Podcasts about Pleistocene

Pett in Sussex. A 'small peaceful seaside village'. Here you can visit a little timber chapel on the beach with an open door to a kitchen. You can take a seat, absorb the atmosphere, then make yourself a cup of tea if you like, choose a book from the shelves and drop your donation into the honesty box. Before heading out to explore the wild pebble beach, crashing waves and sea defences. All perfect for blowing away the cobwebs.   But this is one of those places that makes you think too. Yes there's the village, the chapel, the wonderfully exposed coast path and beach, but there are other significant things too. Things that make the past resonate.  The end of the Royal Military Canal culminates here. A 28 mile inland channel linking Pett Level to Hythe. It was built as a defence against the possible invasion by Napoleon. Above on the hill a pillbox, a relic from WWII, looking out to sea. Back more. Back and back. Far into the mists of time. Not old history, not human history. Ancient history. The Pleistocene. Before the last ice age when there were no humans about to even know this coastal place exists. Or to witness its wild crashing waves. Dinosaur footprints left in the rock. At low tide the stumps of ancient trees can be seen. One day we'll travel back at low tide, and hopefully capture the sound of the waves as they break over these ancient stumps of oak, birch and hazel. And as we set up the microphones, we'll imagine ourselves deep in a forest, immersed between hushing trees and echoing birdsong. -------------- Come with us on a walk on this February day. See the sites around Pett. 

fWotD Episode 2921: Hualca Hualca Welcome to Featured Wiki of the Day, your daily dose of knowledge from Wikipedia's finest articles.The featured article for Sunday, 4 May 2025, is Hualca Hualca.Hualca Hualca is a 6,025-metre-high (19,767 ft) extinct volcano in the Andes of southern Peru. It is part of the Peruvian segment of the Central Volcanic Zone, one of several volcanic belts in the Andes. It lies about 70 kilometres (43 mi) northwest of Arequipa and is part of a north–south chain that includes the volcanoes Ampato and Sabancaya, the last of which has been historically active. The mountain is important to the towns of Cabanaconde and Pinchollo, who viewed it as their source of water and used to carry out religious ceremonies to guarantee continuing water supply.Hualca Hualca features a wide amphitheatre-like structure on the northern flank, which was created by a gigantic landslide during the Pleistocene. After the collapse, renewed volcanic activity built a new summit and several lava dome complexes within the collapse scar. After cessation of volcanic activity, glaciers eroded the volcano and formed multiple moraines. The present-day volcano is covered by glaciers, and during the last glacial maximum, glaciers advanced to low altitudes. There are hot springs and geysers north of the mountain, and the magma chambers of Sabancaya are located below Hualca Hualca.This recording reflects the Wikipedia text as of 00:52 UTC on Sunday, 4 May 2025.For the full current version of the article, see Hualca Hualca on Wikipedia.This podcast uses content from Wikipedia under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License.Visit our archives at wikioftheday.com and subscribe to stay updated on new episodes.Follow us on Mastodon at @wikioftheday@masto.ai.Also check out Curmudgeon's Corner, a current events podcast.Until next time, I'm standard Kimberly.

Dr. Julie Meach of Des Moines University joins us to talk in depth about the Pleistocene era, dire wolves, and conservation in science.   hokseynativeseeds.com (for native prairie and wildflower mixes)

  On this episode of Unsupervised Learning Razib comments on a new paper in Nature, Ancient DNA from the Green Sahara reveals ancestral North African lineage. Here is the abstract: Although it is one of the most arid regions today, the Sahara Desert was a green savannah during the African Humid Period (AHP) between 14,500 and 5,000 years before present, with water bodies promoting human occupation and the spread of pastoralism in the middle Holocene epoch1. DNA rarely preserves well in this region, limiting knowledge of the Sahara's genetic history and demographic past. Here we report ancient genomic data from the Central Sahara, obtained from two approximately 7,000-year-old Pastoral Neolithic female individuals buried in the Takarkori rock shelter in southwestern Libya. The majority of Takarkori individuals' ancestry stems from a previously unknown North African genetic lineage that diverged from sub-Saharan African lineages around the same time as present-day humans outside Africa and remained isolated throughout most of its existence. Both Takarkori individuals are closely related to ancestry first documented in 15,000-year-old foragers from Taforalt Cave, Morocco2, associated with the Iberomaurusian lithic industry and predating the AHP. Takarkori and Iberomaurusian-associated individuals are equally distantly related to sub-Saharan lineages, suggesting limited gene flow from sub-Saharan to Northern Africa during the AHP. In contrast to Taforalt individuals, who have half the Neanderthal admixture of non-Africans, Takarkori shows ten times less Neanderthal ancestry than Levantine farmers, yet significantly more than contemporary sub-Saharan genomes. Our findings suggest that pastoralism spread through cultural diffusion into a deeply divergent, isolated North African lineage that had probably been widespread in Northern Africa during the late Pleistocene epoch.

In this week's episode, Dr Alan chats to Dr Angharad Jones and Hannah Andrews from the archaeological museum Creswell Crags, one of the most important prehistoric sites in the UK. Located within a limestone gorge and winding Pleistocene caves, the site has some of the earliest examples of Palaeolithic rock art!LinksCreswell CragsIntroducing… Dr Angharad Jones, Collections Officer at Creswell CragsVerification of the age of Palaeolithic rock art at CreswellContactDr. Alan Garfinkeavram1952@yahoo.comDr. Alan Garfinkel's WebsiteSupport Dr. Garfinkel on PatreonArchPodNetAPN Website: https://www.archpodnet.comAPN on Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/archpodnetAPN on Twitter: https://www.twitter.com/archpodnetAPN on Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/archpodnetAPN ShopAffiliates and SponsorsMotion

In this week's episode, Dr Alan chats to Dr Angharad Jones and Hannah Andrews from the archaeological museum Creswell Crags, one of the most important prehistoric sites in the UK. Located within a limestone gorge and winding Pleistocene caves, the site has some of the earliest examples of Palaeolithic rock art!LinksCreswell CragsIntroducing… Dr Angharad Jones, Collections Officer at Creswell CragsVerification of the age of Palaeolithic rock art at CreswellContactDr. Alan Garfinkeavram1952@yahoo.comDr. Alan Garfinkel's WebsiteSupport Dr. Garfinkel on PatreonArchPodNetAPN Website: https://www.archpodnet.comAPN on Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/archpodnetAPN on Twitter: https://www.twitter.com/archpodnetAPN on Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/archpodnetAPN ShopAffiliates and SponsorsMotion

(image source: https://newdinosaurs.com/elasmotherium/) Host Matthew Donald and guest co-host Jaymes Buckman discuss Elasmotherium, a woolly rhino that's not the Woolly Rhino but is woolly and is a rhino, so call it whatever you want I guess. From the late Pleistocene, this 18-foot rhinoceratid came equipped with a seriously metal nose horn coming out of its face. Except not literally metal, as like modern rhinos its horn was mainly made out of hair. Isn't explaining jokes the best? Want to further support the show? Sign up to our Patreon for exclusive bonus content at Patreon.com/MatthewDonald. Also, you can get links to follow Matthew Donald and purchase his books at https://linktr.ee/matthewdonald. His latest book, Teslamancer, just released August 27th! And mild spoiler alert... there are kind of dinosaurs in it... mwuahahaha. Hosted on Acast. See acast.com/privacy for more information.

Woolly Mammoths – Picture a towering, shaggy titan lumbering across a frozen expanse, as winds howl through its dense, draping fur. This is the Woolly Mammoth—an Ice Age icon that could stand up to 11 feet tall, placing it nose-to-nose with a modern African elephant and utterly dwarfing most other terrestrial creatures of its time. Just imagining the primal force of such a beast stirs excitement, as they stomped across the tundra in herds, trumpeting through the bitter winds and surviving on a variety of tough, frosty vegetation.Though their colossal footprints echo through history, it wasn't just size that made Woolly Mammoths unforgettable. Their massive, spiraling tusks—sometimes measuring over 10 feet—were invaluable tools for excavating snowdrifts in search of edible grasses or fending off fierce predators. And with all that dense, oily fur keeping them warm, these creatures likely carried an intense, pungent musk wherever they roamed, hinting at a mix of sweat, earthy scents, and the lingering aroma of moist vegetation lodged in their coats. You might catch a whiff of something akin to a barnyard on steroids—an odor that would have signaled their presence long before you actually saw one.Throughout the Pleistocene, these mighty mammals forged a path through some of the toughest environments on Earth, coexisting with a host of other megafauna. While many factors—such as changing climates and relentless human hunters—eventually spelled their downfall around 4,000 years ago, the Woolly Mammoth still kindles our imaginations today. The countless fossils and remarkably preserved specimens unearthed from permafrost remind us of an age dominated by larger-than-life beasts, and the enduring allure of these magnificent giants continues to shape our understanding of prehistoric worlds.

From the "First Voices Radio" archive. Host Tiokasin Ghosthorse catches up with Ross Hamilton in the first half-hour. Ross is the author of several books on Native American prehistory including: "The Mystery of the Serpent Mound," "A Tradition of Giants," and "Star Mounds: Legacy of a Native American Mystery." His research specialty is the lost and forgotten history of North America and her ancient legends that seem to revolve around a profoundly mysterious country that once dominated the landscape known from oral tradition as Turtle Island. In the second half-hour, Dr. Paulette Steeves, Ph.D. (Cree-Métis) is an Indigenous archaeologist with a focus on the Pleistocene history of the Western Hemisphere. In her research, Dr. Steeves argues that Indigenous peoples were present in the Western Hemisphere as early as 100,000 years ago, and possibly much earlier. She has created a database of hundreds of archaeology sites in both North and South America that date from 250,000 to 12,000 years before present, which challenges the Clovis First dogma of a post 12,000 year before present initial migrations to the Americas. During her doctoral studies, she worked with the Denver Museum of Nature and Science to carry out studies in the Great Plains on mammoth sites which contained evidence of human technology on the mammoth bone, thus showing that humans were present in Nebraska over 18,000 years ago. Dr. Steeves has taught Anthropology courses with a focus on Native American and First Nations histories and studies, and decolonization of academia and knowledge production at Binghamton University, Selkirk College Fort Peck Community College, the University of Massachusetts at Amherst, and Mount Allison University. She is an associate professor in Sociology and Anthropology at Algoma University in Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario, and a Canada Research Chair in Healing and Reconciliation. She is the author of "The Indigenous Paleolithic of the Americas," published in July 2021 by The University of Nebraska Press. Dr. Steeves has said that rewriting and un-erasing Indigenous histories becomes a part of healing and reconciliation, transforming public consciousness, and confronting and challenging racism.  Production Credits:  Tiokasin Ghosthorse (Lakota), Host and Executive Producer Liz Hill (Red Lake Ojibwe), Producer Orlando DuPont, Radio Kingston Studio Engineer Tiokasin Ghosthorse, Audio Editor  Music Selections:  1. Song Title: Tahi Roots Mix (First Voices Radio Theme Song) Artist: Moana and the Moa Hunters Album: Tahi (1993) Label: Southside Records (Australia and New Zealand)  2. Song: Redemption Song Artist: Bob Marley Album: Uprising (1980) Label: Island / Tuff Gong  3. Song Title: Natural Mystic Artist: Luka Bloom Album: Keeper of the Flame (2001) Label: Bar/None Records  About First Voices Radio:  "First Voices Radio," now in its 32nd year on the air, is an internationally syndicated one-hour radio program originating from and heard weekly on Radio Kingston WKNY 1490 AM and 107.9 FM in Kingston, New York. Hosted by Tiokasin Ghosthorse (Lakota), who is the show's Founder and Executive Producer, "First Voices Radio" explores global topics and issues of critical importance to the preservation and protection of Mother Earth presented in the voices and from the perspective of the original peoples of the world.  Akantu Intelligence:  Visit Akantu Intelligence, an institute that Tiokasin founded with a mission of contextualizing original wisdom for troubled times. Go to https://akantuintelligence.org to find out more and consider joining his Patreon page at https://www.patreon.com/Ghosthorse

19,000 to 11,700 years ago ... In the Himalayan foothills of Thailand and the southern islands of Wallacea, the adoption of new funerary rituals, ornaments, and tools by hunter gatherer societies coincided with global warming and large human migrations.Support the show

There's a mysterious invisible border in nature that no animal ever crosses, and scientists are still trying to figure out why. It's not a wall, a fence, or anything humans built—it's just there, like an unseen force field. Some researchers believe it has to do with things like magnetic fields, scent markers, or even instinct passed down through generations. Animals on one side stay put, and those on the other never step over, almost like they know something we don't. It's one of those weird natural mysteries that makes you wonder what else is going on in the animal kingdom. Want to know more? Stick around, because this one's wild! Are you ready to challenge your mind? Test your knowledge on everything from Earth to outer space with Bright Side: Quiz! https://linktr.ee/brightsidequiz With over 2,000 questions, 4 exciting modes, and local multiplayer for up to 4 players, this game is designed to keep you on your toes and bring endless fun.

In this episode, the team discusses a recent scientific report concerning new evidence of hominin activity 1.9 million years ago in Graunceanu, Romania, in the form of multiple cut-marked bones. The discussion continues with exciting news from Siberia, with the discovery of a Saber-Toothed Cat cub in pristine condition, shedding new scientific light on this enigmatic species. James Chatters, PhD, then joins the team to discuss his latest paper on the Western Clovis diet, which was published in Science Advances. Dr. James Chatters earned his PhD in Anthropology from the University of Washington in 1982. He is an archaeologist and paleontologist involved in discovering and investigating many of North America's earliest human skeletons. Best known for the 1996 discovery of Kennewick Man and ongoing work at the Hoyo Negro Site in the Yucatan of Mexico, he has also done extensive work in hunter-gatherer prehistory in the western US, macroevolutionary theory, palynology, and late Pleistocene mammals, most notably ground sloths. Seven Ages Official Merchandise  Instagram  Facebook  Seven Ages Official Site  Patreon  Seven Ages YouTube  Guest Links Mammoth featured heavily in Western Clovis diet 

******Support the channel****** Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/thedissenter PayPal: paypal.me/thedissenter PayPal Subscription 1 Dollar: https://tinyurl.com/yb3acuuy PayPal Subscription 3 Dollars: https://tinyurl.com/ybn6bg9l PayPal Subscription 5 Dollars: https://tinyurl.com/ycmr9gpz PayPal Subscription 10 Dollars: https://tinyurl.com/y9r3fc9m PayPal Subscription 20 Dollars: https://tinyurl.com/y95uvkao   ******Follow me on****** Website: https://www.thedissenter.net/ Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/thedissenteryt/ Twitter: https://x.com/TheDissenterYT   This show is sponsored by Enlites, Learning & Development done differently. Check the website here: http://enlites.com/   Dr. Thaís Pansani is an Associate Researcher at the Smithsonian Museum of Natural History. Her main research questions are about human interaction with the Pleistocene megafauna in the Americas and the peopling of the Americas. She is interested in questions like: When did humans arrive in the Americas? Did humans interact with the Pleistocene megafauna? What were the environmental and ecological conditions in which these megamammals lived? What were the causes and consequences of the megafauna extinction in the American continent, especially in South America? How can we identify traces of human interaction in extinct animal bones through taphonomy and zooarchaeology?   In this episode, we focus on H. sapiens' migrations to (and within) the Americas. We discuss the timing of the migrations, whether we were the only hominin species to get there, and why we migrate. We then talk about megafauna in the Americas; interactions between humans and megafauna (with a focus on hunting); zooarchaeology, and the study of marks on animal bones; and the extinction of megafauna might have been the result of human activity. Finally, we discuss some of the most interesting unanswered questions in paleoanthropology. -- A HUGE THANK YOU TO MY PATRONS/SUPPORTERS: PER HELGE LARSEN, JERRY MULLER, BERNARDO SEIXAS, ADAM KESSEL, MATTHEW WHITINGBIRD, ARNAUD WOLFF, TIM HOLLOSY, HENRIK AHLENIUS, FILIP FORS CONNOLLY, DAN DEMETRIOU, ROBERT WINDHAGER, RUI INACIO, ZOOP, MARCO NEVES, COLIN HOLBROOK, PHIL KAVANAGH, SAMUEL ANDREEFF, FRANCIS FORDE, TIAGO NUNES, FERGAL CUSSEN, HAL HERZOG, NUNO MACHADO, JONATHAN LEIBRANT, JOÃO LINHARES, STANTON T, SAMUEL CORREA, ERIK HAINES, MARK SMITH, JOÃO EIRA, TOM HUMMEL, SARDUS FRANCE, DAVID SLOAN WILSON, YACILA DEZA-ARAUJO, ROMAIN ROCH, DIEGO LONDOÑO CORREA, YANICK PUNTER, CHARLOTTE BLEASE, NICOLE BARBARO, ADAM HUNT, PAWEL OSTASZEWSKI, NELLEKE BAK, GUY MADISON, GARY G HELLMANN, SAIMA AFZAL, ADRIAN JAEGGI, PAULO TOLENTINO, JOÃO BARBOSA, JULIAN PRICE, EDWARD HALL, HEDIN BRØNNER, DOUGLAS FRY, FRANCA BORTOLOTTI, GABRIEL PONS CORTÈS, URSULA LITZCKE, SCOTT, ZACHARY FISH, TIM DUFFY, SUNNY SMITH, JON WISMAN, WILLIAM BUCKNER, PAUL-GEORGE ARNAUD, LUKE GLOWACKI, GEORGIOS THEOPHANOUS, CHRIS WILLIAMSON, PETER WOLOSZYN, DAVID WILLIAMS, DIOGO COSTA, ANTON ERIKSSON, ALEX CHAU, AMAURI MARTÍNEZ, CORALIE CHEVALLIER, BANGALORE ATHEISTS, LARRY D. LEE JR., OLD HERRINGBONE, MICHAEL BAILEY, DAN SPERBER, ROBERT GRESSIS, IGOR N, JEFF MCMAHAN, JAKE ZUEHL, BARNABAS RADICS, MARK CAMPBELL, TOMAS DAUBNER, LUKE NISSEN, KIMBERLY JOHNSON, JESSICA NOWICKI, LINDA BRANDIN, NIKLAS CARLSSON, GEORGE CHORIATIS, VALENTIN STEINMANN, PER KRAULIS, KATE VON GOELER, ALEXANDER HUBBARD, BR, MASOUD ALIMOHAMMADI, JONAS HERTNER, URSULA GOODENOUGH, DAVID PINSOF, SEAN NELSON, MIKE LAVIGNE, JOS KNECHT, ERIK ENGMAN, LUCY, YHONATAN SHEMESH, MANVIR SINGH, PETRA WEIMANN, PEDRO BONILLA, CAROLA FEEST, AND STARRY! A SPECIAL THANKS TO MY PRODUCERS, YZAR WEHBE, JIM FRANK, ŁUKASZ STAFINIAK, TOM VANEGDOM, BERNARD HUGUENEY, CURTIS DIXON, BENEDIKT MUELLER, THOMAS TRUMBLE, KATHRINE AND PATRICK TOBIN, JONCARLO MONTENEGRO, AL NICK ORTIZ, NICK GOLDEN, AND CHRISTINE GLASS! AND TO MY EXECUTIVE PRODUCERS, MATTHEW LAVENDER, SERGIU CODREANU, BOGDAN KANIVETS, ROSEY, AND GREGORY HASTINGS!

Today we're talking about Dr. Ross Geller, the best friend from NBC's hit 1990s sitcom. Ross is probably the world's best-known palaeontologist, except it's not clear if he specializes in dinosaurs or Pleistocene mammals. And sometimes he seems to be doing palaeoanthropology… or geology. Anyway, we're not on a break, so prepare to pivot and achieve a state of true unagi, because we have 18 pages of notes for this episode—front and back! Get in touch with us: Bluesky: @sotsapodcast.bsky.social Facebook: @SotSAPodcast Letterboxd: https://letterboxd.com/sotsa/ Email: screensofthestoneage@gmail.com In this episode: Ross Palaeontology YouTube playlist: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Q4rnE_UsfHM&list=PLzzOAyef3Dyo8xLTGP_E2aW_yZhA3PkXf Museums in Friends Blog: https://museumsinfriends.wordpress.com “Mastodon” means “breast tooth”: https://www.amnh.org/explore/news-blogs/mammoth-mastodon-differences Chambers and McCahey (2024) 1990s dinomania: Public and popular cultures of palaeontology from Jurassic Park to Friends: https://doi.org/10.1177/03080188241233121 Robert Bakker and the “Dinosaur Renaissance”: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinosaur_renaissance Whom should we really call a “doctor”? https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5973890/ T. rex and the Crater of Doom (1997) by Walter Alvarez: https://press.princeton.edu/books/paperback/9780691169668/t-rex-and-the-crater-of-doom Bruce Trigger Warning: https://www.teepublic.com/t-shirt/5081017-bruce-trigger-warning?store_id=145043 Real palaeontologist Dr. David Schwimmer: https://www.columbusstate.edu/profiles/schwimmer-david Is it this Ted Rigby? http://rienco.com.au/wp-content/uploads/Ted-Rigby-CV-Updated-Sep-2015.pdf David Schwimmer didn't steal beer: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=i2pDsCk01F4 The Felidae of Rancho La Brea (1932) by John Merriam and Chester Stock: https://archive.org/details/felidofranchol4221932merr/page/12/mode/2up John C. Merriam, Palaeontologist: https://ucmp.berkeley.edu/about-ucmp/history-of-ucmp/john-c-merriam/ Ross Barnett on Ross Geller: https://twilightbeasts.org/2014/05/13/the-one-with-the-sabretooth/comment-page-1/ Why does Ross, the largest friend, not simply eat the other five? https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-06ki92PyVY What is Chandler's Job? https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YIpA9j1TVYo

Today we're talking about Dr. Ross Geller, the best friend from NBC's hit 1990s sitcom. Ross is probably the world's best-known palaeontologist, except it's not clear if he specializes in dinosaurs or Pleistocene mammals. And sometimes he seems to be doing palaeoanthropology... or geology. Anyway, we're not on a break, so prepare to pivot and achieve a state of true unagi, because we have 18 pages of notes for this episode—front and back!Get in touch with us:Twitter: @SotSA_PodcastBluesky: @sotsapodcast.bsky.socialFacebook: @SotSAPodcastLetterboxd: https://letterboxd.com/sotsa/Email: screensofthestoneage@gmail.comIn this episode:Ross Palaeontology YouTube playlist: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Q4rnE_UsfHM&list=PLzzOAyef3Dyo8xLTGP_E2aW_yZhA3PkXf Museums in Friends Blog: https://museumsinfriends.wordpress.com “Mastodon” means “breast tooth”: https://www.amnh.org/explore/news-blogs/mammoth-mastodon-differences Chambers and McCahey (2024) 1990s dinomania: Public and popular cultures of palaeontology from Jurassic Park to Friends: https://doi.org/10.1177/03080188241233121 Robert Bakker and the “Dinosaur Renaissance”: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinosaur_renaissance Whom should we really call a “doctor”? https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5973890/ T. rex and the Crater of Doom (1997) by Walter Alvarez: https://press.princeton.edu/books/paperback/9780691169668/t-rex-and-the-crater-of-doom Bruce Trigger Warning: https://www.teepublic.com/t-shirt/5081017-bruce-trigger-warning?store_id=145043 Real palaeontologist Dr. David Schwimmer: https://www.columbusstate.edu/profiles/schwimmer-david Is it this Ted Rigby? http://rienco.com.au/wp-content/uploads/Ted-Rigby-CV-Updated-Sep-2015.pdfDavid Schwimmer didn't steal beer: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=i2pDsCk01F4 The Felidae of Rancho La Brea (1932) by John Merriam and Chester Stock: https://archive.org/details/felidofranchol4221932merr/page/12/mode/2up John C. Merriam, Palaeontologist: https://ucmp.berkeley.edu/about-ucmp/history-of-ucmp/john-c-merriam/ Ross Barnett on Ross Geller: https://twilightbeasts.org/2014/05/13/the-one-with-the-sabretooth/comment-page-1/ Why does Ross, the largest friend, not simply eat the other five? https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-06ki92PyVY What is Chandler's Job? https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YIpA9j1TVYo

Unravel the secrets of the ancient persimmon as we embark on a journey through time, from the Pleistocene era to modern-day culinary adventures. This episode of the Poor Persimmons Almanac is your ticket to understanding these fascinating "tomatoes of the trees," with their rich history and quirky characteristics. We delve into the archaeological significance of persimmons, their role in the diets of indigenous communities, and their unexpected renaissance thanks to agricultural pioneers like James Troop and Liberty Hyde Bailey. Enjoy our playful exploration of persimmons' versatile uses, from being a cherished sugar source to starring in a delicious stew with sunchokes, rabbit, and wild rice. We'll introduce you to the legends of persimmon breeding like Dr. Troop and Professor JC McDaniel, whose work has shaped the fruit's legacy. Take a light-hearted detour into the world of persimmon competitions and the curious controversy surrounding seedless varieties, all while learning about the nutritional benefits that could make persimmons a staple in your diet. Discover the science behind persimmon astringency and a variety of methods to reduce it, ensuring you enjoy the fruit to its fullest potential. This episode promises to entertain and enlighten as we celebrate the enduring presence of persimmons in our ecosystem.   For sources, transcripts, and to read more about this subject, visit: www.agroecologies.org To support this podcast, join our patreon for early, commercial-free episode access at https://www.patreon.com/poorprolesalmanac For PPA Restoration Content, visit: www.restorationagroecology.com For PPA Merch, visit: www.poorproles.com For PPA Native Plants, visit: www.nativenurseries.org To hear Tomorrow, Today, our sister podcast, visit: www.tomorrowtodaypodcast.org/   Key Words: Persimmons, Culinary Adventures, Pleistocene Era, Indigenous Communities, Agricultural Pioneers, James Troop, Liberty Hyde Bailey, American Persimmon, Breeding Legacy, Nutritional Benefits, American Diet, Disney Lore, Seedless Persimmons, Government Conspiracies, Astringency, Tannins, Podcast Production, Unscripted, Playful Nature

Today we're returning to L.A.'s famous tar pits for the pilot episode of La Brea (2021), the timey-wimey story of a family of Los Angelinos who fall into a sinkhole in Wilshire Boulevard and somehow end up in the Pleistocene. If you love ice age megafauna, this episode is for you! The show, maybe not so much. Get in touch with us: Bluesky: @sotsapodcast.bsky.social Facebook: @SotSAPodcast Letterboxd: https://letterboxd.com/sotsa/ Email: screensofthestoneage@gmail.com In this episode: Dire wolves (Aenocyon dirus): https://tarpits.org/stories/our-evolving-understanding-dire-wolves Smilodon: https://tarpits.org/stories/smilodon-saber-tooths-and-tigersoh-my Teratornis merriami: https://www.nps.gov/articles/000/the-giant-bird.htm Megatherium: https://www.nhm.ac.uk/discover/what-was-megatherium.html Marcus (1960) A Census of abundant large Pleistocene mammals from Rancho La Brea: https://web.archive.org/web/20220226104339id_/https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/partpdf/226856 Spencer et al. (2003) Taphonomic Analysis of Large Mammals Recovered from the Pleistocene Rancho La Brea Tar Seeps: https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/4096974.pdf La Brea Woman: http://www.laalmanac.com/history/hi02v.php

Today we're returning to L.A.'s famous tar pits for the pilot episode of La Brea (2021), the timey-wimey story of a family of Los Angelinos who fall into a sinkhole in Wilshire Boulevard and somehow end up in the Pleistocene. If you love ice age megafauna, this episode is for you! The show, maybe not so much.Get in touch with us:Twitter: @SotSA_PodcastBluesky: @sotsapodcast.bsky.socialFacebook: @SotSAPodcastLetterboxd: https://letterboxd.com/sotsa/Email: screensofthestoneage@gmail.comIn this episode:Dire wolves (Aenocyon dirus): https://tarpits.org/stories/our-evolving-understanding-dire-wolvesSmilodon: https://tarpits.org/stories/smilodon-saber-tooths-and-tigersoh-myTeratornis merriami: https://www.nps.gov/articles/000/the-giant-bird.htmMegatherium: https://www.nhm.ac.uk/discover/what-was-megatherium.htmlMarcus (1960) A Census of abundant large Pleistocene mammals from Rancho La Brea: https://web.archive.org/web/20220226104339id_/https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/partpdf/226856Spencer et al. (2003) Taphonomic Analysis of Large Mammals Recovered from the Pleistocene Rancho La Brea Tar Seeps: https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/4096974.pdfLa Brea Woman: http://www.laalmanac.com/history/hi02v.php

2024 was another amazing year in human origins research. In this episode, three Leakey Foundation grantees (and one podcast host) share their picks for the most exciting discoveries of the year. Support this show and the science we talk about. Your tax-deductible gift to The Leakey Foundation will be quadruple-matched through midnight on December 31! Click here to donate.  Want more science between podcast episodes? Join our monthly newsletter for human origins news and updates from Origin Stories and The Leakey Foundation. Links to learn more All research articles are open-access and free to read On the genetic basis of tail-loss evolution in humans and apes Why don't humans have tails? Scientists find answers in an unlikely place Long genetic and social isolation in Neanderthals before their extinction Meet Thorin: A cave-dwelling population of Neanderthals isolated for 50,000 years Recurrent evolution and selection shape structural diversity at the amylase locus How early humans evolved to eat starch Footprint evidence for locomotor diversity and shared habitats among early Pleistocene hominins Fossilized footprints reveal two extinct hominin species living side by side 1.5 million years ago  

What if the honey locust tree holds the key to transforming American agriculture yet remains an untapped treasure? Join us as we explore this remarkable tree's profound historical significance and unique attributes. We guide you through its pre-human landscapes and symbiotic relationship with Pleistocene megafauna, shedding light on how its fearsome thorns might have served as tattoo tools for indigenous peoples. With insights from Dr. Robert Warren, we unravel the intriguing journey of the honey locust, drawing comparisons to the Kentucky coffee tree and pondering its adaptation to wet regions through human intervention. In a lighthearted and anecdotal manner, we delve into the quirky connections between anachronistic trees like the honey locust and Kentucky coffee tree, alongside their relationships with now-extinct species. Discover the indigenous significance of the honey locust's sweet pulp, a sugar alternative in warmer regions, and laugh with us as we draw amusing parallels with modern-day treats like candy corn. While we acknowledge the mysteries surrounding ancient methods of processing honey locust pulp, our light-hearted exploration invites you to imagine historical storage practices and potential uses. The honey locust is more than just a historical icon; it is a beacon of agricultural potential. Uncover its promising varieties, like Millwood, identified in the 1930s, and their potential for livestock feed and ethanol production. We recount the efforts of researchers like Dr. James Hanover to unlock the tree's capabilities for sustainable farming systems. Whether it's silvopasture or energy farming, the honey locust fits seamlessly into modern agriculture, offering ecological benefits and versatility. We invite you to join us in supporting ongoing research into this fascinating crop and perhaps even become a part of our knowledge-sharing community.   For sources, transcripts, and to read more about this subject, visit: www.agroecologies.org To support this podcast, join our patreon for early, commercial-free episode access at https://www.patreon.com/poorprolesalmanac For PPA Restoration Content, visit: www.restorationagroecology.com For PPA Merch, visit: www.poorproles.com For PPA Native Plants, visit: www.nativenurseries.org To hear Tomorrow, Today, our sister podcast, visit: www.tomorrowtodaypodcast.org/   Key words: Urban Forestry, Ecological Restoration, Native Flora, Cityscapes, Urban Stressors, Soil Compaction, Pollution, Climate Adaptation, Invasive Species, Native Tree Planting, Community-Based Environmental Stewardship, Grassroots Initiative, Honey Locust, Urban Foraging, Digital Content, Environmental Education, Community Connections, Micro-volunteering, Invasive Weed Management, Environmental Change

******Support the channel****** Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/thedissenter PayPal: paypal.me/thedissenter PayPal Subscription 1 Dollar: https://tinyurl.com/yb3acuuy PayPal Subscription 3 Dollars: https://tinyurl.com/ybn6bg9l PayPal Subscription 5 Dollars: https://tinyurl.com/ycmr9gpz PayPal Subscription 10 Dollars: https://tinyurl.com/y9r3fc9m PayPal Subscription 20 Dollars: https://tinyurl.com/y95uvkao   ******Follow me on****** Website: https://www.thedissenter.net/ The Dissenter Goodreads list: https://shorturl.at/7BMoB Twitter: https://twitter.com/TheDissenterYT   This show is sponsored by Enlites, Learning & Development done differently. Check the website here: http://enlites.com/   Dr. João Teixeira is Australian Research Council DECRA Fellow at the Evolution of Cultural Diversity Initiative, School of Culture, History and Language at the Australian National University & Scientific Vice-Coordinator at the Centre for Interdisciplinary Studies of the University of Coimbra. He is a population geneticist focusing on the evolution of humans and closely related species. His main research focus revolves around human evolution during the Pleistocene, in particular the admixture events between so-called modern and archaic humans after the out-of-Africa and before human colonization of Sahul.   In this episode, we start by discussing what are modern and archaic humans. We talk about out-of-Africa migrations by H. sapiens and other hominins. We discuss how hominin species are classified. We talk about the Neanderthals and the Denisovans, and how they interbred with H. sapiens. We discuss whether the Neanderthals really went extinct. We talk about what we can learn from genetics about human evolution, and specifically admixture and human dispersals. Finally, we discuss balancing selection and trans-species polymorphisms, and the implications they have for how we understand human evolution. -- A HUGE THANK YOU TO MY PATRONS/SUPPORTERS: PER HELGE LARSEN, JERRY MULLER, BERNARDO SEIXAS, ADAM KESSEL, MATTHEW WHITINGBIRD, ARNAUD WOLFF, TIM HOLLOSY, HENRIK AHLENIUS, FILIP FORS CONNOLLY, ROBERT WINDHAGER, RUI INACIO, ZOOP, MARCO NEVES, COLIN HOLBROOK, PHIL KAVANAGH, SAMUEL ANDREEFF, FRANCIS FORDE, TIAGO NUNES, FERGAL CUSSEN, HAL HERZOG, NUNO MACHADO, JONATHAN LEIBRANT, JOÃO LINHARES, STANTON T, SAMUEL CORREA, ERIK HAINES, MARK SMITH, JOÃO EIRA, TOM HUMMEL, SARDUS FRANCE, DAVID SLOAN WILSON, YACILA DEZA-ARAUJO, ROMAIN ROCH, DIEGO LONDOÑO CORREA, YANICK PUNTER, CHARLOTTE BLEASE, NICOLE BARBARO, ADAM HUNT, PAWEL OSTASZEWSKI, NELLEKE BAK, GUY MADISON, GARY G HELLMANN, SAIMA AFZAL, ADRIAN JAEGGI, PAULO TOLENTINO, JOÃO BARBOSA, JULIAN PRICE, EDWARD HALL, HEDIN BRØNNER, DOUGLAS FRY, FRANCA BORTOLOTTI, GABRIEL PONS CORTÈS, URSULA LITZCKE, SCOTT, ZACHARY FISH, TIM DUFFY, SUNNY SMITH, JON WISMAN, WILLIAM BUCKNER, PAUL-GEORGE ARNAUD, LUKE GLOWACKI, GEORGIOS THEOPHANOUS, CHRIS WILLIAMSON, PETER WOLOSZYN, DAVID WILLIAMS, DIOGO COSTA, ALEX CHAU, AMAURI MARTÍNEZ, CORALIE CHEVALLIER, BANGALORE ATHEISTS, LARRY D. LEE JR., OLD HERRINGBONE, MICHAEL BAILEY, DAN SPERBER, ROBERT GRESSIS, IGOR N, JEFF MCMAHAN, JAKE ZUEHL, BARNABAS RADICS, MARK CAMPBELL, TOMAS DAUBNER, LUKE NISSEN, KIMBERLY JOHNSON, JESSICA NOWICKI, LINDA BRANDIN, GEORGE CHORIATIS, VALENTIN STEINMANN, PER KRAULIS, ALEXANDER HUBBARD, BR, MASOUD ALIMOHAMMADI, JONAS HERTNER, URSULA GOODENOUGH, DAVID PINSOF, SEAN NELSON, MIKE LAVIGNE, JOS KNECHT, LUCY, MANVIR SINGH, PETRA WEIMANN, CAROLA FEEST, STARRY, MAURO JÚNIOR, 航 豊川, TONY BARRETT, BENJAMIN GELBART, NIKOLAI VISHNEVSKY, STEVEN GANGESTAD, AND TED FARRIS! A SPECIAL THANKS TO MY PRODUCERS, YZAR WEHBE, JIM FRANK, ŁUKASZ STAFINIAK, TOM VANEGDOM, BERNARD HUGUENEY, CURTIS DIXON, BENEDIKT MUELLER, THOMAS TRUMBLE, KATHRINE AND PATRICK TOBIN, JONCARLO MONTENEGRO, AL NICK ORTIZ, NICK GOLDEN, AND CHRISTINE GLASS! AND TO MY EXECUTIVE PRODUCERS, MATTHEW LAVENDER, SERGIU CODREANU, BOGDAN KANIVETS, ROSEY, AND GREGORY HASTINGS!

Die Themen in den Wissensnachrichten: +++ Posts, die wütend machen, werden besonders oft geteilt +++ Hohes Hitzerisiko für die Spieler bei der Fußball-WM 2026 in Nordamerika +++ Taktgefühl und Sprachtalent teilen sich genetische Verbindungen +++ **********Weiterführende Quellen zu dieser Folge:Update ErdeMisinformation exploits outrage to spread online, Science, 28.11.2024Prospective heat stress risk assessment for professional soccer players in the context of the 2026 FIFA World Cup, Scientific Reports, 28.11.2024The shared genetic architecture and evolution of human language and musical rhythm, Nature Human Behaviour, 21.11.2024Footprint evidence for locomotor diversity and shared habitats among early Pleistocene hominins, Science, 28.11.2024Alle Quellen findet ihr hier.**********Ihr könnt uns auch auf diesen Kanälen folgen: TikTok auf&ab , TikTok wie_geht und Instagram .

PREVIEW: PLEISTOCENE: Author Dan Flores discusses "Wild New World: The Epic Story of Animals and People in America," examining how American wildlife adapted—or failed to adapt—to human arrival from Siberia. More tonight. 1916 North America

Hi. Welcome to Pleistocene and Costa Rica chats. Lisa "rambles," yaps, and overshares about her first jut to the rainforest, and first Trovatrip girl group experience. Come along on the journey featuring sloths, volcanos, tarzan swings, 1 mile ziplines, waterboarding, and the bestest dog on the planet..with a few tangents here and there too (we are who we are). Anyway, keep kidding around, stay safe, have fun, live, laugh, love and be kind. But also, rate, review, sub, and show us all the love

Thanks to Anbo, Murilo, Clay, and Ezra for their suggestions this week! Let's learn about some bears! Further reading: Snack attack: Bears munch on ants and help plants grow Extinct vegetarian cave bear diet mystery unravelled Ancient brown bear genomes sheds light on Ice Age losses and survival The sloth bear has shaggy ears and floppy lips [photo from this site]: An absolute unit of a Kodiak bear in captivity [photo by S. Taheri - zoo, own work, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=1118252]: A polar bear: Show transcript: Welcome to Strange Animals Podcast. I'm your host, Kate Shaw. This week we're revisiting a popular topic, bears! We'll talk about some bears we've never covered before, with suggestions from Anbo, Clay, Ezra, and Murilo. We'll even discuss a small bear mystery which has mostly been solved by science. To start us off, Anbo wanted to learn about bears in general. We've had bear episodes before, but our last episode all about bears was way back in 2017, in episode 42. Some of our listeners weren't even born back then, which makes me feel super old. Bears live throughout much of the world today, but they evolved in North America around 38 million years ago. These ancestral bears were small, about the size of a raccoon, but they were successful. They spread into Asia via the land bridge Beringia, where they were even more successful than in North America, so successful that by around 30 million years ago, descendants of those earliest bear ancestors migrated from Asia back into North America. But it wasn't until the Pleistocene around 2 ½ million years ago that bears really came into their own. That's because bears are megafauna, and megafauna evolved mainly as an adaptation to increasingly cold climates. As the ice ages advanced, a lot of animals grew larger so they could stay warm more easily. Predators also had to grow larger as their prey became larger, since if you want to hunt an animal the size of a bison or woolly rhinoceros, you'd better be pretty big and strong yourself. Bears mostly weren't hunting animals that big, though. Modern studies suggest that overall, bears are omnivores, not fully carnivorous. Bears eat a lot of plant material even if you don't count the panda, which isn't very closely related to other bears. Even when a bear does eat other animals, they're not usually very big ones. Let's take Murilo's suggestion as an example, the sloth bear. The sloth bear lives in India and is increasingly vulnerable due to habitat loss and poaching. It's probably most closely related to the sun bear that we talked about in episode 234, which also lives in parts of South Asia. Both the sun bear and the sloth bear have long black hair and a white or yellowish V-shaped marking on the chest. The sloth bear's hair is especially long on its neck and shoulders, like a mane, and its ears even have long hair. The sloth bear stands around 3 feet high at the shoulder at most, or 91 cm, and a big male can be over 6 feet tall, or almost 2 meters, when he stands on his hind legs. This isn't gigantic for bears in general, but it's not small either. Scientists think the V-shaped marking on its chest warns tigers to leave the sloth bear alone, and tigers mostly do. If tigers think twice about attacking an animal, you know that animal has to be pretty tough. The sloth bear has massive claws on big paws. The claws can measure 4 inches long, or 10 cm, although they're not very sharp. The bear has an especially long muzzle but its teeth aren't very large. Like most bears, it's good at climbing trees and can run quite fast, and it swims well too. It even has webbed toes. With all this in mind, what do you think the sloth bear eats? I'll give you some more hints. It has loose, kind of flappy lips, especially the lower lip. It doesn't have any teeth in the front of its upper jaw. It mainly uses its huge claws to dig.

fWotD Episode 2680: Titanis Welcome to Featured Wiki of the Day, your daily dose of knowledge from Wikipedia’s finest articles.The featured article for Thursday, 5 September 2024 is Titanis.Titanis (meaning "Titan" for the mythological Greek Titans) is a genus of phorusrhacid ("terror birds", a group originating in South America), an extinct family of large, predatory birds, in the order Cariamiformes that inhabited the United States during the Pliocene and earliest Pleistocene. The first fossils were unearthed by amateur archaeologists Benjamin Waller and Robert Allen from the Santa Fe River in Florida and were named Titanis walleri by ornithologist Pierce Brodkorb in 1963, the species name honoring Waller. The holotype material is fragmentary, consisting of only an incomplete right tarsometatarsus (lower leg bone) and phalanx (toe bone), but comes from one of the largest phorusrhacid individuals known. In the years following the description, many more isolated elements have been unearthed from sites from other areas of Florida, Texas, and California. It was classified in the subfamily Phorusrhacinae, which includes some of the last and largest phorusrhacids like Devincenzia and Kelenken.Like all phorusrhacids, Titanis had elongated hind limbs, a thin pelvis, proportionally small wings, and a large skull with a hooked beak. It was one of the largest phorusrhacids, possibly similar in size to Phorusrhacos based on preserved material. More recent estimates placed Titanis at 1.4 to 2 meters (4.6 to 6.6 ft) in height and over 300 kilograms (660 lb) in body mass. Due to the fragmentary fossils, the anatomy is poorly known, but several distinct characters on the tarsometatarsus have been observed. The skull is estimated to have been between 36 centimetres (14 in) and 56 centimetres (22 in) in length, one of the largest known from any bird.Phorusrhacids are thought to have been ground predators or scavengers, and have often been considered apex predators that dominated Cenozoic South America in the absence of placental mammalian predators, though they did co-exist with some large, carnivorous borhyaenid mammals. Titanis co-existed with many placental predators in North America and was likely one of several apex predators in its ecosystem. The tarsometatarsus was long and slender, like that of its relative Kelenken, which has been suggested to have been agile and capable of running at high speeds. Studies of the related Andalgalornis show that large phorusrhacids had very stiff and stress-resistant skulls; this indicates they may have swallowed small prey whole or targeted larger prey with repetitive strikes of the beak. Titanis is known from the Pliocene deposits of Florida, southern California, and southeastern Texas, regions that had large open savannas and a menagerie of mammalian megafauna. It likely preyed on mammals such as the extinct armadillo relatives Holmesina and Glyptotherium, equids, tapirs, capybaras, and other Pliocene herbivores. Titanis is unique among phorusrhacids in that it is the only one known from North America, crossing over from South America during the Great American Interchange.This recording reflects the Wikipedia text as of 00:50 UTC on Thursday, 5 September 2024.For the full current version of the article, see Titanis on Wikipedia.This podcast uses content from Wikipedia under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License.Visit our archives at wikioftheday.com and subscribe to stay updated on new episodes.Follow us on Mastodon at @wikioftheday@masto.ai.Also check out Curmudgeon's Corner, a current events podcast.Until next time, I'm neural Brian.

fWotD Episode 2658: Hudson Volcano Welcome to Featured Wiki of the Day, your daily dose of knowledge from Wikipedia’s finest articles.The featured article for Wednesday, 14 August 2024 is Hudson Volcano.Hudson Volcano (Spanish: Volcán Hudson, Cerro Hudson, or Monte Hudson) is a volcano in the rugged mountains of southern Chile. Lying in the Southern Volcanic Zone of the Andes, it was formed by the subduction of the oceanic Nazca Plate under the continental South American Plate. The Nazca Plate ends there at the Chile Triple Junction; south of Hudson is a smaller volcano, followed by a long gap without active volcanoes that separates the Southern Volcanic Zone from the Austral Volcanic Zone. Hudson has the form of a 10-kilometre-wide (6-mile) volcanic caldera filled with ice. The Huemules Glacier emerges from the northwestern side of the caldera. The volcano has erupted rocks ranging from basalt to rhyolite, but large parts of the caldera are formed by non-volcanic rocks.The volcano erupted numerous times in the late Pleistocene and Holocene, forming widespread tephra deposits both in the proximity of Hudson and in the wider region, and is the most active volcano in the region. The last eruption was in 2011.Four large eruptions took place in 17,300–17,440 BP ("H0 eruption"), 7,750 BP ("H1 eruption"), 4,200 BP ("H2 eruption") and in 1991 AD ("H3 eruption"); the second is among the most intense volcanic eruptions in South America during the Holocene. A smaller eruption occurred in 1971. The 7,750 BP and 1991 eruptions had a substantial impact on the human population of Patagonia and (for the 7,750 BP eruption) Tierra del Fuego: The 7,750 BP eruption devastated the local ecosystem and may have caused substantial shifts in human settlement and lifestyle. During the 1991 eruption, volcanic ash covered a large area in Chile and neighbouring Argentina, causing high mortality in farm animals, aggravating an existing economic crisis, and reaching as far as Antarctica.This recording reflects the Wikipedia text as of 02:23 UTC on Wednesday, 14 August 2024.For the full current version of the article, see Hudson Volcano on Wikipedia.This podcast uses content from Wikipedia under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License.Visit our archives at wikioftheday.com and subscribe to stay updated on new episodes.Follow us on Mastodon at @wikioftheday@masto.ai.Also check out Curmudgeon's Corner, a current events podcast.Until next time, I'm neural Danielle.

REPEAT SHOW. Tiokasin speaks with Dr. Paulette Steeves (Cree-Métis). Paulette is an Indigenous archaeologist with a focus on the Pleistocene history of the Western Hemisphere. In her research, Paulette argues that Indigenous peoples were present in the Western Hemisphere as early as 100,000 years ago, and possibly much earlier. She has created a database of hundreds of archaeology sites in both North and South America that date from 250,000 to 12,000 years before present, which challenges the Clovis First dogma of a post 12,000 year before present initial migrations to the Americas. During her doctoral studies, she worked with the Denver Museum of Nature and Science to carry out studies in the Great Plains on mammoth sites which contained evidence of human technology on the mammoth bone, thus showing that humans were present in Nebraska over 18,000 years ago. Paulette has taught Anthropology courses with a focus on Native American and First Nations histories and studies, and decolonization of academia and knowledge production at Binghamton University, Selkirk College Fort Peck Community College, the University of Massachusetts at Amherst, and Mount Allison University, she is currently an Associate professor in Sociology and Anthropology. Paulette has stated that rewriting and un-erasing Indigenous histories becomes a part of healing and reconciliation transforming public consciousness and confronting and challenging racism. Long-standing academic denial of the deep Indigenous fosters racism and discrimination among the general or settler population.Re-writing Indigenous histories, framed through Indigenous knowledge, will create discussions that counter racism and discrimination. Dr. Steeve's book “The Indigenous Paleolithic of the Americas” was published in 2021 by The University of Nebraska Press. Production Credits: Tiokasin Ghosthorse (Lakota), Host and Executive Producer Liz Hill (Red Lake Ojibwe), Producer Karen Martinez (Mayan), Studio Engineer, Radio Kingston Tiokasin Ghosthorse, Audio Editor Kevin Richardson, Podcast Editor Music Selections: 1. Song Title: Tahi Roots Mix (First Voices Radio Theme Song) Artist: Moana and the Moa Hunters CD: Tahi (1993) Label: Southside Records (Australia and New Zealand) 2. Song Title: Something has to Change Artist: Rodney Crowell CD: Triage (2021) Label: RC1 AKANTU INTELLIGENCE Visit Akantu Intelligence, an institute that Tiokasin founded with a mission of contextualizing original wisdom for troubled times. Go to https://akantuintelligence.org to find out more and consider joining his Patreon page at https://www.patreon.com/Ghosthorse

(image source: Max Bellomio, @digital_duck on Twitter) Host Matthew Donald and guest co-host Ben O'Regan discuss Macrauchenia, a big hoofed mammal that either had a trunk or didn't, kind of like me when I travel or go to the pool. Either trunks or no trunks. It depends on how lazy I'm feeling. From the Pleistocene epoch, this 10-foot-tall litoptern ungulate was part of a group of mammals unique to South America that died out due to the Great American Interchange and the changing climate. Which means this one's extinction had nothing to do with humans, so we can cross that one off the list at least. Guilt-free! Yay! Ugh… Want to further support the show? Sign up to our Patreon for exclusive bonus content at Patreon.com/MatthewDonald. Also, you can get links to follow Matthew Donald and purchase his books at https://linktr.ee/matthewdonald. Also, AI voices are used in the intro in all of this month's episodes. Hosted on Acast. See acast.com/privacy for more information.

Around 800,000 to 900,000 years ago, a genetic bottleneck occurred, drastically reducing the human population. This event led to the extinction of 98.7% of the population, leaving only about 1,280 individuals. The main cause was a significant climate shift called the middle Pleistocene transition, which brought longer and harsher glacial cycles. This change made it difficult for early humans to hunt, forcing them to adapt while some animals went extinct. Scientists are still studying the exact cause and timing of this bottleneck. Animation is created by Bright Side. ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Music from TheSoul Sound: https://thesoul-sound.com/ Check our Bright Side podcast on Spotify and leave a positive review! https://open.spotify.com/show/0hUkPxD... Subscribe to Bright Side: https://goo.gl/rQTJZz ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Our Social Media: Facebook:   / brightside   Instagram:   / brightside.official   TikTok: https://www.tiktok.com/@brightside.of... Stock materials (photos, footages and other): https://www.depositphotos.com https://www.shutterstock.com https://www.eastnews.ru ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- For more videos and articles visit: http://www.brightside.me ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- This video is made for entertainment purposes. We do not make any warranties about the completeness, safety and reliability. Any action you take upon the information in this video is strictly at your own risk, and we will not be liable for any damages or losses. It is the viewer's responsibility to use judgement, care and precaution if you plan to replicate. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

Prehistoric Australia was home to some of the scariest creatures ever. Imagine running into a giant, meat-eating kangaroo or a massive, 20-foot-long crocodile! There were also huge birds called "demon ducks" that couldn't fly but could chase you down. And let's not forget the enormous lizards and snakes that roamed the land. It's safe to say that living in ancient Australia would have been like living in a real-life monster movie! Credit: CC BY 3.0 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/... Diprotodon optatum 2: By Dmitry Bogdanov - dmitrchel@mail.ru, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index... Diprotodon optatum: By Nobu Tamura - http://spinops.blogspot.com, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index... Genyornis BW: By Nobu Tamura - http://spinops.blogspot.com, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index... CC BY-SA 3.0 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/... Diprotodon australis skeleton 1: By Ghedoghedo, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index... Thylacoleo Australia 2: By Rom-diz, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index... Meiloania Platyceps: By Fanny Schertzer, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index... CC BY-SA 4.0 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/... Pleistocene-meso-megamammals: By Julio Lacerda, Revista Brasileira de Paleontologia - https://sbpbrasil.org/publications/in..., https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index... Diprotodon optatum - 2: By Emőke Dénes, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index... Quinkana timara skull: By Mark Marathon, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index... Life reconstruction of Ektopodon serratus and Wakaleo: By Peter Schouten - https://www.sci.news/paleontology/chu..., https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index... Thylacoleo carnifex 3d: By Jose manuel canete, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index... Turtle skeleton cross-section: By Thomas Quine; Transparent background: Kārlis Kalviškis, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index... CC BY-SA 2.0 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/... Victoria Fossil Cave 38: By Alan & Flora Botting - https://flic.kr/p/FGLBVt, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index... Victoria Fossil Cave Simosthenurus: By Alan & Flora Botting - https://flic.kr/p/FGJkAi, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index... Meiolania Platyceps: By Claire Houck - https://flic.kr/p/4JGJx4, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index... CC BY 4.0 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/... Falcontoxodon aguilerai: By Jaime Chirinos - https://doi.org/10.1186/s13358-020-00..., https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index... Mekosuchine Pelvic Form 4: By Michael D. Stein​, Adam Yates, Suzanne J. Hand, Michael Archer - https://peerj.com/articles/3501/, CC BY 4.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index... Thylacoleo skull: By Beclectic, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index... skeleton of a turtle: By Welcome Images - https://wellcomecollection.org/works/..., https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index... Animation is created by Bright Side. Subscribe to Bright Side: https://goo.gl/rQTJZz ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Our Social Media: Facebook:   / brightside   Instagram:   / brightside.official   TikTok: https://www.tiktok.com/@brightside.of... Stock materials (photos, footages and other): https://www.depositphotos.com https://www.shutterstock.com https://www.eastnews.ru This video is made for entertainment purposes. We do not make any warranties about the completeness, safety and reliability. Any action you take upon the information in this video is strictly at your own risk, and we will not be liable for any damages or losses. It is the viewer's responsibility to use judgement, care and precaution if you plan to replicate. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

(image source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_lion) Host Matthew Donald and guest co-host Natasha Krech discuss Panthera atrox, which might also be Panthera leo atrox, making this an extinct subspecies rather than species. Which would be lame. I want differences in my prehistoric monsters! From the Pleistocene epoch, this 7-foot cat is perfectly themed for this great national holiday around this episode's release… that holiday in question being Canada Day of course. These were in Canada too, so it fits with that important holiday I suppose. Can't think of any other major holidays of note around this time. Want to further support the show? Sign up to our Patreon for exclusive bonus content at Patreon.com/MatthewDonald. Also, you can get links to follow Matthew Donald and purchase his books at https://linktr.ee/matthewdonald. Also, AI voices are used in the intro in all of this month's episodes. Hosted on Acast. See acast.com/privacy for more information.

A tom boy. A nautical nut. A very curious mind. All may be apt descriptions of geologist Jane Forsythe. In this episode Eric fondly remembers a serious scientist who made a serious impression on him when he was a young 18 year old freshman in her intro to geology class.

This is Part 2 of our special Gishiwajinden Tour from Gaya to Tsushima, Iki, Matsuro, Ito, and Na--aka Gimhae and Busan to Tsushima, Iki, Karatsu, Itoshima, and Fukuoka.  This time we talk about the island of Tsushima, the border island between Japan and Korea.  While itself a difficult place to make a living, it has long been the border--a place for foreign ambassadors, invadors, and pirates alike. For photos and more, check out our blogpost:  https://sengokudaimyo.com/podcast/tsushima Rough Transcript Welcome to Sengoku Daimyo's Chronicles of Japan.  My name is Joshua and this is Gishiwajinden Tour Stop 2: Tsushima. As I mentioned last episode, we are taking a break right now from the workings of the Chronicles while I prep a bit more research on the Taika reform.  As we do so, I'm taking you through a recent trip we took trying to follow the ancient sea routes from Gaya, on the Korean peninsula, across the islands to Na, in modern Fukuoka.  This may have been first described in the Wei Chronicles, the Weizhi, but it was the pathway that many visitors to the archipelago took up through the famous Mongol invasion, and even later missions from the Joseon kingdom on the Korean peninsula. Last episode, we talked about our start at Gimhae and Pusan.  Gimhae is the old Geumgwan Gaya, as far as we can tell, and had close connections with the archipelago as evidenced by the common items of material culture found on both sides of the strait.  From the coast of the Korean peninsula, ships would then sail for the island of Tsushima, the nearest of the islands between the mainland and the Japanese archipelago.  Today, ships still sail from Korea to Japan, but most leave out of the port of Pusan.  This includes regular cruise ships as well as specialty cruises and ferries.  For those who want, there are some popular trips between Pusan and Fukuoka or Pusan all the way to Osaka, through the Seto Inland Sea.  For us, however, we were looking at the shortest ferries, those to Tsushima.  Tsushima is a large island situated in the strait between Korea and Japan.  Technically it is actually three islands, as channels were dug in the 20th century to allow ships stationed around the island to quickly pass through rather than going all the way around. Tsushima is the closest Japanese island to Korea, actually closer to Korea than to the rest of Japan, which makes it a fun day trip from Pusan, so they get a lot of Korean tourists.  There are two ports that the ferries run to, generally speaking.  In the north is Hitakatsu, which is mainly a port for people coming from Korea.  Further south is Izuhara, which is the old castle town, where the So family once administered the island and relations with the continent, and where you can get a ferry to Iki from. Unfortunately for us, as I mentioned last episode, it turned out that the kami of the waves thwarted us in our plans to sail from Busan to Tsushima.  And so we ended up flying into Tsushima Airport, instead, which actually required us to take an international flight over to Fukuoka and then a short domestic flight back to Tsushima.  On the one hand, this was a lot of time out of our way, but on the other they were nice short flights with a break in the Fukuoka airport, which has great restaurants in the domestic terminal.  Furthermore, since we came into the centrally-located Tsushima airport, this route also gave us relatively easy access to local rental car agencies, which was helpful because although there is a bus service that runs up and down the islands, if you really want to explore Tsushima it is best to have a car.  Note that also means having an International Driver's Permit, at least in most cases, unless you have a valid Japanese drivers' license. As for why you need a car:  There is a bus route from north to south, but for many of the places you will likely want to go will take a bit more to get to.  If you speak Japanese and have a phone there are several taxi companies you can call, and you can try a taxi app, though make sure it works on the island.  In the end, having a car is extremely convenient. Tsushima is also quite mountainous, without a lot of flat land, and there are numerous bays and inlets in which ships can hide and shelter from bad weather—or worse.  Tsushima is renowned for its natural beauty.  Flora and fauna are shared with continent and the archipelago.  There are local subspecies of otter and deer found on the islands, but also the Yamaneko, or Mountain Cat, a subspecies of the Eurasian leopard cat that   is only found in Japan on Tsushima and on Iriomote, in the southern Okinawan island chain.  They also have their own breed of horse, as well, related to the ancient horses bred there since at least the 8th century. Tsushima is clearly an important part of Japan, and the early stories of the creation of the archipelago often include Tsushima as one of the original eight islands mentioned in the creation story.  That suggests it has been considered an ancient part of the archipelago since at least the 8th century, and likely much earlier. Humans likely first came to Tsushima on their crossing from what is now the Korean peninsula over to the archipelago at the end of the Pleistocene era, when sea levels were much lower.  However, we don't have clear evidence of humans until later, and this is likely because the terrain made it difficult to cultivate the land, and most of the activity was  focused on making a livelihood out of the ocean. Currently we have clear evidence of humans on the island from at least the Jomon period, including remnants such as shellmounds, though we don't have any clear sign of habitation.  It is possible that fishermen and others came to the islands during certain seasons, setting up fish camps and the like, and then departed, but it could be that there were more permanent settlements and we just haven't found them yet.  Most of the Jomon sites appear to be on the northern part of Tsushima, what is now the “upper island”, though, again, lack of evidence should not be taken as evidence of lack, and there could be more we just haven't found yet.  After all, sites like Izuhara, which was quite populated in later periods, may have disturbed any underlying layers that we could otherwise hope to find there, and perhaps we will one day stumble on something more that will change our understanding.  Things change a bit in the Yayoi period, and we see clear evidence of settlements, pit buildings, graves, and grave goods at various sites up through the Kofun period.   Unsurprisingly, the assembly of goods found include both archipelagic and continental material, which fits with its position in between the various cultures. Understandably, most of these archeological sites were investigated and then either covered back up for preservation or replaced by construction – so in many cases there isn't anything to see now, besides the artifacts in the museum.  But some of the earliest clear evidence that you can still go see today are the several kofun, ancient tumuli, scattered around the island at different points.  Most of the kofun on the island appear to be similar, and overall fairly small.  These are not the most impressive kofun—not the giant mounds found in places like Nara, Osaka, Kibi, or even up in Izumo.  However, to students of the era they are still very cool to see as monuments of that ancient time.  One example of this that we visited was the Niso-kofungun, or the Niso Kofun group.  The Niso Kofungun is not like what you might expect in the Nara basin or the Osaka area.  First, you drive out to the end of the road in a small fishing community, and from there go on a small hike to see the kofun themselves.  Today the mounds are mostly hidden from view by trees, though there are signs put up to mark each one.  Some of them have a more well defined shape than others, too, with at least one demonstrating what appears to be a long, thin keyhole shape, taking advantage of the local terrain.  Most of these were pit style burials, where slabs of local sedimentary rock were used to form rectangular coffins in the ground, in which the individuals were presumably buried.  On one of the keyhole shaped mounds there was also what appears to be a secondary burial at the neck of the keyhole, where the round and trapezoidal sections meet.  However, we don't know who or even what was buried there in some instances, as most of the bones are no longer extant. Besides the distinctively keyhole shaped tomb, two more kofun in the Niso group caught my attention.  One, which is thought to have been a round tomb, had what appeared to be a small stone chamber, perhaps the last of the kofun in this group to be built, as that is generally a feature of later period kofun.  There was also one that was higher up on the hill, which may also have been a keyhole shaped tomb.  That one struck me, as it would likely have been particularly visible from sea before the current overgrown forest  appeared.  There are also plenty of other kofun to go searching for, though some might be a little more impressive than others.  In the next episode, when we talk about the island of Iki, we'll explore that ancient kingdom's much larger collection of kofun. After the mention of Tsushima in the Weizhi in the third century, there is a later story, from about the 6th century, involving Tsushima in the transmission of Buddhism.  This story isn't in the Nihon Shoki and was actually written down much later, so take that as you will.  According to this account, the Baekje envoys who transmitted the first Buddha image to Japan stopped for a while on Tsushima before proceeding on to the Yamato court.  While they were there, the monks who were looking after the image built a small building in which to conduct their daily rituals, effectively building the first Buddhist place of worship in the archipelago.  A temple was later said to have been built on that spot, and in the mid-15th century it was named Bairinji. While the narrative is highly suspect, there is some evidence that the area around Bairinji was indeed an important point on the island.  Prior to the digging of the two channels to connect the east and west coasts, the area near Bairinji, known as Kofunakoshi, or the small boat portage, was the narrowest part of Tsushima, right near the middle, where Aso Bay and Mitsuura Bay almost meet.  We know that at least in the 9th century this is where envoys would disembark  from one ship which had brought them from the archipelago, and embark onto another which would take them to the continent, and vice versa. Likewise, their goods would be carried across the narrow strip of land. This was like a natural barrier and an ideal location for an official checkpoint, and in later years Bairinji temple served as this administrative point, providing the necessary paperwork for crews coming to and from Japan, including the various Joseon dynasty missions in the Edo period. Why this system of portage and changing ships, instead of just sailing around?  Such a system was practical for several reasons.  For one, it was relatively easy to find Tsushima from the mainland.  Experienced ships could sail there, transfer cargo to ships experienced with the archipelago and the Seto Inland Sea, and then return swiftly to Korea.  Furthermore, this system gave Yamato and Japan forewarning, particularly of incoming diplomatic missions.  No chance mistaking ships for an invasion or pirates of some kind, as word could be sent ahead and everything could be arranged in preparation for the incoming mission.  These are details that are often frustratingly left out of many of the early accounts, but there must have been some logistics to take care of things like this. Whether or not Bairinji's history actually goes back to 538, it does have claim to some rather ancient artifacts, including a 9th century Buddha image from the Unified, or Later, Silla period as well as 579 chapters of the Dai Hannya Haramitta Kyo, or the Greater Perfection of Wisdom Sutra, from a 14th century copy.  These were actually stolen from the temple in 2014, but later recovered.  Other statues were stolen two years previously from other temples on Tsushima, which speaks to some of the tensions that still exist between Korea and Japan.  Claims were made that the statues had originally been stolen by Japanese pirates, or wakou, from Korea and brought to Japan, so the modern-day thieves were simply righting an old wrong.  However, Korean courts eventually found that the items should be returned to Japan, though there were those who disagreed with the ruling.  This is an example of the ongoing tensions that can sometimes make study of inter-strait history a bit complex. More concrete than the possible location of a theoretical early worship structure are the earthworks of Kaneda fortress.  This is a mid-7th century fort, created by Yamato to defend itself from a presumed continental invasion.  We even have mention of it in the Nihon Shoki.  It appears to have been repaired in the late 7th century, and then continued to be used until some time in the 8th century, when it was abandoned, seeing as how the invasion had never materialized, and no doubt maintaining the defenses on top of a mountain all the way out on Tsushima would have been a costly endeavor. Over time the name “Kaneda” was forgotten, though the stone and earthworks on the mountain gave the site the name “Shiroyama”, or Castle Mountain, at least by the 15th century.  In the Edo period, scholars set out trying to find the Kaneda fortress mentioned in the Nihon Shoki, and at one point identified this with an area known as Kanedahara, or Kaneda Fields, in the modern Sasu district, on the southwest coast of Tsushima.  However, a scholar named Suyama Don'ou identified the current mountaintop site, which has generally been accepted as accurate.  The earthworks do appear to show the kind of Baekje-style fortifications that Yamato built at this time, which took advantage of the natural features of the terrain.  These fortresses, or castles, were more like fortified positions—long walls that could give troops a secure place to entrench themselves.  They would not have had the impressive donjon, or tenshukaku, that is the most notable feature of of later Japanese and even European castles. Most of the Baekje style castles in Japan are primarily earthworks—for example the Demon's castle in modern Okayama.  Kaneda is unique, though, with about 2.8 kilometers of stone walls, most of which are reportedly in quite good condition.  There were three main gates and remains of various buildings have been determined from post-holes uncovered on the site.  There is a name for the top of the mountain, Houtateguma, suggesting that there may have once been some kind of beacon tower placed there with a light that could presumably be used to signal to others, but no remains have been found. The defensive nature of the position is also attested to in modern times.  During the early 20th century, the Japanese military placed batteries on the fortress, and an auxiliary fort nearby.  These constructions damaged some of the ancient walls, but this still demonstrates Tsushima's place at the edge of Japan and the continent, even into modern times. For all that it is impressive, I have to say that we regrettably did not make it to the fortress, as it is a hike to see everything, and our time was limited.  If you do go, be prepared for some trekking, as this really is a fortress on a mountain, and you need to park and take the Kaneda fortress trail up.   Moving on from the 8th century, we have evidence of Tsushima in written records throughout the next several centuries, but there isn't a lot clearly remaining on the island from that period—at least not extant buildings.  In the records we can see that there were clearly things going on, and quite often it wasn't great for the island.  For instance, there was the Toi Invasion in the 11th century, when pirates—possibly Tungusic speaking Jurchen from the area of Manchuria—invaded without warning, killing and taking people away as slaves.  It was horrific, but relatively short-lived, as it seems that the invaders weren't intent on staying. Perhaps a more lasting impression was made by the invasions of the Mongols in the 13th century.  This is an event that has been hugely impactful on Japan and Japanese history.  The first invasion in 1274, the Mongols used their vassal state of Goryeo to build a fleet of ships and attempted to cross the strait to invade Japan.  The typical narrative talks about how they came ashore at Hakata Bay, in modern Fukuoka, and the Kamakura government called up soldiers from across the country to their defense.  Not only that, but monks and priests prayed for divine intervention to protect Japan.  According to the most common narrative, a kamikaze, or divine wind, arose in the form of a typhoon that blew into Hakata Bay and sank much of the Mongol fleet. That event would have ripple effects throughout Japanese society.  On the one hand, the Mongols brought new weapons in the form of explosives, and we see changes in the arms of the samurai as their swords got noticeably beefier, presumably to do better against similarly armored foes.  The government also fortified Hakata Bay, which saw another attack in 1281, which similarly failed. Though neither attempted invasion succeeded, both were extremely costly.  Samurai who fought for their country expected to get rewarded afterwards, and not just with high praise.  Typically when samurai fought they would be richly rewarded by their lord with gifts taken from the losing side, to include land and property.  In the case of the Mongols, however, there was no land or property to give out.  This left the Kamakura government in a bit of a pickle, and the discontent fomented by lack of payment is often cited as one of the key contributors to bringing down the Kamakura government and leading to the start of the Muromachi period in the 14th century. The invasions didn't just appear at Hakata though.  In 1274,  after the Mongol fleet first left Goryeo on the Korean Peninsula, they landed first at Tsushima and then Iki, following the traditional trade routes and killing and pillaging as they went.  In Tsushima, the Mongol armies arrived in the south, landing at Komoda beach near Sasuura.  Lookouts saw them coming and the So clan hastily gathered up a defense, but it was no use.  The Mongol army established a beachhead and proceeded to spend the next week securing the island. From there they moved on to Iki, the next island in the chain, and on our journey.  Countless men and women were killed or taken prisoner, and when the Mongols retreated after the storm, they brought numerous prisoners back with them.  Although the Mongols had been defeated, they were not finished with their plans to annex Japan into their growing empire.  They launched another invasion in 1281, this time with reinforcements drawn from the area of the Yangtze river, where they had defeated the ethnic Han Song dynasty two years prior.  Again, they landed at Tsushima, but met fierce resistance—the government had been preparing for this fight ever since the last one.  Unfortunately, Tsushima again fell under Mongol control, but not without putting up a fight.  When the Mongols were again defeated, they left the island once again, this time never to return. If you want to read up more on the events of the Mongol Invasion, I would recommend Dr. Thomas Conlan's book, “No Need for Divine Intervention”.  It goes into much more detail than I can here. These traumatic events have been seared into the memories of Tsushima and the nearby island of Iki. Even though both islands have long since rebuilt, memories of the invasion are embedded in the landscape of both islands, and it is easy to find associated historical sites or even take a dedicated tour.   In 2020, the events of the invasion of Tsushima were fictionalized into a game that you may have heard of called Ghost of Tsushima.  I won't get into a review of the game—I haven't played it myself—but many of the locations in the game were drawn on actual locations in Tsushima.  Most, like Kaneda Castle, are fictionalized to a large extent, but it did bring awareness to the island, and attracted a large fan base.  Indeed, when we picked up our rental car, the helpful staff offered us a map with Ghost of Tsushima game locations in case we wanted to see them for ourselves. As I noted, many of the places mentioned in the game are highly fictionalized, as are many of the individuals and groups—after all, the goal is to play through and actually defeat the enemies, and just getting slaughtered by Mongols and waiting for them to leave wouldn't exactly make for great gameplay.  Shrines offer “charms” to the user and so finding and visiting all of the shrines in the in-game world becomes a player goal. And so when fans of the game learned that the torii gate of Watatsumi Shrine, one of the real-life iconic shrines in Tsushima, was destroyed by a typhoon in September of 2020, about a month after the game was released, they came to its aid and raised over 27 million yen to help restore the torii gates.  A tremendous outpouring from the community. And while you cannot visit all of the locations in the game, you can visit Watazumi Shrine, with its restored torii gates that extend into the water. Watatsumi Shrine itself has some interesting, if somewhat confusing, history.  It is one of two shrines on Tsushima that claim to be the shrine listed in the 10th-century Engi Shiki as “Watatsumi Shrine”.  This is believed to have been the shrine to the God of the Sea, whose palace Hiko Hoho-demi traveled down to in order to find his brother's fishhook—a story noted in the Nihon Shoki and which we covered in episode 23.  Notwithstanding that most of that story claims it was happening on the eastern side of Kyushu, there is a local belief that Tsushima is actually the place where that story originated. The popular shrine that had its torii repaired is popularly known as Watatsumi Shrine, today.  The other one is known as Kaijin  Shrine, literally translating to the Shrine of the Sea God, and it is also known as Tsushima no kuni no Ichinomiya; That is to say the first, or primary, shrine of Tsushima.  Some of the confusion may come as it appears that Kaijin shrine was, indeed, the more important of the two for some time.  It was known as the main Hachiman shrine in Tsushima, and may have been connected with a local temple as well.  It carries important historical records that help to chart some of the powerful families of Tsushima, and also claims ownership of an ancient Buddhist image from Silla that was later stolen.  In the 19th century it was identified as the Watatsumi Shrine mentioned in the Engi Shiki, and made Toyotama Hime and Hikohohodemi the primary deities worshipped at the shrine, replacing the previous worship of Hachiman. Shrines and temples can be fascinating to study, but can also be somewhat tricky to understand, historically.  Given their religious nature, the founding stories of such institutions can sometimes be rather fantastical, and since they typically aren't written down until much later, it is hard to tell what part of the story is original and what part has been influenced by later stories, like those in the Nihon Shoki or the Kojiki. Another interesting example of a somewhat unclear history is that of the Buddhist temple, Kokubun-ji.  Kokubunji are provincial temples, originally set up inthe decree of 741 that had them erected across the archipelago, one in each province at the time, in an attempt to protect the country from harm,  Knowing the location of a Kokubunji can therefore often tell you something about where the Nara era provincial administration sat, as it would likely have been nearby.  In many cases, these were probably connected to the local elite, as well. This is not quite as simple with Tsushima Kokubun-ji.  While it was originally designated in the decree of 741,  a later decree in 745 stated that the expenses for these temples would come directly out of tax revenues in the provinces, and at that time Tsushima was excluded.  Moreover, the Kokubunji on nearby Iki island was funded by taxes from Hizen province.  So it isn't until 855 that we have clear evidence of an early provincial temple for Tsushima, in this case known as a Tobunji, or Island Temple, rather than a Kokubunji. The location of that early temple is unknown, and it burned down only two years later when Tsushima was attacked by forces from Kyushu.   It is unclear what happened to it in the following centures, but by the 14th or 15th century it was apparently situated in Izuhara town, near the site of what would become Kaneishi Castle.  It was later rebuilt in its current location, on the other side of Izuhara town.  It burned down in the Edo period—all except the gate, which was built in 1807.  This gate is at least locally famous for its age and history.  It was also the site of the guesthouses for the 1811 diplomatic mission from Joseon—the dynasty that followed Koryeo. Those missions are another rather famous part of the history of Tsushima, which, as we've seen, has long been a gateway between the archipelago and the peninsula.  In the Edo period, there were numerous diplomatic missions from the Joseon dynasty to the Tokugawa shogunate, and these grand affairs are often touted in the history of Tsushima, with many locations specifically calling out the island's deep involvement in cross-strait relations.  Relations which, to really understand, we need to probably start with a look at the famous (or perhaps even infamous) Sou clan. The Sou clan became particularly influential in Tsushima in the 13th century.  The local officials, the Abiru clan, who had long been in charge of the island, were declared to be in rebellion against the Dazaifu, and so Koremune Shigehisa was sent to quell them.  In return, he was made Jito, or land steward, under the Shoni clan, who were the Shugo of Chikuzen and Hizen, including the island of Tsushima.  The Sou clan, descendents of the Koremune, ruled Tsushima ever since, first as vassals of the Shoni , but eventually they ran things outright. Thus, Sou Sukekuni was in charge when the Mongols invaded in 1274.  Despite having only 80 or so mounted warriors under his charge, he attempted to defend the island, dying in battle.  Nonetheless, when the Mongols retreated, the Sou family retained their position.  Later, they supported the Ashikaga in their bid to become shogun, and were eventually named the Shugo of Tsushima, a title they kept until the Meiji period. As we've mentioned, despite its size, Tsushima is not the most hospitable of locations.  It is mountainous, with many bays and inlets, making both cross-land travel and agriculture relatively difficult.  And thus the Sou clan came to rely on trade with the continent for their wealth and support.  Although, “trade” might be a bit negotiable. Remember how the early Japanese regularly raided the coast of the peninsula?  It was frequent enough that a term arose—the Wakou, the Japanese invaders, or Japanese pirates.  In fact, the term “wakou” became so synonymous with piracy that almost any pirate group could be labeled as “wakou”, whether Japanese or not.  Some of them that we know about were downright cosmopolitan, with very diverse crews from a variety of different cultures. Given its position, the rough terrain, and myriad bays that could easily hide ships and other such things, Tsushima made a great base for fishermen-slash-pirates to launch from.  Particularly in harsh times, desperate individuals from Tsushima and other islands might take their chances to go and raid the mainland.  In the early 15th century, the new Joseon dynasty had had enough.  They sent an expeditionary force to Tsushima to put an end to the wakou. The expedition came in 1419.  The year before, the head of the Sou clan, Sou Sadashige, had died.  His son, Sou Sadamori, took his place, but had not yet come of age, leaving actual power in the hands of Souda Saemontarou, leader of the Wakou pirates. Eventually the Joseon forces were defeated by the forces of Tsushima, including the wakou.  The Joseon court considered sending another punitive expedition, but it never materialized.  What did eventually happen, though, was, oddly, closer ties between the peninsula and Tsushima.  Sou Sadamori, who grew up in that tumultuous time, worked to repair relationships with the Joseon court, concluding a treaty that that allowed the Sou clan to basically monopolize trade with the Korean peninsula.  Treaty ports on the peninsula began to attract permanent settlements of Japanese merchants, and these “wakan”, or Japanese districts, came nominally under the jurisdiction of the Sou of Tsushima. The Sou clan maintained their place as the intermediaries with the Joseon state through the 16th century.  Messages sent from the Japanese court to Joseon would be sent to the Sou, who would deliver them to the Joseon court, and in turn handle all replies from the peninsula back to the Japanese mainland.  And this over time led them to develop some, shall we say, special techniques to make sure these exchanges were as fruitful as possible.  You see, the treaties with the Joseon court only allowed fifty ships a year from Tsushima to trade with the peninsula.  But since all of the documents flowed through the Sou, they had plenty of time to study the seals of both courts—those of the Joseon kingdom and those of Japan – and have fake seals created for their own ends.  In part through the use of these fake seals, the Sou clan were able to pretend their ships were coming from other people—real or fake—and thus get around the 50 ship per year limit.  They also used them in other ways to try and maintain their position between the two countries. All of this came to a head when the Taikou, Toyotomi Hideyoshi, began to dream of continental conquest.  Hideyoshi, at this point the undeniable ruler of all of Japan, had a bit of an ego—not exactly undeserved, mind you.  His letter to the Joseon king Seongjo, demanding submission, was quite inflammatory, and the Sou clan realized immediately that it would be taken as an insult.  Not only could it jeopardize relations with the continent, it could also jeopardize their own unique status.  Which is why they decided to modify it using what in modern computer hacker terms might be called a man-in-the-middle attack – which, with their fake seal game, they had plenty of experience with. The Sou were able to modify the language in each missive to make the language more acceptable to either side.  They also dragged their feet in the whole matter, delaying things for at least two years   But Hideyoshi's mind was set on conquest.  Specifically, he had ambitions of displacing the Ming dynasty itself, and he demanded that the Joseon court submit and allow the Japanese forces through to face the Ming dynasty.  The Joseon refused to grant his request, and eventually Hideyoshi had enough.  He threatened an invasion of Korea if the Joseon dynasty didn't capitulate to his requests. Throughout this process, the Sou attempted to smooth things over as best they could.  However, even they couldn't forge the words presented by a face-to-face envoy, nor could they put off Hideyoshi's anger forever.  And thus Tsushima became one of the launching off points for the Japanese invasions of Korea in 1592 and again in 1597.  Tsushima, along with nearby Iki, would have various castles built to help supply the invading forces.  One such castle was the Shimizuyama-jo, overlooking the town of Izuhara.  Some of the walls and earthworks can still be seen up on the mountain overlooking the town, and  there are trails up from the site of Kaneishi castle, down below.  Both of these invasions ultimately failed, though not without a huge loss of life and destruction on the peninsula—a loss that is still felt, even today. The second and final invasion ended in 1598.  Both sides were exhausted and the Japanese were losing ground, but the true catalyst, unbeknownst to those on the continent, was the death of Hideyoshi.  The Council of Regents, a group of five daimyo appointed to rule until Hideyoshi's son, Hideyori, came of age kept Hideyoshi's death a secret to maintain morale until they could withdraw from the continent. With the war over, the Sou clan took the lead in peace negotiations with the Joseon court, partly in an attempt to reestablish their position and their trade.  In 1607, after Tokugawa had established himself and his family as the new shogunal line, the Sou continued to fake documents to the Joseon court, and then to fake documents right back to the newly established bakufu so that their previous forgeries wouldn't be uncovered.  This got them in a tight spot.  In the early 1600s, one Yanagawa Shigeoki had a grudge to settle with Sou Yoshinari, and so he went and told the Bakufu about the diplomatic forgeries that the Sou had committed, going back years.  Yoshinari was summoned to Edo, where he was made to answer the allegations by Shigeoki.  Sure enough, it was proven that the Sou had, indeed, been forging seals and letters, but after examination, Tokugawa Iemitsu, the third Tokugawa Shogun, decided that they had not caused any great harm—in fact, some of their meddling had actually helped, since they knew the diplomatic situation with the Joseon court better than just about anyone else, and they clearly were incentivized to see positive relations between Japan and Korea.  As such, despite the fact that he was right, Yanagawa Shigeoki was exiled, while the Sou clan was given a slap on the wrist and allowed to continue operating as the intermediaries with the Joseon court. There was one caveat, however:  The Sou clan would no longer be unsupervised.  Educated monks from the most prestigious Zen temples in Kyoto, accredited as experts in diplomacy, would be dispatched to Tsushima to oversee the creation of diplomatic documents and other such matters, bringing the Sou clan's forgeries to a halt. Despite that, the Sou clan continued to facilitate relations with the peninsula, including some twelve diplomatic missions from Korea: the Joseon Tsuushinshi.  The first was in 1607, to Tokugawa Hidetada, and these were lavish affairs, even more elaborate than the annual daimyo pilgrimages for the sankin-kotai, or alternate attendance at Edo.  The embassies brought almost 500 people, including acrobats and other forms of entertainment.  Combined with their foreign dress and styles, it was a real event for people whenever they went. Today, these Tsuushinshi are a big draw for Korean tourists, and just about anywhere you go—though especially around Izuhara town—you will find signs in Japanese, Korean, and English about locations specifically associated with these missions. And in years past, they've even reenacted some of the processions and ceremonies. Speaking of Izuhara, this was the castle town from which the Sou administered Tsushima.  Banshoin temple was the Sou family temple, and contains the graves of many members of the Sou family.  In 1528, the Sou built a fortified residence in front of Banshoin, and eventually that grew into the castle from which they ruled Tsushima.  Today, only the garden and some of the stone walls remain.  The yagura atop the main gate has been rebuilt, but mostly it is in ruins.  The Tsushima Museum sits on the site as well.  Nearby there is also a special museum specifically dedicated to the Tsuushinshi missions. Izuhara town itself is an interesting place.  Much of what you see harkens back to the Edo period.  Much like Edo itself, the densely packed wood and paper houses were a constant fire hazard, and there were several times where the entire town burned to the ground.  As such they began to institute firebreaks in the form of stone walls which were placed around the town to help prevent fire from too quickly spreading from one house to the next.  This is something that was instituted elsewhere, including Edo, but I've never seen so many extant firewalls before, and pretty soon after you start looking for them, you will see them everywhere. The area closest to the harbor was an area mostly for merchants and similar working class people, and even today this can be seen in some of the older buildings and property layouts.  There are also a fair number of izakaya and various other establishments in the area.  Further inland you can find the old samurai district, across from the Hachiman shrine.  The houses and the gates in that area are just a little bit nicer.  While many modern buildings have gone up in the town, you can still find traces of the older buildings back from the days of the Sou clan and the Korean envoys. Today, Izuhara is perhaps the largest town on Tsushima, but that isn't saying much—the population of the entire island is around 31,000 people, only slightly larger than that of nearby Iki, which is only about one fifth the size of Tsushuma in land area.  From Izuhara, you can catch a ferry to Iki or all the way to Hakata, in Fukuoka.  You can also always take a plane as well. Before leaving Tsushima, I'd like to mention one more thing—the leopard cat of Tsushima, the Yamaneko.  This has become something of a symbol in Tsushima, but unfortunately it is critically endangered, at least on the island itself.  It is all but gone from the southern part of Tsushima—human encroachment on its habitat has been part of the issue, but so has the introduction of domesticated cats.  The yamaneko itself is about the size of a typical housecat, and might be mistaken for one, though it has a very distinctive spotted appearance.  Domesticated cats have been shown to outcompete their wild cousins, while also passing on harmful diseases, which also affect the population.  Just about everywhere you go you'll see signs and evidence of this special cat. There is also a breeding program in the north if you want to see them for yourself. Even the small Tsushima Airport is named Yamaneko Airport, and the single baggage claim features a whole diorama of little plush leopard cats wearing traditional clothing and waving hello to new arrivals. If you like rugged coastlines, fascinating scenery, and the odd bit of history thrown in, might I suggest taking a look at Tsushima, the border island between Japan and Korea. We only had a few days, but it was a truly wonderful experience.  Next up we caught the ferry to Iki island, the site of the ancient Iki-koku, possibly represented by the Yayoi era Harunotsuji site.  Of all the places I've been so far, this is second only to Yoshinogari in the work and reconstruction they've done.  They've even discovered what they believe to be an ancient dock or boat launch.  But we'll cover that next week, as we continue on our self-guided Gishiwajinden tour. Until then, thank you for listening and for all of your support. If you like what we are doing, tell your friends and feel free to rate us wherever you listen to podcasts.  If you feel the need to do more, and want to help us keep this going, we have information about how you can donate on Patreon or through our KoFi site, ko-fi.com/sengokudaimyo, or find the links over at our main website, SengokuDaimyo.com/Podcast, where we will have some more discussion on topics from this episode. Also, feel free to reach out to us at our Sengoku Daimyo Facebook page.  You can also email us at the.sengoku.daimyo@gmail.com.  Thank you, also, to Ellen for their work editing the podcast. And that's all for now.  Thank you again, and I'll see you next episode on Sengoku Daimyo's Chronicles of Japan.

On this episode of Unsupervised Learning Razib discusses the idea of “lost civilizations,” the possibility that there were complex societies during the Pleistocene Ice Age. This topic recently rose to salience after a dialogue between writer Graham Hancock and archaeologist Flint Dibble on Joe Rogan's podcast. Hancock is a longtime guest on Rogan's show and he promotes a theory that an advanced “lost civilization” during the Ice Age left remnants of its culture across the world, for example the pyramids of both Egypt and the New World. In the exchange, Dibble, a vigorous online critic of pseudo-archaeology came back with scientific orthodoxy; civilization emerged after the end of the Ice Age, and there is no evidence for anything during the Pleistocene. Razib explains why evidence from biology makes it clear that Hancock is almost certainly wrong. No massively advanced global civilization during the Ice Age left its imprint across the world. Though the archaeological evidence is strong, the data from DNA is even more unambiguously robust and informative. But then Razib steps back and asks what “civilization” is, and presents the possibility that stillborn cultures might have existed during the Ice Age. Civilizations that left no descendants and barely any archaeological footprint. He also argues that the modern conception of civilization starting in Sumer and Egypt 5,000 years ago is simplistic, and American ideas about an arrow of history ascending onward and upward tend to be misleading as a guide to the past. Though the orthodox view is mostly right, there are always gaps in our knowledge and surprises around the corner. Graham Hancock's enthusiasm for what we can know is commendable, his conclusions long ago outpaced his evidence. In the future, understanding the past will be done with even more powerful tools, but we must proceed with humility upon the foundations of all we know while acknowledging what we don't. Related: Why Civilization Is Older Than We Thought and Paradise Lost. If you have a sibling with autism, your future child's risk for an autism diagnosis is increased by a factor of 2 to 3.5×. Orchid's whole genome embryo reports can help mitigate your child's risk by screening for over 200 genetic variants definitively linked to autism and other neurodevelopmental disorders. Discuss your situation with a genetics expert.  

Janet Watt, U.S. Geological Survey Investigating the geologic record of shallow megathrust behavior is imperative for estimating the earthquake hazard and tsunamigenic potential along the Cascadia subduction zone. Ship-borne sparker seismic imaging and multibeam mapping is integrated with targeted autonomous underwater vehicle (AUV) bathymetry and sub-bottom data to document along-strike variability in seafloor morphology and deformation mode along the Cascadia subduction zone frontal thrust offshore Oregon and northern California in unprecedented detail. The combined use of high- and ultra-high-resolution bathymetric (30-m to 1-m grids) and seismic imaging (vertical resolution ranging from 2 m to centimeters) allows us to evaluate geologic evidence for co-seismic activation of frontal thrust structures. Multi-scale data synthesis enables investigation of linkages between shallow deformation style and deeper decollement structure and accretionary mode. The ~580-km-long frontal thrust splay fault system between Astoria and Eel Canyons is divided into seven sections based on along-strike variability in shallow structure and seafloor morphology. Many late Pleistocene to Holocene active fault strands within 10 km of the deformation front exhibit both geomorphic and stratigraphic evidence for coseismic activation. The high degree of variability in detailed shallow structure and morphology along the frontal thrust reflects changes in the crustal-scale frontal thrust fault geometry and décollement level. We present a conceptual model that links the along-strike variability in frontal thrust morpho-tectonics to differences in accretionary mode. Results suggest shallow megathrust rupture including co-seismic activation of frontal thrust splay faults is a common rupture mode along much of the Cascadia margin that should be considered in future earthquake and tsunami rupture models and hazard assessments.

In this Episode I am joined by John Organ,  Chief Emeritus of the U.S. Geological Survey's Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit Program,  to discuss the North American Model of Wildlife Conservation.  John begins by telling us about the people that were responsible for consolidating the model, He then describes the ecological and historical context that ultimately led to modern wildlife management.  We go back to the late Pleistocene to provide a sense of what the mega-faunal community looked like prior to the arrival of humans on the continent.  We then step forward in time to the wildlife fauna of the North American frontier, and outline the main species that were hunted, exploited, and those that were driven to extinction or near extinction. John tells us about the early advocates of wildlife conservation, and describes their major legislative and institutional milestones.  We then turn to detailing the seven tenets of the North American Model. We close-out the episode discussing what John sees as the three biggest threats to hunting, and given that hunters make up about 5% of the population in the NA, and that it would almost certainly be outlawed if the question of its legitimacy were put to a simple referendum,I ask John what he would advise hunters to do to encourage support for hunting in the non-hunting community. 

For general info about Mario and his work, check out the first episode with him, including show notes: In this second episode we touch on a few novel issues: ✔ Mario and his associates have now found evidence of up to twelve ancient positions of the north pole, including the present one (every shift from one position to the next is associated with an expansion phase, which entails cataclysmic events). ✔ The so-called great unconformity in geology is something geologists are reluctant to discuss. It refers to a huge “missing link” in the earth's layers (rather a massive void): anywhere from several hundred million years up to one and a half billion years of geological history is missing. Periodic expansion could explain this, says Mario. ✔ Ice ages are not what we have been taught, a recurring enlargement of the ice sheets around the poles due to colder climate. No, it is basically the same “ice age”, forced to shift position every time the earth is in an expansion phase. Only when the north pole is positioned on land will glaciers build up and eventually form an ice sheet. The last position before this one was on Greenland. Hence the lingering ice sheet there. ✔ The earth expands due to two forces that have the same source: • Flares from solar storms add to the planet's mass in the form of subatomic particles that easily penetrate the crust. • The same solar storms also blast away the earth's atmosphere, little by little, which causes decompression. ✔ The giant floods described in myths and legends may not have been the result of rapidly melting ice caps. The water masses may have erupted from inside the earth. The equivalent of ten oceans of water is trapped in a mineral called ringwoodite in the planet's mantle. ✔ Many independent archaeology and anthropology history researchers over interpret the significance of the Younger Dryas period. While dramatic, it is not even the most dramatic climate event during the latest ice age (latter part of Pleistocene), says Mario. ✔ Mario is still working on his magnum opus, the book about his theory on an expanding earth and its surprising connection to evidence for extremely ancient civilizations. Hopefully out in 2025. First episode with Mario Mario's website Antiquity Reborn Mario's Youtube channel Mario's email address: buildreps@gmail.com

Adele speaks with special guest Kane Fleury, curator of Natural Science at Tūhura Otago Museum in Dunedin, New Zealand! Kane talks us through what steps were taken to move a fossil trackway made by the Moa, a famous flightless bird - plus extra info on avian extinctions in Aotearoa affecting the Adzebill and Haast's Eagle. We also touch on trilobite conga lines, Locked in Time by Dr Dean Lomax, and Māori using moa bones as tools and musical instruments. Links:@kane.fleury on Instagram@KaneFleury on TwitterTūhura Otago Museum on TwitterTūhura Otago MuseumMoa Footprints Paper:The moa footprints from the Pliocene – early Pleistocene of Kyeburn, Otago, New ZealandRNZ Article on Moving the Moa FootprintsSouth Island's first moa footprints are millions of years old - studyTVNZ News covering the Moa Footprints:Fossilised moa footprints spill secrets of the past | Seven SharpMāori moa and extinction in Aotearoa New Zealand: Dead as the moa: oral traditions show that early Māori recognised extinctionNew Zealand Birds Online - South Island Giant MoaRandom Fossil Fact:Collective behaviour in 480-million-year-old trilobite arthropods from MoroccoTrilobite Fossils Show Conga Line Frozen for 480 Million YearsTrilobite Fossil Shows Animals Have Stood in Line for Hundreds of Millions of YearsThis episode is brought to you by Dinosaur Trips! Explore the world and see the best museums, meet experts and even dig up real dinosaurs. For more info visit dinosaurtrips.com and email zach@dinosaurtrips.com about the Badlands and Beyond Trip.Dinosaur Trips It's been 66 million years. Why wait any longer? Join an upcoming trip!Pals in Palaeo @palsinpalaeoHost: Adele Pentland @palaeodelOnline StoreTranscriptsThe Pals in Palaeo Cover ArtJenny Zhao Design @jennyzdesignCrumpet Club House@crumpetclubhouse The Pals in Palaeo Theme MusicHello Kelly @hellokellymusic Podcast Producer + Editor Jean-César Puechmarin @cesar_on_safariPodcast EditorFrançois "Francy" Goudreault @hellofrancy

Katarina Kosič Ficco is a cave and karst field scientist with the Virginia Department of Conservation and Recreation, Division of Natural Heritage focusing on subterranean biodiversity. She shares her genesis in the world of caves and karst, having grown up in the classical Karst in Slovenia where the term originated. She also talks about discovering Petra, an exquisitely preserved Pleistocene feline skeleton found in Virginia less than a decade ago, as well as several expeditions that resulted in finding miles and miles of new cave.Order a custom cave suit from our sponsor, Sophireaptress!https://www.sophireaptress.com/Cave Week 2024https://www.nps.gov/subjects/caves/cave-week.htmRegister for the 2024 NSS Convention in Sewanee, TN:https://caves.org/convention/2024-registration/Find your local grotto:https://caves.org/committee/i-o/grottos/new_grotto_page-v2.shtml

  On this episode of Unsupervised Learning Razib talks to George Washington University archaeologist Eric Cline. The author of 1177 B.C. - The Year Civilization Collapsed, Cline has a new book out, After 1177 B.C. - The Survival of Civilizations. While 1177 B.C. closed with the end of the first global civilization, that of the Eastern Mediterranean at the end of the Bronze Age, After 1177 B.C. tells the story of those who picked up the pieces. But first Cline and Razib talk about the popular appetite for ancient history, and how 1177 B.C. became a surprise bestseller. Cline's training is in archaeology and they discuss how new technologies like ancient DNA and isotope analysis are now contributing to transforming our understanding of the past. Then they turn to he organization of After 1177 B.C., how Cline decided to build on regional geographically focused histories rather than constructing a tightly integrated single narrative thread. This gets to the reality that the period covered in After 1177 B.C. is one of disintegration and isolation, as the networks binding together ancient Near Eastern kingdoms collapsed, with some states like that of the Hittites disappearing, and others like Egypt re-emerging sharply restructured.  Cline and Razib also discuss the lacunae in our understanding of the past, and the possibility that civilization may have gone through more cycles than we yet understand, with perhaps some social and technological complexity in the Pleistocene that we had not previously anticipated. Cline points out that Göbekli Tepe certainly must have had precursors in the Pleistocene, as local people could not have constructed such a site without skill and know-how accumulated over generations. If you have a sibling with autism, your future child's risk for an autism diagnosis is increased by 2 - 3.5x. Orchid's whole genome embryo reports can help mitigate your child's risk by screening for 200+ genetic variants definitively linked to autism and other neurodevelopmental disorders. Discuss your situation with a genetics expert.  Special note: I've partnered with Roundtable to create a unique space dedicated to genetics and history enthusiasts. Our exclusive space is going to be organized into small, intimate roundtables of 4-6 people to ensure deep discussions and personal engagement. Every week, I'll provide an agenda for these discussions, and twice a month, I host an AMA for all members. If this opportunity excites you, apply here.  

Well, with Gabrielle traveling, I had to do this podcast on my own, but I'm not flying solo, I have a special guest!  Join Dr. Steve Fields and I on location from the Museum of York County for a fabulous exhibit and discussion about the Pleistocene Epoch in the Carolinas.  It's hard to believe that there were mammoths, terror birds, cheetahs, giant porcupine, ground sloths and more, but there were!  Listen as  Dr. Steve discusses what this unbelievable epoch would've looked like, from the climate, vegetation, all the way to the incredible diversity and amazing size of the unique animals that would've roamed the Carolina countryside.Here's some more information on the Pleistocene Epoch:https://www.thefossilforum.com/blogs/entry/265-the-early-pleistocene-marine-fauna-of-the-southeastern-united-states/https://www.britannica.com/science/Pleistocene-Epochhttps://www.georgiasfossils.com/20-the-ice-ages-pleistocene--holocene-epochs.htmlhttps://www.livescience.com/40311-pleistocene-epoch.htmlWant to Visit the Museum of York County and other York County museums?Featured in this podcast:  https://chmuseums.org/myco/Additional museums of York County:  https://chmuseums.org/Interested in having Marvin and Gabrielle speak at your event?  Email us below for more information!Email us at www.walkingonthewildside21@gmail.comFollow us on our two webpages to see photos and blogs about our podcasts and nature in general:Nature Nook PhotographyWalkin' on the Wild SideYou can listen directly from our website at: https://walkinonthewildside.buzzsprout.com, or from any of the major podcast platforms, such as Apple Podcasts, Google Podcasts, Audible, Spotify, iHeart Radio, TuneIn, Stitcher, and more!Subscribe to our podcasts on any of these platforms and leave us a review!We hope you enjoy listening to our podcast and welcome your emails, comments, and feedback.  Hopefully, we will inspire you to get out there and start "Walkin' on the Wild Side"!

Thanks to Will and Måns for their suggestions this week! Let's learn about some mystery bovids, or cows and cow relations! Further reading: A Book of Creatures: Songòmby Kouprey: The Ultimate Mystery Mammal A musk ox (top) and a wild yak (bottom): A young kouprey bull from the 1930s: Sculpture of two grown kouprey bulls [photo by Christian Pirkl - Own work, CC BY-SA 4.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=73848355]: A banteng bull (with a cow behind him) [photo taken from this site]: A qilin/kilin/kirin looking backwards: The "purple" calf: The Milka purple cow: Show transcript: Welcome to Strange Animals Podcast. I'm your host, Kate Shaw. This week we're going to learn about some mystery bovids, or cow relations, suggested by Will and Måns, whose name I am probably mispronouncing. We'll start with a mystery about the musk ox, which is not otherwise a mysterious animal. Måns emailed about reading a children's book about animals that had a picture of a musk ox in the part about the Gobi Desert. The problem is, the musk ox is native to the Arctic and was once found throughout Greenland, northern Canada, Alaska, and Siberia. So the question is, was the book wrong or are there really musk oxen in the Gobi Desert? We'll start by learning about the musk ox and the Gobi Desert. The musk ox can stand up to 5 feet tall at the shoulder, or 1.5 meters. It has thick, dense, shaggy fur all over, a tiny tail only about four inches long, or 10 cm, and horns that curve down close to the sides of its head and then curve up again at the ends. The musk ox is well adapted to the cold, which isn't a surprise since it evolved during the ice ages. Its ancestors lived alongside mammoths, woolly rhinos, and other Pleistocene megafauna. Like many cold-adapted animals, its fur consists of a thick undercoat that keeps it warm, and a much longer layer of fur that protects the softer undercoat. The undercoat is so soft and so good at keeping the animal warm in bitterly cold temperatures that people will sometimes keep musk oxen in order to gather the undercoat in spring when it starts to shed, to use for making clothing and blankets. But it's definitely not a domesticated animal. It can be aggressive and extremely dangerous. A warm coat isn't the musk ox's only cold adaptation. The hemoglobin in its blood is able to function well even when it's cold, which isn't the case for most mammals. It lives in small herds that gather close together in really cold weather to share body heat, and if a predator threatens the herd, the adults will form a ring around the calves, their heads facing outward. Since a musk ox is huge, heavy, and can run surprisingly fast, plus it has horns, if a wolf or other predator is butted by a musk ox it might end up fatally injured. The main predator of the musk ox is the human, who hunted it almost to extinction by the early 20th century. It was completely extirpated in Alaska but was reintroduced there and in parts of Canada in the late 20th century. Similarly, it was reintroduced to parts of Siberia and even parts of northern Europe, although not all the European introductions were successful. So what about the Gobi Desert? It's nowhere near the Arctic. Not all deserts are hot. A desert just has limited rainfall, and the Gobi is a cold desert. Parts of the Gobi are grasslands and parts are sandy or rocky, and it covers a huge expanse of land in central Asia, mainly divided between northern China and southern Mongolia. Some parts of it do get limited rainfall in the summer and limited snowfall and frost in the winter, but for the most part it's dry and therefore has limited vegetation for animals to eat. Animals do live in the Gobi, though. The wild Bactrian camel, which has two humps, is found nowhere else in the world and is critically endangered. The Mongolian wild ass lives in parts of the Gobi, as do several species of antelope and gazelle,

On this episode of Unsupervised Learning Razib welcomes back paleoanthropologist Chris Stringer. Affiliated with the Natural History Museum in London, Stringer is the author of African Exodus. The Origins of Modern Humanity, Lone Survivors: How We Came to Be the Only Humans on Earth and  Homo Britannicus - The Incredible Story of Human Life in Britain. A proponent since the 1970's of the recent African origin of modern humans, he has also for decades been at the center of debates around our species' relationship to Neanderthals. In the 1980's, with the rise to prominence of the molecular model of “mtDNA Eve,” Stringer came to the fore as a paleoanthropological voice lending support to the genetic insights that pointed to our African origins. Trained as an anatomist, Stringer asserted that the fossil evidence was in alignment with the mtDNA phylogenies, a contention that has been broadly confirmed over the last five decades.  But in 2010, Stringer and other proponents of an “out of Africa” “with replacement” model of recent human origins began to modify their views in response to the mounting evidence of archaic admixture, the introgression of Neanderthal and Denisovan genes into the modern human genome. On this episode, Razib queries Stringer on the state of human evolution from the fossil's-eye view in 2024. They discuss “Dragon Man,” and whether this is just a fossil of one of the Denisovan populations. Razib also presss Stringer about the diversity of human species in Southeast Asia, and just how many Denisovan populations or “races” might have existed. They also touch on Homo naledi, and the ensuing controversies around naledi-related publications. Razib seeks Stringer's opinion on different models of African origins for our lineage, from extensive archaic admixture to “African multi-regionalism.” On a more speculative note, they mull over the possibilities for complex societies in the Pleistocene in light of the finds at Göbekli Tepe. With Stinger's over five decades in the discipline, very few rival his qualifications or capability to provide a bird's-eye view of where we are in understanding human evolution in 2024.

Hello everyone and welcome to Episode Ninety Four!  And while we're at it, I hope you all remain safe and healthy out there. SMP Patrons! I want to thank a couple of folks for their support - Clint Guadiana, for his contribution via Patreon, and Dave Weber, who made another one-time contribution via PayPal.  Thank you Clint and Dave! And as always, I am grateful to all the show's patrons who help to keep the show moving forward. And if you're out there listening and you would like to kick in a few bucks, it's easy to do, you simply go to the So Much Pingle Patreon page. You can support the show for as little as three bucks a month – less than a fancy cup of coffee! You can also support the show via one-time contributions via PayPal or Venmo (please contact me via email to somuchpingle@gmail.com). Here we go with the eighth installment of Herp Science Sunday with Dr. Alex Krohn.   I've really enjoyed doing these shows with Alex, and this one was no exception - a conversation with Dr. Harry Greene on a variety of subjects including Pleistocene rewilding, Bolson Tortoises, a breakdown of serpent prey items, and much, much more.  Harry is a deep thinker and don't be surprised if you find yourself thinking deeply about some of the topics we discuss! Thanks for listening everyone! And as always, please keep the comments and suggestions coming, and please take time to rate the show on your podcast platform! The show email is somuchpingle@gmail.com, and there's also a So Much Pingle group on Facebook, for discussion, comments, feedback, suggestions, herp confessions, tips for herping better, etc. -Mike    

In this episode, Xavier Bonilla has a dialogue with Peter Bellwood about the five million year history of humans. They discuss the genera and species of humans and the different types of humans that lived together at the same time, genes from early human species, and the four acts of human history. They talk about Hominins arising out of the Miocene, distinct features of Australopithecus, humans in the Pleistocene, Homo Erectus walking out of Africa, Homo Floresiensis, and Neanderthals. They discuss domestication and cultivation of plants and animals in the Holocene, rice and corn in the Fertile Crescent and in China, Maize in the Western Hemisphere, Anatolian hypothesis for languages, and many other topics. Peter Bellwood is Emeritus Professor in archaeology at Australian National University. He has his PhD from Kings College-Cambridge. His research areas have focused on population migrations during prehistory eras and the spread of Austronesian languages. He is the author of numerous books, including his most recent book, The Five-Million-Year Odyssey: The Human Journey from Ape to Agriculture. Get full access to Converging Dialogues at convergingdialogues.substack.com/subscribe

 “The Randall Carlson” socials, VoD titles, tours, events, podcasts, merch shop, donate: https://randallcarlson.com/links  The Bros recount the findings of a recent paper regarding tree-ring studies from France which reveal spikes of Cosmogenic markers in a single year that correlate with Greenland ice-core records. The award-winning work of Gerard Bond is totally ignored though data recognizing the role of the Sun in Earth's climate has been robustly supported since the deployment of solar observatories began three decades ago. Miyake Events and other explosive solar events are revealing the volatile Nature of the Sun. The coronal magnetic field, mass ejections, and impacting comets are new pools of data that are being studied – transforming our understanding and shedding Light on the role of the Sun in this dynamic and interconnected planetary system. Kosmographia Ep102 of The Randall Carlson Podcast, with Brothers of the Serpent – Kyle and Russ, Normal Guy Mike, and GeocosmicREX admin Bradley, from 10/20/23 In the name of liberty and freedom, we are moving this podcast to our new partner platform! Please join us here: https://www.howtube.com/channels/RandallCarlson   LINKS:  Tree ring study:   https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rsta.2022.0206  Gerard Bond 2001 paper on North Atlantic Climate cycles: http://www.essc.psu.edu/essc_web/seminars/spring2006/Mar1/Bond%20et%20al%202001.pdf   Available Video on Demand titles: https://www.howtube.com/playlist/view?PLID=381 "Here Be Dragons" Part 1of3+  Cosmic Summit '23 (20+ hours) Mysterious Origins of Halloween and the Ancient Day of the Dead Festivals Sacred Geometry introductory workshop, plus lectures (14+ hours) “Plato's Atlantis” (7 hours of geologic deep-dive in two parts) http://www.RandallCarlson.com has the podcast, RC's blog, galleries, and products to purchase! T-shirts, variety of MERCH here: https://randallcarlson.com/shop/ Activities Board: https://randallcarlson.com/tours-and-events/ RC's monthly science news and activities:  https://randallcarlson.com/newsletter  Randall with Joe Rogan ep1772  https://open.spotify.com/episode/190slemJsUXH5pEYR6DUbf RC with Graham Hancock on JRE 1897 “Ancient Apocalypse” Netflix series and new technology announcement: https://open.spotify.com/episode/2xvmTo09BFMd6tJfJPmmvT  Malcolm Bendall presents on MSAART Plasmoid Revolution: https://www.howtube.com/channels/StrikeFoundationEarth Full listing of scientific papers about the Younger Dryas Impact Hypothesis: https://cosmictusk.com   Support Randall Carlson's efforts to discover and share pivotal paradigm-shifting information! Improve the quality of the podcast and future videos. Allow him more time for his research into the many scientific journals, books, and his expeditions into the field, as he continues to decipher the clues that explain the mysteries of our past, and prepare us for the future...  Contribute to RC thru howtube: https://www.howtube.com/channels/RandallCarlson#tab_donate   Make a one-time donation thru PayPal, credit/debit card or other account here: https://www.paypal.com/cgi-bin/webscr?cmd=_s-xclick&hosted_button_id=8YVDREQ9SMKL6&source=url  Contribute monthly to receive bonus content and perks:  https://patreon.com/RandallCarlson   Email us at  Kosmographia1618@gmail.com   OR   Contact@RandallCarlson.com  Small class lectures "Cosmography 101" from '06-'09 on Brad's original channel: https://youtube.com/geocosmicrex      Kosmographia logo and design animation by Brothers of the Serpent Check out their podcast: http://www.BrothersoftheSerpent.com/ ep108 with RC and Bradley: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HZC4nsOUxqI Theme “Deos” and bumper music by Fifty Dollar Dynasty: http://www.FiftyDollarDynasty.net/ Video recording, editing and publishing by Bradley Young with YSI Productions LLC (copyrights) with audio mastered by Kyle Allen and Chris James.

 “The Randall Carlson” socials, VoD titles, tours, events, podcasts, merch shop, donate: https://randallcarlson.com/links P/review of recent and upcoming tours, including photos from Tennessee's Sequatchie Valley and Cumberland Plateau, promises to get people into caves and under secluded waterfalls, while continuing the tales of catastrophic flooding effects. Fall '24 tour into Columbia Gorge prompts RC recollections of an early pass thru a “Land of Giants” and his ongoing desire to understand the formation of Oregon's “Nook” feature at the John Day River. Transitioning across the maps to the Atlantic Ocean, the crew marvel at myriad features along the Mid-Atlantic Continental Slope: a Late-Pleistocene 38 cubic-mile landslide, incised canyons that extend far into the depths, and Pyramids(?)! Lastly, earthquake-generated tsunamis in the Mediterranean Sea have been studied and the phenomenon of “tsunami boulders” is pondered. Kosmographia Ep100 of The Randall Carlson Podcast, with Brothers of the Serpent – Kyle and Russ, Normal Guy Mike, and GeocosmicREX admin Bradley, from 9/05/23 LINKS:  Available Video on Demand titles: https://www.howtube.com/playlist/view?PLID=381 "Here Be Dragons" Part 1of3+  Cosmic Summit '23 (20+ hours) Mysterious Origins of Halloween and the Ancient Day of the Dead Festivals Sacred Geometry introductory workshop, plus lectures (14+ hours) “Plato's Atlantis” (7 hours of geologic deep-dive in two parts)   http://www.RandallCarlson.com has the podcast, RC's blog, galleries, and products to purchase!   T-shirts, variety of MERCH here: https://randallcarlson.com/shop/ Activities Board: https://randallcarlson.com/tours-and-events/ RC's monthly science news and activities:  https://randallcarlson.com/newsletter   Randall with Joe Rogan ep1772  https://open.spotify.com/episode/190slemJsUXH5pEYR6DUbf RC with Graham Hancock on JRE 1897 “Ancient Apocalypse” Netflix series and new technology announcement: https://open.spotify.com/episode/2xvmTo09BFMd6tJfJPmmvT  Malcolm Bendall presents on MSAART Plasmoid Revolution: https://www.howtube.com/channels/StrikeFoundationEarth Full listing of scientific papers about the Younger Dryas Impact Hypothesis: https://cosmictusk.com Support Randall Carlson's efforts to discover and share pivotal paradigm-shifting information! Improve the quality of the podcast and future videos. Allow him more time for his research into the many scientific journals, books, and his expeditions into the field, as he continues to decipher the clues that explain the mysteries of our past, and prepare us for the future...   Contribute to RC thru howtube: https://www.howtube.com/channels/RandallCarlson#tab_donate    Make a one-time donation thru PayPal, credit/debit card or other account here: https://www.paypal.com/cgi-bin/webscr?cmd=_s-xclick&hosted_button_id=8YVDREQ9SMKL6&source=url   Contribute monthly to receive bonus content and perks:  https://patreon.com/RandallCarlson   Email us at  Kosmographia1618@gmail.com   OR   Contact@RandallCarlson.com   Small class lectures "Cosmography 101" from '06-'09 on Brad's original channel: https://youtube.com/geocosmicrex       Kosmographia logo and design animation by Brothers of the Serpent Check out their podcast: http://www.BrothersoftheSerpent.com/ ep108 with RC and Bradley: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HZC4nsOUxqI Theme “Deos” and bumper music by Fifty Dollar Dynasty: http://www.FiftyDollarDynasty.net/ Video recording, editing and publishing by Bradley Young with YSI Productions LLC (copyrights) with audio mastered by Kyle Allen and Chris James.

Back off, you Neanderthal! It sounds as if you've just been dissed, but maybe you should take it as a compliment. Contrary to common cliches, our Pleistocene relatives were clever, curious, and technologically inventive. Find out how our assessment of Neanderthals has undergone a radical rethinking, and hear about the influence they have as they live on in our DNA. For example, some of their genes have a strong association with severe Covid 19 infection. Plus, how Neanderthal mini-brains grown in a lab will teach us about the evolution of Homo sapiens. Guests: Svante Pääbo – Evolutionary geneticist and Director of the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology. Doyle Stevick – Associate professor of educational leadership and policies at the University of South Carolina. Beverly Brown – Professor emerita of anthropology, Rockland Community College, New York. Rebecca Wragg Sykes – Paleolithic anthropologist, author of “Kindred: Neanderthal Life, Love, Death and Art.” Alysson Muotri – Neuroscientist and professor of pediatrics, cellular and molecular medicine at the University of California San Diego School of Medicine Originally aired March 22, 2021 Featuring music by Dewey Dellay and Jun Miyake Big Picture Science is part of the Airwave Media podcast network. Please contact advertising@airwavemedia.com to inquire about advertising on Big Picture Science. You can get early access to ad-free versions of every episode by joining us on Patreon. Thanks for your support!   Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices