rise of China Podcast, I am your dutiful host Craig Watson. But, before we start I want to also remind you this podcast is only made possible through the efforts of Kings and Generals over at Youtube. Perhaps you want to learn more about the history of Asia? Kings and Generals have an assortment of episodes on history of asia and much more  so go give them a look over on Youtube. So please subscribe to Kings and Generals over at Youtube and to continue helping us produce this content please check out www.patreon.com/kingsandgenerals. If you are still hungry for some more history related content, over on my channel, the Pacific War Channel where I cover the history of China and Japan from the 19th century until the end of the Pacific War. In the last episode we broke down a general history of the Soviet-Japanese Border Conflict and how it escalated significantly by 1938. Colonel Inada Masazum serving as chief of the 2nd Operations Section within the Operations Bureau in March of 1938 would play a significant role in this story. When the Japanese command's attention was drawn to the area of Changkufeng, consideration was given to the ownership and importance of the disputed high ground. Inada and his operations section turned to an appraisal of the geography. The officers had been impressed by the strategic importance of the Tumen, which served to cut off the hill country from North Korea. In the Changkufeng area, the river was a muddy 600 to 800 meters wide and three to five meters deep. Japanese engineers had described rowing across the stream as "rather difficult."  Russian roads on the left bank were very good, according to Japanese intelligence. Heavy vehicles moved easily; the Maanshan section comprised the Russians' main line of communications in the rear. To haul up troops and materiel, the Russians were obliged to use trucks and ships, for there were no railways apart from a four-kilometer line between the harbor and town of Novokievsk. Near Changkufeng, hardly any roadways were suitable for vehicular traffic. On the right, or Korean, bank of the Tumen, there were only three roads suitable for vehicular traffic, but even these routes became impassable after a day or two of rain. In the sector between Hill 52 to the south and Shachaofeng to the north, the most pronounced eminences were Chiangchunfeng and the humps of Changkufeng. Rocky peaks were characteristically shaped like inverted T's, which meant many dead angles against the crests. The gentle slopes would allow tanks to move but would restrict their speed, as would the ponds and marshes. In general, the terrain was treeless and afforded little cover against aircraft. Against ground observation or fire, corn fields and tall miscanthus grass could provide some shielding. Between Chiangchunfeng and the Tumen, which would have to serve as the main route of Japanese supply, the terrain was particularly sandy and hilly. This rendered foot movement difficult but would reduce the effectiveness of enemy bombs and shells. The high ground east of Khasan afforded bases for fire support directed against the Changkufeng region. Plains characterized the rest of the area on the Soviet side, but occasional streams and swamps could interfere with movement of tanks and trucks. The only towns or villages were Novokievsk, Posyet, Yangomudy, and Khansi. At Kozando there were a dozen houses; at Paksikori, a few. The right bank was farmed mainly by Koreans, whose scattered cottages might have some value for billeting but offered none for cover. On the left bank, the largest hamlets were Fangchuanting, with a population of 480 dwelling in 73 huts, and Yangkuanping, where there were 39 cottages. Shachaofeng was uninhabited. Japanese occupation of Changkufeng would enable observation of the plain stretching east from Posyet Bay, although intelligence made no mention of Soviet naval bases, submarine pens, or airstrips in the immediate area of Posyet, either in existence or being built in 1938. As Inada knew, the Japanese Navy judged that Posyet Bay might have another use, as a site for Japanese landing operations in the event of war. In Russian hands, the high ground would endanger the Korean railway. This line, which started from Najin in northeastern Korea, linked up with the vital system in Manchuria at the town of Tumen and provided a short cut, if not a lifeline, between Japan and the Kwantung Army and Manchuria from across the Sea of Japan. Even from relatively low Changkufeng, six or seven miles of track were exposed to Soviet observation between Hongui and Shikai stations. The port of Najin, with its fortress zone, lay 11 miles southwest; Unggi lay even nearer. It was not the danger of Japanese shelling of Vladivostok, at an incredible range of 80 miles that was at stake but the more realistic hypothesis of Russian shelling of the rail line, and Russian screening of the Soviet side of the border. Hills and questions were thought to have two sides. It was the consensus of Japanese that Changkufeng Hill's potential value to the Russians far outweighed its possible benefits to them, or at least that the Japanese had more to lose if the Russians took the high ground by the Tumen. Inada nurtured few illusions concerning the intrinsic value of the heights. Despite the fact that the high command always had good reasons for quiescence in the north, Inada believed that the latest border difficulty could not be overlooked. By mid-July 1938 Inada's thoughts crystallized. The Japanese would conduct a limited reconnaissance in force known as iryoku teisatsu in the strategic sense. Whereas, at the tactical schoolbook level, this might mean the dispatch of small forces into enemy territory to seek local combat intelligence, at the Imperial General Headquarters level the concept was far more sweeping. There would also be useful evidence of mobilization and other buildup procedures. The affair at Changkufeng was merely a welcome coincidence, something started by the Russians but liable to Japanese exploration. Inada had no intention of seizing territory, of becoming involved in a war of attrition at a remote and minor spot, or of provoking hostilities against the USSR. The Russians would comprehend the nature of the problem, too. If they were interested in interfering seriously with the Japanese, there were numberless better locations to cause trouble along the Manchurian front; those were the places to watch. The cramped Changkufeng sector, described as "narrow like a cat's brow," could too readily be pinched off from Hunchun to render it of strategic value to either side. The bog land to the north interfered with the use of armored forces, while artillery sited on the heights along the Tumen in Korea could as easily control the area as batteries emplaced east of the lake. It was Inada's professional opinion that the Russians could commit three or four infantry divisions there at most, with no mechanized corps—no heavy tanks, in particular. No decisive battle could be waged, although, once the Russians became involved, they might have to cling to the hill out of a sense of honor. The military action would be meaningless even if the Japanese let the Russians have the heights. For their part, the Japanese would ostensibly be fighting to secure the boundary and to hold Changkufeng peak, beyond which they would not move a step onto Soviet soil. There would be no pursuit operations. Troop commitment would be limited to about one division without tank support. Japanese Air Force intervention would be forbidden. Matters would be directed entirely by Imperial General Headquarters working through the Korea Army chain of command and carried out by the local forces. Calm, clear, and dispassionate overall estimates and instructions would be based on materials available only in Tokyo. The command would not allow the Kwantung Army to touch the affair. Inada foresaw that the Japanese government might also seek a settlement through diplomacy. Although border demarcation was desirable and should be sought, the command would not insist on it, nor would it demand permanent occupation of Changkufeng summit. As soon as reconnaissance objectives had been achieved, the local forces would be withdrawn. As Inada described it "In the process, we would have taught the Russians some respect and given them a lesson concerning their repeated, high-handed provocations and intrusions. If a show of force sufficed to facilitate the negotiations and cause the Russians to back down, so much the better; the affair would be over and my point proved." The instrument for carrying out Inada's strategic design appeared to be ideal, the 19th Division, strenuously trained and high-spirited. It could be expected to perform very well if unleashed within defined limits. Colonel Suetaka was just the commander to direct local operations. Since he had been pleading to fight in China, an operation at Changkufeng might prove to be an excellent "safety valve." His staff was full of experienced, fierce warriors eager for battle. Until recently, the Korea Army commanding general had wisely kept the aggressive division away from Changkufeng Hill, but now Imperial general headquarters had its own overriding ideas and needs. How could the Japanese ensure that any military action would remain limited if the Russians chose to respond with vigor? Naturally, one infantry division, without armor or air support, could not withstand all of the Soviet forces in the maritime province. Inada answered that the mission to be assigned the 19th Division was merely the recapture of Changkufeng crest. If the Japanese side had to break off the operation, evacuation would be effected voluntarily and resolutely on Imperial general headquarters responsibility, without considerations of "face." At worst, the Japanese might lose one division, but the affair would be terminated at the Tumen River without fail. "Even so, we ought to be able to prove our theory as well as demonstrate our true strength to the Russians." In case the Soviets opted for more than limited war, the Japanese were still not so overextended in China that they could not alter their strategic disposition of troops. Although the Kwantung Army's six divisions were outnumbered four to one and the Japanese were not desirous of a war at that moment, the first-class forces in Manchuria could make an excellent showing. In addition, the high command possessed armor, heavy artillery, fighters, and bombers, held in check in Manchuria and Korea, as well as reserves in the homeland. There was also the 104th Division, under tight Imperial general headquarters control, in strategic reserve in southern Manchuria. Inada recalled "How would the Russians react? That was the answer I sought. Victory in China depended on it." By mid-July, the high command, at Inada's urging, had worked out a plan titled, "Imperial General headqaurters Essentials for Dealing with the Changkufeng Incident." Tada's telegram of 14 July to Koiso described succinctly the just-decided policy: the central authorities concurred with the Korea Army's opinion regarding the Changkufeng affair, then in embryo. Considering that Changkufeng Hill posed a direct threat to the frontier of Korea, Imperial General headqaurters would immediately urge the foreign ministry to lodge a stern protest. Next day, Tojo sent a telegram stating the Japanese policy of employing diplomacy; whether the Russians should be evicted by force required cautious deliberation in case the USSR did not withdraw voluntarily. On the basis of the guidance received from Imperial General headqaurters, the Korea Army drew up its own plan, "Essentials for Local Direction of the Changkufeng Incident," on 15 July. Intelligence officer Tsuchiya Sakae was sent promptly to the front from Seoul. At the same time, military authorities allowed the press to release news that Soviet troops were constructing positions inside Manchurian territory in an "obvious provocation." The government of Manchukuo was demanding an immediate withdrawal. Even then, those Japanese most closely connected with the handling of the Changkufeng Incident were not in agreement that everybody at command level was as ardent a proponent of reconnaissance in force as Inada claimed to be. Some thought that most, if not all, of his subordinates, youthful and vigorous, were in favor of the notion; others denied the existence of such an idea. Inada remained clear-cut in his own assertions. Everything done by the local Soviet forces, he insisted, must have been effected with the permission of Moscow; it was customary for the USSR not to abandon what it had once started. The Japanese Army never really thought that the Soviet Union would withdraw just as the result of diplomatic approaches. Therefore, from the outset, preparations were made to deal the Russians one decisive blow. Inada had recommended his plan, with its clear restrictions, to his colleagues and superiors; the scheme, he says, was approved 14 July "all the way up the chain of command, through the Army general staff and the ministry of war, with unexpected ease." The only real opposition, Inada recalled, came from the navy, whose staff advised the army operations staff, in all sincerity, to give up the idea of strategic reconnaissance. Inada adhered to his opinion stubbornly. He never forgot the grave look on the face of Captain Kusaka, the UN operations section chief, as the latter gave in reluctantly. The navy view was that the Changkufeng affair typified the army's aggressive policies as opposed to relative passivity on the part of the navy. Like Kusaka, Japanese Navy interviewees shared the fear that Changkufeng might prove to be the most dangerous military confrontation ever to occur between the USSR and Japan. In view of navy objections, one wonders where Inada could have drawn support for his concept of reconnaissance in force. If one accepts the comments contained in a letter from a navy ministry captain, Takagi Sokichi, to Baron Harada Kumao at the beginning of August, in the army and in a portion of the navy there existed "shallow-minded fellows who are apt to take a firm stand in the blind belief that the USSR would not really rise against us, neglecting the fact that the Russians had foreseen our weak points." Takagi also had violent things to say about "white-livered" Gaimusho elements that were playing up to the army. Although Takagi's remarks, expressed in confidence, were sharp, cautious injunctions were being delivered by the high command to the new Korea Army commander, General Nakamura Kotaro, who was about to leave for Seoul to replace Koiso. Nakamura's attitude was crucial for the course and outcome of the Changkufeng Incident. More of a desk soldier than a warrior, he characteristic ally displayed a wariness that was reinforced by the guidance provided him. This personal quality assumes even greater significance if one believes that the Russians may have initiated the Changkufeng Incident by exploiting the special opportunities afforded them by the routine replacement of the Korea Army commander, the temporary absence from Moscow of Ambassador Shigemitsu Mamoru, and the geographical as well as subjective gap between the Kwantung and Korea armies that was exposed during the Lyushkov affair. At 10:00 on 15 July Nakamura was designated army commander by the Emperor at the palace. Soon afterward, he was briefed by Imperial General headquarters officers. Hashimoto, the operations bureau chief, recalled that when he saw Nakamura off on 17 July, Hashimoto stressed prudence, limitation of any military action, and diplomatic solution of the problem. The new commanding general, Inada asserted, promised full cooperation. There was no mention, at this level, of Inada's concept of reconnaissance in force. When Nakamura reached Seoul, he found an Imperial order from Tokyo dated 16 July awaiting him. This important document stipulated that he could concentrate units under his command in Korea near the border against the trespassing Soviet forces in the Changkufeng area. Resort to force, however, was dependent upon further orders. This message was followed by a wire from Kan'in, the Army general staff chief. The Imperial order, it was explained, had been designed to support diplomatic negotiations. Simultaneous approval was granted for concentrating forces to respond swiftly in case the situation deteriorated. As for implementation of the Imperial order, discretion should be exercised in line with the opinion expressed earlier by Korea Army Headquarters. Negotiations were to be conducted in Moscow and Harbin, the location of a Soviet consulate in Manchukuo. Meanwhile, the command was dispatching two officers for purposes of liaison: Lt. Colonel Arisue Yadoru in Operations and Major Kotani Etsuo a specialist in Soviet intelligence. Inada advised Arisue that, apart from liaison flights inside the frontiers, particular care should be exercised with regard to actions that might lead to air combat. Nevertheless, although Inada stated that the Imperial order called for "a sort of military demonstration," he admitted that it meant preparatory action for an attack. The Korea Army senior staff officer, Iwasaki, recalled hearing nothing about secret intentions. Nakamura briefed his staff about the need for restraint, especially during this key period of the Wuhan operation. Koiso had disposed of speculation that he had issued an order to concentrate the 19th Division before Nakamura arrived, although he and Nakamura did have the opportunity to confer in Seoul before he departed for Japan. The Imperial order of 16 July, in response to Koiso's inquiry received in Tokyo on 14 July, had arrived in Seoul addressed to Nakamura; thereupon, the Korea Army chief of staff, Kitano, had the message conveyed to the division. By 21 July Koiso was back in Tokyo where, the day afterward, he advised the war minister, Itagaki, "to act prudently with respect to the Changkufeng problem." Why did the high command dispatch two field-grade liaison officers to Korea from the outset of the Changkufeng Incident? The Korea Army lacked operations staff. Its commander had been allotted prime responsibility, within the chain of command, for defense of northeastern Korea. At the beginning, the highest-ranking staff officer at the front was a major. Since there were no fundamental differences of opinion between the command and the forces in Korea, it was proper to send experts from Tokyo to assist. Imperial General headqaurters would observe the situation carefully, devise measures on the basis of the overall view, and issue orders which the Korea Army would implement through ordinary channels. It had not been the type of incident which required the army commander to go to the front to direct. This was the Korea Army's first test, and political as well as diplomatic problems were involved that the army in the field should not or could not handle. If Tokyo had left decisions to the division and its regiments, the latter would have been held to account, which was not proper. Imperial General headquarters had to assume responsibility and reassure local commanders of its full support. Imaoka Yutaka explained that operational guidance by Imperial General headquarters and line operations conducted by the 19th Division formed the core of the affair; the Korea Army, placed between, was "shadowy." Koiso had not been enthusiastic; this set the mood among the staff. Nakamura, who arrived with a thorough comprehension of AGS thinking, was basically passive. The Korea Army staff, in general, included no "wild boars."    There was an urgent need to monitor developments. Not only was the Korea Army unfamiliar with handling this type of incident, but many hitches occurred. There had been no practice in emergency transmission of coded wires between the Korea Army and Tokyo. Now telegram after telegram had to be sent; most were deciphered incorrectly and many were not decoded at all. Another problem centered on the lack of knowledge in Tokyo about the situation on the spot, which only visual observation could rectify. As a result, the two Army general staff experts, Arisue and Kotani, arrived in Korea on 16 July. Kotani recalled that he was to collect intelligence and assist the local authorities. One of the first duties that he and Arisue performed was to disseminate the principle that use of force required a prior Imperial order. Also on 16 July, Japanese newspapers reported that the USSR was still concentrating troops, that the Manchukuoan government was watching intently, "decisive punitive measures" were being contemplated by the Japanese-Manchukuoan authorities, and there were signs of a worsening of the crisis. Despite good reasons for this gloomy appraisal, the Japanese press had not yet given the incident page-one treatment. More alarming news was being disseminated abroad. Domei, the official Japanese news agency, reported that the situation would probably become worse unless Soviet troops were withdrawn. The position of the Japanese government impressed foreign correspondents as unusually firm. Informants characterized the Changkufeng Incident as the most serious affair since the clash on the Amur River in 1937. Irked by the Korea Army's timidity and eager for first-hand information, the Kwantung Army dispatched two observers to the front: from Intelligence, Ogoshi Kenji, and from Operations, Tsuji Masanobu. If you listen to my pacific war week by week podcast or echoes of war, you know I highlight Tsuji Masanobu as one of the most evil Japanese officers of WW2. No other way to describe this guy, he was a shithead. In his memoirs, Tsuji asserted that he and Ogoshi climbed Changkufeng Hill, discerned Soviet soldiers digging across the peak in Manchurian territory, and concluded that "probably even Tokyo could not overlook such a clear-cut case of invasion." Although his account aligned with the general thrust, Ogoshi contended that Tsuji could not have accompanied him. According to sources with the 19th Division, when Koiso learned that Tsuji and Ogoshi were disparaging the Korea Army's ability to defend Changkufeng, he ordered "those spies" ousted. Ogoshi replied that the army staff was not angry, but Koiso did become furious and ordered Ogoshi "arrested for trespassing." Ogoshi surmised that Koiso's concern was that emotional outsiders such as Tsuji could provoke trouble, perhaps even war, if they visited Changkufeng. This view was widely shared. Inada stated that he made a practice of keeping away to maintain the degree of detachment and impartiality required of high command authorities. One sidelight to the "fraternal" visit to the Changkufeng area by observers from Hsinking was provided by Lt. Colonel Katakura Tadashi, chief of the Kwantung Army's 4th Section, which handled Manchukuo affairs, primarily political direction. When Katakura visited the Operations Section, Tsuji and Ogoshi told him that an intrusion had been confirmed and that the Kwantung Army staff was studying ways to evict the Soviets. Katakura consulted Maj. General Ishiwara Kanji, acting chief of staff, who was already in possession of the draft of an operations order calling for offensive preparations by the Kwantung Army against the Russians at Changkufeng. Katakura asked for reconsideration of the order. This was not a matter to be handled solely by the operations staff. Borders and international affairs were involved; hence the 4th Section, along with the Manchukuoan government, the Gaimusho, and other agencies, were concerned. Field observers were expressing exaggerated personal opinions based on having seen Soviet sentries on a hilltop. If the matter fell within the Korea Army's defensive prerogative, that army ought to handle it. Apparently the Kwantung Army commander and Ishiwara agreed with Katakura, for the draft order was not approved. The so-called private message dispatched by a Kwantung Army staff officer just before Koiso's departure may have been provoked by this rejection of direct participation by forces under Kwantung Army command. Staff officers in Tokyo believed that Hsinking could not see the forest for the trees. In the high command's view, the Kwantung Army's deliberate escalation of a negligible frontier incident undoubtedly stemmed from a failure to grasp the strategic requirements of national defense—pursuit of the campaign in China, the nurturance of Manchukuo, and the buildup of operational readiness for the ultimate solution of the Soviet problem. The high command felt obliged to remind the Kwantung Army that, in dealing with the Changkufeng Incident, the central authorities pressed for a Russian pullback through diplomacy. Consequently, the Korea Army had been instructed to be ready to concentrate troops near Changkufeng as a "background." Meanwhile, it remained the Imperial will that utmost prudence be exercised. The Kwantung Army commander accordingly issued cautious instructions to subordinate units, especially those on the eastern border. The high command's injunctions did not end the discontent and recrimination at the lower levels of Kwantung Army Headquarters, nor did they quiet the concern felt in Tokyo. A former war minister told Baron Harada repeatedly in late July that the Kwantung Army was "no good," while the superintendent of police added that the Kwantung Army was embarrassing Foreign Minister Ugaki. Nevertheless, the Kwantung Army did exert self-restraint. For its part, the Korea Army naïvely sought to achieve entente with an antagonist who considered the case nonnegotiable. First, the government of Manchukuo was asked to lodge a formal protest with the USSR. The commissioner for foreign affairs at Harbin phoned V. V. Kuznetzov, the acting consul, on the night of 14 July and saw him on the 18th. Basing its contentions on maps, the Haensing regime demanded Soviet withdrawal from Changkufeng. The Japanese government was lodging similar protests within the framework of Japanese-Manchukuoan joint defense agreements. On the spot, the situation inflamed. During the afternoon of 15 July, a Japanese military police patrol from Korea reconnoitered at the foot of Hill 52, southeast of Changkufeng. The party came under Soviet gunfire and was driven back, abandoning the body of Corp. Matsushima Shakuni. Japanese sources claimed that a Russian ambush had been set inside Manchuria. The Russian side insisted that it was the Soviet frontier that had been violated by thirty meters. Kuzma Grebennik, the colonel commanding the 59th BGU, which covered the Posyet sector, asserted that Matsushima's effects included a notebook containing reconnaissance results and a camera with film of Soviet-claimed terrain, particularly Changkufeng Hill. According to Maj. Gilfan Batarshin, a subordinate of Grebennik, two Russian border guards from Podgornaya opened fire when the Japanese fled after being challenged. Japanese protests to the USSR about the death of Matsushima and the taking of his body were added to the negotiations concerning the disputed border and the alleged trespassing. Charge Nishi Haruhiko lodged a vigorous complaint in Moscow on 15 July but was answered by a counterprotest. Ambassador Shigemitsu underwent an identical experience during a conversation with Foreign Commissar Maxim Litvinov on 20 July. Shigemitsu retorted that the murder tended to exacerbate the negotiations. In his memoirs, he stated that the killing of Matsushima provoked the local Japanese border garrison unit. The shooting occurred as the Soviet military buildup continued, according to Japanese sources. Mechanized units were reported moving in the direction of Kyonghun from Barabash and Posyet Bay. Biplanes were reconnoitering the Hunchun Valley, within Manchurian territory, from the afternoon of 16 July. To the local Japanese authorities, it seemed that the Russians were adopting a challenging attitude. Although the Japanese-Manchukuoan side remained willing to negotiate—that is, to take no forceful actions if the Russians would withdraw, the latter appeared not to share such an intention. The Soviets were not only misinterpreting the Hunchun treaty to their advantage but were encroaching beyond what they claimed to be the line; they "lacked sincerity." Decisive use of force might have been imperative to secure the Manchurian border, which was Japan's legal responsibility. As far north as Tungning on the eastern Manchurian frontier, two Soviet ground divisions and considerable numbers of tanks and aircraft were reported massed in full view. At Changkufeng, Russian soldiers fortified the crest. Mountain guns were now seen with muzzles pointed toward Manchuria, and Japanese intelligence estimated that Soviet troop strength near Changkufeng had grown to 120 or 130 by the evening of 18 July. As Sawamoto Rikichiro, an Imperial aide, noted in his diary, "It would seem that settlement of the affair had become increasingly difficult." Korea Army staff officer Tsuchiya sent two emissaries bearing the notice to the Soviet border. The pair, "blazing with patriotic ardor,"set out on 18 July, carrying a message in one hand and a white flag in the other. From Kyonghun came the report the next day that there had been an urgent, well-attended Soviet staff meeting at BGU Headquarters in Novokievsk all night, and that the Russian side had been discomfited by the Japanese request, which had been transmitted to higher authorities. Still, the emissaries did not return, while a stream of reports indicated a Soviet buildup along a dozen frontier sectors. Russian authorities had reportedly forced the natives to evacuate an area twenty miles behind their borders. From Japanese observation posts, Soviet convoys of men, guns, and horses could be sighted moving toward Novokievsk after being unloaded from transports originating at Vladivostok. Japanese Army Intelligence reported that on 18 July a regimental-size force had arrived at Novokievsk; artillery displacements forward were particularly visible by night east of Khasan. A confidential Gaimusho message indicated that Soviet truck movements between Posyet, Novokievsk, and the front had increased since the 20th. Russian intrusions, kidnappings, and sniping incidents were reported along the Manchurian borders, from Manchouli on the west to Suifenho on the east, between 18 and 25 July. Aircraft on daytime reconnaissance were detected as far as three miles inside Manchurian territory in the Hunchun area. Although the Japanese asserted that their forbearance was being tested, Izvestiya charged "Japanese militarists" with manufacturing an affair at Ussuri as well as at Changkufeng. The Japanese themselves received reports from the Changkufeng front that by 20 July the Soviets had 250 soldiers, armed with field pieces, trench mortars, howitzers, and light and heavy machine guns, on the southern slopes. The Russians were putting up tents capable of holding 40 men each; officers could be observed for the first time. On the evening of the 20th, the Soviets lobbed illuminating shells toward Manchurian territory. I would like to take this time to remind you all that this podcast is only made possible through the efforts of Kings and Generals over at Youtube. Please go subscribe to Kings and Generals over at Youtube and to continue helping us produce this content please check out www.patreon.com/kingsandgenerals. If you are still hungry after that, give my personal channel a look over at The Pacific War Channel at Youtube, it would mean a lot to me. Inada Masazum, studying maps and mud, saw Changkufeng Hill as a prize with peril, a test of nerve rather than a conquest. Tokyo's orders pulsed through Seoul and Harbin: guard, probe, and deter, but avoid full-scale war. Across the border, Soviet units pressed closer, lights and tents flickering on the hillside. The sea within sight whispered of strategy, diplomacy, and a warning: a single misstep could redraw Asia. And so the standoff waited, patient as winter.

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Actor and improviser David Danipour is here to love K-PAX -- not a Korean ab workout, but a 2001 film that lulls him to sleep within ten minutes, no matter the scene. In a good, soothing kind of way. Episode Links: David's Website David's IG David's YouTube Channel David's X Joe's Patreon Mr. Owl's Website

After a rollercoaster session US equities rebounded by Friday's close, with technology even ending the day in positive territory. Europe had earlier closed lower, mirroring Thursday's US tech selloff. Overnight, Korean technology stocks drove the Kospi higher but China and Japan's geopolitical tensions over Taiwan weighed on the broader market. Japan's travel and tourism sectors took a hit today after China warned its citizens not to travel there. When it comes to the week ahead, watch out for the Fed minutes, a raft of US data being unleashed after the shutdown, and Nvidia's all-important results on Wednesday. Mensur Pocinci, Head of Technical analysis covers likely trajectories for gold and the US dollar in today's podcast, as well as revealing what the charts say about a year-end rally.(00:00) - Introduction: Roman Canziani, Head of Product & Investment Content (00:38) - Markets wrap-up: Bernadette Anderko, Product & Investment Content (06:03) - Technical Analysis update: Mensur Pocinci, Head of Technical Analysis (08:40) - Closing remarks: Roman Canziani, Head of Product & Investment Content Would you like to support this show? Please leave us a review and star rating on Apple Podcasts, Spotify or wherever you get your podcasts.

Fluent Fiction - Korean: From Strawberry Scent to Laughter: Jisoo's Legendary Fix Find the full episode transcript, vocabulary words, and more:fluentfiction.com/ko/episode/2025-11-17-08-38-20-ko Story Transcript:Ko: 가을, 날씨가 쌀쌀해지면서 도심은 단풍으로 물들었다.En: In autumn, as the weather turned chilly, the city was filled with autumn leaves.Ko: 벽돌로 만들어진 오래된 기숙사의 복도는 좁고, 언제나 라면 냄새가 희미하게 풍긴다.En: The corridors of the old brick dormitory are narrow and always faintly smell of ramen.Ko: 이 기숙사의 3층에는 깔끔함이 자부심인 지수와 그의 느긋한 룸메이트 민호가 산다.En: On the third floor of this dormitory live Jisoo, who takes pride in neatness, and his easygoing roommate Minho.Ko: 어느 날 아침, 지수는 감사절 기숙사 저녁 식사를 앞두고 옷을 빨기 시작했다.En: One morning, Jisoo started doing laundry in preparation for the dorm Thanksgiving dinner.Ko: 그런데 실수로 딸기 향 세제로 전 옷을 세탁했다.En: However, he accidentally washed all his clothes with strawberry-scented detergent.Ko: 결국, 그의 방은 과일 시장처럼 풍겼다.En: As a result, his room smelled like a fruit market.Ko: 시간은 빠르게 흘렀고, 세탁실은 휴일이라 문을 닫았다.En: Time passed quickly, and the laundry room was closed for the holiday.Ko: 지수는 난처했다.En: Jisoo was in a dilemma.Ko: "어떡하지, 민호?" 지수가 말했다.En: "What should I do, Minho?" Jisoo said.Ko: 민호는 웃으며 대답했다. "향이 독특해서 좋아할 수도 있어."En: Minho replied with a laugh, "They might like the unique scent."Ko: 그러나 지수는 완벽하지 않으면 안되었다.En: But Jisoo couldn't settle for anything less than perfect.Ko: 방의 향을 중화해야 했다.En: He had to neutralize the scent in the room.Ko: 소연이 방에 왔을 때, 그녀는 냄새를 맡고 웃음을 터뜨렸다.En: When Soyeon came into the room, she caught a whiff of the smell and burst into laughter.Ko: "지수야, 네 방은 딸기 농장이야!"En: "Jisoo, your room is a strawberry farm!"Ko: 지수는 인터넷을 검색했다.En: Jisoo searched the internet.Ko: DIY 방법을 찾았다.En: He found a DIY method.Ko: 친구들에게서 선풍기를 빌리고, 방을 환기하기 시작했다.En: He borrowed fans from friends and began to ventilate the room.Ko: 하지만 향은 쉽게 사라지지 않았다.En: However, the scent did not easily dissipate.Ko: 결국, Vodka를 발견했다.En: Eventually, he came across some vodka.Ko: '이게 효과가 있을까?'En: 'Will this work?'Ko: 지수는 옷과 방에 Vodka를 뿌렸다.En: Jisoo sprayed vodka on the clothes and in the room.Ko: 감사절 저녁이 시작됐다.En: The Thanksgiving dinner began.Ko: 공동 부엌에서 학생들이 모였고, 지수가 등장했다.En: Students gathered in the common kitchen, and Jisoo appeared.Ko: 모두 그에게서 나는 과일 향에 웃음을 터뜨렸다.En: Everyone laughed at the fruity scent coming from him.Ko: 그런데 놀랍게도, Vodka 덕분인지 향이 은은해져 불쾌하지 않았다.En: Surprisingly, thanks to the vodka, the scent became subtle and wasn't unpleasant.Ko: 저녁이 끝난 후, 친구들은 지수를 "딸기 전설"이라 부르며 그의 전략을 칭찬했다.En: After dinner, friends started calling Jisoo the "Strawberry Legend" and praised his strategy.Ko: 지수는 깨달았다. 모든 것이 완벽할 필요는 없다.En: Jisoo realized that not everything needs to be perfect.Ko: 때론 웃음 하나로 문제가 해결된다.En: Sometimes, a simple laughter solves problems.Ko: 그는 소소한 실수를 더 즐기기로 했다.En: He decided to enjoy small mistakes more.Ko: 그리고 그날 밤, 지수는 조용히 웃으며 잠자리에 들었다.En: And that night, Jisoo went to bed quietly laughing.Ko: 차가운 가을 바람이 창문을 스치고, 밖에서는 바스락거리는 낙엽 소리가 들렸다.En: The cold autumn wind brushed against the window, and the rustling sound of fallen leaves could be heard outside. Vocabulary Words:autumn: 가을chilly: 쌀쌀해지면서corridors: 복도neatness: 깔끔함easygoing: 느긋한dilemma: 난처했다detergent: 세제neutralize: 중화하다whiff: 냄새를 맡고burst into laughter: 웃음을 터뜨렸다ventilate: 환기하기dissipate: 사라지지strategy: 전략subtle: 은은해져fruity: 과일 향legend: 전설brick: 벽돌pride: 자부심mistake: 실수Thanksgiving: 감사절dormitory: 기숙사preparation: 준비internet: 인터넷borrowed: 빌리고surprisingly: 놀랍게도praised: 칭찬했다breeze: 바람rustling: 바스락거리는faintly: 희미하게dorm: 기숙사

Fluent Fiction - Korean: Ramen and Laughter: A Thanksgiving to Remember Find the full episode transcript, vocabulary words, and more:fluentfiction.com/ko/episode/2025-11-17-23-34-02-ko Story Transcript:Ko: 진우는 미국의 추수감사절이 어떤지 궁금했다.En: Jinwoo was curious about what Thanksgiving in America was like.Ko: 그의 룸메이트 민지와 친구 서윤도 함께하기로 했다.En: His roommate, Minji, and friend, Seyoon, also decided to join him.Ko: 학교 기숙사 방은 작고 어수선했지만, 이 세 친구에게는 그곳이 가장 좋은 장소였다.En: The school dorm room was small and cluttered, but for these three friends, it was the best place.Ko: 특별한 날을 보내기로 결심했다.En: They decided to have a special day.Ko: 진우는 전통적인 추수감사절 식사를 하고 싶었다.En: Jinwoo wanted to have a traditional Thanksgiving meal.Ko: 그는 서윤에게 칠면조 구이를 부탁했다.En: He asked Seyoon to prepare the turkey roast.Ko: 서윤은 항상 요리에 능하다고 자부했지만, 진우는 조금 걱정되기도 했다.En: Seyoon always prided herself on being good at cooking, but Jinwoo was a little worried.Ko: 민지는 디저트를 맡았다.En: Minji took charge of the dessert.Ko: 특별한 호박 파이를 시도하고 싶었다.En: She wanted to try making a special pumpkin pie.Ko: 그날, 기숙사 주방은 요리를 시도하는 소리로 가득 찼다.En: On that day, the dorm kitchen was filled with the sounds of attempted cooking.Ko: 서윤은 칠면조를 오븐에 넣고 나왔지만, 얼마 지나지 않아 부엌은 타는 냄새로 가득 찼다.En: Seyoon put the turkey in the oven, but it wasn't long before the kitchen was filled with a burning smell.Ko: 민지는 깨달았다. 그녀는 호박 파이에 계피 대신 고춧가루를 넣고 있었던 것이다.En: Minji realized that she had been adding chili powder instead of cinnamon to the pumpkin pie.Ko: 진우는 얼굴을 손으로 가리며 웃음을 참았다.En: Jinwoo covered his face with his hands, trying to suppress his laughter.Ko: 모두가 놀란 얼굴을 하고 있다가 결국 함께 웃었다.En: Everyone had surprised faces, but eventually, they all laughed together.Ko: 결국, 칠면조는 겉이 새까맣고 속은 날것이었다.En: In the end, the turkey was charred on the outside and raw on the inside.Ko: 민지의 호박 파이는 매우 매웠다.En: Minji's pumpkin pie was extremely spicy.Ko: 그들은 계획을 바꾸기로 했다.En: They decided to change their plans.Ko: 라면과 가게에서 산 쿠키로 급하게 저녁을 꾸렸다.En: They hastily put together a dinner with ramen and cookies bought from a store.Ko: 식탁을 둘러싸고 앉아 서로의 이야기를 나눴다.En: Sitting around the table, they shared stories with each other.Ko: 서윤은 "다음번엔 더 잘할 수 있어!"라며, 민지는 "이것도 우리 방식의 추수감사절이야."라고 말했다.En: Seyoon said, "We can do better next time!" and Minji remarked, "This is our own way of celebrating Thanksgiving."Ko: 진우는 그들이 함께라면 고마운 것이라며 친구들을 바라보았다.En: Jinwoo looked at his friends, thankful that they were together.Ko: 맛있는 음식보다 사람들이 중요하다는 것을 깨달았다.En: He realized that people are more important than delicious food.Ko: 이렇게 그들은 웃음과 이야기로 가득 찬 밤을 보냈다.En: In this way, they spent a night filled with laughter and stories.Ko: 미국의 추수감사절이 완벽한 요리만 있는 것은 아니라는 것을 알게 됐다.En: They realized that Thanksgiving in America wasn't just about perfect meals.Ko: 진정한 감사는 함께하는 순간들 속에 있었다.En: True gratitude was found in the moments spent together. Vocabulary Words:curious: 궁금했다roommate: 룸메이트cluttered: 어수선했지만traditional: 전통적인prided: 자부했지만suppress: 참았다laughter: 웃음charred: 새까맣고realized: 깨달았다changing: 바꾸기로hastily: 급하게remarked: 말했다thankful: 고마운gratitude: 감사clutter: 어수선awkward: 서툰attempted: 시도하는burning: 타는suppress: 참다surprised: 놀란spicy: 매웠다plans: 계획을change: 바꾸기로surround: 둘러싸고shared: 나눴다perfect: 완벽한filled: 가득charge: 맡았다desired: 원했다celebrating: 보내기로

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On this Episode we read some comments on theories about the Stray Kids Do It Trailer, Answer some questions from the comments and in our discord chat, and talk about what our kpop group would be like if we were to form one.What do you want to hear us talk about?Follow us! WadeTwitch: ⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠WadeMFMorgan⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠SlyInstagram: ⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠SillySly07⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠TikTok: ⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠SillySly07⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠YouTube: ⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠LimitlessDaze⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠Be sure to subscribe to our YouTube and like our videos!Follow us for more content!ShinoBrozInstagram: ⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠ShinoBroz⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠TikTok: ⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠ShinoBroz⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠YouTube: ⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠ShinoBroz⁠⁠⁠⁠Discord: ⁠⁠⁠ShinoBroz

In this episode of Korea Deconstructed, David Tizzard speaks with Dr. Roald Maliangkay about the forces that shaped modern Korea, its culture, speed, identity, and contradictions. We explore Korea in the 1980s; North Korean pro wrestling; the rise of gossip magazines; the banning of Chinese characters; the manufacturing of Korean heritage; and the origins of Korea's bballi-bballi (빨리빨리) culture. We also dive into folk music, Sino-Korean relations, Korea's global image, and the evolving future of Korean Studies. Roald's work uncovers how cultural narratives are made, forgotten, and reinvented. This is a conversation for anyone interested in Korean history, identity formation, and the cultural mechanics behind modern Korea. Roald's Book: https://www.amazon.com/Broken-Voices-Postcolonial-Entanglements-Preservation/dp/0824866657   Discussion Outline 0:00 Korea in the 1980s 10:30 North Korean Pro Wrestling 17:18 South Korean Gossip Magazines 24:00 Banning the Chinese Script 26:26 Manucfacturing Korean Heritage 35:30 The emergence of Bballi Bballi 49:20 Exploring Folk Music 1:02:15 Korea and China 1:14:25 Korea's Image Abroad 1:29:10 The Future of Korean Studies 1:36:20 Closing Idea   Thanks to Patreon members: Bhavya, Roxanne Murrell, Sara B Cooper, Anne Brennels Join Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/c/user?u=62047873 David A. Tizzard has a PhD in Korean Studies and lectures at Seoul Women's University and Hanyang University. He writes a weekly column in the Korea Times, is a social-cultural commentator, and a musician who has lived in Korea for nearly two decades. He can be reached at datizzard@swu.ac.kr. Watch this video next: https://youtu.be/vIbpLfWJoZM?si=srRVQ1vRkLvCV076 Subscribe to the channel: @DavidTizzard/videos Music by Jocelyn Clark Thank you to 한종철 for helping me record this.   Connect with us:  ▶ Get in touch: datizzard@swu.ac.kr ▶ David's Insta: @datizzard ▶ KD Insta: @koreadeconstructed ▶ Listen on iTunes: https://podcasts.apple.com/kr/podcast/korea-deconstructed/id1587269128 ▶Listen on Spotify: https://open.spotify.com/show/5zdXkG0aAAHnDwOvd0jXEE ▶ Listen on podcasts: https://koreadeconstructed.libsyn.com

In recent times we’ve seen an onslaught of new Chinese models and what seems like a continuing reduction in prices as the competition becomes more intense. By comparison the Korean brands, once cheap and cheerful have climbed up the pricing ladder – Hyundai has just launched a new generation 8-seat Palisade family SUV in one hybrid Calligraphy grade for $89,900 – a $14,000 leap in price over the previous Calligraphy Palisade – highly equipped and finished but one wonders how much the family vehicle market will accept such massive leaps in price. I’m also driving the new Hyundai Ioniq 9 an electric seven-seat luxury SUV, also in one high spec Calligraphy grade – beautifully finished but at $119,750 one wonders if a Hyundai can carry such an exalted price – time will tell I guess but it’s not expected to be a big seller.See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

Fluent Fiction - Korean: Tea Serenity: Jiho's Journey to Tradition in Insadong Find the full episode transcript, vocabulary words, and more:fluentfiction.com/ko/episode/2025-11-16-08-38-20-ko Story Transcript:Ko: 지호는 가을 풍경이 아름다운 서울의 인사동에 있었다.En: Jiho was in Insadong, Seoul, where the autumn scenery was beautiful.Ko: 찬 바람이 살짝 불어와 붉은 단풍을 흔들었다.En: A chilly breeze gently blew, shaking the red autumn leaves.Ko: 인사동의 거리에는 전통 공예품을 파는 가게들이 줄지어 있었고, 다향(茶香)이 풍기는 전통 찻집들도 있었다.En: Along the streets of Insadong, there were rows of shops selling traditional crafts, and there were also traditional tea houses filled with the aroma of tea.Ko: 그 날, 지호는 특별한 의식에 참여하기 위해 찻집을 찾았다.En: That day, Jiho visited a tea house to participate in a special ceremony.Ko: 그는 최근 전통과 멀어졌다는 느낌을 많이 받았다.En: He recently felt a strong sense of distance from tradition.Ko: 대학 생활은 바쁘고, 늘 핸드폰이 손에서 떨어지질 않았다.En: University life was busy, and his phone seemed never to leave his hand.Ko: 하지만 오늘은 달랐다.En: But today was different.Ko: 그는 진정한 휴식을 찾고 싶었다.En: He wanted to find true relaxation.Ko: 찻집 안은 중후한 종이등의 따뜻한 빛으로 가득 차 있었다.En: Inside the tea house, the warm light from the elegant paper lanterns filled the room.Ko: 지호는 살짝 떨리는 손으로 문을 열고 들어갔다.En: With slightly trembling hands, Jiho opened the door and entered.Ko: 안에서는 수진과 민준이 이미 차를 준비하고 있었다.En: Inside, Sujin and Minjun were already preparing the tea.Ko: 모두 조용하고 차분한 분위기 속에서 서로 인사했다.En: Everyone greeted each other in a quiet and calm atmosphere.Ko: 찻잔이 하나씩 나왔고, 지호는 핸드폰을 꺼내려다 멈췄다.En: Tea cups were served one by one, and Jiho paused as he was about to take out his phone.Ko: 그는 결심했다.En: He made a decision.Ko: 오늘만큼은 모든 현대적인 것을 멀리하고 싶었다.En: Just for today, he wanted to distance himself from all things modern.Ko: 그래서 핸드폰을 꺼두었다.En: So, he turned off his phone.Ko: 차를 따르는 수진의 손길은 부드럽고 우아했다.En: Sujin's hands, gracefully and gently pouring the tea, enveloped Jiho's mind in a sense of calm.Ko: 차의 향은 지호의 마음을 편안히 감쌌다.En: Minjun quietly explained the traditional tea ceremony.Ko: "이렇게 차를 마시면 마음이 한결 차분해질 거야."En: "Drinking tea like this will make your mind much more at ease."Ko: 지호는 깊이 숨을 들이마시고 차를 한 모금 마셨다.En: Taking a deep breath, Jiho sipped the tea.Ko: 그 순간, 지호는 마음속 깊은 곳에서 자리 잡은 허전함이 사라지는 것을 느꼈다.En: At that moment, he felt the emptiness deep inside him vanish.Ko: 전통적인 의식 속에서 그는 진정으로 자신을 찾은 기분이었다.En: Within this traditional ceremony, he truly felt like he found himself.Ko: 찻집을 나서며 지호의 얼굴에는 미소가 번졌다.En: As he left the tea house, a smile spread across Jiho's face.Ko: 몸은 여전히 바쁜 세상 속에 있었지만, 마음은 놀라울 정도로 고요하고 평화로웠다.En: His body remained in a busy world, but his mind was remarkably serene and peaceful.Ko: 지호는 전통과 현대의 조화를 이루어갈 수 있을 것이라는 확신이 들었다.En: Jiho felt confident that he could harmonize tradition and modernity.Ko: 인사동을 걷는 동안 떨어지는 낙엽도, 지나가는 바람도 더 이상 그에게 무겁지 않았다.En: Walking through Insadong, neither the falling leaves nor the passing wind felt heavy to him anymore.Ko: 지호는 그의 뿌리를 되찾았고, 지금 이 순간을 제대로 살아가리라 다짐했다.En: Jiho had rediscovered his roots and resolved to live in the present moment properly. Vocabulary Words:autumn scenery: 가을 풍경chilly breeze: 찬 바람traditional crafts: 전통 공예품ceremony: 의식distance: 거리elegant: 중후한trembling: 떨리는quiet: 조용한calm: 차분한atmosphere: 분위기pouring: 따르는gracefully: 우아하게envelop: 감싸다serene: 고요하다harmonize: 조화를 이루다passing wind: 지나가는 바람rediscover: 되찾다resolve: 다짐하다true relaxation: 진정한 휴식warm light: 따뜻한 빛mind: 마음at ease: 차분해지다emptiness: 허전함vanish: 사라지다roots: 뿌리modernity: 현대tea aroma: 다향falling leaves: 떨어지는 낙엽properly: 제대로true self: 진정으로 자신

Fluent Fiction - Korean: Investment in Warmth: Minseo's New Coat and New Season Find the full episode transcript, vocabulary words, and more:fluentfiction.com/ko/episode/2025-11-16-23-34-02-ko Story Transcript:Ko: 가을 바람이 살랑살랑 부는 날, 민서와 지수는 코엑스몰에 나섰습니다.En: On a breezy autumn day, Minseo and Jisoo set out for COEX Mall.Ko: 몰은 사람들로 북적였고, 상점들은 저마다 가을 컬렉션을 선보이고 있었습니다.En: The mall was bustling with people, and the shops were each showcasing their autumn collections.Ko: 민서는 새 직장을 시작한지 얼마 되지 않았고, 따뜻하면서도 세련된 겨울 코트를 찾고 있었습니다.En: Minseo had not long started her new job and was looking for a warm yet stylish winter coat.Ko: "민서야, 여기저기 둘러보자. 코엑스에는 좋은 매장들이 많아," 지수가 말했습니다.En: "Minseo, let's browse around. COEX has a lot of great stores," Jisoo said.Ko: "그래, 하지만 예산을 지켜야 해," 민서가 대답했습니다. 그녀의 머릿속에는 필요한 예산과 스타일이 충돌 하고 있었습니다.En: "Sure, but we need to stick to the budget," Minseo replied, with a budget and style clashing in her mind.Ko: 두 사람은 여러 매장을 구경했습니다.En: The two of them visited several stores.Ko: 밝은 조명의 매장들은 유리창을 통해 다양한 코트를 드러내고 있었습니다.En: The brightly lit shops displayed various coats through their windows.Ko: 어느 순간, 민서의 눈에 뛰어난 디자인의 코트가 들어왔습니다.En: At a certain moment, Minseo spotted a coat with an outstanding design.Ko: "우와, 이 코트 정말 예쁘다," 지수가 탄성을 질렀습니다.En: "Wow, this coat is really pretty," exclaimed Jisoo.Ko: 민서는 코트를 만져보았습니다.En: Minseo touched the coat.Ko: 부드럽고 고급스러운 소재였고, 입어보니 그녀의 몸에 딱 맞았습니다.En: It was made of soft, luxurious material, and when she tried it on, it fit her perfectly.Ko: 하지만 가격표를 보니 민서의 마음은 흔들렸습니다.En: However, upon seeing the price tag, Minseo's heart wavered.Ko: "조금 비싸네... 그래도 정말 예쁘다," 민서가 망설이며 말했습니다.En: "It's a bit expensive... but it's so beautiful," Minseo said hesitantly.Ko: "민서야, 가끔은 자신에게 투자하는 것도 필요해.En: "Minseo, sometimes you need to invest in yourself.Ko: 네가 이 코트를 입으면 아주 멋져 보여. 새 직장에서도 좋은 인상을 줄 거야," 지수가 설득했습니다.En: You'll look amazing in this coat, and it will make a great impression at your new job," Jisoo persuaded her.Ko: 민서는 거울 앞에 서서 고민했습니다.En: Minseo stood in front of the mirror, contemplating.Ko: 그녀의 머릿속에서는 실용성과 욕망이 싸움을 벌였습니다.En: In her mind, practicality and desire were at odds.Ko: '직장에서의 첫인상도 중요하고, 나도 가끔은 나 자신을 위해 조금 사치해도 되지 않을까?' 그녀는 생각했습니다.En: 'First impressions at work are important, and sometimes it's okay to indulge a little for myself, isn't it?' she thought.Ko: 마침내 민서는 결정을 내렸습니다.En: Finally, Minseo made her decision.Ko: "그래, 이 코트를 살래.En: "Alright, I'll buy this coat.Ko: 나에게 좋은 투자가 될 거야," 그녀가 웃으며 말했습니다.En: It will be a good investment for me," she said with a smile.Ko: 회계 부분에서 마침내 멀어져 나온 민서는 지수에게 고마움을 전했습니다.En: As they finally moved away from the checkout counter, Minseo expressed her gratitude to Jisoo.Ko: "너 덕분에 큰 결정을 내렸어.En: "Thanks to you, I made a big decision.Ko: 이제 따뜻하게 입고 다닐 수 있겠네."En: Now I can stay warm when I go out."Ko: 지수는 환하게 웃었습니다.En: Jisoo beamed.Ko: "내가 도움이 됐다니 기쁘다.En: "I'm glad I could help.Ko: 민서야, 가끔은 삶의 작은 사치도 꼭 필요해!"En: Minseo, sometimes a little luxury in life is definitely necessary!"Ko: 코엑스몰을 걸어나오는 두 사람은 가을 골목길을 따라 다음 여행지를 향해 걸어갔습니다.En: As they walked out of COEX Mall, the two headed towards their next destination along the autumn alley.Ko: 민서는 삶의 균형을 찾고 있음을 느끼며 새로운 계절을 맞이할 준비가 되어 있었습니다.En: Minseo felt that she was finding balance in life and was ready to welcome the new season.Ko: 그리고 그녀의 곁에는 언제나 지수가 함께였습니다.En: And, as always, Jisoo was right by her side. Vocabulary Words:breezy: 살랑살랑 부는bustling: 북적였고showcasing: 선보이고 있었습니다stylish: 세련된budget: 예산clashing: 충돌 하고browse: 둘러보자showcasing: 선보이고outstanding: 뛰어난exclaimed: 탄성을 질렀습니다luxurious: 고급스러운wavered: 흔들렸습니다hesitantly: 망설이며persuaded: 설득했습니다contemplating: 고민했습니다impressions: 인상indulge: 사치해도counter: 회계 부분gratitude: 고마움을beamed: 환하게 웃었습니다necessary: 꼭 필요해destination: 여행지alley: 골목길balance: 균형practicality: 실용성desire: 욕망investment: 투자impression: 인상budget: 예산collections: 컬렉션

Send us a textSpecial Guest: Ron ChangKorean graves do not always stay where you put them. In this episode, Ron Chang joins us to talk about what it is really like to exhume and relocate family graves in Korea. Ron recently moved the graves of his grandmother and grandfather from a remote mountain cemetery in Yangju to the special North Korean heritage cemetery near Paju.We talk about Korean exhumation culture, pungsu, why graves get moved, and what actually happens on the day a burial mound is opened. Ron walks us through the whole thing: the paperwork, the tools, the shock of what you find underground, and the strange mix of duty, sadness, sweat and family logistics that define Korean memorial life.If you have ever wondered how Korea handles the dead, this is your backstage pass. Korea's #1 ghost and dark history walking tour. Book at DarkSideOfSeoul.com Get your comic at DarkSideOfSeoul.comSupport the showJoin our Patreon to get more stuff https://patreon.com/darksideofseoul Book a tour of The Dark Side of Seoul Ghost Walk at https://darksideofseoul.com Pitch your idea here. https://www.darksideofseoul.com/expats-of-the-wild-east/ Credits Produced by Joe McPherson and Shawn Morrissey Music by Soraksan Top tier Patrons Angel EarlJoel BonominiDevon HiphnerGabi PalominoSteve MarshEva SikoraRon ChangMackenzie MooreHunter WinterCecilia Löfgren DumasJosephine RydbergDevin BuchananAshley WrightGeorge Irion Facebook Page | Instagram

Jeff and Phil welcome Francesca Hong -- chef, community organizer, state assemblymember, and candidate for governor of Wisconsin. She talks about her working class roots and political ascent from the food service industry to being elected the first Asian American member of the Wisconsin Legislature, and now running for governor as a Democratic Socialist to build a Wisconsin in which everyone has a seat at the table. She also talks about rocking the "Stay Angry" shirt, why Wisconsin is more than just beer and cheese, and how it's cool as hell to Korean right now (and feeling some kind of way about it). And of course, The Good, The Bad, and The WTF of running for governor of Wisconsin.

In this moving conversation, we speak with Alisha, a therapist and Korean adoptee, about her lifelong search for identity and home. She shares the story of being adopted from Korea as an infant, growing up in a small Midwestern town, reuniting with her birth mother in her thirties, and navigating motherhood herself. We explore the myths of adoption, the grief that lives in the body, and what it means to come into community and consciousness as an adult adoptee.You can learn more about Alisha Bennett here. We also recommend this Frontline documentary, “South Korea's Adoption Reckoning.” LOVELINK is hosted by Brooklyn-based therapists Dr. Signe Simon and Dr. Simone Humphrey. If you'd like to contact us directly, send us an email to info@modernmind.co. 

learn how to say 'interview' in Korean

compare unrounded vs rounded vowels: ㅡ vs ㅗ and front vs back vowels: ㅣ, ㅐ vs ㅓ

improve your listening skills by comparing different versions of "The Ant and the Grasshopper"

Why LA County's winding down its free laptop loan program. For Food Friday we'll dig into a rare mushroom being served in LA's Koreatown. And Bad Bunny takes home the biggest prize at the Latin Grammys. Support The L.A. Report by donating at LAist.com/join and by visiting https://laist.com Visit www.preppi.com/LAist to receive a FREE Preppi Emergency Kit (with any purchase over $100) and be prepared for the next wildfire, earthquake or emergency!Support the show: https://laist.com

Ash and Tilly are back with art conservator and supernatural sleuth Jessica van Dam to finish unraveling the mystery of the haunted artefacts from the Jinu Preservation Society. From tiger-and-magpie paintings to suspiciously stylish hats, the trio dive deep into Korean demons, dokkaebi, and ghostly folklore—with a few detours into their favorite K-dramas. Expect myths, mayhem, and more giggles than exorcisms. Will they cleanse the cursed collection… or will Tilly perish under the weight of Ash and Jess's K-drama obsession?Books mentioned:Mort (Terry Pratchett)The Girl Who Fell Beneath the Sea (Axie Oh)Supernatural Encounters in South Korea (Shawn Morrisey)The Floating World (Axie Oh)The Demon and the Light (Axie Oh)Thousand Beginnings and Endings (Ellen Oh, et al)The God and the Gumiho (Sophie Kim)Crane Among Wolves (June Hur)Ghost Nocturne (Ananas, illustrated by C. R. Jade)Omniscient Reader's Viewpoint (singNsong, illustrated by Sleepy-C)Ash and Jess's K-Drama Recs:My DemonKing of the LandGenie, Make A WishDear HongrangBon Appétit, Your MajestyBusiness ProposalLovers of the Red skyHead over HeelsHotel Del LunaGoblin, the Great and Lonely GodHaunted PalaceTomorrowMr. QueenScarlet Heart RyeoMystic Pop-up BarStrong Girl Do Bong Soong100 Days My PrinceChicago TypewriterMy Roommate Is A GumihoImitationLet Me Be Your KnightSecret royal inspector and joyTrue beautyRiver where the moon risesHometown cha cha chaWelcome to SamdalriLovely Runner (a must watch ;))LinksJessica's WebsiteContactEmail: andmytrowel@gmail.comInstagram: @‌and.my.trowelTranscriptsFor rough transcripts of this episode, go to: https://www.archpodnet.com/trowel/56ArchPodNetAPN Website: https://www.archpodnet.comAPN on Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/archpodnetAPN on Twitter: https://www.twitter.com/archpodnetAPN on Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/archpodnetAPN StoreAffiliatesMotion Hosted by Simplecast, an AdsWizz company. See pcm.adswizz.com for information about our collection and use of personal data for advertising.

Comment on this episode by going to KDramaChat.comToday, we're doing a special episode on Bon Appétit, Your Majesty, the hit K Drama on Netflix starring Lee Chae Min as King Yi Heon and Im Yoon A as Yeon Ji Yeong. We are joined by the amazing Ernabel Demillo to discuss:The featured song during the recap: I Find You by Do Young.How Bon Appétit, Your Majesty is a light-hearted, romantic, and food-filled drama inspired by the dark reign of King Yeonsangun.The show's unique blend of historical fiction, time travel, romance, and culinary arts — with food as a central character and storytelling device.The story of King Yeonsangun, the real tyrant who inspired the fictional King Yi Heon, and how the drama reimagines his story.A comparison to Mr. Queen and why this show, though similar on the surface, is more about food, love, and redemption than gender-bending comedy.Im Yoon A and Lee Chae Min's incredible chemistry, with Lee Chae Min's breakout performance being especially notable given his short preparation time.The standout supporting characters, including Gil Geum, Gong Gil, Kang Mok Ju, and the Chinese chefs — each representing different cultural and culinary dynamics.The symbolic power of food in the drama, showing how it connects people, heals trauma, and even saves nations.The use of the Mangunrok as the show's MacGuffin — both a literal time travel portal and a symbolic love letter from the king.The drama's conclusion, including how the king travels to the modern day, and the emotional payoff of their reunion through food.A discussion of Michelin-starred restaurants in Asia, the rise of Korean cuisine globally, and personal dining experiences from Ernabel.Gong Gil's deeper role and edited-out storyline — including a potential love triangle that was ultimately minimized.The theme of finding your destined love across time, emphasized through the OST lyrics and repeated motifs of reunion and promise.What we're watching now — from Because This Is My First Life to Would You Marry Me and The Uncanny Counter — and a preview of Season 13 of K Drama Chat, where we will recap and analyze Startup.ReferencesFrom The Tatler: The true story about the fictional king in ‘Bon Appétit, Your Majesty'From TIME: The Real History Behind the Time Travel K-Drama Bon Appetit, Your MajestyFrom Reddit: Summary of the ending of the book “Surviving as Yeonsangun's Cher”Asian American Life website and recent episodes

What if the church you've been searching for all along is the one you didn't know existed? Kyle David shares how a lifetime of sincere belief still left him split between Sunday performance and weekday drift—until a medical collapse forced brutal honesty about faith, pride, and the limits of self-reliance. The story begins with restless church-hopping across megachurch stages and traditional pews, and moves through a pandemic-era return to the sanctuary that felt more like rebellion than routine.We trace Kyle's path from church fatigue and a divided life to a near-death crisis that reawakened faith, reverence, and daily discipline. The journey lands in Orthodoxy, where mystery is honored, repentance is central, and community finally feels like home.• Protestant upbringing across multiple denominations• dissatisfaction with casual worship and lack of reverence• gap years from church without renouncing belief• pandemic as a catalyst to reexplore tradition• medical collapse, surgery, and dependence on grace• honoring science while affirming providence• music as a metaphor for spiritual discipline• Eastern sense of mystery aligning with Orthodoxy• finding belonging at St. Anthony the Great• repentance and Christ as the physician of soulsThat restlessness turns into a reckoning when COVID pneumonia, a hurricane evacuation, and months in hospitals strip away pretense. Kyle talks candidly about respecting modern medicine and still seeing providence at work: surgeons and science as channels, not the source, of healing. From that edge of life, he stops “presenting” as Christian and starts practicing one—daily prayer, Scripture, repentance, and a slower, steadier walk. We explore how Orthodoxy's humility before mystery resonates with his Korean heritage and why the Church as a “hospital for the soul” shifted his understanding of mercy, sin, and healing.Music threads through the conversation as a living metaphor. As a drummer, Kyle learned to keep time within and adjust to the room without losing the beat. That's how he approaches faith now—discipline that makes space for grace. The turning point came at St. Anthony the Great in San Diego, where belonging finally felt honest: fewer smoke machines, more reverence; less hype, more healing. If you've felt the gap between head knowledge and a changed life, this story will meet you where you are and invite you deeper into a faith that doesn't explain away mystery but teaches you to stand before it.If this conversation moved you, tap follow, share it with a friend who's searching, and leave a review so more listeners can find the show.Questions about Orthodoxy? Please check out our friends at Ghost of Byzantium Discord server: https://discord.gg/JDJDQw6tdhPlease prayerfully consider supporting Cloud of Witnesses Radio: https://www.patreon.com/c/CloudofWitnessesFind Cloud of Witnesses Radio on Instagram, X.com, Facebook, and TikTokPlease leave a comment with your thoughts!

御飯糰 yùfàntuán – rice ball (Japanese-style or convenience store rice snack)橋村炸雞 Qiáocūn zhàjī – Kyochon fried chicken (a popular Korean fried chicken brand)濃濃的醬料 nóngnóng de jiàngliào – rich/thick sauce嫩嫩的炸雞 nèn nèn de zhàjī – tender fried chicken配上 pèi shàng – served with; paired with粒粒分明的白飯 lì lì fēn míng de báifàn – rice with distinct, separate grains肉汁 ròuzhī – meat juice; gravy重頭戲 zhòngtóuxì – highlight; main event微波主餐 wéibō zhǔcān – microwavable main dish燴飯 huìfàn – braised rice; rice with sauce義式番茄肉醬義大利麵 yìshì fānqié ròujiàng yìdàlìmiàn – Italian-style spaghetti with tomato meat sauce療癒 liáoyù – healing; comforting瑪格麗特筆管麵 Mǎgélìtè bǐguǎnmiàn – Margherita penne pasta台式料理 táishì liàolǐ – Taiwanese-style cuisine滑蛋牛肉燴飯 huádàn niúròu huìfàn – scrambled egg and beef braised rice湯汁 tāngzhī – broth; sauce; gravy紅燒牛肉燴飯 hóngshāo niúròu huìfàn – braised beef in soy sauce with rice入味 rùwèi – flavorful; well-seasoned下飯 xiàfàn – goes well with rice卡士達奶霜泡芙 kǎshìdá nǎishuāng pàofú – custard cream puff一口咬下去 yī kǒu yǎo xiàqù – take a bite; bite into爆漿 bàojiāng – oozing filling; bursting with cream冰冰涼涼 bīngbīng liángliáng – ice-cold; chilled流口水 liú kǒushuǐ – mouth-watering榛果可可 zhēnguǒ kěkě – hazelnut cocoa提拉米蘇 tílā mǐsū – tiramisuFollow me on Instagram: fangfang.chineselearning !

Came for Ji Chang-wook + D.O., stayed for legit EVERYTHING…..We're loving this, y'all. And Maddie typically never watches psychological thrillers (like literally ever). But this show is doinggggg ittttt forrrr ussss.….The Manipulated is a new 12-episode kdrama about a normal (hot) guy who gets framed for a gruesome murder and seeks revenge on the man who framed him. These first two episodes had us on the edge of our seats and, although this drama is aiming for a lot, we think they're going to deliver!….Check out “The Manipulated” on Disney+ and Hulu….P.S. PRO TIP!!! U.S. viewers - watch it on the Hulu app in order to get it without english dubs! (At least, that worked for us!)…..If you're new to YA GIRL, we're so glad you're here!! I truly hope you enjoy listening to this podcast! …..Also, check out our sister-pod - THE KDROP: A KPop Podcast - if that's your thing. https://www.instagram.com/the.kdrop_kpop_pod/ ….. Before you do anything else, FOLLOW YA GIRL ON INSTAGRAM! For real, please come and say hey to us over the socials! @yagirl_kdrama pod (⁠⁠https://www.instagram.com/yagirl_kdramapod?igsh=OGQ5ZDc2ODk2ZA%3D%3D&utm_source=qr⁠⁠)….And Christina just started an exclusive BTS instagram, so give that a follow!   https://www.instagram.com/bts_express_the.kdrop?utm_source=ig_web_button_share_sheet&igsh=ZDNlZDc0MzIxNw== … Finally, jump on  YA GIRL's Discord!! It's where all the friends of YA GIRL gather and talk about hot Korean men. You really don't wanna miss it. ⁠⁠ https://discord.gg/rFmEgTJpJ8

On this episode we sit down with Eric McDaniel's as he talks about his story of his Korean parents abandoning him and how he was adopted into a loving American family in the 1980's Hosted on Acast. See acast.com/privacy for more information.

In Part 2 of Episode 265 of the Mike Drop Podcast, host Mike Ritland continues his in-depth conversation with Ken Rhee — a Korean-American UDT/SEAL (ROK SEAL) who grew up in the U.S., served in South Korea's elite naval special warfare unit, trained at American BUD/S, fought pirates off Somalia, volunteered in Ukraine, and now runs a private military consulting firm while navigating strict Korean gun laws and a suspended prison sentence. Expect raw insights into cross-national SEAL training, hostage-rescue ops, post-military contracting, the realities of foreign volunteer combat, and a unique cultural take on firearms, self-defense, and crime from someone who's lived in both American and Korean worlds. Audio is Zoom-based but packed with unfiltered stories you won't hear anywhere else. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices

Holiday decorations, popular names, Korean skin care and whether it's uncool to have a boyfriend – join me!

Bretman's back from Korea and feeling extra enlightened - literally and spiritually. This week, B and Miss Kaaaye spill all the tea: from Bretman's color analysis (RIP gray tones) and luxury Korean skincare haul to his failed attempt at bleaching his… well, you know. The duo dive into the queer history of lavender marriages, discover that “lesbian” originated from the island of Lesbos, and read ancient sapphic poetry with full dramatic flair. Plus, Miss K's new fillers, Honolulu Pride recap, and why Bretman says the Big Bang was gay.Produced by Dear MediaSee Privacy Policy at https://art19.com/privacy and California Privacy Notice at https://art19.com/privacy#do-not-sell-my-info.

learn how to use the sentence pattern "You said..."

"It is my life that I claim. That sense of empowerment wouldn't have happened without the Process." Ana Bok Today's conversation with Hoffman graduate Ana Bok begins with Ana sharing a story that happened three years after her Process. Her week at Hoffman provided a powerful foundation that would come to help guide her through a tough time. Since childhood, Ana's dream has been to become a doctor. At age fourteen, she came to the United States. After graduating with her undergraduate degree in  Neuroscience with a concentration in Behavioral Studies, Ana planned to attend Yale Medical School. But first, she was a post-graduate research associate at a child psychiatry research lab at the Yale Child Study Center. She was on her way to her long-held dream. But there, Ana found herself in inner turmoil and conflict. Already a Hoffman grad, Ana had thought to herself that after the Process, she was on her "right road" and that everything was "supposed to work." She didn't know what was wrong, but she knew her Quadrinity was out of alignment. Listen in to hear Ana tell about this pivotal moment along the journey of her life. The Process offers a powerful foundation for navigating life. Ana found hope at the Process. Hope and her Spiritual Self guided Ana through this difficult time. Ana's story is powerful because it reminds us that after doing the Process, life is still life. How life works hasn't changed, but we have. We hope you enjoy this deeply vulnerable and moving conversation with Ana and Drew. More about Ana Bok: Ana was born in Korea, raised in China, and moved to the U.S. alone at age fourteen. She studied Neuroscience with a concentration in Behavioral Studies at Columbia University and spent five years researching molecular pathobiology and pain mechanisms during and after college. In 2022, Ana attended the Hoffman Process, which affirmed her deep interest in child and adolescent mental health.  Ana recently completed two years of postgraduate training at the Yale Child Study Center. She continues her research on obsessive-compulsive disorder at the Yale School of Medicine. Fascinated by the intersection of science and spirituality, Ana hopes to one day integrate spirituality into early mental health interventions. Alongside her research, Ana has mentored middle and high school students, supporting their academic and personal growth. Ana served as a NYC Hoffman Graduate Group Leader in 2022–2023 before her fellowship at Yale and recently returned as a co-facilitator for the NYC Uptown Hoffman group. She welcomes connections from fellow Hoffman graduates and can be reached at dianabok.connect@gmail.com. Listen on Apple Podcasts Listen on Spotify As mentioned in this episode: Left Road/Right Road: The left road represents repeating patterns from your past, while the right road is the path of authenticity, choice, and self-responsibility. The Quadrinity™ Symbol Bob Hoffman designed the Hoffman Quadrinity™ Symbol in 1967 to represent the wholeness of Self. The circle represents the Body; the large vertical diamond in the middle represents the Spirit; the 2 smaller horizontal diamond shapes represent the Intellect and Emotions. The whole is greater than the sum of its parts.   Korean fortune-telling: "Saju" is a traditional Korean fortune-telling system that analyzes an individual's birth year, month, day, and hour to create a personal profile. It is a widely practiced cultural tradition for seeking guidance on personality, relationships, career, and life path. It is often used for entertainment as well as for serious life decisions. Rooted in ancient Chinese metaphysics, saju calculates cosmic energy at the time of birth to provide insights into one's destiny.   

The lightning round gets personal as Kelly reveals she'd trade her data to Ulta for holiday discounts (with three sisters and multiple gift exchanges, who can blame her?), Waqas picks "Things to Do in Denver When You're Dead" as his favorite Andy Garcia film, and the panel mourns the potential disappearance of Italian pasta from US shelves. Plus: middle-aged men are the biggest holiday spenders, Waqas's dishwasher crisis becomes his holiday budget, and we learn about Korean vs. German appliances, the superiority of rigatoni and pappardelle, and why ChatGPT has become Ella's "best friend." Sponsored A&M Consumer and Retail Group, Mirakl, Ocampo Capital, Infios, and Quorso. For the full episode head here: https://youtu.be/j0UulTYE5_8 #HolidayShopping #RetailTrends #LightningRound #ConsumerBehavior #RetailPodcast

Dream podcast guest alert! You know you're off to a good start when Trish asks "was food important growing up" and you get a solid 20-minute answer! Judiaann Woo not only has the beauty and the brains, but she came in with a catalog of stories - from childhood to her time in New York City. Judiaann is a marketing consultant & social media strategist, a content creator, food & travel writer, recipe developer, and host of her podcast, "Food People are the Best People." Born in Korea, she talks about her family moving to the states when she was three, and how very important food was growing up. Mom was not only a great cook, whipping up Korean dishes at home, but she also learned how to make other dishes from other cultures, thanks to her co-workers, willing to share techniques, ingredients and how-tos. Judiaann says she didn't even think about pursuing a career in culinary until she was living in New York City, doing some soul searching and realizing she kept coming back to food as something she was passionate about. In her long list of talents, she also lists one of her roles as "community builder." She believes that special partnership is critical to building communities and becoming stronger, kinder, compassionate neighbors.

Send us a textBall Watching hosts, Jake Koenig and Justin Graham, recap Corey Wray's first press conference as Sporting Director for St. Louis CITY SC, provide updates on SLU Men's and Women's journeys in the A-10 postseason tournaments, discuss the potential MLS calendar and format changes + MLS Cup playoffs so far, and highlight the USMNT's upcoming November friendlies and roster!Follow the show on X and/or Instagram (@BallWatchingSTL)! Find our guest interviews and all episodes in video form on YouTube by searching https://www.youtube.com/@ballwatchingSTL. Be sure to hit subscribe and turn notifications on!Hoffmann Brothers is the 2025 presenting sponsor of Ball Watching! Headquartered right here in St. Louis for over 40 years, Hoffmann Brothers is a full-service residential & commercial provider, providing Heating, Air Conditioning, Plumbing, Drains, Sewer, Water Heaters, Duct Cleaning, Electrical and Appliance Repair services. Visit them online at hoffmannbros.com!Make The Pitch Athletic Club & Tavern (thepitch-stl.com) your St. Louis CITY SC pregame and postgame destination for all your food and drink needs! Tell them your friends at Ball Watching sent you... Seoul Juice is the official drink of Ball Watching and made with three clean simple ingredients: water, organic lemon juice, and Korean pear juice. Get yours at Dierbergs, Sams Club, or online at seouljuice.com. Use code "BALLWATCHING" at checkout for 20% off all online orders!Shop in-store or online at Series Six (seriessixcompany.com) and receive a 15% discount on all orders storewide using code "BALLWATCHING" at checkout!

This week Jun and Daniel dive deep into a media review of "The Wailing" (곡성), the critically acclaimed 2016 Korean horror film directed by Na Hong-jin. They begin by unpacking the clever wordplay behind the Korean title—"Gokseong" doubles as both the name of the real Korean city where the film is set and the Chinese character meaning "wailing." The hosts explore the film's complex narrative structure, debating whether the mysterious Japanese man is truly a demon or just an unfortunate scapegoat, analyzing the deacon character's true motivations, and discussing the tragic ending where the protagonist's choices lead to devastating consequences. They examine the film's commentary on faith, superstition, and mob mentality, while also touching on the masterful cinematography, the haunting shaman ritual scene, and the unforgettable performances.If you're interested in understanding why this film is considered one of Korea's most important horror achievements, how Korean shamanism and religious syncretism create the story's ambiguity, why the film's open-ended interpretation makes it endlessly rewatchable, or Daniel's instant regret watching a horror film late at night in the dark, tune in to hear Daniel and Jun discuss all this and more! This episode also features discussion about recognizing famous Korean actors (including Hwang Jung-min, one of Korea's top movie stars), comparisons to The Blair Witch Project, and reflections on how the film uses the real city of Gokseong as its setting.As a reminder, we publish our episodes bi-weekly from Seoul, South Korea. We hope you enjoy listening to our conversation, and we're so excited to have you following us on this journey!Support the showWe hope you enjoy listening to our conversation, and we're so excited to have you following us on this journey!Support us on Patreon:https://patreon.com/user?u=99211862Follow us on socials: https://www.instagram.com/koreanamericanpodcast/https://twitter.com/korampodcasthttps://www.tiktok.com/@koreanamericanpodcastQuestions/Comments/Feedback? Email us at: koreanamericanpodcast@gmail.com Member of the iyagi media network (www.iyagimedia.com)

Today's South Korean biotechs have a risk-on mentality, a willingness to partner, and strategies focused on globalization. On a special edition of the BioCentury This Week podcast recorded at Venture Café Cambridge, BioCentury is joined by a quartet of investors and executives with deep knowledge of Korea's life sciences ecosystem to discuss Korea biotech's push to globalize and the opportunities in the country for Western companies. The four guests joining BioCentury were Aram Hong, CEO of Korean start-up Apollon; investors Spencer Nam and Debra Peattie; and Boehringer Ingelheim GmbH's Andy Whittle.The podcast was recorded Nov. 6 on stage at the Venture Café Cambridge during the K-Blockbuster Night hosted by KHIDI, the Korea Health Industry Development Institute. BioCentury analyses discussed during the podcast include one on Asian deals and another on the speed of clinical trials in China. BioCentury returns to Asia early next year for the 5th East-West Summit, March 9-11 in Seoul. This episode of the BioCentury This Week podcast is brought to you by KHIDI.View Full story: https://www.biocentury.com/article/657558#KoreaBiotech #Globalization #LifeSciences #BiotechEcosystem #PharmaDeals #ClinicalDevelopment #Innovation #BiotechLeadership00:01 - Sponsor Message: KHIDI05:08 - Asia Deals and Korea's Role09:12 - Boehringer's Perspective13:51 - Apollon's Journey17:24 - Building Relationships23:20 - Investors' View To submit a question to BioCentury's editors, email the BioCentury This Week team at podcasts@biocentury.com.Reach us by sending a text

Listen in on Cultivation Station, as we chat with Christine Young of Hearth & Seoul. Christine will share with us how Hearth and Seoul embodies the fusion of two passions dear to her heart: the cherished memories of cooking alongside her Korean mother as well as her 16 year journey into the world of herbalism and integrative healthcare.

The worst day on Wall Street since "Liberation Day Tariffs" shocked the world and we'll share why. This is the Business News Headlines for Thursday the 13th day of November, thanks for listening! In other news, the IRS has boosted the amount of money you can send to your 401-k account. We've got a Head Start funding story for you. Some Korean workers who were detained in Georgia have gone back to work. Boeing workers in the Midwest vote to accept a new contract and end the months long strike.  And, we'll check the numbers in The Wall Street Report.  Finally, it's Red Cup Day over at Starbucks and there is also a strike going on. Let's go… Thanks for listening! The award winning Insight on Business the News Hour with Michael Libbie is the only weekday business news podcast in the Midwest. The national, regional and some local business news along with long-form business interviews can be heard Monday - Friday. You can subscribe on  PlayerFM, Podbean, iTunes, Spotify, Stitcher or TuneIn Radio. And you can catch The Business News Hour Week in Review each Sunday Noon Central on News/Talk 1540 KXEL. The Business News Hour is a production of Insight Advertising, Marketing & Communications. You can follow us on Twitter @IoB_NewsHour...and on Threads @Insight_On_Business.

In this second episode of our series on Korean Cults, we trace the tangled roots of Korea's modern messianic movements—shaped by Jeong Deuk-eun (“The Great Holy Mother”) and Kim Baek-moon—gave birth to a new religion that blended Confucianism, Taoism, and Christian language into a syncretic gospel of bloodline purification and “True Bloodline Lineage. We then follow how this ideology influenced later leaders like Jung Myung-seok (JMS) and Park Tae-seon of the Olive Tree Movement, revealing the disturbing legacy of Korean messiahship and political infiltration that continues today through groups like the Moonies, Shincheonji, and WMSCOG. We're joined by Pastor Yang, Adjunct Professor of New Testament at the Presbyterian University and Theological Seminary in Seoul, who holds a Doctor of Theology in New Testament and served as a Visiting Scholar at Trinity Evangelical Divinity School (2023–2024). Also joining us is Chris, a former member of Shincheonji and returning Cultish guest, who shares his firsthand experience and ongoing efforts to raise awareness about the growing global influence of Korean cults. Together, we expose how the False Christs of Korea: The Unification Church and the Olive Tree Legacy which redefined the Gospel, replaced biblical revelation with self-proclaimed messiahs, and continue to shape Korea's—and the world's—spiritual landscape today.Partner With Us & Be Part of the Mission to Change Lives: HERESHOP OUR MERCH: HEREPlease consider subscribing to our YouTube Channel: CultishTV.comCultish is a 100% crowdfunded ministry. -- Email Chris & Pastor Yang: biblev@daum.net Chris@examiningthecults.org Chris's Website: HEREChris's YouTube: HEREPastor Yang's YouTube: HERE

Dan is off this week. So we are pleased to bring you a feature from our new limited series American Unexceptionalism: Global Lessons on Fighting Religious Nationalism with Dr. Matthew Taylor and Rev. Susan Hayward. South Korea is a nation that is deeply entwined with the United States. From the Korean War (which never technically ended) to Korean pop culture to the deep ties between Korean and American evangelical communities, what happens in the US affects South Korea and vice versa. But most Americans weren't paying attention to the fact that Korean democracy was startlingly challenged less than a year ago when the president at the time (President Yoon) declared martial law and tried to have his political enemies arrested. That attempt at autocratic takeover was unsuccessful, because Koreans took to the streets to protest and even Yoon's own party helped overturn his martial law decision and then impeach him. What can we in the United States learn from Korean activists and religious communities about how to resist wannabe tyrants? We get help on this question from two of the foremost experts on the interchanges between Korean religion and American religion: Helen J. Kim and Ray Kim. Additional Resources https://helenjinkim.com/ Home - International Center for Religion & Diplomacy - International Center for Religion & Diplomacy Helen J. Kim, Race for Revival: How Cold War South Korea Shaped the American Evangelical Empire (New York: Oxford University Press, 2022), https://global.oup.com/academic/product/race-for-revival-9780190062422. Paul Y. Chang, Protest Dialectics: State Repression and South Korea's Democracy Movement, 1970-1979 (Redwood City, CA: Stanford University Press, 2015), https://www.sup.org/books/asian-studies/protest-dialectics.  Chanhee Ho, “Charlie Kirk Memorial in Seoul Shows Power of Christian Nationalism for Young Korean Activists,” Religion Dispatches, September 30, 2025, https://religiondispatches.org/charlie-kirk-memorial-in-seoul-shows-power-of-christian-nationalism-for-young-korean-activists/. Dr. Matthew D. Taylor is the senior Christian scholar at the Institute for Islamic, Christian, and Jewish Studies in Baltimore, where he specializes in American Christianity, American Islam, Christian extremism, and religious politics. His book, The Violent Take It by Force: The Christian Movement that is Threatening Our Democracy (Broadleaf, 2024), tracks how a loose network of charismatic Christian leaders called the New Apostolic Reformation was a major instigating force for the January 6th Insurrection and is currently reshaping the culture of the religious right in the U.S. Taylor is also the creator of the audio docuseries Charismatic Revival Fury: The New Apostolic Reformation. Rev. Susan Hayward: was until recently the lead on the US Institute of Peace's efforts to understand religious dimensions of conflict and advance efforts engaging religious actors and organizations in peacebuilding. She has conducted political asylum and refugee work with the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees and Advocates for Human Rights. Rev. Hayward studied Buddhism in Nepal and is an ordained minister in the United Church of Christ. www.axismundi.us Executive Producer: Dr. Bradley Onishi Producer: Andrew Gill Original Music and Mixing: Scott Okamoto Production Assistance: Kari Onishi Funded through generous contributions from ICJS, Princeton Theological Seminary, and the ICRD. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

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Comedian Beth Stelling gets us fantasizing about tall Belgian bodybuilders who throw tables to let their feelings out. It's 100 degrees out and the Korean soft porn is on ... let's get petty!Go to Beth's upcoming show! (Fri Nov 21 / Sat Nov 22)Or Ceara's! (Sun Nov 16)Petty Crimes is hosted by Ceara Jane O'Sullivan and Griff Stark-EnnisHave a crime that should be heard in Petty Crimes Court? Submit it at pettycrimespodcast@gmail.comKeep up with us on Instagram and TikTok for crime evidence, events, BTS, and other petty bullsh*t…This episode was produced and edited by Riley MadinceaSee Privacy Policy at https://art19.com/privacy and California Privacy Notice at https://art19.com/privacy#do-not-sell-my-info.