Podcasts about prokaryotes

What do you know about prokaryote structure and the gram stain? Bacteria are members of a unique taxonomic kingdom consisting of prokaryotic unicellular organisms. Prokaryote is a term from ancient Greek meaning “before the kernel.” The kernel in this case is a nucleus, which prokaryotes lack. Prokaryotes also do not have any membrane-bound organelles. In fact, many of the organelles found in eukaryotes—like an endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, and peroxisomes—are completely absent in prokaryotes. Bacteria first began to be identified by a “defective method.” Or so its Danish inventor, a recent medical school grad named Hans Christian Gram, deemed it in 1884. Gram was working with lung tissue from cadavers who had died of infections from Streptococcus pneumoniae and Klebsiella pneumoniae when he discovered that those organisms reacted differently to certain substances under the microscope, and—voilà—the Gram stain was born, to identify gram-positive bacteria. The defect he mentioned was overcome by German pathologist Carl Weigert, who added a final step to Gram's procedure and gave us the method to identify gram-negative bacteria. We're still using the same techniques more than 130 years later! After listening to this AudioBrick, you should be able to: Describe the structure of prokaryotic cells. Discuss the physiologic niche of bacteria and their growth characteristics. Describe the staining characteristics and classification and identification of bacteria. To learn more about prokaryote structure and the gram stain, check out the original brick on Gastrointestinal Regulatory Substances from our Gastrointestinal collection, which is available for free. Learn more about Rx Bricks by signing up for a free USMLE-Rx account: www.usmle-rx.com You will get 5 days of full access to our Rx360+ program, including nearly 800 Rx Bricks.  After the 5-day period, you will still be able to access over 150 free bricks, including the entire collections for General Microbiology and Cellular and Molecular Biology. *** If you enjoyed this episode, we'd love for you to leave a review on Apple Podcasts.  It helps with our visibility, and the more med students (or future med students) listen to the podcast, the more we can provide to the future physicians of the world. Follow USMLE-Rx at: Facebook: www.facebook.com/usmlerx Blog: www.firstaidteam.com Twitter: https://twitter.com/firstaidteam Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/firstaidteam/ YouTube: www.youtube.com/USMLERX Learn how you can access over 150 of our bricks for FREE: https://usmlerx.wpengine.com/free-bricks/

In this episode, we discuss the mitochondria. You know mitochondria as the "powerhouse" of the cell, but this biological process is biophysics meeting biochemistry. We discuss glycolysis, the TCA cycle (or Citric Acid cycle or Krebs cycle), and Oxidative Phosphorylation. This discussion goes deep inside the atomic molecular level with electrons and protons. Hang in there with the discussion and topic of Autism and understanding of the generational link to a loss of electrons. Jack Kruse https://www.patreon.com/DrJackKruse/postsGlycolysis https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK470170/#:~:text=Glycolysis%20is%20a%20central%20metabolic,use%20in%20other%20metabolic%20pathways.Citric Acid cycle https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citric_acid_cycleOxidative Phosphorylation https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxidative_phosphorylation0:00 Intro; Light, water, magnetism; The "powerhouse" and understanding of healthy living organisms and different cell types; Photosynthesis and Cell Respiration 4:11 Prokaryotes, Eukaryotes, and Cytochrome C Oxidase (CCO)6:53 Mitochondria and Cellular Respiration 1) Glycolysis, 2) Citric Acid cycle, and 3) Oxidative Phosphorylation (OXPHOS) 8:25 Glycolysis10:03 Citric Acid cycle12:02 OXPHOS13:51 Cytochrome I15:07 Cytochrome II16:08 Cytochrome III17:10 Cytochrome IV and creating water19:56 Not all water is equal/same; Aging; Light and Melanin and Rates of Autism29:20 Cytochrome V and ATPase; Chromophores 33:56 Evolution and losing electrons; Autism and modern health complications37:50 Environmental signals due DNA sequencing; Autism research and Genetic studies40:23 Reviews/Ratings and contact infoX: https://twitter.com/rps47586Hopp: https://www.hopp.bio/fromthespectrumemail: info.fromthespectrum@gmail.com

In this podcast episode, join Azaii and Phil as they navigate the differences between prokaryotes and eukaryotes that you should know for the MCAT. What are operons, how are genes transferred, and what makes prokaryotes "shine?" About Jack Westin - The team at Jack Westin is dedicated to a single goal: giving students the highest quality learning resources. Jack Westin understands that students can't crush the MCAT without the perfect blend of critical thinking and fundamental science knowledge. To this end, Jack Westin is dedicated to providing students with cutting edge comprehensive tools, courses, and practice materials. The Jack Westin MCAT science and CARS courses, taught by the world's best and most engaging MCAT instructors, are designed to do more than just teach students the MCAT—it supercharges studying and encourages lifelong learning. Want to learn more? Shoot us a text at 415-855-4435 or email us at podcast@jackwestin.com!

المصادر Transformer: The Deep Chemistry of Life and Death By Nick Lane https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SdxH9cnJbRQ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rrEr_AnSsGs https://www.popularmechanics.com/space/moon-mars/a39454249/how-was-the-moon-formed/ https://bio.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Microbiology/Microbiology_%28Boundless%29/04%3A_Cell_Structure_of_Bacteria_Archaea_and_Eukaryotes/4.04%3A_Cell_Walls_of_Prokaryotes/4.4A%3A_The_Cell_Wall_of_Bacteria https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=e5g55ogdvW8

We are back talking about systematics, and SeqCode; a nomenclatural code for prokaryotes described from sequence data. Marike Palmer is a Postdoctoral researcher in the School of Life Sciences at the University of Nevada Las Vegas and Miguel Rodriguez is an Assistant Professor of Bioinformatics at the University of Innsbruck in the departments of Microbiology and the Digital Science Center (DiSC). Link to paper: https://www.nature.com/articles/s41564-022-01214-9 History paper: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0723202022000121 They discussed the SeqCode, a nomenclature code for Prokaryotes described from sequence data. The SeqCode was created to provide a specific nomenclature code for previously uncultivated organisms. Palmer explained that the impetus for the SeqCode was the need to accommodate previously uncultivated organisms under a specific nomenclature code. She emphasized that the SeqCode was written to allow any peer-reviewed publication, but noted that the authors have designed three paths of validation in the SeqCode. They hope that anyone proposing a name will work with the curriculum team to ensure the best quality descriptions, names, etymology, and solidification. Rodriguez discussed the SeqCode's governance, which is already in place, and they have made them public so that anyone interested can join the SeqCode community. The governance structure comprises an executive board, committees, and working groups. The position's co-opted members hold some of the committees of these committees, while some are chosen by ballot. The hosts sought to clarify the relationship between the Isme Society, which is backing the SeqCode, and the wider field in general. Rodriguez explained that ISME is simply providing support as an umbrella organization for the SeqCode. Palmer and Rodriguez clarified that the SeqCode is not a competing code but rather a parallel one that aims to accommodate previously uncultivated organisms. The SeqCode was created to provide a specific nomenclature code for previously uncultivated organisms. Palmer noted that most scientists culture prokaryotes not for naming but to advance their knowledge of these organisms through physiology experiments. They emphasized that the new system is the result of a long collaborative effort that involved many different viewpoints and philosophies. The episode also discussed the practical requirements for naming under the new system, which include standards for the completeness and contamination levels required in the genome sequence data. Palmer noted that while the 16S rRNA gene sequence was not required for naming, it was recommended for improved accuracy in cross-talk between different taxonomies. The conversation highlighted the importance and challenges of naming microorganisms and the ongoing efforts to create a system that is inclusive of all microorganisms, both cultivated and uncultivated. Rodriguez and Palmer also discussed the SeqCode, a nature code for naming prokaryotes described from sequence data. They agreed that high-quality genomes should be the main control types to ensure the system builds up rather than breaks down. They noted the challenge of obtaining full genomes of some organisms, such as obligate intracellular parasites but suggested obtaining housekeeping genes as a potential solution. They further explained the technical issue of estimating completeness or contamination for many taxa, but Palmer confirmed that registering a name on the SeqCode registry requires adding such estimates. It emphasized the importance of collaboration within the scientific community and the need to create a system that is inclusive of all microorganisms. It also highlighted the challenges inherent in the process of naming microorganisms but demonstrated that it is an ongoing process, and that scientists are working to create a system that is accurate, practical, and beneficial for all.

Today we are talking about systematics, and specifically SeqCode; a nomenclatural code for prokaryotes described from sequence data. Joining us to talk about it are co-authors on the recent publication. Marike Palmer and Miguel Rodriguez. Marike Palmer is a Postdoctoral researcher in the School of Life Sciences at the University of Nevada Las Vegas and Miguel Rodriguez is an Assistant Professor of Bioinformatics at the University of Innsbruck in the departments of Microbiology and the Digital Science Center(DiSC).

Welcome to The Nonlinear Library, where we use Text-to-Speech software to convert the best writing from the Rationalist and EA communities into audio. This is: Why Are Bacteria So Simple?, published by aysja on February 6, 2023 on LessWrong. As far as we can tell, bacteria were the first lifeforms on Earth. Which means they've had a full four billion years to make something of themselves. And yet, despite their long evolutionary history, they mostly still look like this: Bacteria belong to one major class of cells—prokaryotes. The other major class of cells, eukaryotes, arrived about one billion years after bacteria. But despite their late start, they are vastly more complex. Prokaryotes mostly only contain DNA, and DNA translation machinery. Eukaryotes, on the other hand, contain a huge variety of internal organelles that run all kinds of specialized processes—lysosomes digest, vesicles transport, cytoskeletons offer structural support, etc. Not only that, but all multicellular life is eukaryotic. Every complex organism evolution has produced—eukaryotic. Trees, humans, worms, giant squid, dogs, insects—eukaryotic. Somehow, eukaryotes managed to blossom into all of these complex forms, while bacteria steadfastly remained single-celled, simple, and small. Why? The short answer is that prokaryotes have vastly less DNA than eukaryotes—four to five orders of magnitude less, on average—and hence can't do nearly as much stuff. The long answer is the rest of this post, which investigates two related questions: first, why are eukaryotic genomes so long? And second, how exactly does more DNA allow for more complexity? Why Are Eukaryotic Genomes So Long? Scalable Energy Production Using DNA—replicating, transcribing, and translating it into proteins—isn't free. Cells need energy (such as ATP) to power these reactions and, all else equal, longer genomes will require more of it. Both prokaryotes and eukaryotes pay similar energetic costs to maintain genes. The difference is that eukaryotes have way more energy and hence can afford to have longer genomes. But why this disparity? Prokaryotes generate ATP along their cell membrane. Which means that as they increase in size, their surface area—and hence their energy production—will scale sublinearly with their volume. So a prokaryote that doubles in size, for example, will only end up producing half as much ATP per unit volume. Because prokaryotes become less metabolically efficient as they get bigger, most are quite small—six orders of magnitude smaller than eukaryotes, on average. There are some exceptions. For instance, individual bacteria in the species Thiomargarita can reach up to one centimeter in size, visible to the naked eye! But its cell structure suggests the exception proves the rule—80% of its volume is a vacuole, essentially empty space. So in effect, evolution expanded its surface area without concomitantly expanding its functional volume—a neat trick! But how do eukaryotes avoid this surface area constraint? Well, eukaryotes generate energy using mitochondria, which are inside the cells. As a result, their number of mitochondria—and hence their energy production—scales with their volume. This allows them to afford both larger cell sizes than prokaryotes, and also longer genomes. Tolerance for Junk But bioenergetic constraints aren't the whole story. Even leaving aside the direct energy costs, prokaryotes face way more selection pressure toward having short genomes. Empirically, bacteria are very quick to rid themselves of genes once they're no longer useful. For example, if you insert DNA into a bacteria that affords antibiotic resistance, it will keep those genes as long as antibiotics are around. But once you remove the antibiotics, it will jettison that DNA within a few hours. Eukaryotic DNA, on the other hand, is much more weakly selected against. While bacteria are sensitive to additions of DNA fewer than ten base pairs in length, eukaryotes will keep additions of ove...

Today's ID the Future spotlights AlphaFold, an artificial intelligence program in the news for its impressive breakthroughs at predicting a protein's 3D structure from its amino acid sequence. Philosopher of Biology Paul Nelson walks listeners through the importance of this “amazing breakthrough,” as he describes it in a recent Evolution News article; but don't uncork the champagne bottles just yet. The reason, according to Nelson, is that while proteins, protein sequences, and protein folding promise to reveal much that is still mysterious in molecular biology, we now know that biological information involves far more than just an organism's proteome—that is, far more than the full suite of proteins expressed by an organism. Nelson uses analogies to manmade machines and cognates Read More › Source

Why and how are the world's bacterial species suddenly banding together? Genre: Science Fiction   Excerpt: “Ladies, gentlemen, rogues, and sundry, I implore you to focus,” Greenfield said. Doctor Greenfield, a microbiologist, was the northwestern region's representative in the newly formed International Research Consortium on the Planetary Biofilm. She asked a simple question, a prompt really. “Do we know if the species that makes up this planetary biofilm is dangerous to humans? Or even to animals or plants? Is it infectious?”   The Storyfeather site was recently renovated. Do visit, won't you?The all new START HERE page will guide you through your journey. Sign up there to receive the monthly Storyfeather Gazette in your inbox. It's a round-up of the latest stories, podcast episodes, and trailers, news about upcoming events (like the start of a new podcast season), and other stuff.   CREDITSStory: “Rise of the Prokaryotes” Copyright © 2018 by Nila L. Patel Narration, Episode Art, Editing, and Production:  Nila L. Patel   Music: “Trip-Hop Lounge Abstract Background” by Digital Emotions (Intro/Outro)   Music by Andrea Baroni (Cyberleaf)* “Fugue For One Synthetic Heart (no percussion)” “You Were Always In the Right Place (no percussion)” “Ground Control” “Forest Bathing” “The Longest Year”   Music by Nicholas Jeudy (Dark Fantasy Studio)* “Genetic marker” “Learning punch” “Neon city” “The deal” “Cold case” “Pitch black”   *These tracks were part of a music and sound effects bundles I purchased from Humble Bundle and sourced from GameDev Market. Music by Andrea Baroni and Nicholas Jeudy is licensed from GameDev Market   Find more music by Digital_Emotions at audiojungle.net Find more music by Nicholas Jeudy and Andrea Baroni at gamedevmarket.net Find more stories by Nila at storyfeather.com   Episode Art Description: Digital drawing.  Three people at right gathered before a monitor at left displaying the planet Earth. An inset on the monitor, seen at a bias displays a scattering of circles or spheres in front of a hazy mass. A few papers lie on the long table supporting the monitor. An office chair is pulled out from the table. A man at bottom foreground, seen from shoulders up, has his hand raised to his chin. Beside him, directly in front of the monitor, stands a woman with arm outstretched to point to the image. Beside her, and behind the pulled-out chair, stands another woman, right arm crossed before her, left arm bent with her hand covering the bottom of her face. Storyfeather-themed merchandise T-shirts, mugs, stickers, notebooks, and more featuring artwork from the stories and podcast episodes. STORYFEATHER TEEPUBLIC STORE.

Steve Falconer, Spacebusters, Part two Sacrifice comforts and fun to learn what is going on. The sheeple won't. The awake do. Living a life of quiet desperation. Lethargy coming from despair. Leads to illness. Brain tells the cells you're under threat. Controllers want people to worry and not take positive action. Do something for yourself and others. Don't worry about it. Insanity is worrying about something that doesn't exist. There's only now. Emotional experiences from realizing the earth isn't spinning around the sun. The gift of the present. Be an activist not a pacifist. Don't swim against the current. Relax and let the stream take you onward. We are the stream. There is peopling here. Thinking in terms of is-ness. Internet provides an opportunity for exponential intelligence. It's easy to debunk the ball model of earth. But the flat earth theory is also a theory. Need evidence. Prokaryotes (single-cell organisms) are the same today as 4.5 billions years ago. If they didn't change, how can evolution be valid? Did the Freemasons bring in the heliocentric model? No, the Jesuits in the 1500s brought it in as part of introducing a calendar. Read The Zodiac and the Salts of Salvation by Dr. Cary and Inez Perry. Jesuits created a fake universe to create a fake time. Want us to think everything important is out there and not in us. J.K. Rowling and the fake universe of Harry Potter. We're a part of God, now. Not that we are God. Why don't evildoers suffer now? Are moon and planets solid or just light? They're holographic. Look at aisling717. She demonstrated holograms are colder. Most of NASA's budget for physical materials is for helium weather balloons. NASA works with the black budgets. Polaris stays in a fixed position. Big Dipper goes round and round. King Arturus – knights of the round table, the bear. If earth is a simulation, it's a fat earth simulation. If it's not a simulation, it's a flat earth.

This episode: Transplanting microbes from some corals to others could help the corals survive high temperatures! Download Episode (5.7 MB, 8.3 minutes) Show notes: Microbe of the episode: Streptomyces olivaceoviridis   News item   Takeaways The ever-rising temperatures of our modern world are putting more and more stress on various ecosystems. This is true even on the ocean floor: record-high temperatures damage reefs by causing coral bleaching, in which corals lose their photosynthetic endosymbionts. If conditions do not improve, these corals eventually die.   Corals have microbial symbionts other than the phototrophs, also. We know from ourselves and from plants that microbes can have big effects on their hosts, so it seemed worth testing whether symbionts from more heat-resistant corals could transfer heat resistance to more vulnerable individuals. Recipients of this treatment did show enhanced heat resistance, but the microbial community composition did not always change after the treatment.   Journal Paper: Doering T, Wall M, Putchim L, Rattanawongwan T, Schroeder R, Hentschel U, Roik A. 2021. Towards enhancing coral heat tolerance: a “microbiome transplantation” treatment using inoculations of homogenized coral tissues. Microbiome 9:102. Other interesting stories: Tiny bacterium kills larger bacterium that makes troublesome foam   Email questions or comments to bacteriofiles at gmail dot com. Thanks for listening! Subscribe: Apple Podcasts, Google Podcasts, Android, or RSS. Support the show at Patreon, or check out the show at Twitter or Facebook.

My AP Biology Thoughts  Unit 5 HeredityWelcome to My AP Biology Thoughts podcast, my name is Helena Holley and I am your host for episode #109 called Unit 6 gene expression and regulation: Regulation of gene expression. Today we will be discussing the mechanism of gene expressions and regulation in Eukaryotes and Prokaryotes. Segment 1: Introduction to Gene Expression and Regulation Gene expression and its regulation and control is essential for cell specialization in Eukaryotes. All cells have the same information, however their differences in function come from which genes they express. As you go through development cells are differentiated. The way this happens is by specific transcription factors and translation controls that tell the cells which genes they are expressing as you develop. Your basic genetics are not the only thing that determines which genes are expressed, epigenetics also plays a role. Certain environmental factors that occur in a parents lifetime can alter the gene expression of offspring. This happens when there are changes in the parents' cells that undergo meiosis to produce gametes. Examples of this include DNA methylation and histone modification. While I was just discussing eukaryotes above, gene expression and regulation is also important in prokaryotes, which I will discuss more later.  Segment 2: More About Gene Expression and RegulationThere are various ways in which gene expression is regulated in Eukaryotes. One regulation method is determined by how tightly DNA is wrapped around Histone proteins. The tighter the DNA is wrapped, the harder it is for transcription to take place, and certain enzymes can alter how tight or loose it is wrapped depending on what needs to happen. There are also chromatin-modifying enzymes that can make the DNA more or less accessible. Another regulatory factor is the Control elements which are regulatory sequences on DNA that control the expression of proteins. Alternative RNA splicing helps to regulate post transcription, as it produces different mRNA from the same gene. Another useful method is mRNA degradation which is used to break down mRNA if the protein is not needed to be expressed anymore. Finally, various regulatory proteins can block initiation of translation if that is needed. It is important to note that mRNA is not the only type of RNA used for regulation, and there are various types of non-coding RNA that have different functions in regulation of gene expression. In prokaryotes there are repressible and inducible operons. The repressible operon genes are able to be silenced, and the inducible operon genes are able to be turned on. This function of these operons is important in gene regulation because if a repressible operon is absent, the repressor is inactive and the operon will be produced. When too much of a repressible operon is in the cell, it will bind to the repressor which will bind to the operator, preventing any more from being produced. For inducible operons, the process works essentially the opposite of the repressible operons (so briefly the repressor is active when there is an absence of lac operon, and it is inactive when there is presence lac operon).  Segment 3: Connection to the CourseGene expression and regulation is important because any errors in regulation can lead to developmental problems. For example, If the tumor suppressor gene is silenced due DNA methylation occurring in the parent, the offspring would be very susceptible to cancer and disease. Another reason why the regulation of expression of genes is important is because not having all genes turned on all the time, conserves a lot of energy and space. It is a lot more efficient to only turn on genes when they are required. Additionally, if every gene was being expressed, cells would have to be much larger because DNA has to be unwound in order to transcribe and translate it.  Thank you for listening to this episode of My AP Biology...

My AP Biology Thoughts  Unit 6 Gene Expression and RegulationWelcome to My AP Biology Thoughts podcast, my name is Shriya Karthikvatsan and I am your host for episode #110 called Unit 6: Gene Expression and Regulation. Today we will be discussing the mechanisms used by cells to increase or decrease the production of specific gene types, and how this fits into the overarching unit.  Segment 1: Introduction to Gene Expression and RegulationWe will begin by going over a few helpful terms and ideas to provide context for the topic of gene expression and regulation which is a pretty broad topic as a whole A gene consists of a string of DNA hidden in a cell's nucleus, and what we will unpack is how it knows when to express itself and cause the production of a string of amino acids called a protein The overall process is that a string of DNA is expressed to make RNA Then, something called mRNA is translated from nucleic acid coding to protein coding to form a protein  In terms of regulation, genes can't control an organism on their own so they must interact with and respond to the organism's environment  Some genes are always “on” regardless of environmental conditions, and these genes are among the most important elements of the genome because they control the ability of DNA to replicate, express itself, repair itself, and perform protein synthesis Overall, regulated genes are needed occasionally and get turned “on” or “off”  Regulation differs between prokaryotes and eukaryotes because in prokaryotes, most regulatory proteins are negative and turn genes off  In eukaryotes, cell-cell differences are determined by expression of different sets of genes This means that an undifferentiated fertilized egg looks and acts quite different from a skin cell, a neuron, or a muscle cell because of differences in the genes each cell expresses  In the next segment we will go into further detail of the specific processes involved in expression and regulation  Segment 2: More About Gene Expression and RegulationGene expression begins with transcription which makes mRNA and the overall process is the same in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes  Prokaryotes lack a nuclear envelope, and eukaryotes use an extra step called RNA processing where RNA is edited and introns are edited out and exons are spliced together It is catalyzed by RNA polymerase which separates DNA strands and links RNA nucleotides at the 3' end (side notes: prokaryotes have 1 type of polymerase and eukaryotes have 3) Transcription is initiated when RNA polymerase binds to a promoter and unwinds the DNA strands Initiation site and a small sequence after are recognized by transcription factors which are proteins that bind to promoter and guide RNA polymerase to bind to TATA box  Then, mRNA carries the genetic code and mRNA itself is a series of codons In eukaryotes, mRNA processing works by the 5' end getting a GTP cap and the 3' end getting a poly-A tail  Also, a splicesome complex of SnRNPs + a protein work together to cut out the introns (intruding codons) and splice the exons (expressed codons) together Following transcription, translation occurs in the ribosome after mRNA brings the genetic code and it is when tRNA brings the amino acid and the ribosome is able to be completely assembled Translation is initiated by a small subunit of the ribosome which binds to a recognition site on the mRNA and an anticodon of tRNA initiator binds to a start codon The next part of translation is elongation in which the anticodon of the next tRNA binds to a codon at the A site and the polypeptide bonds the 2nd amino acid onto the 1st amino acid (this process repeats until a stop codon is reached) Finally, termination is when the stop codon reaches the A site and a release factor frees the tRNA from the P site and disconnects the polypeptide causing everything to separate After translation, the protein is modified

My AP Biology ThoughtsUnit 3 Episode #74 Krebs CycleWelcome to My AP Biology Thoughts podcast, my name is Corrinna and I am your host for episode 74 called Unit 3 cell energetics: the Krebs Cycle. Today we will be discussing the Krebs Cycle.  Segment 1: Defining The Krebs CycleThe Krebs cycle, also known as the citric acid cycle, is the third step in cellular respiration, the process by which organisms combine oxygen and other molecules into energy that is used in life-sustaining activities. Before the Krebs cycle, glycolysis and pyruvate oxidation occur.  The Krebs cycle occurs in the mitochondrial matrix in eukaryotes. The matrix of the mitochondria is the part of the mitochondria inside the inner membrane. This process occurs twice for every glucose molecule that goes through glycolysis. The Krebs cycle is a very detailed process.  First, acetyl coenzyme A, which was produced in the previous step of cellular respiration, combines with oxaloacetate to form citrate. This molecule is converted to its isomer, which is then oxidized and releases carbon dioxide. During this process, NAD+ is reduced to form NADH. Next, another molecule is oxidized and NAD+ is again reduced to NADH, and a molecule of carbon dioxide is released. THe coenzyme A of succinyl coensyme A is replaced by a phosphate group which is transferred to ADP to produce ATP, or in some cases, GDP. A four carbon molecule called succinate is also produced. Next, succinate is oxidized and FAD is reduced to FADH2. Water is then added to the resulting molecule, and another molecule of NAD+ is reduced to NADH. 2 Oxaloacetate is also produced which allows the cycle to start again.  Those are the very detailed steps of the Krebs cycle, but the most important part to remember is the energy transfers that occur and what the krebs cycle produces. In the Krebs cycle NAD+ is reduced to NADH, and FAD is reduced to FADH2. ADP and phosphate are combined to produce ATP. Citrate is oxidized, and heat is lost in the process. In the end, the krebs cycle produces 4 CO2, 2 ATP, 6 NADH, and 2 FADH2. Carbon dioxide is the waste product and is moved into the blood, and acetyl coa is used to convey the carbon atoms to the cycle.  Segment 2: Examples of the Krebs CycleThe Krebs cycle is important because it produces molecules that are required for cellular respiration, which enables organisms to create energy that they need to function. The Krebs cycle occurs in all organisms that undergo cellular respiration. It happens in an aerobic environment.  Segment 3: Digging Deeper into the Krebs CycleThe Krebs cycle also supports the endosymbiotic theory. Prokaryotes go through the Krebs cycle in the cytoplasm. One main aspect of the endosymbiotic theory is that mitochondria used to be prokaryotic cells, but were absorbed by larger cells to form eukaryotic cells with membrane bound organelles. Since eukaryotic cells go through the krebs cycle in the mitochondria, this supports the endosymbiotic theory.  Thank you for listening to this episode of My AP Biology Thoughts. For more student-run podcasts, make sure that you visit http://www.hvspn.com (www.hvspn.com). See you next time on My AP Biology thoughts podcast! Music Credits: "Ice Flow" Kevin MacLeod (incompetech.com) Licensed under Creative Commons: By Attribution 4.0 License http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Subscribe to our Podcast https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/my-ap-biology-thoughts/id1549942575 (Apple Podcasts) https://open.spotify.com/show/1nH8Ft9c9f6dmo75V9imCk (Spotify) https://podcasts.google.com/search/my%20ap%20biology%20thoughts (Google Podcasts )   https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC07e_nBHLyc_nyvjF6z-DVg (YouTube)   Connect with us on Social Media Twitterhttps://twitter.com/thehvspn ( @thehvspn)

Antibiotics work by halting essential cellular processes to kill bacteria. Broken down into its roots, the word antibiotic is interpreted as “opposing life.” This trait can be beneficial against such living things as pathogenic bacteria, which endanger us. Like our own cells, bacteria synthesize protein using ribosomes, which are located in the cytoplasm. Prokaryotes have 70S ribosomes. Additionally, ribosomes comprise two subunits, one small and one large. In prokaryotes, the small subunit is 30S, while the large is 50S. Ribosomes also contain the A, P, and E sites, where individual amino acids are loaded and bonded. Protein synthesis inhibitor (PSI) antibiotics can interact with the A, P, and E sites or other parts of the ribosome to inhibit or kill bacteria (Figure 1). PSIs can be divided into two classes based on which subunit they target, so there are 30S and 50S ribosome-inhibiting antibiotics (30S RIAs and 50S RIAs). After listening to this AudioBrick, you should be able to: Describe the two classes of protein synthesis inhibitors based on the ribosomal targets and chemical (parent) structures and source. Describe the mechanism of action and targets of 30S and 50S ribosome-inhibiting antibiotics (RIAs). Describe the major mechanisms of resistance of bacteria against 30S RIAs and 50S RIAs; explain why erythromycin resistance may render cross-resistance to other drugs in this class. Explain why aminoglycosides are potently bactericidal in nature, but the tetracyclines and the 50S RIAs are mostly bacteriostatic in actions. Describe the clinical uses for protein synthesis inhibitors and list common adverse reactions. You can also check out the original brick on Protein Synthesis Inhibitors from our General Microbiology collection, which is available for free. Learn more about Rx Bricks by signing up for a free USMLE-Rx account: www.usmle-rx.com You will get 5 days of full access to our Rx360+ program, including nearly 800 Rx Bricks.  After the 5-day period, you will still be able to access over 150 free bricks, including the entire collections for General Microbiology and Cellular and Molecular Biology. *** If you enjoyed this episode, we'd love for you to leave a review on Apple Podcasts.  It helps with our visibility, and the more med students (or future med students) listen to the podcast, the more we can provide to the future physicians of the world. Follow USMLE-Rx at: Facebook: www.facebook.com/usmlerx Blog: www.firstaidteam.com Twitter: https://twitter.com/firstaidteam Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/firstaidteam/ YouTube: www.youtube.com/USMLERX Learn how you can access over 150 of our bricks for FREE: https://usmlerx.wpengine.com/free-bricks/ from our Musculoskeletal, Skin, and Connective Tissue collection, which is available for free. Learn more about Rx Bricks by signing up for a free USMLE-Rx account: www.usmle-rx.com You will get 5 days of full access to our Rx360+ program, including nearly 800 Rx Bricks.  After the 5-day period, you will still be able to access over 150 free bricks, including the entire collections for General Microbiology and Cellular and Molecular Biology. *** If you enjoyed this episode, we'd love for you to leave a review on Apple Podcasts.  It helps with our visibility, and the more med students (or future med students) listen to the podcast, the more we can provide to the future physicians of the world. Follow USMLE-Rx at: Facebook: www.facebook.com/usmlerx Blog: www.firstaidteam.com Twitter: https://twitter.com/firstaidteam Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/firstaidteam/ YouTube: www.youtube.com/USMLERX Learn how you can access over 150 of our bricks for FREE: https://usmlerx.wpengine.com/free-bricks/

My AP Biology Thoughts  Unit 2 Cell Structure and FunctionWelcome to My AP Biology Thoughts podcast, my name is Chloe and I am your host for episode #49 called Unit 2 Cell Structure and Function: Comparing and Contrasting the Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells. Today we will be discussing the comparison between the functions and structures of these two cell types.  Segment 1: Introduction to Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes The main difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells is the presence of the nucleus and other internal membranes. This lack of membrane in prokaryotic cells often causes them to lack crucial organelles which are present in Eukaryotic cells.  In Eukaryotic cells, the genetic information, the DNA, is held within the nucleus.  In a prokaryotic cell, the genetic material is carried on a singular piece of DNA which is attached to the cell membrane, and there is no enclosing membrane which causes the genetic information to come into direct contact with the cytoplasm. (This whole system is called a nucleoid, a concentration of DNA)  Overall, the main difference is the presence of membrane bound organelles in eukaryotic cells, and absolutely no membrane bound organelles or a nucleus at all in prokaryotic cells.  Segment 2: More About Prokaryotes and EukaryotesGoing more in depth, prokaryotes are ultimately unicellular organisms. In contrast, eukaryotic organisms can be unicellular, but eukaryotes are the building blocks of larger organisms  Two examples of prokaryotes include bacteria and archaea. Eukaryotic cells make up everything besides these two organisms including fungi, plants, and animals. Specific similarities between the organelles present in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells is that they both contain a plasma membrane, ribosomes, cytoplasm, and DNA. Although they carry genetic information differently, it is important to remember that they both still possess it.  It's important to understand the origin of these two different cells, and how it came about that they have different contents. According to the endosymbiotic theory, it is believed that two or more prokaryotic cells, living in a symbiotic relationship with each other, ultimately evolved into the mitochondria, present in only eukaryotic cells. One prokaryotic may have engulfed another, created an enclosed membrane for the new organelles that were being created by the presence of two prokaryotic cells.  Segment 3: Connection to the CourseThe endosymbiotic theory is very critical to the evolution aspect of all living things. Because two prokaryotic cells were able to work together in their own beneficial way to make a eukaryotic cell, which now make up all living things besides bacteria and archaea, is very significant. Once the eukaryotic cells were created, evolution was able to take its course, and lead us to where we are now. The creation of the membrane bound nucleus in eukaryotic cells made a huge structural difference, and made complex evolution possible. Overall, both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells play a major role in the biological world, but it is especially important to appreciate how the eukaryotic cells were created, and how evolution took place after this occurrence.  Thank you for listening to this episode of My AP Biology Thoughts. For more student-ran podcasts and digital content, make sure that you visit http://www.hvspn.com/ (www.hvspn.com). See you next time! Music Credits:“Ice Flow” Kevin MacLeod (incompetech.com) Licensed under Creative Commons: By Attribution 4.0 License http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Subscribe to our Podcasthttps://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/my-ap-biology-thoughts/id1549942575 (Apple Podcasts) https://open.spotify.com/show/1nH8Ft9c9f6dmo75V9imCk?si=IvI4iQV-SSaFb0ZmvTabxg (Spotify) https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5jYXB0aXZhdGUuZm0vbXlhcGJpb2xvZ3l0aG91Z2h0cw (Google...

What do you know about prokaryote structure and the gram stain? Bacteria are members of a unique taxonomic kingdom consisting of prokaryotic unicellular organisms. Prokaryote is a term from ancient Greek meaning “before the kernel.” The kernel in this case is a nucleus, which prokaryotes lack. Prokaryotes also do not have any membrane-bound organelles. In fact, many of the organelles found in eukaryotes—like an endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, and peroxisomes—are completely absent in prokaryotes. Bacteria first began to be identified by a “defective method.” Or so its Danish inventor, a recent medical school grad named Hans Christian Gram, deemed it in 1884. Gram was working with lung tissue from cadavers who had died of infections from Streptococcus pneumoniae and Klebsiella pneumoniae when he discovered that those organisms reacted differently to certain substances under the microscope, and—voilà—the Gram stain was born, to identify gram-positive bacteria. The defect he mentioned was overcome by German pathologist Carl Weigert, who added a final step to Gram's procedure and gave us the method to identify gram-negative bacteria. We're still using the same techniques more than 130 years later! After listening to this AudioBrick, you should be able to: Describe the structure of prokaryotic cells. Discuss the physiologic niche of bacteria and their growth characteristics. Describe the staining characteristics and classification and identification of bacteria. To learn more about prokaryote structure and the gram stain, check out the original brick on Gastrointestinal Regulatory Substances from our Gastrointestinal collection, which is available for free. Learn more about Rx Bricks by signing up for a free USMLE-Rx account: www.usmle-rx.com You will get 5 days of full access to our Rx360+ program, including nearly 800 Rx Bricks.  After the 5-day period, you will still be able to access over 150 free bricks, including the entire collections for General Microbiology and Cellular and Molecular Biology. *** If you enjoyed this episode, we'd love for you to leave a review on Apple Podcasts.  It helps with our visibility, and the more med students (or future med students) listen to the podcast, the more we can provide to the future physicians of the world. Follow USMLE-Rx at: Facebook: www.facebook.com/usmlerx Blog: www.firstaidteam.com Twitter: https://twitter.com/firstaidteam Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/firstaidteam/ YouTube: www.youtube.com/USMLERX Learn how you can access over 150 of our bricks for FREE: https://usmlerx.wpengine.com/free-bricks/

This episode: Bacteria pay for the privilege of cruising around soil on fungus filaments! Download Episode (7.7 MB, 11.2 minutes) Show notes: Microbe of the episode: Clostridium acetobutylicum News item Takeaways In the complex environment of soil, many different kinds of organisms coexist. Some compete with each other, while others cooperate in fascinating interactions. One example is how bacteria can swim through a film of water surrounding the filaments of fungi, allowing them to traverse more quickly and reach new locations.   In this study, an interaction between fungus and bacterium is discovered in which the bacteria benefit from the fungus in enhanced ability to travel, and the fungus benefits by absorbing vitamins that the bacteria produce.   Journal Paper: Abeysinghe G, Kuchira M, Kudo G, Masuo S, Ninomiya A, Takahashi K, Utada AS, Hagiwara D, Nomura N, Takaya N, Obana N, Takeshita N. 2020. Fungal mycelia and bacterial thiamine establish a mutualistic growth mechanism. Life Sci Alliance 3(12):202000878. Other interesting stories: Honeybee gut microbes help them define their social groupings Smells that cheese fungi make help cheese microbe community develop Email questions or comments to bacteriofiles at gmail dot com. Thanks for listening! Subscribe: Apple Podcasts, Google Podcasts, Android, or RSS. Support the show at Patreon, or check out the show at Twitter or Facebook.

What are the differences between Eukaryotes and Prokaryotes? This episode begins by discussing the essential components that all cells need and then transitions into in-depth explanations on Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes. The episode closes with a comparison between the two cell types. If you have any questions, feel free to send them to https://anchor.fm/christopher-jang/message or https://2255christopher.wixsite.com/biotime/questions

Key points addressed: Assess the effect of the cell replication processes on the continuity of species Construct appropriate representations to model and compare the forms in which DNA exists in eukaryotes and prokaryotes Thanks to STEM Reactor for sponsoring this podcast. They provide everything you need to do biotechnology at school, check them out at www.stemreactor.com.au

Learn more about prokaryotes and what's their history. How they are originated ,find and many more!!! If you have any query regarding it then feel free to ask on my email id given in the description above!!

Strand structure, protection factors (proks have none), and starting A2 (proks = fmet // euks = met)

You hear mutations - but we hear variation! Mutations have several causes and can be positive, neutral or negative to the phenotype. Grab a recap of the Central Dogma before diving in (1:40). Distinguish between point mutations and frameshift mutations (2:50). Mutations have a strong correlation to evolution(3:40). Prokaryotes have been around a long time, with many reproductive techniques (5:08). Genotypic changes are also the result of errors in cell division, as with non-disjunction (5:40).The Question of the Day asks (6:25) “What metal atom is bound to a heme group in hemoglobin?”Thank you for listening to The APsolute RecAP: Biology Edition!(AP is a registered trademark of the College Board and is not affiliated with The APsolute RecAP. Copyright 2020 - The APsolute RecAP, LLC. All rights reserved.)Website:www.theapsoluterecap.comEMAIL:TheAPsoluteRecAP@gmail.comFollow Us:INSTAGRAMTWITTER

The series starts off with my bread and butter, Biology. Contents: Introduction to Cells (1600s - the present day). The Four Tenets of Cell Theory/Eukaryotes, Prokaryotes, and Viruses RNA World Hypothesis/Why DNA is Preferred Today Organelles of the Cell/How Cell Integrity Against an Osmotic Gradient Exists DNA, Histones, Genes, Chromosomes Song for ending credits: ILY by Sea Mesa ft. Emilee --- Send in a voice message: https://anchor.fm/moleculardrugs/message Support this podcast: https://anchor.fm/moleculardrugs/support

This week’s topic goes under the microscope as Julia presents the basic structural, functional, and biological unit of all known organisms. [Get ready to be hyper-aware of what’s going on inside your body.] We discuss organelles, cell division, types of cells in humans, and much more. Later, enjoy a quiz called “Cell Block Tango”! . . . [Music: 1) John C. Reilly, “Mr. Cellophane” from Chicago, 2001; 2) Frau Holle, “Ascending Souls,” 2017. Courtesy of Frau Holle, CC BY-NC 3.0 license.]

Emma goes through everything you need to know about cells, from their size to their common ancestry. She also looks at two main types of cells, prokaryotes and eukaryotes, highlighting their key features. Ideal for preparing you for your High School Biology Exam. Click here for the full course, or visit this link: http://bit.ly/35WuyZy

Why would an animal cell contain mitochondria with 70S ribosomes, organelles typically found inside prokaryotic cells? This podcast aims to answer that question, by discussing the origin of both eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells, the development of the early atmosphere and the fascinating endosymbiotic theory.

In this episode, we'll be looking at prokaryotes and learn a bit about the history of their rivalry with the eukaryotes.For more in-depth online learning, head on over to www.snaprevise.co.uk and see how our intelligent platform can transform your revision and help you score better grades with less stress. See acast.com/privacy for privacy and opt-out information.

This episode: Engineered bacteria could help people digest an essential nutrient when they can't digest it themselves! Download Episode (8.5 MB, 9.3 minutes) Show notes: Microbe of the episode: Kadipiro virus News item (paywall) Science-Based Medicine blog article about phenylketonuria, Synlogic, and engineering bacteria to treat this disorder, with lots of good detail Takeaways Treating genetic disorders can be very difficult. Sometimes they can be managed, with lifestyle, diet, or medication, but cure has almost always been out of the picture. With a disorder such as phenylketonuria (PKU), for example, in which the body is unable to fully metabolize the amino acid phenylalanine, diet and medication may work to some extent. In an effort to provide better options for PKU, scientists at Synlogic, Inc have created a strain of Escherichia coli that produces phenylalanine-degrading enzymes in the gut. The hope is that ingesting this bacterium could allow PKU patients to be less restrictive with their diet. Journal Paper: Isabella VM, Ha BN, Castillo MJ, Lubkowicz DJ, Rowe SE, Millet YA, Anderson CL, Li N, Fisher AB, West KA, Reeder PJ, Momin MM, Bergeron CG, Guilmain SE, Miller PF, Kurtz CB, Falb D. 2018. Development of a synthetic live bacterial therapeutic for the human metabolic disease phenylketonuria. Nat Biotechnol 36:857–864. Other interesting stories: Probiotic molecule induces protection in mice against viral brain infection E. coli growing with artificially synthesized genome (Extra information)   Email questions or comments to bacteriofiles at gmail dot com. Thanks for listening! Subscribe: Apple Podcasts, RSS, Google Play. Support the show at Patreon, or check out the show at Twitter or Facebook

This episode: Bacteria produce antifungal compounds that can protect paper from fungal deterioration! Download Episode (6.8 MB, 7.4 minutes) Show notes: Microbe of the episode: Acetobacter aceti Takeaways Paper is a very useful information storage medium, but it is also somewhat delicious for microbes that can break it down as food, degrade the quality, and cause indelible stains and discoloration under the right conditions. Preventing this usually requires careful control, such as keeping humidity low, for storing paper for long periods. In this study, scientists tested the ability of the bacterium Lysobacter enzymogenes to protect paper via the antifungal compounds it produces. This first required filtering out the pigments that the bacteria produced, to prevent them from discoloring the paper. Once a method for this filtering was in place, they found the bacterial culture supernatant could significantly reduce fungal growth on various kinds of paper, and protect the paper from staining and degradation. Journal Paper: Chen Z, Zou J, Chen B, Du L, Wang M. 2019. Protecting books from mold damage by decreasing paper bioreceptivity to fungal attack using de-coloured cell-free supernatant of Lysobacter enzymogenes C3. J Appl Microbiol 126:1772–1784. Email questions or comments to bacteriofiles at gmail dot com. Thanks for listening! Subscribe: Apple Podcasts, RSS, Google Play. Support the show at Patreon, or check out the show at Twitter or Facebook

Kriben Govender (Honours Degree in Food Science and Technology) has a mind-blowing conversation with Dr Laszlo Boros from The Deuterium Depletion Centre on the dangers of excess deuterium and strategies to naturally deplete deuterium from your body for optimal health. We discuss the impact of deuterium on our mitochondria, gut and microbiome.    Bio:   Dr Boros holds a Doctor of Medicine (M.D.) degree from the Albert Szent-Györgyi School of Medicine, Szeged, Hungary.  Dr Boros is currently a Professor of Pediatrics, Endocrinology and Metabolism at the UCLA School of Medicine, an investigator at the UCLA Clinical & Translational Science (CTSI) and the Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institutes, and he is also the Chief Scientific Advisor of SiDMAP, LLC.  Dr Boros studies functional biochemistry for drug testing that involves library screening, lead optimization and in vitro and in vivo phenotype profiling.  The core technology involves studying natural and disease/drug-induced variations in stable non-radiating harmless isotope variations via cross-talk among metabolites in living systems with 13C-glucose as the labelling substrate.  Dr Boros is the co-inventor of the targeted 13C tracer fate association study (TTFAS) platform to study deuterium as an oncoisotope and its depletion by mitochondrial matrix water exchanges to prevent oncoisotopic cell transformation by deuterium.   Dr Boros trained as house staff in his medical school in gastroenterology after receiving a research training fellowship from the Hungarian Academy of Sciences.  Dr Boros was a Visiting Scholar at the Essen School of Medicine in Germany and also worked as a Research Scientist at the Ohio State University, Department of Surgery, in the historic Zollinger-Ellison laboratory.  Dr. Boros is the recipient of the C. Williams Hall Outstanding Publication Award from the Academy of Surgical Research of the United States (1997), the Richard E. Weitzman Memorial Research Award from the University of California (2001), the Excellence in Clinical Research Award from the General Clinical Research Center at the Harbor-UCLA Medical Center (2004) and Public Health Impact Investigator Award of the United States Food and Drug Administration (2011).  Dr Boros serves as an associate editor for the journals Metabolic Therapeutics, Pancreas and Metabolomics and member of the Presidential Subcommittee for Hungarian Science Abroad, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Section of Medical Sciences (V).  Dr Boros is an Academic Editor of Medicine®, a high impact weekly periodical publishing clinical and translational research papers worldwide.     Topics discussed:   What is Deuterium? The significant of deuterium in biological systems The detrimental effects of excess deuterium Mitochondria and Mitochondrial nanomotors  Structural impact of deuterium on DNA and Proteins What are Peroxisomes? Melatonin activation  What is Metabolic Water and how is produced daily Dr Gabor Somlyai - Cancer models and treatment with deuterium depleted water What's the normal levels of deuterium in drinking water? Where does deuterium come from? Deuterium levels of drinking water 20,000 years ago Optimal deuterium level of drinking water What has the deuterium level increased in modern times The impact of climate change on deuterium levels Processed foods and deuterium Deuterium and chronic diseases Carbohydrate, Fat Metabolism and Deuterium content Grass Fed Ketogenic Diet/ Natural Ketogenic and Deuterium Depletion Photosynthesis a Deuterium Depletion process in plants Fruits, Fructose, HFCS, and Deuterium Gut Microbiome and deuterium depletion Prokaryotes (yeasts) and deuterium depletion Deuterium and Cancer formation The upper threshold for deuterium  The lower threshold for deuterium  Breathing and deuterium depletion The importance of red Light on Mitochondrial function Light, Sleep, Melatonin and Deuterium Depletion Breast cancer may be likelier to spread to bone with nighttime dim-light exposure https://www.endocrine.org/news-room/2019/endo-2019---breast-cancer-may-be-likelier-to-spread-to-bone-with-nighttime-dim-light-exposure?fbclid=IwAR1zaWrkQJiY-KI68qUa7mxKHnPisuRf9CL-qElRP5ykeSTT1z4PduTaqlU What is Deuterium Depleted Water? When to drink Deuterium Depleted Water? Type 1 diabetes mellitus successfully managed with the paleolithic ketogenic diet http://www.ijcasereportsandimages.com/archive/2014/010-2014-ijcri/CR-10435-10-2014-clemens/ijcri-1043510201435-toth-full-text.php?fbclid=IwAR1JDl8_s3XZ11Q7TpePCSIuT80-DKDeW206k1sICaFs7dp3IyQNrIZZrm4 The danger of Australian drinking water Producing your own deuterium depleted water https://www.ddcenters.com/ Dr Boros’s top tip for health     Brought to you by:   Nourishme Organics your Mito Health Store   Shop Mito Health- 10% off using code:  boros   https://www.nourishmeorganics.com.au/collections/light-and-emf-management     Allele Deuterium Testing   Deuterium testing 10% off using code: deuterium    https://www.allele.com.au/collections/frontpage/products/deuterium-explorer     Connect with Dr Laszlo Boros   Website- https://www.ddcenters.com/     Connect with Kriben Govender:    Facebook- https://www.facebook.com/kribengee/ Instagram- https://www.instagram.com/kribengovender/ Youtube- https://www.youtube.com/c/Nourishmeorganics?sub_confirmation=1 Gut Health Gurus Facebook Group: https://www.facebook.com/groups/nourishmeorganics/ Mito Wellness Support Facebook Group: https://www.facebook.com/groups/347845406055631/   Download links                 If you enjoyed this episode and would like to show your support:   1) Please subscribe on Itunes and leave a positive review     Instructions:   - Click this link  https://itunes.apple.com/au/podcast/gut-health-gurus-podcast/id1433882512?mt=2   - Click "View in Itunes" button on the left-hand side - This will open the Itunes app - Click the "Subscribe" button - Click on "Ratings and Reviews" tab - Click on "Write a Review" button   Non-Itunes users can leave a Google Review here: http://bit.ly/nourishmeorganics     2) Subscribe, like and leave a positive comment on Youtube   https://www.youtube.com/c/Nourishmeorganics?sub_confirmation=1   3) Share your favourite episode on Facebook, Instagram, and Stories 4) Let your friends and family know about this Podcast by email, text, messenger etc   5) Support us on Patreon for as little as $5 per month and get same day, early access to our latest podcasts (typically around 4 to 6 weeks earlier than the general public) https://www.patreon.com/nourishmeorganics   Thank you so much for your support. 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Liz looks at prokaryotes for your A Level Biology exam. In this episode, she will look at the structure of prokaryotes, binary fission and viruses. Ideal for preparing for your A Level Biology exam. For more info visit https://www.senecalearning.com/blog/a-level-biology-revision/

This episode is dedicated to one of the biggest scientific mysteries of the modern world: how living things came to be. The chemistry of life is examined and various hypotheses are discussed. Evolution by natural selection is explained, and the history of the world - from 4.03 billion to 541 million years ago - continues, covering the rise of multicellular life, Snowball Earth, and the first animals.Transcript: https://riverofhistory.tumblr.com/post/182173306141/episode-3-the-origin-of-lifeLinks and Referenced Mentioned:Geologic Time Scale: http://www.stratigraphy.org/ICSchart/ChronostratChart2018-08.jpg Richard Fortey quote: Life: A Natural History of the First Four Billion Years of Life on Earth. Richard Fortey, Vintage Books (1997)RNA experiment: https://www.pnas.org/content/early/2016/08/10/1610103113 Quebec Putative Micro-Fossils: http://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/112179/ August 2018 Genetic Study: https://www.nature.com/articles/s41559-018-0644-x

This episode is dedicated to one of the biggest scientific mysteries of the modern world: how living things came to be. The chemistry of life is examined and various hypotheses are discussed. Evolution by natural selection is explained, and the history of the world - from 4.03 billion to 541 million years ago - continues, covering the rise of multicellular life, Snowball Earth, and the first animals.Transcript: https://riverofhistory.tumblr.com/post/182173306141/episode-3-the-origin-of-lifeLinks and Referenced Mentioned:Geologic Time Scale: http://www.stratigraphy.org/ICSchart/ChronostratChart2018-08.jpg Richard Fortey quote: Life: A Natural History of the First Four Billion Years of Life on Earth. Richard Fortey, Vintage Books (1997)RNA experiment: https://www.pnas.org/content/early/2016/08/10/1610103113 Quebec Putative Micro-Fossils: http://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/112179/ August 2018 Genetic Study: https://www.nature.com/articles/s41559-018-0644-x

This episode is dedicated to one of the biggest scientific mysteries of the modern world: how living things came to be. The chemistry of life is examined and various hypotheses are discussed. Evolution by natural selection is explained, and the history of the world - from 4.03 billion to 541 million years ago - continues, covering the rise of multicellular life, Snowball Earth, and the first animals.Transcript: https://riverofhistory.tumblr.com/post/182173306141/episode-3-the-origin-of-lifeLinks and Referenced Mentioned:Geologic Time Scale: http://www.stratigraphy.org/ICSchart/ChronostratChart2018-08.jpg Richard Fortey quote: Life: A Natural History of the First Four Billion Years of Life on Earth. Richard Fortey, Vintage Books (1997)RNA experiment: https://www.pnas.org/content/early/2016/08/10/1610103113 Quebec Putative Micro-Fossils: http://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/112179/ August 2018 Genetic Study: https://www.nature.com/articles/s41559-018-0644-x

This episode is dedicated to one of the biggest scientific mysteries of the modern world: how living things came to be. The chemistry of life is examined and various hypotheses are discussed. Evolution by natural selection is explained, and the history of the world - from 4.03 billion to 541 million years ago - continues, covering the rise of multicellular life, Snowball Earth, and the first animals.Transcript: https://riverofhistory.tumblr.com/post/182173306141/episode-3-the-origin-of-lifeLinks and Referenced Mentioned:Geologic Time Scale: http://www.stratigraphy.org/ICSchart/ChronostratChart2018-08.jpg Richard Fortey quote: Life: A Natural History of the First Four Billion Years of Life on Earth. Richard Fortey, Vintage Books (1997)RNA experiment: https://www.pnas.org/content/early/2016/08/10/1610103113 Quebec Putative Micro-Fossils: http://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/112179/ August 2018 Genetic Study: https://www.nature.com/articles/s41559-018-0644-x

This episode: Fruit fly gut microbes can mediate non-genetic traits passed from parents to offspring! Thanks to Dr. Per Stenberg for his contribution! Download Episode (10.0 MB, 10.9 minutes) Show notes: Microbe of the episode: Bifidobacterium breve News item Takeaways Heritability of traits is essential for evolution; if an ability can't be passed on from generation to generation, then natural selection can't act on it on a population-wide level. An organism's genome is the source of most heritable traits, as DNA gets passed on to offspring, but a number of other ways of passing on traits have been discovered, in the field of epigenetics. In this study, the gut microbes from fruit flies raised in one temperature could affect the gene expression of their offspring raised in a different temperature, compared to flies that had been kept at the latter temperature over both generations. While the effects on fly fitness or behavior are not yet known, these results suggest that gut microbes, transmitted from parents to offspring, could be another mechanism of heritability. Journal Paper: Zare A, Johansson A-M, Karlsson E, Delhomme N, Stenberg P. 2018. The gut microbiome participates in transgenerational inheritance of low-temperature responses in Drosophila melanogaster. FEBS Lett 592:4078–4086. Other interesting stories: Bacteria living in alfalfa plants seem to extend roundworm lifespans (paper) Whole fruit fly microbe community affects whether flies live longer or reproduce more Hot spring archaea have unusual membranes that help tolerate the heat   Email questions or comments to bacteriofiles at gmail dot com. Thanks for listening! Subscribe: Apple Podcasts, RSS, Google Play. Support the show at Patreon, or check out the show at Twitter or Facebook

This episode: Some bacteria produce DNA-targeting toxins, which provokes a similar retaliation from other strains. Sometimes this hurts the provoker, but sometimes it is very helpful to them! Thanks to Dr. Despoina Mavridou for her contribution! Download Episode (7.9 MB, 8.4 minutes) Show notes: Microbe of the episode: Mycobacterium virus Athena News item Journal Paper: Gonzalez D, Sabnis A, Foster KR, Mavridou DAI. 2018. Costs and benefits of provocation in bacterial warfare. Proc Natl Acad Sci 115:7593–7598. Other interesting stories: Bacteria could help plants tolerate salt better Galapagos vampire finch has unusual gut microbes (paper) Using engineered luminescent phages for rapid detection of bacteria   Email questions or comments to bacteriofiles at gmail dot com. Thanks for listening! Subscribe: Apple Podcasts, RSS, Google Play. Support the show at Patreon, or check out the show at Twitter or Facebook

The winter holiday season is often spent with family. Well, in this episode of RadioScience, we will do just that. Our intern Margarita Bartish has talked to Thijs Ettema, an evolutionary biologist from Uppsala University who did some searching in our family tree to dig up (literally) a tiny cousin we didn’t know we had. A cousin not just to you and me but to your cat and your house plant and in fact to everything you see around you that moves or grows or just has a nucleus in its cells. This cousin has a fascinating story to tell. Not only is he named after a god, but he also has answers about the very origins of life. Answers that can explain how you and me, your cat and your houseplant, came to exist. How our big, loud, diverse and messy family with the surname Eukaryota got started and who our parents could have been. It’s time we invited our cousin to our family reunion and listened to his story.

This episode: Bacteria around rice roots help protect plants from arsenic toxicity! Download Episode (10.1 MB, 11 minutes)Show notes:News item/Journal Paper Other interesting stories: Effect on gut microbes is important for benefits from fiber in diet (paper) Which aspects of nose bacterial community affect Staphylococcus colonization? (paper) Bacteria passing electrons to each other might help natural gas production (paper) Gut microbes permit insects to eat new kinds of food There's more than just bacteria and fungi (and plants and animals) in the soil Post questions or comments here or email to bacteriofiles at gmail dot com. Thanks for listening! Subscribe at iTunes, check out the show at Twitter or Facebook

This episode: Bacteria in and around plants can help fertilizer them, even in non-legume plants! Download Episode (11.1 MB, 12.15 minutes)Show notes:News item/Journal Paper Other interesting stories: Figuring out what microbes live (or lived) in NYC's subway Duckweed could be good microbe food for making biofuels (paper) Fungal endophytes help barley grow more sustainably Flower wallpaper made of vaccinated cells Plant-raping bacteria could help genetically modify yeast (paper) Post questions or comments here or email to bacteriofiles at gmail dot com. Thanks for listening! Subscribe at iTunes, check out the show at Twitter or Facebook

This episode: Parasitoid wasps spread helpful bacterial symbionts between their whitefly prey! Download Episode (10.9 MB, 11.9 minutes)Show notes:Journal Paper Other interesting stories: Making magnetic bacteria do a dance (w/ video) Viruses have influenced evolution and genetics of plants, including wine grapes Deep-sea fungus produces potentially useful chemicals (paper) Effective genetic modification of fungi could lead to useful biotech processes Microbe-shaped (though not microbe-flavored) popsicles Post questions or comments here or email to bacteriofiles at gmail dot com. Thanks for listening! Subscribe at iTunes, check out the show at Twitter or Facebook

This episode: Soil bacteria can help plants adapt to changing climate conditions! Download Episode (4 MB, 4.3 minutes)Show notes:News item/Journal Paper Other interesting stories: Producing electricity from sewage treatment Gut bacteria very important for infants Skin bacteria are helpful Bacteria induce single-celled organism to form multi-celled colony Using bacteria to fight invasion of zebra mussels Post questions or comments here or email to bacteriofiles at gmail dot com. Thanks for listening! Subscribe at iTunes, check out the show at Twitter or SciencePodcasters.org

This episode: Bacteria produce gas that can regulate the depth of underwater sensor devices! Download Episode (4 MB, 3.8 minutes)Show notes:Journal Paper Other interesting stories: Termite gut bacteria are a good source of biofuel technology Sadly, arsenic bacterium GFAJ-1 appears to be arsenate-resistant but phosphate-dependent (papers) Figuring out how bacteria degrade carcinogenic benzene Beneficial bacteria are important for the skin as well as the gut Microbes could use electricity to produce natural gas Post questions or comments here or email to bacteriofiles at gmail dot com . Thanks for listening! Subscribe at iTunes, check out the show at Twitter or SciencePodcasters.org

Prokaryotes consist of the domains of Bacteria and Archaea and exist since approximately 3.8 billion years. Prokaryotes, despite the small size of the individual cells, are regarded to represent the 'unseen majority' among the living world as they occur numerously in all types of habitats and contribute greatly to the biogeochemical cycle. They diversified strongly throughout their long evolutionary history. Prokaryotes have usually a short generation time and relatively small amount of genetic information as compared to eukaryotes, and large census population sizes. This renders them suitable test organisms for studying their evolutionary processes. The discipline of population genetics analyses the evolutionary change of the genotypic and phenotypic variants at the level of species. Most of the recent bacterial population genetic studies have focussed on pathogens. Little is known of the population structure of freshwater bacteria. Natural freshwater lakes harbor a considerably lower diversity of bacteria, this facilitating the study of the genetic variability of bacteria. Sphingomonadaceae represent typical constituents of freshwater bacterioplankton communities and therefore served as a target group for a high-resolution multilocus sequence analysis (MLSA) of nine housekeeping genes (atpD, dnaK, fusA, tufA, gap, groEL, gyrB, recA, rpoB) and a parallel phenotypic characterization. Among 95 strains recovered from two trophically different freshwater lakes (Starnberger See and Walchensee), only 19 different 16S rRNA gene sequences were found. Yet, each strain represented a unique MLSA haplotype and the population displayed extraordinary high levels of nucleotide diversity. A split decomposition analysis revealed eight genetically distinct subpopulations, three of which comprised a single phylotype G1A with 52 strains. The population recombination rate ρ was comparable to that of other bacteria but two to eight-fold lower than the population mutation rates θS. Consequently, the impact of recombination on the population structure of freshwater Sphingomonadaceae is markedly lower than in most other free-living aquatic bacteria investigated to date. This was supported by a linkage disequilibrium analysis on the allele distribution. Together with the large effective population size (estimate, ~6•108), our data suggest that the incipient sexual isolation of subpopulations is caused by natural selection rather than genetic drift or demographic effects. Since neutrality tests did not provide evidence for an effect of selective forces on the housekeeping genes and no consistent physiological differences were detected between the G1A subpopulations, alternative phenotypic traits are supposed to provide a selective advantage for individual subpopulations of Sphingomonadaceae. This conclusion is supported by discrete seasonal abundance patterns that were detected based on pyrosequencing of internal transcribed spacer sequences in the natural samples. MLSA is a widely applied genotyping tool in studies of the evolution and population structure of microbial organism and also represents a novel standard in microbial molecular systematics. Population genetic analysis of Sphingomonadaceae by MLSA revealed a distinct population substructure among individual 16S rRNA phylotypes, providing insights into the diversity within bacterial species. A 'species' is the main taxonomic unit in the systematics of prokaryotes, but the subject of the species concept of prokaryotes has always been controversial. Until now there is no prokaryotic species concept that is accepted by all scientists. But for practical reasons, bacterial strains are affiliated to different species on the basis of DNA-DNA reassociation and diagnostic phenotypes. As DNA-DNA hybridization is difficult to be compared between laboratories and time consuming, MLSA becomes a valuable alternative to it. The population genetic structure revealed by MLSA is strongly associated with the results from DNA-DNA relatedness values. When sufficient numbers of suitable loci are selected, the concatenated sequence similarity values can in principle be used for species delineation. To assess the population and subpopulation structure revealed by MLSA also from a taxonomic perspective, four Sphingomonadaceae strains belonging to four different subpopulations were chosen for new species description. Based on morphological, physiological and biochemical characterization, strain 247 from group G3B was affiliated to a species formerly named 'Caulobacter leidyi' and which was now reclassified as 'Sphingomonas leidyi'. Strain 382 from group G1A2 was proposed as type strain of a novel species 'Sphingomonas limneticum'. Strain 301 from group G2D was proposed as type strain of a novel species 'Sphingobium oligotrophica', and a strain 469 was proposed as type strain of a novel species 'Sphingobium boeckii', and the closely related species formerly names 'Sphingomonas suberifaciens' was reclassified as 'Sphingobium suberifaciens'.

Transcript: The first biological systems capable of independent life on Earth were prokaryotes. Bacteria are familiar example, a single long strand of DNA with several thousand genes. Most prokaryotes are harmless to humans, and in fact they are essential for our form of life and for the survival of more complex organisms. Prokaryotes may have less genetic material than eukaryotes, but they are highly complex chemical factories, many of which are still not understood. In fact, the diversity of chemistry of prokaryotes is still only imperfectly measured because its very hard to culture these in the lab, but in a single teaspoon of seawater there is more genetic material in prokaryotes then in the entire human genome.

Transcript: There are two fundamentally different types of cells in life on Earth: prokaryotes and eukaryotes. The prokaryotes are cells without nuclei. They are ten times smaller then the eukaryotes, and they are far less complex in a chemical sense. Eukaryotes, which are larger, have their DNA contained in a nucleus which provides a higher level of functioning and complexity. Examples of prokaryotes are E coli and salmonella. Examples of eukaryotes are amoeba and of course the trillions and trillions of cells in our own bodies. Prokaryotes evolved first and lead to eukaryotes, but both are essential for life on Earth. Although we are more familiar with material that includes cells with nuclei, there are more examples of prokaryotic organisms on Earth than there are eukaryotes, and the small organisms like bacteria are essential to the functioning of the higher level organisms. The reverse is not true. Prokaryotes could exist quite happily without the existence of cells with nuclei.

Wed, 12 May 2010 12:00:00 +0100 https://edoc.ub.uni-muenchen.de/11520/ https://edoc.ub.uni-muenchen.de/11520/1/Wenter_Roland.pdf Wenter, Roland ddc:570, ddc:500, Fakultät für Biol