Podcasts about Silurian

The gang discusses two papers that look at some exceptional soft-tissue preservation during the Silurian. The first paper potentially identifies a unique type of pterobranch, and the second paper looks at some early molluscs. Meanwhile, James has seen some movies, Amanda has a skibidi day, and Curt's soul dies.   Up-Goer Five (Curt Edition): The friends talk about two animals from a long time ago that are only found as soft parts and that makes it hard to find the parts of them that were in the ground a long long time ago. The first paper looks at an animal that is not well known in the past but is close to another animal that is better known. These soft parts are weird and people did not know what they were for a long while. This paper makes the case for this being one of this group of animals that all live in long empty round things together. They also say that this one may have lived moving in the water even though the ones today all sit at the bottom of the water on the ground. The second paper looks at another group of animals that many today have a hard part on them and some of them turn their body when they grow. The animals that they are looking at do not do these things. They have hair and are long. These are animals are from a group that we think might be close to what the early animals in this group today would have looked like. The friends talk about this paper because they gave the animals funny names.   References: Briggs, Derek EG, and Nicolás Mongiardino Koch. "A Silurian pseudocolonial pterobranch." Current Biology 33.23 (2023): 5225-5232. Sutton, Mark D., et al. "New Silurian aculiferan fossils reveal complex early history of Mollusca." Nature (2025): 1-6.

A wild range of topics this week, including Ben's 70s porn star outfit, the correct name for a female snake, and whether or not we would boink an alien. And of course, the concluding part of the Silurian two-parter!About Time: www.linktree.com/abouttimecast

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia 312 – "Joy to the World"  episode Promotional poster, featuring the caption "Joy to the Worlds" Cast  –   – Joy Almondo Others  –   – Trev Simpkins Steph de Whalley – Anita Benn  – Hotel Manager Peter Benedict – Basil Flockhart  – Hilda Flockhart Niamh Marie Smith –  Phil Baxter –  Samuel Sherpa-Moore –  Ruchi Rai – Receptionist Joshua Leese – Mr Single Ell Potter – Server Liam Prince-Donnelly – Barman Fiona Marr – Angela Grace Production Directed by Alex Sanjiv Pillai Written by Script editor David Cheung Produced by Alison Sterling Executive producer(s) Joel Collins Steven Moffat Music by Running time 54 minutes First broadcast 25 December 2024 Chronology ← Preceded by "" Followed by → — "Joy to the World" is an episode of the British  series . It was broadcast on  and released on  on 25 December 2024 as the fifteenth  since the show's revival in 2005. In the episode, the  of  discovers a strange hotel at Christmastime that has harnessed the power of time travel and finds a mysterious briefcase. While investigating, he meets new  Joy Almondo (guest star ) who helps him solve the mystery. "Joy to the World" was written by  and directed by Alex Sanjiv Pillai. It was filmed in October and November 2023. Plot []  arrives at the Time Hotel, an establishment in the year 4202 that allows guests to visit various points in history, several of which the Doctor visits during the episode. The Doctor enlists the aid of Trev, a worker at the hotel, as he investigates a mysterious man holding a briefcase. As each new person is tricked into taking the briefcase, it takes control of them, and the previous carrier disintegrates. Trev's  manager arrives in Joy Almondo's London hotel room in 2024 with the briefcase, and the Doctor following him. The briefcase takes control of Joy, and the Doctor opens it, finding a strange device inside. The briefcase is about to disintegrate Joy, when a Doctor from the future arrives from the Time Hotel and gives them an override code. The future Doctor then returns to the Time Hotel with Joy, stranding the current Doctor in 2024. He takes a job working at Joy's hotel, befriending the manager Anita, and awaiting an opportunity to get back to the Time Hotel the following Christmas. A year later, the Doctor re-enters the Time Hotel, and gives his past self the code (which he'd obtained by the ), then departs with Joy. They open a door to the distant past, where the Doctor frees Joy from the briefcase by provoking her anger at being unable to be with her dying mother due to . The briefcase reveals itself to be of  origin, with plans to detonate a "star seed" to use as an energy source, using the hotel's time travel to allow it to grow in the past. The briefcase is eaten by a , and the Doctor and Joy flee. Trev, who connected psychically to Villengard's system before he died, contacts the Doctor through his . Trev reveals the briefcase's location, and the Doctor finds it sealed in a shrine. The Doctor is able to open it, but Joy takes the briefcase outside, and lets the star seed enter her. Joy and the other people killed by the seed pilot it into space, where it detonates safely. At various points in time, the star gives hope and comfort to those who see it, including Joy's dying mother and . The Doctor sees that that the star was also the . Production [] Development [] Former Doctor Who showrunner  penned the episode. , the Doctor Who , initially began writing the 2024 Christmas special. Davies had sent a portion of the script to former showrunner  to get his opinion on it. At the time, Davies was in discussions with Moffat to have him write a script for the . When Davies realised he was too busy to complete the script, he shelved it and asked Moffat to write the Christmas episode instead. Moffat considered writing a , but decided against it, believing that such an episode would be better suited mid-series. Despite this, he said the episode still had a comedic tone with emotional elements. Here's the pitch that got me the job. You know in just about every hotel room you've been in there's a locked door? It's weird, but there always is. Okay. We're about to blow apart the truth of that. In the far future there is a place called the Time hotel, and the Time Hotel has realised something brilliant, which is following the discovery of time travel they have an opportunity to sell all the rooms they failed to sell the last time. So they have built extensions into more or less every hotel room in history, and you get access to it occasionally. — Steven Moffat, "The Joy Bringer",  3 December 2024 Half the script had been completed before Davies informed Moffat that  wouldn't be in the special. The character of Anita originally only had around ten lines but her presence was increased after the production team became fond of her. Moffat had finished writing the episode by 20 July 2023. Working titles for the episode included "The Time Hotel" and "Christmas, Everywhere All at Once". The story further explores the "Villengard Corporation", a recurring fictional  company that has been mentioned in a number of Moffat's Doctor Who episodes. The Doctor last confronted Villengard in the  episode "" (2024). It is the ninth Doctor Who Christmas special to be written by Moffat who once again assumed an  role during production of the episode. Casting [] In November 2023,  was announced to be appearing in an undisclosed role of an upcoming Doctor Who episode. It was later revealed that Coughlan would star in the 2024 Christmas episode as the Doctor's one-off companion, Joy Almondo, a guest at a hotel who "gets caught up in [the Doctor's] adventures." Initial reports indicated that , who portrays the Doctor's current companion Ruby Sunday, would not appear in the special. Gibson however, made a brief  near the end of the episode..  was cast to play Trev, an employee at the Time Hotel while  portrayed the hotel's manager. Steph de Whalley appeared as Anita, the manager of another hotel whom the Doctor spends a year with. Niamh Marie Smith played , a passenger on the  in 1962, whom Moffat confirmed as the same character as the love interest of  in the films  (1962) and  (1963). Historical figures  and  were depicted, at a , by Phil Baxter and Samuel Sherpa-Moore, respectively. Sherpa-Moore is Norgay's great-great nephew. Peter Benedict and  appeared as Basil and Hilda, guests at the Queen's Hotel in Manchester during . The guest cast also included Ruchi Rai, Joshua Leese, Ell Potter, and Liam Prince-Donnelly. Filming []  for the episode was underway at  by 11 October 2023. The  room was built on a  that allowed the set to tilt to give the effect that it was being eaten by a dinosaur. The  was working on  by 17 October. The graphics team took fifteen 11-hour days to create enough artwork to fill the Doctor's hotel room. Seven different briefcases were purchased by the  for use in the episode. A team at Millennium FX designed the Silurian prosthetics.  began on 23 October, with recording extending into November. "Joy to the World" was directed by Alex Sanjiv Pillai in the first filming block of the . For the Sandringham Hotel, the production team chose to purchase two floors of an actual hotel, but had to build the lobby on a . The top of the Orient Express set was built in front of a  and placed on  to allow the special effects team to replicate the look of a moving train. Mika Orasmaa was the episodes . Release and reception [] Professional ratings Aggregate scores Source Rating  (Tomatometer) 80%  (Average Score) 7.3/10 Review scores Source Rating B– 10/10 Broadcast and promotion [] "Joy to the World" was broadcast on  and released on  on 25 December 2024 at 5:10 PM . In the United States the episode was released  on  at 9:10 AM .  also handled international distribution of the episode outside of the United Kingdom and Northern Ireland. A clip and  for the episode was released on 15 November as part of the 2024  broadcast. The press screening took place in the week prior to broadcast, which was hosted by . Promotional posters released by  captioned the poster with "Joy to the Worlds", mirroring the title "Joy to the World". Ratings [] In the UK, Doctor Who was the sixth most-watched programme on Christmas Day, receiving 4.11 million viewers overnight. Critical response [] On the  website , 80% of 15 critics' reviews are positive, with an average rating of 7.3/10. Writing for , Michael Hogan referred to "Joy to the World" as "the best Christmas adventure for more than a decade." He further elaborated by saying that "there's something here for all generations to enjoy" and praising the guest cast, namely Nicola Coughlan, Steph de Walley, and Joel Fry. Authoring a review for , Louise Griffin also praised the guest cast but felt that Coughlan had been underused. 's Robert Anderson wrote that the special "masterfully blends the show's signature whimsy with heartfelt storytelling, delivering a cozy, deeply human tale about the transformative power of friendship" and that "Moffat's excellent script is central to the episode's success." The writing was also applauded by Adi Tantimedh, who writing for , said "Moffat pins down the core of what makes Ncuti Gatwa's Doctor different from all his predecessors." Stephen Robinson with the  criticised the Doctor's characterization, saying the "there are key moments in the story that directly contradict the Doctor's former growth" and that "he's a mix of the 'lonely god' from Russell T Davies' first run and Steven Moffat's 'madman in a box,' and the effect is discordant." Emily Murray from  also criticised a portion of the episode, writing that the "villains quite frankly feel like an afterthought and feel threadbare."

Cast yourselves back once again dear friends to some hijinks of a time gone by. This episode was all about a Celtic war chief that led the Silurian's to war against the invading Romans and of course the clip is about something equally as important, the drinking antics at Download Festival. Full episode here for all you keenos.

In How the New World Became Old: The Deep Time Revolution in America (Princeton UP, 2024), Caroline Winterer, William Robertson Coe Professor of History and American Studies at Stanford University, takes her reader on a journey through the historical strata of the United States' relationship with deep time. From the early days of the republic to the first half of the twentieth century, Winterer retraces how the study of the continent's geological past provided Americans with “a vocabulary with which to frame their nation's place in the cosmic order.” If the bones of dinosaurs found in the West play an expected part in this history, the book highlights the forgotten roles of less conspicuous, yet just as fascinating, fossils, such as the remains of Silurian trilobites and Carboniferous ferns.  The book shows how fossil finds throughout history helped re-imagine, many times over, the past, present, and future of the United States. Far from simply ennobling the “New World” with an antiquity that could compete with the depth of Europe's past, the study of American fossils influenced how Americans thought about the origins, landscapes, resources, and the many peoples of the continent. Indeed, if the author makes room for the intriguing developments of paleontological discoveries and the riveting story of how “Americans crafted a virtual deep time” made of paintings, magic lanterns, and other models, she also addresses the violence, both toward ecosystems and people, often justified by deep time imaginaries. Through its historical investigation, How the New World Became Old reminds the reader that today's responses to intertwined ecological and social challenges will inevitably be informed by our conceptions of deep time. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices Support our show by becoming a premium member! https://newbooksnetwork.supportingcast.fm/new-books-network

In How the New World Became Old: The Deep Time Revolution in America (Princeton UP, 2024), Caroline Winterer, William Robertson Coe Professor of History and American Studies at Stanford University, takes her reader on a journey through the historical strata of the United States' relationship with deep time. From the early days of the republic to the first half of the twentieth century, Winterer retraces how the study of the continent's geological past provided Americans with “a vocabulary with which to frame their nation's place in the cosmic order.” If the bones of dinosaurs found in the West play an expected part in this history, the book highlights the forgotten roles of less conspicuous, yet just as fascinating, fossils, such as the remains of Silurian trilobites and Carboniferous ferns.  The book shows how fossil finds throughout history helped re-imagine, many times over, the past, present, and future of the United States. Far from simply ennobling the “New World” with an antiquity that could compete with the depth of Europe's past, the study of American fossils influenced how Americans thought about the origins, landscapes, resources, and the many peoples of the continent. Indeed, if the author makes room for the intriguing developments of paleontological discoveries and the riveting story of how “Americans crafted a virtual deep time” made of paintings, magic lanterns, and other models, she also addresses the violence, both toward ecosystems and people, often justified by deep time imaginaries. Through its historical investigation, How the New World Became Old reminds the reader that today's responses to intertwined ecological and social challenges will inevitably be informed by our conceptions of deep time. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices Support our show by becoming a premium member! https://newbooksnetwork.supportingcast.fm/history

In How the New World Became Old: The Deep Time Revolution in America (Princeton UP, 2024), Caroline Winterer, William Robertson Coe Professor of History and American Studies at Stanford University, takes her reader on a journey through the historical strata of the United States' relationship with deep time. From the early days of the republic to the first half of the twentieth century, Winterer retraces how the study of the continent's geological past provided Americans with “a vocabulary with which to frame their nation's place in the cosmic order.” If the bones of dinosaurs found in the West play an expected part in this history, the book highlights the forgotten roles of less conspicuous, yet just as fascinating, fossils, such as the remains of Silurian trilobites and Carboniferous ferns.  The book shows how fossil finds throughout history helped re-imagine, many times over, the past, present, and future of the United States. Far from simply ennobling the “New World” with an antiquity that could compete with the depth of Europe's past, the study of American fossils influenced how Americans thought about the origins, landscapes, resources, and the many peoples of the continent. Indeed, if the author makes room for the intriguing developments of paleontological discoveries and the riveting story of how “Americans crafted a virtual deep time” made of paintings, magic lanterns, and other models, she also addresses the violence, both toward ecosystems and people, often justified by deep time imaginaries. Through its historical investigation, How the New World Became Old reminds the reader that today's responses to intertwined ecological and social challenges will inevitably be informed by our conceptions of deep time. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices Support our show by becoming a premium member! https://newbooksnetwork.supportingcast.fm/intellectual-history

In How the New World Became Old: The Deep Time Revolution in America (Princeton UP, 2024), Caroline Winterer, William Robertson Coe Professor of History and American Studies at Stanford University, takes her reader on a journey through the historical strata of the United States' relationship with deep time. From the early days of the republic to the first half of the twentieth century, Winterer retraces how the study of the continent's geological past provided Americans with “a vocabulary with which to frame their nation's place in the cosmic order.” If the bones of dinosaurs found in the West play an expected part in this history, the book highlights the forgotten roles of less conspicuous, yet just as fascinating, fossils, such as the remains of Silurian trilobites and Carboniferous ferns.  The book shows how fossil finds throughout history helped re-imagine, many times over, the past, present, and future of the United States. Far from simply ennobling the “New World” with an antiquity that could compete with the depth of Europe's past, the study of American fossils influenced how Americans thought about the origins, landscapes, resources, and the many peoples of the continent. Indeed, if the author makes room for the intriguing developments of paleontological discoveries and the riveting story of how “Americans crafted a virtual deep time” made of paintings, magic lanterns, and other models, she also addresses the violence, both toward ecosystems and people, often justified by deep time imaginaries. Through its historical investigation, How the New World Became Old reminds the reader that today's responses to intertwined ecological and social challenges will inevitably be informed by our conceptions of deep time. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices Support our show by becoming a premium member! https://newbooksnetwork.supportingcast.fm/american-studies

In How the New World Became Old: The Deep Time Revolution in America (Princeton UP, 2024), Caroline Winterer, William Robertson Coe Professor of History and American Studies at Stanford University, takes her reader on a journey through the historical strata of the United States' relationship with deep time. From the early days of the republic to the first half of the twentieth century, Winterer retraces how the study of the continent's geological past provided Americans with “a vocabulary with which to frame their nation's place in the cosmic order.” If the bones of dinosaurs found in the West play an expected part in this history, the book highlights the forgotten roles of less conspicuous, yet just as fascinating, fossils, such as the remains of Silurian trilobites and Carboniferous ferns.  The book shows how fossil finds throughout history helped re-imagine, many times over, the past, present, and future of the United States. Far from simply ennobling the “New World” with an antiquity that could compete with the depth of Europe's past, the study of American fossils influenced how Americans thought about the origins, landscapes, resources, and the many peoples of the continent. Indeed, if the author makes room for the intriguing developments of paleontological discoveries and the riveting story of how “Americans crafted a virtual deep time” made of paintings, magic lanterns, and other models, she also addresses the violence, both toward ecosystems and people, often justified by deep time imaginaries. Through its historical investigation, How the New World Became Old reminds the reader that today's responses to intertwined ecological and social challenges will inevitably be informed by our conceptions of deep time.

In How the New World Became Old: The Deep Time Revolution in America (Princeton UP, 2024), Caroline Winterer, William Robertson Coe Professor of History and American Studies at Stanford University, takes her reader on a journey through the historical strata of the United States' relationship with deep time. From the early days of the republic to the first half of the twentieth century, Winterer retraces how the study of the continent's geological past provided Americans with “a vocabulary with which to frame their nation's place in the cosmic order.” If the bones of dinosaurs found in the West play an expected part in this history, the book highlights the forgotten roles of less conspicuous, yet just as fascinating, fossils, such as the remains of Silurian trilobites and Carboniferous ferns.  The book shows how fossil finds throughout history helped re-imagine, many times over, the past, present, and future of the United States. Far from simply ennobling the “New World” with an antiquity that could compete with the depth of Europe's past, the study of American fossils influenced how Americans thought about the origins, landscapes, resources, and the many peoples of the continent. Indeed, if the author makes room for the intriguing developments of paleontological discoveries and the riveting story of how “Americans crafted a virtual deep time” made of paintings, magic lanterns, and other models, she also addresses the violence, both toward ecosystems and people, often justified by deep time imaginaries. Through its historical investigation, How the New World Became Old reminds the reader that today's responses to intertwined ecological and social challenges will inevitably be informed by our conceptions of deep time. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

The Doctor's always running into people from Earth's past on TV, in a genre now known as the 'celebrity historical'. Here, we have David Tennant's Tenth Doctor travelling solo, finding himself in the Galopagos Islands, where he not only encounters a young Charles Darwin, but also... the Silurians. We're delighted to be joined by author L D Lapinski, as they tell us about getting the commission, and how they have also recently moved to Scotland.

What if I told you there might have been advanced civilizations on Earth long before the ones we know about?

İnsanlık bugün yeryüzünden silinse ve yarım milyar yıl sonra bir yerlerde yeniden doğup şöyle çevresine baksa; bizden kalan bir iğne ucu büyüklüğünde iz bile göremezdi. Ne o devasa anıtlar, ne göğü delen binalarımız, ne de tüm endüstriyel başyapıtlarımız… Çoktan silinmiş olurduk. Ama bu bilgi çok ama çok ilginç bir soruyu doğuruyor. Eğer durum buysa, biz Dünya'daki ilk medeniyet olmayabilir miyiz acaba? Hiçbir Şey Tesadüf Değil'in bu bölümünde bu sorunun cevabını arıyoruz. Silurian Hipotezi'ni birlikte analiz ediyoruz.------- Podbee Sunar -------Bu podcast, Hiwell hakkında reklam içerir . Pod50 kodumuzla Hiwell'de ilk seansınızda geçerli %50 indirimi kullanmak için Hiwell'i şimdi indirin. 1500'ü aşkın uzman klinik psikolog arasından size en uygun olanlarla terapi yolculuğunuza kolaylıkla başlayın.See Privacy Policy at https://art19.com/privacy and California Privacy Notice at https://art19.com/privacy#do-not-sell-my-info.

What would you like to see more of? Let us know!In today's episode of Discover Daily, we explore the world's first fully AI-generated video game, Oasis, developed by Israeli company Decart. Running entirely on a large language model, this groundbreaking game generates its Minecraft-like world in real-time, offering a unique glimpse into the future of gaming despite current technical limitations.We also investigate the concerning trend of "ghost jobs" flooding the job market, with an estimated 70% of current listings potentially being positions companies have no immediate plans to fill. As this practice reaches new heights in the consulting industry and tech sector, we examine how governments are beginning to take action, with Ontario implementing new transparency rules and New Jersey considering similar legislation.Our deep dive explores the fascinating Silurian Hypothesis, which questions whether humans were truly Earth's first technological civilization. This thought-provoking theory examines how we might detect evidence of an ancient industrial society through chemical and isotopic signatures, while highlighting the challenges of preservation over geological timescales. From cephalopod intelligence to potential evidence on the Moon and Mars, we uncover how this hypothesis is reshaping our understanding of Earth's deep history.From Perplexity Discover Feed: https://www.perplexity.ai/page/world-s-first-ai-generated-vid-ciMFuqV1SIC1niyYfXVYbghttps://www.perplexity.ai/page/ghost-jobs-flood-the-market-8hipOZEuQTGr_7kmxhthHQhttps://www.perplexity.ai/page/the-silurian-hypothesis-iMUzeEJvRj.nWTJ1ZjJ6QAPerplexity is the fastest and most powerful way to search the web. Perplexity crawls the web and curates the most relevant and up-to-date sources (from academic papers to Reddit threads) to create the perfect response to any question or topic you're interested in. Take the world's knowledge with you anywhere. Available on iOS and Android Join our growing Discord community for the latest updates and exclusive content. Follow us on: Instagram Threads X (Twitter) YouTube Linkedin

Join us as we discuss our hatred of Oklahoma State Superintendent Ryan Walters, New Zealand's Haka in Parliament, Mike Tyson's ass, Netflix buffering like it's the 90's, childhood tv shows, the Silurian period, and so much more!

It's an exciting week for Doctor Who content as a new “Joy to the World” clip surfaced on Children in Need featuring snark, dinosaurs, and a Silurian in a briefcase along with a teaser from the episode's writer, one Steven Moffat! Plus a “Coming in 2025” trailer for Disney+ that does not feature Doctor Who at all? Controversial? Not really. Plus Ncuti Gatwa in Vanity Fair being handsome as usual, a sneak peek at updated Blake's 7 effects, and an exciting adventure in space and time as we present a special anniversary-themed Classic Series Commentary of the raw pilot recording of “An Unearthly Child”, a flub-filled exploration of early 1960s television production! Links: Support Radio Free Skaro on Patreon Gallifrey One now on Bluesky, Instagram, and Threads Gallifrey One call for panelists Doctor Who teaser on Children in Need Children in Need raised over £39M Steven Moffat teases “Joy to the World” Doctor Who not listed in Disney+ “Coming In 2025” Trailer Ncuti Gatwa profiled in Vanity Fair (paywall) Gatwa posted some clips of the Vanity Fair photoshoot Blake's 7 Series 1 Updated Effects Colin Baker reunited with his Doctor Who title sequence Big Finish: Faithful Friends due Jan 2025 Big Finish: The Worlds of Doctor Who – Call Me Master: Inner Demons due Feb 2025 AMC completes purchase of BBC America for $42M Commentary: An Unearthly Child – The Pilot RFS Commentary on YouTube

Beypore Sultan, The Dark Majesty inside me; Tread into the path of him, The Mystic Vlogger. Once you are in, you cannot step back. He will enchant you with his conspiracy theories... Chill you to the bone with his horror stories... Haunt you through the night... Making you wonder about what is real or unreal and intrigue you in the world of the "Illuminati". Unleashing the power of truth to unhide the hidden. It may be worse, not worse than any evil; fears nothing, sees everything. Hunger for more! The mystery travels to the unseen world; retrieving the dark truth hidden within destruction. Wait! That's not all! He will use his magical spell to pull you closer to his kingdom. You cannot resist the temptation.  So, are you game? This Video Link: https://youtu.be/qx6VidWUElA Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/beyporesultanonline Youtube: https://youtu.be/Pg0Z5hms1BU Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/beyporesultanonline Clubhouse: https://www.clubhouse.com/beyporesultan --- Support this podcast: https://podcasters.spotify.com/pod/show/beyporesultan/support

Send us a textIn this show, the boys discuss the Silurian Hypothesis, which proposes the possibility of a past civilization that existed on Earth long ago, despite the absence of structural or fossil records to support their existence. Instead, they explore whether there might be evidence in more advanced areas, such as radioactivity or isotopes, that could indicate the presence of such an advanced civilization.But what do you think?Links used during the show-https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silurian_hypothesis-https://1drv.ms/i/s!Ag5Dokfg-kEjh4Qt1zXVYN-ZSqvfrw?e=9t8uwh-https://1drv.ms/i/s!Ag5Dokfg-kEjh4Q8wwsE77YCPyGJ_g?e=YcMKYv-https://1drv.ms/i/s!Ag5Dokfg-kEjh4Q_ISHYK0-LuCsL-g?e=JgxoUN-https://1drv.ms/i/s!Ag5Dokfg-kEjh4RAANsCk8n5xEObKA?e=tcfZCs-https://1drv.ms/i/s!Ag5Dokfg-kEjh4RBfUH-u95VBQ4lVA?e=pc1MUr-https://1drv.ms/i/s!Ag5Dokfg-kEjh4RC8HVtV5XTpleW7A?e=Ki6Z46What are your thoughts on this subject? Do you agree or disagree? And are there other things you feel they should have covered?Tune in and listen to the discussion - and please let us have your feedback on it.Although we much prefer effusive praise

Luis Elizondo, former Army Counterintelligence and direction of AATIP, was recently on the Joe Rogan podcast where he said that there are men in the US government who see the UAP phenomenon as a form of military IPB or intelligence, surveillance and target acquisition, and therefore full disclosure would potentially result in a full scale invasion as it does when US intelligence assets are discovered. He also said that, anecdotally, there have been craft seen in the ocean that are the size of small islands. And back in April 2024 an anomaly was indeed seen off the coast of Africa, estimated to be the size of a US state. It is very possible, maybe even probable, that contemporary human civilization is living alongside an even more advanced civilization, just as we live alongside (estimated) hundreds of unconnected Stone Age tribes today. Furthermore, it may be difficult if not impossible to find archeological evidence of previous advanced civilizations in the geological record, if they did indeed exist. The Silurian Hypothesis states that human beings might not be the first intelligent life forms to have evolved on this planet: that there may have been technologically advanced humans some 100 million years ago. Evidence would be almost impossible to obtain, though there may be evidence in stories, myths, legends, and hints in the later geological and archeological record. This idea also suggests to many that the UAP, at least what elements don't relate to the psyche itself, may be an advanced parallel, or break away, human civilization living alongside our own today. Just beyond Earth there is also the possibility that, if life flourished everywhere in the universe, as opposed to the idea that it was only on our planet, then humans may be relatively un-advanced and unaware of the presence of other civilizations all around us. Perhaps our new mini-moon, which should orbit for a few months, is nothing more than a Bracewell Probe to monitor the planet. In conclusion, if the concern of UFO intelligence gathering prior to invasion is indeed what worries the Pentagon, which has authorized Elizondo to say only certain things, then perhaps they want the idea of an alien invasion in the public mind. This would lend credit to Dr. Carol Rosin's warning from Werner Von Braun, that after Russia, terrorists, dictators, and asteroids, the “threat” of aliens would be used to manipulate the public - though it would be a lie.-FREE ARCHIVE & RSS: https://www.spreaker.com/show/the-secret-teachings Twitter: https://twitter.com/TST___Radio Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/thesecretteachings WEBSITE (BOOKS, RESUBSCRIBE for early show access): http://thesecretteachings.info Paypal: rdgable@yahoo.com CashApp: $rdgable EMAIL: rdgable@yahoo.com / TSTRadio@protonmail.com

The first of 3 straight 7 part stories has The Marrieds worn out, but they come around a bit during their discussion of the first Silurian story. Pay attention to the beginning to get the link to this year's Wheelie Big Quiz charity drive!

THIS WEEK!! Adam introduces the Silurian Hypothesis and it immediately gets sidetracked by "a bit". Which, let's be real, is kind of how this all works. Then, a song about God tiring of us humans and attempting to sell the lot, and boy, is it a bargain. Because we suck. Humans are fucking garbage. And then, Atari is alright with Rodney, but not his grandpa.  My Real Friends Are Made Of 8 Bits.  Speaking of which, go check out the accompanying video of us on YouTube making this here episode. Search ADGROD on YouTube. 

The universe is billions of years old.  If, in the future, humanity were to explore the galaxy and visit other planets around other stars, we might be visiting places where at one time, an advanced civilization once existed.  However, if such a civilization existed, it might have been millions of years in the past. If that was the case, how would we even know that it existed?  Also, what if we ask that same question of Earth rather than of alien worlds? Learn more about the Silurian Hypothesis on this episode of Everything Everywhere Daily. Sponsors Sign up for ButcherBox today by going to Butcherbox.com/daily and use code daily at checkout to get $30 off your first box! Subscribe to the podcast!  https://link.chtbl.com/EverythingEverywhere?sid=ShowNotes -------------------------------- Executive Producer: Charles Daniel Associate Producers: Ben Long & Cameron Kieffer   Become a supporter on Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/everythingeverywhere Update your podcast app at newpodcastapps.com Discord Server: https://discord.gg/UkRUJFh Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/everythingeverywhere/ Facebook Group: https://www.facebook.com/groups/everythingeverywheredaily Twitter: https://twitter.com/everywheretrip Website: https://everything-everywhere.com/ Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

This week Magnum & Izzo discuss whether or not humans were the first advanced industrial civilization on Earth. EPISODE 125 OF THE SWERVE PODCAST ↩️

Lets head back to the beginning of life on land in the Silurian over 400 million years ago, before visiting the amazing sea creatures of the Cambrian 510 Million years ago. Species that appeared in this episode include: Cooksonia, Prototaxites, Vauxia gracilenta, Pirania muricata, Eiffelia globose, Thaumaptilon walcotti, Anomalocaris, Opabinia, Hallucigenia, Olenoides serratus, and Wiwaxia […]

In this episode, Noelle breaks our brains with The Silurian Hypothesis, a speculative concept proposing the possibility of advanced civilizations existing on Earth millions of years before humans. We explore the scientific evidence and theories behind this thought-provoking idea, questioning what traces, if any, could remain from such ancient societies. Join us as we unravel the mysteries of Earth's deep past and ponder the limits of our understanding.Stay tuned after the show for the heartbreaking, gut wrenching story... of Ground Beef Greg. Sourceshttps://ourworldindata.org/mass-extinctionshttps://www.discovery.com/exploration/Advanced-Civilization-Silurian-Hypothesis https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/international-journal-of-astrobiology/article/silurian-hypothesis-would-it-be-possible-to-detect-an-industrial-civilization-in-the-geological-record/77818514AA6907750B8F4339F7C70EC6https://www.iflscience.com/the-silurian-hypothesis-could-an-advanced-civilization-have-lived-on-earth-millions-of-years-before-humans-64488https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20180215-how-does-fossilisation-happenhttps://www.sciencefocus.com/science/if-humans-became-extinct-how-long-would-it-take-for-all-traces-of-us-to-vanish https://askanearthspacescientist.asu.edu/drake-equation#:~:text=The%20Drake%20Equation%20is%20part,easy%20to%20discover%20alien%20life. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/324472175_The_Silurian_Hypothesis_Would_it_be_possible_to_detect_an_industrial_civilization_in_the_geological_record Support the Show.Hit us up on social mediaFacebook: https://www.facebook.com/QuiteUnusualPod/Facebook Group: https://www.facebook.com/groups/1349829115227754Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/quiteunusualpod/Twitter: https://twitter.com/quiteunusualpodSend us your Listener Lore!Send us an email: quiteunusualpod@gmail.com Wanna send us something spooky?P.O. Box 1212Des Plaines, IL, 60017

☢️☢️☢️ Paul and Stephen are joined by Stuff You Should Know's Chuck Bryant for a deep wag on lizard people, the importance and impermanence of what we leave behind, the rarity of finding dinosaur bones, nuclear semiotics, and of course, the Silurian Hypothesis. How do we know advanced civilizations didn't exist before us and what does that mean for life on other planets? How can we be sure that proof of past civilizations hasn't decayed without a trace? And why does it even matter if intelligent life was here billions of years ago? What counts as a sign of intelligence and can you build technology without thumbs? Paul and Stephen are all too happy to not be considered experts, or even factually accurate, but if there's one podcast future generations discover, THIS is the Wag that could help define our civilization's legacy. Or not. Get on board Wagoneers! Chin-word of the week: THE ANTIKYTHERA MECHANISM Paul Giamatti is an award-winning actor and producer, and the self-proclaimed Emperor of Neptune. Stephen Asma is a professor and author specializing in the philosophy of science, religion, and art. He also is the acting Minister of Triton for the Chinwag. Chuck Bryant is the co-host of the award-winning podcast Stuff You Should Know. ☢️☢️☢️ ========= Make sure to follow us @chinwagpod

It's called the Silurian Hypothesis (and lest you think scientists aren't nerds, it's named after a bunch of Doctor Who aliens). Basically, it states that human beings might not be the first intelligent life forms to have evolved on this planet and that if there really were precursors some 100 million years ago, virtually all signs of them would have been lost by now. It might seem obvious that we'd see the signs of such a civilization — after all, there were dinosaurs 100 million years ago, and we know that because we've found their fossils. But they were around for more than 150 million years. That's important because it's not just about how old the ruins of this hypothetical civilization would be, nor how widespread it was. It's also about how long it was around. Humanity has spread across the globe in a remarkably short amount of time — over the course of about 100,000 years. If another species did the same, then our chances of spotting it in the geological record would be a whole lot smaller. For decades the archaeological community labored under the theory that human civilization began after the last Ice Age. The theory conjectured that, prior to that time, humans were no more than primitive hunter-gatherers incapable of communal organization or sophisticated abilities, and it was only after the last glacial period—following the melting of the 10,000 foot thick ice sheets that covered much of the northern portion of the world's continents—that our human ancestors began to develop agriculture and complex economic and social structures, sometime around 4000 B.C. Archaeologists therefore theorized that the first cities did not develop until about 3500 B.C. in Mesopotamia and Egypt. Contemporary discoveries have dramatically transformed those theories. Modern research has unearthed buried civilizations and discovered submerged cities one after another—archaeology and anthropology now reconstruct an unsuspected antiquity of man—fresh discoveries prove all history false and paint a canvas of stunningly mysterious dimensions. What if ancient civilizations existed. What would it mean? Let's discuss it. 

Stuff You Should Know✓Claim Key Takeaways  The Silurian Hypothesis is a thought experiment and scientific inquiry proposed by Adam Frank and Gavin Schmidt, exploring the possibility of advanced civilizations existing on Earth millions of years before humansIt does not claim that such civilizations existed but rather serves as a framework for considering how we might detect signs of ancient advanced societiesAbout one-tenth of 1% of all the species that have ever existed have had one of their individuals fossilizedIn 88 million years, the Himalayan Mountains will be gone; it will just be a meadow where they once wereFuture species will likely find evidence of our nuclear tests, which include compounds such as plutonium 244 and 129The earth's surface erodes at 0.1 millimeters per year Whether a civilization is long-lived or short-lived, the record it leaves will be a blimp on the geological record, in the grand scheme of time Read the full notes @ podcastnotes.orgThe idea that we aren't the first advanced civilization to live on Earth sounds like a fringe theory, but it raises a good question: How can we be so sure that a civilization didn't arise and die on Earth so long ago that any trace of it has been erased?See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

The idea that we aren't the first advanced civilization to live on Earth sounds like a fringe theory, but it raises a good question: How can we be so sure that a civilization didn't arise and die on Earth so long ago that any trace of it has been erased?See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

João e Luís Batalha são criadores do site Fermat's Library, uma plataforma para comentar e discutir artigos académicos, que tem dado que falar internacionalmente. O Luís é físico de formação, pelo I.S. Técnico, e o João estudou Ciência da Computação no MIT, nos EUA. -> Apoie este podcast e faça parte da comunidade de mecenas do 45 Graus em: 45grauspodcast.com ->Inscreva-se aqui nas novas sessões do workshop de Pensamento Crítico, módulo As Causas das Coisas (explicações). _______________ Índice: (5:51) Fermat's Library | Porque os papers tem este formato? Preprint (Arxiv) | Paper de Ian Goodfellow  (20:29) O que explica o crescente interesse das pessoas por Ciência? Huberman Lab (podcast) (26:53) Vantagens de trabalhar em equipa. | Y Combinator e o nº ideal de founders (argumento para preferir dois ou mais; investigação que contraria esta tese) | História da Dropbox (31:31) Paper 1: Enrico Fermi e a explosão Trinity | Estimativas de Fermi | Tweet do Luís sobre a explosão em Beirute (36:27) Paper 2: The Silurian hypothesis | Paradoxo de Fermi | Esferas de Dyson. | Andy Weir (autor) | A descoberta do pai e filho Alvarez sobre a extinção dos dinossauros (56:18) Paper 3: Technological Requirements for Terraforming Mars | Notícia do NYT de 1907 sobre vida inteligente em Marte | Paralelo entre exploração espacial e os Descobrimentos. | Tweet de Elon Musk sobre este paper (1:08:42) Como criar uma Ciência mais aberta? O exemplo da Física | John Ioannidis. Lei de Goodhart.  (1:16:38) Potencial do Machine Learning na Ciência. Post de Terence Tao (matemático) (1:29:01) Ida ao Lex Fridman podcast | Hot Ones show _______________ Certo dia (que na verdade já foi há uns 2 anos), ao percorrer no meu telemóvel o feed de podcasts, apareceu-me um episódio do Lex Fridman -- um dos podcast mais ouvidos nos Estados Unidos -- com um apelido que me chamou a atenção, porque denunciava ADN português: Batalha. Os convidados desse episódio eram os irmãos Luís e João Batalha, co-fundadores do site Fermat's Library, uma plataforma para comentar e discutir artigos académicos que criaram juntamente com outro dois amigos, Micael Oliveira e Tymor Hamamsy. A Fermat's library disponibiliza um enorme manancial de artigos (“papers”, na gíria académica), de áreas como a Física, ciências da computação ou Biologia, e permite aos utilizadores fazerem anotações, consultarem as notas deixadas por outros e discutirem entre o conteúdo (no fundo, é uma espécie de clube de leitura de papers académicos) Na altura, achei o projecto deles ultra interessante, gostei da prestação deles no episódio e fiquei com muita vontade de convidá-los para o 45 Graus. Como eles vivem nos EUA, acabou por demorar algum tempo a conciliarmos agendas, mas como vão ver valeu bem a pena a espera. O Luís é físico de formação, pelo Técnico, e o João estudou Ciência da Computação no MIT, nos EUA. São também, com Micael Oliveira, fundadores da Amplemarket, uma empresa de software de vendas impulsionado por inteligência artificial (e que é na verdade o trabalho principal deles). Em paralelo, vão mantendo a Fermat's Library. Fazem-no sobretudo por gosto, mas também, como vão perceber, com alguns objetivos ambiciosos em termso de impacto na Ciência.  Ao longo da nossa conversa, começámos por falar, claro, deste projecto: desde a origem, ao modo como funciona, as áreas com maior nº de papers e também como estes anos lhes têm mostrado que existe um interesse crescente de muitas pessoas pela ciência. Para além do site, o Luís, o João e o Micael fazem também muita divulgação através do Twitter, onde a conta da Fermat's tem uns impressionantes quase 750 mil seguidores! Para perceber na prática como funciona o processo de anotação e discussão de artigos na Fermat's, pedi aos convidados que trouxessem três papers especialmente interessantes para discutirmos (podem os links para os artigos na Fermat's na descrição do episódio):  Começámos por falar de um artigo do icónico físico Enrico Fermi sobre a Experiência "Trinity", o primeiro teste nuclear da história, em que ele conseguiu estimar de maneira rápida mas incrivelmente precisa a energia da bomba. Artigo sobre a chamada «hipótese Siluriana», a possibilidade de a nossa civilização não ser a primeira civilização avançada a ter existido na Terra. Ou seja, e ter havido outra que o tempo tenha apagado (sei que isto parece ciência alternativa, mas vão ver que está longe de sê-lo).  E um paper que explora os requisitos tecnológicos para a tornar Marte habitável, um tema muito na ordem do dia. Como é fácil de ver, este seria um desafio ultra complexo mas, segundo os autores, não impossível. Mais para o final da conversa, discutimos também algumas vias para criar uma Ciência mais aberta, aprendendo com o que já se faz na Física, e do potencial do Machine Learning para gerar novo conhecimento científico.  ______________ Obrigado aos mecenas do podcast: Francisco Hermenegildo, Ricardo Evangelista, Henrique Pais João Baltazar, Salvador Cunha, Abilio Silva, Tiago Leite, Carlos Martins, Galaró family, Corto Lemos, Miguel Marques, Nuno Costa, Nuno e Ana, João Ribeiro, Helder Miranda, Pedro Lima Ferreira, Cesar Carpinteiro, Luis Fernambuco, Fernando Nunes, Manuel Canelas, Tiago Gonçalves, Carlos Pires, João Domingues, Hélio Bragança da Silva, Sandra Ferreira , Paulo Encarnação , BFDC, António Mexia Santos, Luís Guido, Bruno Heleno Tomás Costa, João Saro, Daniel Correia, Rita Mateus, António Padilha, Tiago Queiroz, Carmen Camacho, João Nelas, Francisco Fonseca, Rafael Santos, Andreia Esteves, Ana Teresa Mota, ARUNE BHURALAL, Mário Lourenço, RB, Maria Pimentel, Luis, Geoffrey Marcelino, Alberto Alcalde, António Rocha Pinto, Ruben de Bragança, João Vieira dos Santos, David Teixeira Alves, Armindo Martins , Carlos Nobre, Bernardo Vidal Pimentel, António Oliveira, Paulo Barros, Nuno Brites, Lígia Violas, Tiago Sequeira, Zé da Radio, João Morais, André Gamito, Diogo Costa, Pedro Ribeiro, Bernardo Cortez Vasco Sá Pinto, David , Tiago Pires, Mafalda Pratas, Joana Margarida Alves Martins, Luis Marques, João Raimundo, Francisco Arantes, Mariana Barosa, Nuno Gonçalves, Pedro Rebelo, Miguel Palhas, Ricardo Duarte, Duarte , Tomás Félix, Vasco Lima, Francisco Vasconcelos, Telmo , José Oliveira Pratas, Jose Pedroso, João Diogo Silva, Joao Diogo, José Proença, João Crispim, João Pinho , Afonso Martins, Robertt Valente, João Barbosa, Renato Mendes, Maria Francisca Couto, Antonio Albuquerque, Ana Sousa Amorim, Francisco Santos, Lara Luís, Manuel Martins, Macaco Quitado, Paulo Ferreira, Diogo Rombo, Francisco Manuel Reis, Bruno Lamas, Daniel Almeida, Patrícia Esquível , Diogo Silva, Luis Gomes, Cesar Correia, Cristiano Tavares, Pedro Gaspar, Gil Batista Marinho, Maria Oliveira, João Pereira, Rui Vilao, João Ferreira, Wedge, José Losa, Hélder Moreira, André Abrantes, Henrique Vieira, João Farinha, Manuel Botelho da Silva, João Diamantino, Ana Rita Laureano, Pedro L, Nuno Malvar, Joel, Rui Antunes7, Tomás Saraiva, Cloé Leal de Magalhães, Joao Barbosa, paulo matos, Fábio Monteiro, Tiago Stock, Beatriz Bagulho, Pedro Bravo, Antonio Loureiro, Hugo Ramos, Inês Inocêncio, Telmo Gomes, Sérgio Nunes, Tiago Pedroso, Teresa Pimentel, Rita Noronha, miguel farracho, José Fangueiro, Zé, Margarida Correia-Neves, Bruno Pinto Vitorino, João Lopes, Joana Pereirinha, Gonçalo Baptista, Dario Rodrigues, tati lima, Pedro On The Road, Catarina Fonseca, JC Pacheco, Sofia Ferreira, Inês Ribeiro, Miguel Jacinto, Tiago Agostinho, Margarida Costa Almeida, Helena Pinheiro, Rui Martins, Fábio Videira Santos, Tomás Lucena, João Freitas, Ricardo Sousa, RJ, Francisco Seabra Guimarães, Carlos Branco, David Palhota, Carlos Castro, Alexandre Alves, Cláudia Gomes Batista, Ana Leal, Ricardo Trindade, Luís Machado, Andrzej Stuart-Thompson, Diego Goulart, Filipa Portela, Paulo Rafael, Paloma Nunes, Marta Mendonca, Teresa Painho, Duarte Cameirão, Rodrigo Silva, José Alberto Gomes, Joao Gama, Cristina Loureiro, Tiago Gama, Tiago Rodrigues, Miguel Duarte, Ana Cantanhede, Artur Castro Freire, Rui Passos Rocha, Pedro Costa Antunes, Sofia Almeida, Ricardo Andrade Guimarães, Daniel Pais, Miguel Bastos, Luís Santos _______________ Esta conversa foi editada por: Hugo Oliveira

There are over 7 billion people living on the earth right now. Tens of millions are born and die each year. Every single one of us leaves signs of our existence in the air, water, soil -- even space. But these signs won't last forever. Our buildings will be gone in a few hundred years. Our stone monuments, plastic, styrofoam, twinkies, even evidence of our inevitable nuclear destruction will eventually be gone. So how can we be sure that we were the first advanced civilization on earth? Well, according to the Silurian Hypothesis: we can't. Let's find out why.

It's a new week, so time for another "New Release Monday" episode. This episode we spotlight new and upcoming releases from October and November 2023 in stoner metal, along with a smattering of death doom and sludge, of course. We're all doomed! (0:00) "Hunters in the Sky" GREEN LUNG - This Heathen Land This Heathen Land | GREEN LUNG (bandcamp.com) (5:13) "Padre Karras" DROGULA - DroguLa DrogulA | DrogulA | Herby Records (bandcamp.com) (11:26) "Warlock's Eye" SLOTH - Sloth SLOTH | SLOTH (bandcamp.com) (18:34) "High Priestess" KADABRA - Umbra KADABRA - Umbra | HEAVY PSYCH SOUNDS Records (bandcamp.com) (25:01) "La Sorciere du Vegenand" WIZARDS OF WIZNANA - No Light Has No Shadow No Light has No Shadow | Wizards of Wiznan (bandcamp.com) (29:53) "Silurian" NEWSUN - single Portal Stone/Silurian | Nëwsün (bandcamp.com) (33:44) "Universe" KAL-EL - Moon People Moon People | Kal-El (bandcamp.com)

LOOP 3.2: Producer Sophie Lanfear gives us our first insights into how documentaries are shaped. She tells us about the enormous scope of episode three and the difficulty of trying to fit in so many significant events. We analyse her use of emotion throughout the episode and she explains why she opted to use comedy. Finally, we look at the problem of anthropomorphism in documentaries. Life On Our Planet (LOOP) is a new 8-part series created for Netflix by Silverback Films and Amblin Television. This Steven Spielberg produced series, narrated by Morgan Freeman, is hugely ambitious in its scope, telling the story of life throughout the whole Phanerozoic Eon. Ancient organisms and environments are painstakingly recreated by the supremely talented Industrial Light and Magic, whilst modern natural history scenes add vital context to the story. This show has been worked on for six years, during which time countless papers were read and around 150 different palaeontologists contributed their time and knowledge. The whole production had culture of letting the scientific research dictate scenes, resulting in one of the most accurate on-screen representations of prehistoric life there has ever been. And how do we know all this? Well, our very own team members Tom Fletcher and Dave Marshall have been embedded within the LOOP team since day one! We are therefore in a totally unique position to reveal to you the work that went into this series, from both the production and research side of things. In this unofficial series, we've been granted exclusive access to many of the people responsible for creating LOOP, we explore what it takes to create a palaeontological documentary and we delve deeper into the science with some of the show's academic advisors. Each day, we will be releasing batches of interviews, each relating to a specific episode of LOOP. Image courtesy and copyright of Netflix.

As the saying goes, history often repeats itself. Could that also hold true when looking at the current state of the climate and where we may be heading? On this episode, the team talks with Dr. Michael Mann, the director of the University of Pennsylvania Center for Science, Sustainability, and the Media and one of the world's leading experts on climate change. They discuss his new book, “Our Fragile Moment,” that examines Earth's climate history. Mann explains why the climate change we're currently experiencing is unique, why the next decade is so critical to our future climate, and what could happen to life on Earth if no action is taken. We want to hear from you! Have a question for the meteorologists? Call 609-272-7099 and leave a message. You might hear your question and get an answer on a future episode! You can also email questions or comments to podcasts@lee.net. About the Across the Sky podcast The weekly weather podcast is hosted on a rotation by the Lee Weather team: Matt Holiner of Lee Enterprises' Midwest group in Chicago, Kirsten Lang of the Tulsa World in Oklahoma, Joe Martucci of the Press of Atlantic City, N.J., and Sean Sublette of the Richmond Times-Dispatch in Virginia. Episode transcript Note: The following transcript was created by Headliner and may contain misspellings and other inaccuracies as it was generated automatically: Sean Sublette: Hello once again, everybody. I'm, meteorologist Sean Sublette, and welcome to Across the Sky, our national Lee Enterprises weather podcast. Lee Enterprises has print and digital operations in more than 70 locations across the country, including in my home base in Richmond, Virginia. I'm joined by my colleagues from across the sky, Matt Holiner in Chicago, and Joe Martucci at the Jersey Shore. Kirsten Lang is out this week. Our very special guest this week is Dr. Michael Mann, director of the University of Pennsylvania Center for Science, Sustainability, and the Media, and the Presidential Distinguished Professor of Earth and Environmental Science. His latest book came out a couple of weeks ago called Our Fragile Moment. It goes through Earth's climate history to illustrate how we know what the current warming climate is without precedent in Earth's history. There is so much good stuff in this book. I could go on and on, but I really like the way he goes into paleo climate and helping us understand why we are at this moment in time and why he calls it Our Fragile Moment. And as a quick aside, in the book, he kind of alludes to, the police, the band The Police, and the, extinction of the dinosaurs and walking in your footsteps. So those of us of a certain age who remember that a good part of, you know, sting was the lead man of the police, and, Fragile was another song that Sting wrote. So this all kind of ties back into me. Here I am showing my age. but, guys, this is such a great conversation. What did you kind of take out of this? Joe Martucci: I think, you know, and just take a step back. I mean, Mike Mann is, I would say, one of the people who really put climate science on the map to the general public. So this is really a big interview that we have here. And, when you're listening, sometimes we're getting into the weeds, sometimes it's big philosophical questions. In fact, at the end, we talk about his thoughts on where our position as the human race is in the universe just by writing this book. So, it was a nice interview, and good to be with, Mike here. Matt Holiner: Yes, there are few people that are a bigger expert on climate change than Mike Mann. And so, yeah, we're honored to have him on the podcast. And what I like is how he talks about paleo climate, which is something that's starting to get a little bit of buzz now. I think everybody's accepted that, okay, the climate is changing now, but hasn't it changed in the past? And he does dive into that. Yes, it has changed, but what he points out is the change that we're undergoing right now is unique, and he. Joe Martucci: Points out why that is. Matt Holiner: And I really liked his discussion of that. Sean Sublette: Yeah, there is so much good stuff. So let's get right to it and start up with our interview with Dr. Michael Mann. Mike Mann, it is so good to have you on the across the sky podcast. Dr. Michael Mann writes a new book about climate change called ‘Our Fragile Moment' Sean Sublette: I want to jump right into this on this book, Our Fragile Moment. This is the 6th book. What I loved about this one is that it goes a lot deeper into understanding paleo climatology. For us real science geeks out there, it really gets into depth about how we know how we got to this fragile moment. So I wanted to start on the big picture. What motivated you to write this book now? Dr. Michael Mann: Yeah. Thanks, Sean. It's great to be with all of you. All three of you know, it's interesting, this is sort of where I got my start as, a climate scientist, Paleo Climate, the hockey stick curve that my co authors and I published. it's hard to believe now, but it's, two and a half decades ago, that graph became sort of this iconic symbol, in the climate change debate. And that's really how I sort of entered the fray. And so now, two and a half decades later, I decided, well, let's do a deeper dive, because the hockey stick only went back a thousand years. That's really shallow time, as we say in Paleo climate. We've got four plus billion years of Earth history to look at and let's see what we can learn from it. And so it's sort of a return to my roots, in a sense. I hadn't really written a book about paleo climate, even though it's where I started as a scientist. And there's another sort of driving force here as well, which, relates to my last book, The New Climate War, which is about sort of the challenges we face now as climate denial becomes almost untenable, because we can all sort of see the impacts of climate change playing out. Bad actors are using misinformation to delay transition off fossil fuels Dr. Michael Mann: But there are other tactics that bad actors are using to sort of delay the transition off fossil fuels. and one of them, ironically, is doom mongering. If they can convince us that it's too late to do anything about the problem, then why bother? And so I was seeing Paleo Climate, something that I hold dear. I was seeing paleo climate science. Weaponized. Now in the same way that climate deniers used to weaponize misinformation. I was seeing climate doomers weaponizing misinformation about paleo climate to convince us it's too late, that we're experiencing runaway warming. We are going to it's yet, another mass, extinction that we've set off that's unstoppable and we will all be gone in less than ten years. There were players out there, serious protagonists who have pretty large followings, who have been spreading that sort of misinformation. So I decided, let's reclaim paleo climate. Let's look at what the science actually says. And that was the purpose of the book initially, was to address some of those misconceptions that have been used to feed climate doomism. But in the process, I realized, well, no, there's a whole lot more to talk about. there are all sorts of lessons in 4 billion plus years of Earth history. Let's see what we can learn from it for sure. Sean Sublette: Before I turn it over to the other guys for questions, I want to talk a little bit more about that doomism concept. It's important to walk a line between urgency and agency, as you like to talk about, but get away from doomism. I'd like to point out I was actually talking to a Rotary Club earlier today, that there has been progress. Right. clearly there needs to be more, but I like to point out we're starting to phase out coal globally. So there are things going how do you walk that line in terms of this is important, we need to stay on it, showing that there's progress and not succumbing to doomism for folks who are kind of depressed about it. Dr. Michael Mann: Yeah, no, absolutely. And there's sort of two pieces to it. First of all, there is just the science. Like, does the science say that we've triggered unstoppable warming and nothing we do to reduce carbon emissions is going to make a difference? No, it doesn't. And I wanted to make that very clear. And no, the paleo climate record doesn't support that. the best available science, in fact, tells us now that the planet stops warming up when we stop adding carbon pollution to the atmosphere. So there's this direct and immediate impact, on the climate of our efforts to act here. There's another piece to it, though, which is sort of there's another sort of component to doismism, which is like, we're not going to get our act together. And you could argue that remains to be seen, that's at least Arguable, the science doesn't support runaway warming. It doesn't support that sort of side of doomism. But will we garner the will to tackle this problem? Only the, future will tell. But it's interesting because you mentioned Rotary Club. There are lots of reasons for optimism. Lots of reasons. Things that we can look at, where we can say we're making real progress, rotarians have really taken a leadership role on this issue. I've spoken to some Rotary Clubs, groups in the past, and the Youth Climate movement, right. I mean, just, there is all of this energy. I see. know I teach at the University Of Pennsylvania. Climate is probably the number one issue to these students today, to these gen zers. Now, some of them fall victim to climate anxiety and climate doomism. So it's really important for them to understand the agency part of that urgency and agency duality. But yeah, the science certainly doesn't support the notion that we can't do something about the climate crisis. And the paleo climate record certainly doesn't support that either. Joe Martucci: Hey, this is Joe and just want to thank you so much for coming on again. We really appreciate it. And best of luck to you and your, book here, Our Fragile Moment. More journalists are reporting on extreme weather events linked to climate change Joe Martucci: My question does partially relate to what you said about gen zers. And some people do have climate anxiety. And if you're young, you're impressionable you're getting content from a variety of different sources, right? More than ever before, when we talk about extreme weather events and parlaying this into climate change. Right. I feel like in the past five years, maybe three years, we've seen a lot of this recently. And I think, personally, from my perspective, it's good. It's always a good teaching moment to talk about the facts and to forecast the climate science. How do you feel, though, about journalists reporting on this, as opposed to meteorologists who are experts in their field? There's many great journalists all across the country. We know that. But just like I don't know everything about maybe astronomy, right. Journals may not be completely in sync with what's happening with some of these events. Dr. Michael Mann: I don't know if you could kind. Joe Martucci: Of give us where you fall on this and how you would like to see these extreme weather events being parlayed into coverage as we go forward. Dr. Michael Mann: Thanks, Joe. It's a great question. And, you were talking about young folks, and, I used to think of myself as a young person, and then today I realized that David Lee Roth is 69 years old. I finally forced to accept the fact that I am now old. But you're right, there is this, energy and passion, among young folks. And another part of what's going on is we're seeing the impacts of climate change now play out in a profound way in the form of these extreme weather events. And there's always sort of this delicate balance in the way we cover those events. You'll often hear people say, well, you can never blame any one, weather event, on climate change. and the thinking there has evolved quite a bit. We have detection and attribution. We can characterize how likely an event was to occur in the absence of climate change and how likely it was to occur. When we consider climate change and when we see that there's a huge increase when an event is a thousand year event without climate change, and it's suddenly a ten year event when we include climate change, then we can say, hey, the fact that we saw this is probably because we've warmed up the planet and we've made these sorts of events, these extreme heat waves, heat domes that we've been reading about, wildfires floods, superstorms. So there's this scientific machinery now that allows us to sort of characterize the impact that climate change is having on these events. But you're right. When you have trained meteorologists and climate experts who are familiar with that science, they're able to sort of frame it that way. When you have just sort of say, political journalists, journalists from other fields covering, the science, it's a quandary. It's very complicated because they're hearing conflicting things. They're hearing this. You can never blame any one event on climate change, but now they know that there is a way to try to characterize the impact that climate change is having. So I think there's some confusion among in the journalistic community right now. you also sometimes see it overplayed, right, where, like, every extreme event was caused by climate change. We can't say that it's like a loading of the dice. Sixes are going to come up anyways. The fact that they're coming up so often is because we've loaded those dice, by the warming of the planet. So it is a complicated topic, and it's difficult to even trained climate and meteorology, specialists, even for us, it can be sort of challenging to explain the science and how we're able to quantify the impact climate change is having on these events. And that means that it often gets very confused in the public discourse. And at the same time, I would say that we are seeing the signal of climate change now emerge from the noise in the form of these extreme weather events. And it's a lost opportunity for certain if we don't explain that to the public. And so I personally think that there has been sort of a shift towards journalists in general, recognizing that there is a relationship and mentioning that when they talk about these events, not as often as we might like them to do, but we do see much more of that now. Climate change is part of the conversation here. And that's a real game changer, because that's where the rubber hits the road. When people realize, oh, man, it's these devastating fires. I have a friend who lost a house, or I have people, I know who got flooded, by that storm. When people start to know people who have been impacted or who have been impacted themselves, when people have their own climate story to tell, it really changes the whole conversation. And I think we're seeing that shift. Matt Holiner: Hey, Mike, it's Matt, and I think you're right about the climate change just becoming a term that everyone is familiar with now. But I think the term that people aren't as familiar with that. Matt Holiner: You mentioned your book is Paleo climate. So when you're talking about paleo climate, how far back are you looking and what are you looking at to determine what the climate was thousands or millions of years ago? Dr. Michael Mann: So it's a matter of perspective, right? If you ask my daughter what's paleo climate LBO is like, those winters when you were growing up, that's paleo climate, to me, those 1970s winters. so it's always a matter of perspective. One person's paleo climate is another person's sort of recent, climate history. I focused a lot of my early work on the last thousand years where we could pull together all sorts of types of information to try to reconstruct in some detail how the climate had changed. but there are ways to go much further back. There are sediment cores. We can look at ancient, oxygen isotopes and reconstruct what ocean temperatures were and what, sea, levels were. so there's all of this wealth of information. And so what paleo climate really means, technically, it's anything that predates the historical era of the last couple of centuries where we actually have thermometer measurements or rain gauges measurements or what have you. Anything farther back than that, where we have to turn to indirect measures of climate like tree rings or corals or ice that becomes paleo climate. And so 1000 years that's paleoclimate. But a million years is paleoclimate and a billion years is paleoclimate. And the stories are so different on these different timescales. And the puzzles are all different. And each of these intervals, there are all of these events in Earth's climate history that I talk about in the book, and we can learn something from each of them. Snowball Earth. Yes, the Earth was once entirely covered in ice and unpacking. That tells us a lot about the dynamics of the climate system. the faint early sun. The great Carl Sagan recognized that the Earth should have been frozen 4 billion years ago, when life first emerged in the oceans. And we know it wasn't because there was liquid water, there was life. And he realized because the sun was only about 70% as bright back then, the Earth should have been frozen, but it wasn't. What, what's the explanation? How come there was an even stronger greenhouse effect? And it turns out that, gets us into sort of the Gaia hypothesis because there's this remarkable story where as the sun gradually gets brighter and the Earth should have got hotter and hotter, but it didn't because the greenhouse effect got weaker over time. And in just such a way that the planet's climate, with some exceptions, like snowball Earth, stayed within habitable bounds, within bounds, that are habitable for life. Why is that? that's a really interesting puzzle. And it turns out life itself plays a role in stabilizing the climate, the global carbon cycle, the oxygenation of the atmosphere. There are all of these things that life itself did to change the composition of our atmosphere and to change the dynamics of the planet. And amazingly, life works in such a way as to help keep the climate, Earth's climate, habitable for life. And so that's an interesting puzzle. There's a lot to learn from that as well. And that's a good thing, right? There are stabilizing factors within the climate system that helps us. There is a certain amount of resilience. And that's one of the arguments against doomism that we're getting some help from the behavior of Earth's climate. There's a m safety margin. There's a margin, where we can perturb the climate, and it will stay within habitable bounds. The problem and what makes this such a fragile moment is we're now sort of at the edge of that envelope of stability. And if we continue with business as usual, we continue to pollute the atmosphere with carbon pollution, we will leave that moment behind. We, will depart from the sort of climate upon which all of this societal infrastructure was built to support now a global population of more than 8 billion people. And that's the real threat today. Sean Sublette: All right, so we're going to take a quick break. We'll come back with a couple more key questions with Michael Mann on the across the sky podcast. Stay with us. Michael Mann talks about the chemistry that helps us reconstruct past climate Sean Sublette: And we're back with Dr. Michael Mann on the across the sky podcast. The new book is our fragile moment. It is a very deep dive, as they say, into paleo climatology, and why this particular moment in time is so crucial in the climate going forward. Mike, your expertise, obviously, is in paleo climates and all these things that we use geologically to reconstruct climate. A lot of us are familiar with the ice cores. also, these oxygen isotopes, those for the weather folks, are not quite as complicated. But, what I'd like to talk about a little bit, explain some of the chemistry that's involved, that help us tell us what the climate was like. When we look at ocean sediment cores, these are things that aren't classic atmospheric proxies, right? These are much more in the rocks, geological proxies, those stalagmites, stalactites, those kinds of things. Can you talk about what are we doing with these things in terms of chemistry that tell us what we need to know? Dr. Michael Mann: Yeah, so it's amazing. There are these paleothermometers, we sometimes, call them, and you think about ice, right? Ice is frozen water. That's h 20. And so there's an O in there. There's oxygen, atoms, in that ice. And it turns out that the ratio of heavy to light isotopes of oxygen there are two main stable isotopes of oxygen oxygen 16 and oxygen 18. And the ratio, of them is a function of, the temperature. And when you form precipitation, when you condense water vapor into a droplet, there is what we call fractionation, where the heavy and the light isotopes behave differently during that process. That's true for evaporation, it's true for condensation. And so if you think about what's going on an ice core, you're drilling down in the ice, and that ice got there because it snowed at some point. And that snow was condensation of water vapor in the atmosphere. And that water vapor originally came from the evaporation from the ocean surface. And so at each stage, we have what's called a fractionation, where you're getting some sort of separation between the behavior of oxygen 16 and oxygen 18. The bottom line is, because of that, we can say things about ancient sea level from oxygen isotopes in sediment cores. We can say something about temperature from oxygen isotopes in sediment cores. We can say something about temperature from ice in ice cores on land. And it isn't just oxygen. We can look at carbon isotopes because there's carbon twelve and carbon 13, two different stable isotopes of carbon. And that allows us, for example, to figure out, what happened with carbon dioxide, and what happened with ocean acidification, how much CO2 there was, dissolved in the ocean. In fact, if you really want to get into it, we can estimate the PH of the ocean from other isotopes, boron isotopes. And I'm not going to get into the chemistry of that. But the bottom line is there are all of these amazing we call them proxy data. It's almost like nature provided us a way to sort of solve this puzzle of what happened in distant past. Almost like we were given, clues. It's like, well, I'm going to give you these isotopes, and if you're smart, and if you figure out the chemistry and the physics, you will be able to figure out what happened to sea level, what happened to ocean temperatures, what happened to the amount of ice, what happened to the acidity of the ocean. All of these things that are very relevant to how carbon pollution is impacting our environment today. Matt Holiner: And Mike, I think we've reached a point now where everybody acknowledges that the climate is changing. It took us a long time to get here, but I think we've reached that point. But what people are pointing out now is that, as you're talking about with paleo climate, the Earth's climate has changed many times over the years, warming and cooling. So what makes the climate change that we're experiencing now unique compared to the past? Dr. Michael Mann: Yeah, it's a great question, because we can certainly find times in the distant past when carbon dioxide levels, greenhouse gas levels, carbon dioxide being the main sort of greenhouse, gas that varies over time. They were higher than they are today, and global temperatures were warmer than they are today. During the Early Cretaceous Period, dinosaurs were wandering the polar regions of the planet. There was no ice on, the face of the Earth. We've seen Earth go from ice covered to ice free. So we know there are times when it's been much colder than today. And there are times when it's been considerably warmer than today. So then the question is, all right, well, then what makes climate change such a problem? Because even if we warm the planet, with carbon pollution, we're not going to get up to those Early Cretaceous levels. Well, actually, if we tried really hard, we could. If we extracted every bit of fossil fuels we could find, we could do that. Why? Because all of that carbon that was in the atmosphere slowly got deposited beneath the surface of the Earth in what we today call fossil fuels, ancient carbon, organic carbon that got buried in soils or shells that fell to the bottom of the ocean. Carbon that was in the atmosphere, got buried beneath the surface of the planet and came down from those very high early Cretaceous levels, over 100 million years. Due to those natural processes, carbon dioxide levels came down. Well, what we're doing now is we're taking all that carbon that got buried over 100 million years beneath the surface and we're putting it back into the atmosphere, but we're doing it a million times faster. We're taking carbon that was buried over 100 million years and we're putting it back up in the atmosphere over 100 years. And so I sometimes say if I was going to write a slogan for this, it would be, it's the rate, stupid. We all remember, it's the economy, stupid. I think we're old enough some of us are old enough to remember that was sort of a political sort of logo. Well, it's the rate, stupid. Which is to say it's not so much how warm the planet is or, what the CO2 levels are. It's what climate are you adapted to and how rapidly are you moving away from that climate. Because we have developed this massive societal infrastructure over a 6000 year period. Civilization, I talk about sort of the origins of civilization in Mesopotamia, 6000 years was the first true civilization. And it turns out global temperatures were remarkably stable for six, seven, 8000 years during which we developed all of this infrastructure that supports eight plus billion people. And we are dependent on the stability of that climate and its ability to continue to support that infrastructure which we've created. And if we're rapidly changing the climate and moving out of that window of variability during which we created civilization, that's a real threat. If the warming exceeds our adaptive capacity and it exceeds the adaptive capacity of other living things, life has learned to adapt to, climate changes that take place over tens of millions of years. That's pretty easy. Adapting to climate changes of similar magnitude that take place over tens of years, that's much more difficult. And again, what makes it so fragile, such a fragile moment for us is that we have leveraged the number of people who can live on this planet, what we call the carrying capacity of the planet. We've probably leveraged it by a factor of ten. Through our technology, through our infrastructure. We can support eight plus billion people because we have all of this infrastructure, agricultural infrastructure, engineering. But it's fragile, right? Because if the planet warms dramatically and that infrastructure no longer remains viable, then we can no longer support that elevated carrying capacity. Then we revert to the natural carrying capacity of the planet, which is maybe a billion people. And you think about that. The planet without our infrastructure, without our technology, probably can't support more than a billion people. We've got more than 8 billion people. That's why we can't afford to destabilize the infrastructure that supports human civilization today. And that's what dramatic warming, that's what unmitigated climate change will do. How does studying Paleo climatology make you see our place in the universe? Joe Martucci: John said, I had the last question here, so I'll wrap up with this. how does studying Paleo climatology and maybe even writing this book make you see our space or our race as humans in this universe? Because a lot of what you're talking about, you said Fragile Rights, the name of the book. How do you see our place in the universe, given what you've studied over the decade? Dr. Michael Mann: Thanks. It's a great question. and it's something I get into a little bit. Have some fun. At one point, we do some thought experiments. Some thought experiments, like, what if in one of the chapters, which is on, an episode of rapid warming, and by rapid warming, we mean, like, over 10,000 or 20,000 years rapid on geological timescales. Nothing like what we're doing today. But there was this period of relatively rapid warming, about 56 million years ago. We call it the PETM. Stands for the Paleocene eocene thermal maximum. It just rolls right off the tongue. And it was this period during which there was a massive injection of carbon dioxide into the system. Obviously, there weren't SUVs, and there weren't coal fired power plants. This was a natural input of volcanism through unusually intense volcanic eruptions, centered in Iceland, that tapped into a very carbon rich reservoir and put a very large amount of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere over a relatively short period of time. And so it turns out that you can ask the question, can we rule out the possibility that there was an intelligent civilization back then that went on this massive fossil fuel burning spree and basically extinguished themselves? And my good friend Gavin Schmidt, who's the director of the NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies, has written a paper and has written some popular, essays about this idea because of the Silurian hypothesis. and it's basically imagine lizard people who existed 56 million. How can we rule out that that's what happened? And I grew up watching the land of the lost. And, Gavin, around the same time he was in Britain, and I think it was Dr who had a similar that's where the Silurian there were, like, these reptile beings, that basically destroyed their environment. And so it's a really interesting question. Can we rule that out? And in the process of trying to rule that out, it actually raises some really interesting questions about, what are the conditions for life? Do intelligent civilizations extinguish themselves naturally? this is sometimes called the Fermi paradox. it was something that Carl Sagan thought about if the universe is teeming. With life? How come we're not hearing from them? How come we're not getting radio signals? And it turns out you can look at all of the different how many planetary systems are there in the universe? You can sort of try to do the math and figure out how many intelligent civilizations you might expect there to be in the universe based on various assumptions. And it turns out the defining problem, all the uncertainty comes down to when intelligent civilizations emerge, how long do they persist for? Do they extinguish themselves? And that would be one explanation of Fermi's paradox. Obviously, it's very personal to us. We don't want to think that, we are on our own way to self caused extinction. So there's some deep questions there. When you look at Paleo Climate and you look at some of these past episodes, you can start to ask some larger questions that tap into these deeper philosophical questions about our place in the universe. is there life elsewhere in the universe? The thinking that you go through turns out to be very relevant to the thinking that you need to go through for, Know. And the punchline is, Adam. I'm going to draw a blank on his, so, he's a well known astrophysicist, and writes about the search for extraterrestrial life. Adam and I'm drawing a blank on his last name, which is very embarrassing. I'm, sure he'll watch this and be very upset at me. but, he actually came to Gavin because he was interested in the search for extraterrestrial life and asking some questions about climate change and climate change on other planets. and could that explain why we're not hearing from other civilizations? Because they cause climate change and they extinguish themselves. And, Adam Frank is his name, and he's a well known sort of, science communicator, astrophysics search for extraterrestrial, sort of continuing the legacy of Carl Sagan and the Planetary Society and the sorts of questions that they were asking. So he came to Gavin, who's a climate modeler, and know, I want to work on, know, figuring out if climate change could have been what caused these other potential civilizations elsewhere in the universe to extinguish themselves. And then Gavin says, how do we know that that didn't happen on Earth? And they go through this amazing sort of thought experiment, and it turns out it's hard at first blush to rule out that that's what happened. For example, the PETM. It takes quite a bit of work to convince yourself that it couldn't have been ancient lizard people that burned, fossil fuels. and so, yeah, so there's a lot you can learn from what are seemingly silly thought experiments that actually start to get at some pretty deep questions about us and our place in the universe. Sean Sublette: We know not all questions are silly. What plate tectonics has only been around for about 100 years or so. And everybody kind of thought, well, that was silly at the time. Dr. Michael Mann: Mike, we're going to stickers stop plate tectonics bumper stickers. Sean Sublette: Yeah, we're going to let you go. But, again, the book is our fragile moment. Social media is a mess nowadays, but where's the best place people can find you digitally and online? Dr. Michael Mann: Well, they can still find me on, what are we calling it this day? X. that's what it's called this week. But, I've sort of diversified. You can find me pretty much on all of the major social media platforms now. I'm still on Twitter. X, and, Instagram and mastodon and Blue, sky, and I'm forgetting threads. It's like, now we've got to be so diversified because we're no longer confident we can rely on the one that we were all relying on for so long. But, yeah, I'm out there and people can find me at WW Michaelman Net. So, yeah, it was great talking with you guys and I, hope to do so again. Sean Sublette: Mike, appreciate it so much. Take care. travel safely. Good luck promoting the book. and it's great. I mean, I've read it. It's just wonderful. And also, I will say this publicly. Thanks for the little shout out at the back, my friend. Dr. Michael Mann: Thank you, my friend. It was great talking with you guys. Sean Sublette: Those are some very deep answers, guys. where is our place in the universe and this concept of lizard people from 50 OD million years ago. and the things you will go down the road you will go down when you start doing these thought experiments. But for me, the importance here, I think what Mike said is the pace of the warming is without precedent. What we're doing is happening so fast, it is going to be difficult to adapt. Some things are going to adapt more easily than others. And that's why this moment in time is so particular. Yeah, it's been warmer in the past, but our civilization, which is increasingly global over these last 2000, 3000 years in particular, last couple of hundred years, where the population has just blossomed, really kind of dependent on the climate that we have out there now. Guys, what do you think? Joe, what did you kind of take away from? Joe Martucci: Well, you know, anytime we talk about our place in the really, I don't know, just really focused on the topic because it does make you think about in some ways, how small we are relative to everything. And not just even planet Earth and the spec of the universe, but also human life in the span of the Earth's long, long history. And like he also said a few minutes before that question, it's the rate of change of the warming that's unique. I say this a lot of times when I do public talks. I said, listen, yeah, we've been warmer than we've been before, we've been colder than we've been before. But barring like an asteroid or some cataclysmic event, this is the only time we're really changing at such a rate. and there's facts and forecasts, and then there's what to do or not to do about it. And that's where your beliefs come in. But there's no denying that the rate of change, a lot of this is significant and something we haven't seen really in the scope of human history. And beyond that, the Earth's history, again, minus the early millions, billion, two or four years, when the Earth was really trying to just get itself together, for lack of a better word. And in some of these asteroid or supervolcano events, it happened as well. Matt Holiner: I would say this was a humbling conversation, because also at the end, when he was talking about why haven't we encountered other intelligent life? And then the comment that stood out to me is like, maybe it has existed, but because of their actions, resulted in their own extinction, and are we headed down that path? And is that why we haven't encountered intelligent life? And then, the other comment that he made is when he was talking about carrying capacity, and now the Earth has a population of 8 billion. But you take out our technology, and what we could see if we continue on this path, if the climate continues. To the rate the change that it's. Matt Holiner: Experiencing now, that carrying capacity could drop to a billion. And then you think, you think about going from a population of 8 billion people to 1 billion, 7 billion people disappearing. That makes the hair stand your, arms and to think about could we result in our own extinction by our actions? And when you hear that, you want to say, let's not make that mistake, let's do something about this. Because again, the other comment was it's the rate stupid? And he talks about, yes, climate has changed in the past. And that's what some people keep coming out. It's like, well, what's the big deal if the climate has changed the past? We're just going through another cycle, but it's never changed at this pace and. Joe Martucci: We can't keep up. Matt Holiner: He also talked about the planet has taken care of itself. When the sun became stronger, the greenhouse effect decreased. And so there has been that the Earth has all these protections in place to kind of keep the climate in balance. But we're breaking that. We're breaking these natural protections. That's why he calls it our fragile moment. Because if we continue at this pace, the Earth isn't going to be able to heal itself. And so we have to take action to make sure we don't lose 7 billion people. So, again, we don't want to talk about the doomism. So it's a fine balance, though, because we absolutely have to take action, but know that we can take action. This is not hopeless. We still have time to fix this. Problem, so let's get on it. Sean Sublette: Yeah, as he says, there is urgency, but there is also agency. So I think that that's the quote that I like from him, most of all. So as we look to some other episodes coming down the pike, a little bit less heady. coming up next week, we've got Paul James of HGTV. We're going to look at the science of changing leaves. We are thick into, the fall right now, the leaves changing from north to south across the country, and we're also working in the background to bring you a broader winter forecast. We're still turning a couple of knobs on that, but we're working on that. I'll be talking to Neil degrasse Tyson in a few weeks. We'll bring that to the podcast. also I've talked to a couple of colleagues, the fifth national climate assessments coming out, and we're going to say, well, what does that mean and why should we care? We'll answer those questions. we've got one more, Joe. you've got somebody coming in from Ohio State, right? Joe Martucci: Yeah, we do. That's coming up in a couple of weeks. That's for your, November 6 episode. We're speaking with Dr. Lawrence Sutherland, and it's tips prepare older loved ones in case of natural disasters or extreme weather. I've covered this topic a, number of times for the press of Atlantic City, where I'm based out of shout out to everybody listening Jersey, but talking about, some of the challenges our senior citizens are having when there are these kind of extreme weather events. so that should be really good. I'm looking forward to that one, too. And that one comes out on November. Sean Sublette: So we have got a lot of good stuff in the pipeline in the weeks ahead, but for now, we're going to close up shop. So for Joe Martucci at the Jersey Shore. Matt Hollner in Chicagoland. I'm meteorologist Sean Subletz at the Richmond Times dispatch. We'll talk with you next time. Thanks for listening to the across the sky podcast.See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

In this week's episode of Entertainment Now! we discuss a theory (with ties to the British show Dr Who) that humans might not have been the first advanced civilization on Earth. We also discuss the books that the TV show Game of Thrones was based on.   Email: entnowpod@gmail.com  Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/entertainmentnowpod  Youtube: ⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠https://www.youtube.com/@EntNowPod⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠    Music used in this episode:  Intro: Hop Hip by Kwon  Outro: Get Well Soon by DJ F.A.M.E.

-- Finches Diversify in Decades, Opals Form in Months,  Man's Genetic Diversity in 200 Generations, C-14 Everywhere: Real Science Radio hosts Bob Enyart and Fred Williams present their classic program that led to the audience-favorites rsr.org/list-shows! See below and hear on today's radio program our list of Not So Old and Not So Slow Things! From opals forming in months to man's genetic diversity in 200 generations, and with carbon 14 everywhere it's not supposed to be (including in diamonds and dinosaur bones!), scientific observations fill the guys' most traditional list challenging those who claim that the earth is billions of years old. Many of these scientific finds demand a re-evaluation of supposed million and billion-year ages. * Finches Adapt in 17 Years, Not 2.3 Million: Charles Darwin's finches are claimed to have taken 2,300,000 years to diversify from an initial species blown onto the Galapagos Islands. Yet individuals from a single finch species on a U.S. Bird Reservation in the Pacific were introduced to a group of small islands 300 miles away and in at most 17 years, like Darwin's finches, they had diversified their beaks, related muscles, and behavior to fill various ecological niches. Hear about this also at rsr.org/spetner. * Opals Can Form in "A Few Months" And Don't Need 100,000 Years: A leading authority on opals, Allan W. Eckert, observed that, "scientific papers and textbooks have told that the process of opal formation requires tens of thousands of years, perhaps hundreds of thousands... Not true." A 2011 peer-reviewed paper in a geology journal from Australia, where almost all the world's opal is found, reported on the: "new timetable for opal formation involving weeks to a few months and not the hundreds of thousands of years envisaged by the conventional weathering model." (And apparently, per a 2019 report from Entomology Today, opals can even form around insects!) More knowledgeable scientists resist the uncritical, group-think insistence on false super-slow formation rates (as also for manganese nodules, gold veins, stone, petroleum, canyons and gullies, and even guts, all below). Regarding opals, Darwinian bias led geologists to long ignore possible quick action, as from microbes, as a possible explanation for these mineraloids. For both in nature and in the lab, opals form rapidly, not even in 10,000 years, but in weeks. See this also from creationists by a geologist, a paleobiochemist, and a nuclear chemist. * Finches Speciate in Two Generations vs Two Million Years for Darwin's Birds?  Darwin's finches on the Galapagos Islands are said to have diversified into 14 species over a period of two million years. But in 2017 the journal Science reported a newcomer to the Island which within two generations spawned a reproductively isolated new species. In another instance as documented by Lee Spetner, a hundred birds of the same finch species introduced to an island cluster a 1,000 kilometers from Galapagos diversified into species with the typical variations in beak sizes, etc. "If this diversification occurred in less than seventeen years," Dr. Spetner asks, "why did Darwin's Galapagos finches [as claimed by evolutionists] have to take two million years?" * Blue Eyes Originated Not So Long Ago: Not a million years ago, nor a hundred thousand years ago, but based on a peer-reviewed paper in Human Genetics, a press release at Science Daily reports that, "research shows that people with blue eyes have a single, common ancestor. A team at the University of Copenhagen have tracked down a genetic mutation which took place 6-10,000 years ago and is the cause of the eye colour of all blue-eyed humans alive on the planet today." * Adding the Entire Universe to our List of Not So Old Things? Based on March 2019 findings from Hubble, Nobel laureate Adam Riess of the Space Telescope Science Institute and his co-authors in the Astrophysical Journal estimate that the universe is about a billion years younger than previously thought! Then in September 2019 in the journal Science, the age dropped precipitiously to as low as 11.4 billion years! Of course, these measurements also further squeeze the canonical story of the big bang chronology with its many already existing problems including the insufficient time to "evolve" distant mature galaxies, galaxy clusters, superclusters, enormous black holes, filaments, bubbles, walls, and other superstructures. So, even though the latest estimates are still absurdly too old (Google: big bang predictions, and click on the #1 ranked article, or just go on over there to rsr.org/bb), regardless, we thought we'd plop the whole universe down on our List of Not So Old Things!   * After the Soft Tissue Discoveries, NOW Dino DNA: When a North Carolina State University paleontologist took the Tyrannosaurus Rex photos to the right of original biological material, that led to the 2016 discovery of dinosaur DNA, So far researchers have also recovered dinosaur blood vessels, collagen, osteocytes, hemoglobin, red blood cells, and various proteins. As of May 2018, twenty-six scientific journals, including Nature, Science, PNAS, PLoS One, Bone, and Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, have confirmed the discovery of biomaterial fossils from many dinosaurs! Organisms including T. Rex, hadrosaur, titanosaur, triceratops, Lufengosaur, mosasaur, and Archaeopteryx, and many others dated, allegedly, even hundreds of millions of years old, have yielded their endogenous, still-soft biological material. See the web's most complete listing of 100+ journal papers (screenshot, left) announcing these discoveries at bflist.rsr.org and see it in layman's terms at rsr.org/soft. * Rapid Stalactites, Stalagmites, Etc.: A construction worker in 1954 left a lemonade bottle in one of Australia's famous Jenolan Caves. By 2011 it had been naturally transformed into a stalagmite (below, right). Increasing scientific knowledge is arguing for rapid cave formation (see below, Nat'l Park Service shrinks Carlsbad Caverns formation estimates from 260M years, to 10M, to 2M, to it "depends"). Likewise, examples are growing of rapid formations with typical chemical make-up (see bottle, left) of classic stalactites and stalagmites including:- in Nat'l Geo the Carlsbad Caverns stalagmite that rapidly covered a bat - the tunnel stalagmites at Tennessee's Raccoon Mountain - hundreds of stalactites beneath the Lincoln Memorial - those near Gladfelter Hall at Philadelphia's Temple University (send photos to Bob@rsr.org) - hundreds of stalactites at Australia's zinc mine at Mt. Isa.   - and those beneath Melbourne's Shrine of Remembrance. * Most Human Mutations Arose in 200 Generations: From Adam until Real Science Radio, in only 200 generations! The journal Nature reports The Recent Origin of Most Human Protein-coding Variants. As summarized by geneticist co-author Joshua Akey, "Most of the mutations that we found arose in the last 200 generations or so" (the same number previously published by biblical creationists). Another 2012 paper, in the American Journal of Physical Anthropology (Eugenie Scott's own field) on High mitochondrial mutation rates, shows that one mitochondrial DNA mutation occurs every other generation, which, as creationists point out, indicates that mtEve would have lived about 200 generations ago. That's not so old! * National Geographic's Not-So-Old Hard-Rock Canyon at Mount St. Helens: As our List of Not So Old Things (this web page) reveals, by a kneejerk reaction evolutionary scientists assign ages of tens or hundreds of thousands of years (or at least just long enough to contradict Moses' chronology in Genesis.) However, with closer study, routinely, more and more old ages get revised downward to fit the world's growing scientific knowledge. So the trend is not that more information lengthens ages, but rather, as data replaces guesswork, ages tend to shrink until they are consistent with the young-earth biblical timeframe. Consistent with this observation, the May 2000 issue of National Geographic quotes the U.S. Forest Service's scientist at Mount St. Helens, Peter Frenzen, describing the canyon on the north side of the volcano. "You'd expect a hard-rock canyon to be thousands, even hundreds of thousands of years old. But this was cut in less than a decade." And as for the volcano itself, while again, the kneejerk reaction of old-earthers would be to claim that most geologic features are hundreds of thousands or millions of years old, the atheistic National Geographic magazine acknowledges from the evidence that Mount St. Helens, the volcanic mount, is only about 4,000 years old! See below and more at rsr.org/mount-st-helens. * Mount St. Helens Dome Ten Years Old not 1.7 Million: Geochron Laboratories of Cambridge, Mass., using potassium-argon and other radiometric techniques claims the rock sample they dated, from the volcano's dome, solidified somewhere between 340,000 and 2.8 million years ago. However photographic evidence and historical reports document the dome's formation during the 1980s, just ten years prior to the samples being collected. With the age of this rock known, radiometric dating therefore gets the age 99.99999% wrong. * Devils Hole Pupfish Isolated Not for 13,000 Years But for 100: Secular scientists default to knee-jerk, older-than-Bible-age dates. However, a tiny Mojave desert fish is having none of it. Rather than having been genetically isolated from other fish for 13,000 years (which would make this small school of fish older than the Earth itself), according to a paper in the journal Nature, actual measurements of mutation rates indicate that the genetic diversity of these Pupfish could have been generated in about 100 years, give or take a few. * Polystrates like Spines and Rare Schools of Fossilized Jellyfish: Previously, seven sedimentary layers in Wisconsin had been described as taking a million years to form. And because jellyfish have no skeleton, as Charles Darwin pointed out, it is rare to find them among fossils. But now, reported in the journal Geology, a school of jellyfish fossils have been found throughout those same seven layers. So, polystrate fossils that condense the time of strata deposition from eons to hours or months, include: - Jellyfish in central Wisconsin were not deposited and fossilized over a million years but during a single event quick enough to trap a whole school. (This fossil school, therefore, taken as a unit forms a polystrate fossil.) Examples are everywhere that falsify the claims of strata deposition over millions of years. - Countless trilobites buried in astounding three dimensionality around the world are meticulously recovered from limestone, much of which is claimed to have been deposited very slowly. Contrariwise, because these specimens were buried rapidly in quickly laid down sediments, they show no evidence of greater erosion on their upper parts as compared to their lower parts.- The delicacy of radiating spine polystrates, like tadpole and jellyfish fossils, especially clearly demonstrate the rapidity of such strata deposition. - A second school of jellyfish, even though they rarely fossilized, exists in another locale with jellyfish fossils in multiple layers, in Australia's Brockman Iron Formation, constraining there too the rate of strata deposition. By the way, jellyfish are an example of evolution's big squeeze. Like galaxies evolving too quickly, galaxy clusters, and even human feet (which, like Mummy DNA, challenge the Out of Africa paradigm), jellyfish have gotten into the act squeezing evolution's timeline, here by 200 million years when they were found in strata allegedly a half-a-billion years old. Other examples, ironically referred to as Medusoid Problematica, are even found in pre-Cambrian strata. - 171 tadpoles of the same species buried in diatoms. - Leaves buried vertically through single-celled diatoms powerfully refute the claimed super-slow deposition of diatomaceous rock. - Many fossils, including a Mesosaur, have been buried in multiple "varve" layers, which are claimed to be annual depositions, yet they show no erosional patterns that would indicate gradual burial (as they claim, absurdly, over even thousands of years). - A single whale skeleton preserved in California in dozens of layers of diatom deposits thus forming a polystrate fossil. - 40 whales buried in the desert in Chile. "What's really interesting is that this didn't just happen once," said Smithsonian evolutionist Dr. Nick Pyenson. It happened four times." Why's that? Because "the fossil site has at least four layers", to which Real Science Radio's Bob Enyart replies: "Ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha", with RSR co-host Fred Williams thoughtfully adding, "Ha ha!" * Polystrate Trees: Examples abound around the world of polystrate trees:  - Yellowstone's petrified polystrate forest (with the NPS exhibit sign removed; see below) with successive layers of rootless trees demonstrating the rapid deposition of fifty layers of strata. - A similarly formed polystrate fossil forest in France demonstrating the rapid deposition of a dozen strata. - In a thousand locations including famously the Fossil Cliffs of Joggins, Nova Scotia, polystrate fossils such as trees span many strata. - These trees lack erosion: Not only should such fossils, generally speaking, not even exist, but polystrates including trees typically show no evidence of erosion increasing with height. All of this powerfully disproves the claim that the layers were deposited slowly over thousands or millions of years. In the experience of your RSR radio hosts, evolutionists commonly respond to this hard evidence with mocking. See CRSQ June 2006, ICR Impact #316, and RSR 8-11-06 at KGOV.com. * Yellowstone Petrified Trees Sign Removed: The National Park Service removed their incorrect sign (see left and more). The NPS had claimed that in dozens of different strata over a 40-square mile area, many petrified trees were still standing where they had grown. The NPS eventually removed the sign partly because those petrified trees had no root systems, which they would have had if they had grown there. Instead, the trees of this "fossil forest" have roots that are abruptly broken off two or three feet from their trunks. If these mature trees actually had been remnants of sequential forests that had grown up in strata layer on top of strata layer, 27 times on Specimen Ridge (and 50 times at Specimen Creek), such a natural history implies passage of more time than permitted by biblical chronology. So, don't trust the National Park Service on historical science because they're wrong on the age of the Earth. * Wood Petrifies Quickly: Not surprisingly, by the common evolutionary knee-jerk claim of deep time, "several researchers believe that several millions of years are necessary for the complete formation of silicified wood". Our List of Not So Old and Not So Slow Things includes the work of five Japanese scientists who proved creationist research and published their results in the peer-reviewed journal Sedimentary Geology showing that wood can and does petrify rapidly. Modern wood significantly petrified in 36 years these researchers concluded that wood buried in strata could have been petrified in "a fairly short period of time, in the order of several tens to hundreds of years." * The Scablands: The primary surface features of the Scablands, which cover thousands of square miles of eastern Washington, were long believed to have formed gradually. Yet, against the determined claims of uniformitarian geologists, there is now overwhelming evidence as presented even in a NOVA TV program that the primary features of the Scablands formed rapidly from a catastrophic breach of Lake Missoula causing a massive regional flood. Of course evolutionary geologists still argue that the landscape was formed over tens of thousands of years, now by claiming there must have been a hundred Missoula floods. However, the evidence that there was Only One Lake Missoula Flood has been powerfully reinforced by a University of Colorado Ph.D. thesis. So the Scablands itself is no longer available to old-earthers as de facto evidence for the passage of millions of years. * The Heart Mountain Detachment: in Wyoming just east of Yellowstone, this mountain did not break apart slowly by uniformitarian processes but in only about half-an-hour as widely reported including in the evolutionist LiveScience.com, "Land Speed Record: Mountain Moves 62 Miles in 30 Minutes." The evidence indicates that this mountain of rock covering 425 square miles rapidly broke into 50 pieces and slid apart over an area of more than 1,300 square miles in a biblical, not a "geological," timeframe.  * "150 Million" year-old Squid Ink Not Decomposed: This still-writable ink had dehydrated but had not decomposed! The British Geological Survey's Dr. Phil Wilby, who excavated the fossil, said, "It is difficult to imagine how you can have something as soft and sloppy as an ink sac fossilised in three dimensions, still black, and inside a rock that is 150 million years old." And the Daily Mail states that, "the black ink was of exactly the same structure as that of today's version", just desiccated. And Wilby added, "Normally you would find only the hard parts like the shell and bones fossilised but... these creatures... can be dissected as if they are living animals, you can see the muscle fibres and cells. It is difficult to imagine... The structure is similar to ink from a modern squid so we can write with it..." Why is this difficult for evolutionists to imagine? Because as Dr. Carl Wieland writes, "Chemical structures 'fall apart' all by themselves over time due to the randomizing effects of molecular motion."Decades ago Bob Enyart broadcast a geology program about Mount St. Helens' catastrophic destruction of forests and the hydraulic transportation and upright deposition of trees. Later, Bob met the chief ranger from Haleakala National Park on Hawaii's island of Maui, Mark Tanaka-Sanders. The ranger agreed to correspond with his colleague at Yellowstone to urge him to have the sign removed. Thankfully, it was then removed. (See also AIG, CMI, and all the original Yellowstone exhibit photos.) Groundbreaking research conducted by creation geologist Dr. Steve Austin in Spirit Lake after Mount St. Helens eruption provided a modern-day analog to the formation of Yellowstone fossil forest. A steam blast from that volcano blew over tens of thousands of trees leaving them without attached roots. Many thousands of those trees were floating upright in Spirit Lake, and began sinking at varying rates into rapidly and sporadically deposited sediments. Once Yellowstone's successive forest interpretation was falsified (though like with junk DNA, it's too big to fail, so many atheists and others still cling to it), the erroneous sign was removed. * Asiatic vs. European Honeybees: These two populations of bees have been separated supposedly for seven million years. A researcher decided to put the two together to see what would happen. What we should have here is a failure to communicate that would have resulted after their "language" evolved over millions of years. However, European and Asiatic honeybees are still able to communicate, putting into doubt the evolutionary claim that they were separated over "geologic periods." For more, see the Public Library of Science, Asiatic Honeybees Can Understand Dance Language of European Honeybees. (Oh yeah, and why don't fossils of poorly-formed honeycombs exist, from the millions of years before the bees and natural selection finally got the design right? Ha! Because they don't exist! :) Nautiloid proves rapid limestone formation. * Remember the Nautiloids: In the Grand Canyon there is a limestone layer averaging seven feet thick that runs the 277 miles of the canyon (and beyond) that covers hundreds of square miles and contains an average of one nautiloid fossil per square meter. Along with many other dead creatures in this one particular layer, 15% of these nautiloids were killed and then fossilized standing on their heads. Yes, vertically. They were caught in such an intense and rapid catastrophic flow that gravity was not able to cause all of their dead carcasses to fall over on their sides. Famed Mount St. Helens geologist Steve Austin is also the world's leading expert on nautiloid fossils and has worked in the canyon and presented his findings to the park's rangers at the invitation of National Park Service officials. Austin points out, as is true of many of the world's mass fossil graveyards, that this enormous nautiloid deposition provides indisputable proof of the extremely rapid formation of a significant layer of limestone near the bottom of the canyon, a layer like the others we've been told about, that allegedly formed at the bottom of a calm and placid sea with slow and gradual sedimentation. But a million nautiloids, standing on their heads, literally, would beg to differ. At our sister stie, RSR provides the relevant Geologic Society of America abstract, links, and video. *  Now It's Allegedly Two Million Year-Old Leaves: "When we started pulling leaves out of the soil, that was surreal, to know that it's millions of years old..." sur-re-al: adjective: a bizarre mix of fact and fantasy. In this case, the leaves are the facts. Earth scientists from Ohio State and the University of Minnesota say that wood and leaves they found in the Canadian Arctic are at least two million years old, and perhaps more than ten million years old, even though the leaves are just dry and crumbly and the wood still burns! * Gold Precipitates in Veins in Less than a Second: After geologists submitted for decades to the assumption that each layer of gold would deposit at the alleged super slow rates of geologic process, the journal Nature Geoscience reports that each layer of deposition can occur within a few tenths of a second. Meanwhile, at the Lihir gold deposit in Papua New Guinea, evolutionists assumed the more than 20 million ounces of gold in the Lihir reserve took millions of years to deposit, but as reported in the journal Science, geologists can now demonstrate that the deposit could have formed in thousands of years, or far more quickly! Iceland's not-so-old Surtsey Island looks ancient. * Surtsey Island, Iceland: Of the volcanic island that formed in 1963, New Scientist reported in 2007 about Surtsey that "geographers... marvel that canyons, gullies and other land features that typically take tens of thousands or millions of years to form were created in less than a decade." Yes. And Sigurdur Thorarinsson, Iceland's chief  geologist, wrote in the months after Surtsey formed, "that the time scale," he had been trained "to attach to geological developments is misleading." [For what is said to] take thousands of years... the same development may take a few weeks or even days here [including to form] a landscape... so varied and mature that it was almost beyond belief... wide sandy beaches and precipitous crags... gravel banks and lagoons, impressive cliffs… hollows, glens and soft undulating land... fractures and faultscarps, channels and screes… confounded by what met your eye... boulders worn by the surf, some of which were almost round... -Iceland's chief geologist * The Palouse River Gorge: In the southeast of Washington State, the Palouse River Gorge is one of many features formed rapidly by 500 cubic miles of water catastrophically released with the breaching of a natural dam in the Lake Missoula Flood (which gouged out the Scablands as described above). So, hard rock can be breached and eroded rapidly. * Leaf Shapes Identical for 190 Million Years?  From Berkley.edu, "Ginkgo biloba... dates back to... about 190 million years ago... fossilized leaf material from the Tertiary species Ginkgo adiantoides is considered similar or even identical to that produced by modern Ginkgo biloba trees... virtually indistinguishable..." The literature describes leaf shapes as "spectacularly diverse" sometimes within a species but especially across the plant kingdom. Because all kinds of plants survive with all kinds of different leaf shapes, the conservation of a species retaining a single shape over alleged deep time is a telling issue. Darwin's theory is undermined by the unchanging shape over millions of years of a species' leaf shape. This lack of change, stasis in what should be an easily morphable plant trait, supports the broader conclusion that chimp-like creatures did not become human beings and all the other ambitious evolutionary creation of new kinds are simply imagined. (Ginkgo adiantoides and biloba are actually the same species. Wikipedia states, "It is doubtful whether the Northern Hemisphere fossil species of Ginkgo can be reliably distinguished." For oftentimes, as documented by Dr. Carl Werner in his Evolution: The Grand Experiment series, paleontogists falsely speciate identical specimens, giving different species names, even different genus names, to the fossil and living animals that appear identical.) * Box Canyon, Idaho: Geologists now think Box Canyon in Idaho, USA, was carved by a catastrophic flood and not slowly over millions of years with 1) huge plunge pools formed by waterfalls; 2) the almost complete removal of large basalt boulders from the canyon; 3) an eroded notch on the plateau at the top of the canyon; and 4) water scour marks on the basalt plateau leading to the canyon. Scientists calculate that the flood was so large that it could have eroded the whole canyon in as little as 35 days. See the journal Science, Formation of Box Canyon, Idaho, by Megaflood, and the Journal of Creation, and Creation Magazine. * Manganese Nodules Rapid Formation: Allegedly, as claimed at the Wikipedia entry from 2005 through 2021: "Nodule growth is one of the slowest of all geological phenomena – in the order of a centimeter over several million years." Wow, that would be slow! And a Texas A&M Marine Sciences technical slide presentation says, “They grow very slowly (mm/million years) and can be tens of millions of years old", with RWU's oceanography textbook also putting it at "0.001 mm per thousand years." But according to a World Almanac documentary they have formed "around beer cans," said marine geologist Dr. John Yates in the 1997 video Universe Beneath the Sea: The Next Frontier. There are also reports of manganese nodules forming around ships sunk in the First World War. See more at at youngearth.com, at TOL, in the print edition of the Journal of Creation, and in this typical forum discussion with atheists (at the Chicago Cubs forum no less :). * "6,000 year-old" Mitochondrial Eve: As the Bible calls "Eve... the mother of all living" (Gen. 3:20), genetic researchers have named the one woman from whom all humans have descended "Mitochondrial Eve." But in a scientific attempt to date her existence, they openly admit that they included chimpanzee DNA in their analysis in order to get what they viewed as a reasonably old date of 200,000 years ago (which is still surprisingly recent from their perspective, but old enough not to strain Darwinian theory too much). But then as widely reported including by Science magazine, when they dropped the chimp data and used only actual human mutation rates, that process determined that Eve lived only six thousand years ago! In Ann Gibbon's Science article, "Calibrating the Mitochondrial Clock," rather than again using circular reasoning by assuming their conclusion (that humans evolved from ape-like creatures), they performed their calculations using actual measured mutation rates. This peer-reviewed journal then reported that if these rates have been constant, "mitochondrial Eve… would be a mere 6000 years old." See also the journal Nature and creation.com's "A shrinking date for Eve," and Walt Brown's assessment. Expectedly though, evolutionists have found a way to reject their own unbiased finding (the conclusion contrary to their self-interest) by returning to their original method of using circular reasoning, as reported in the American Journal of Human Genetics, "calibrating against recent evidence for the divergence time of humans and chimpanzees,"  to reset their mitochondrial clock back to 200,000 years. * Even Younger Y-Chromosomal Adam: (Although he should be called, "Y-Chromosomal Noah.") While we inherit our mtDNA only from our mothers, only men have a Y chromosome (which incidentally genetically disproves the claim that the fetus is "part of the woman's body," since the little boy's y chromosome could never be part of mom's body). Based on documented mutation rates on and the extraordinary lack of mutational differences in this specifically male DNA, the Y-chromosomal Adam would have lived only a few thousand years ago! (He's significantly younger than mtEve because of the genetic bottleneck of the global flood.) Yet while the Darwinian camp wrongly claimed for decades that humans were 98% genetically similar to chimps, secular scientists today, using the same type of calculation only more accurately, have unintentionally documented that chimps are about as far genetically from what makes a human being a male, as mankind itself is from sponges! Geneticists have found now that sponges are 70% the same as humans genetically, and separately, that human and chimp Y chromosomes are  "horrendously" 30%

20,000 years ago, a woman living in Siberia put on a pendant fashioned from a deer tooth. She wore it for a long time, perhaps until she died or lost the artifact. Now, thousands of years later, that pendant has been found and scientists have extracted the DNA of the woman who wore it, using an innovative method that promises to answer many questions about ancient peoples and their way of life.Dan and Bernie discuss this and of course a few other things!Links:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silurian_hypothesishttps://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-023-06035-2https://www.haaretz.com/archaeology/2018-08-23/ty-article-magazine/archaeologists-find-hybrid-neanderthal-denisovan-in-siberian-cave/0000017f-f5ad-d460-afff-ffef37020000This is a podcast by Dan Hörning and Bernie Maopolski.If you like what we do you can support the Fan of History project on https://www.patreon.com/fanofhistoryContact information: http://facebook.com/fanofhistoryhttps://twitter.com/danhorninghttps://www.instagram.com/dan_horning/Music: “Tudor Theme” by urmymuse. Used here under a commercial Creative Commons license. Find out more at http://ccmixter.org/files/urmymuse/40020 Hosted on Acast. See acast.com/privacy for more information.

To boldly go where someone has gone before... The media we're spotlighting this week is that Matt Smith Doctor Who episode about dinosaurs on a spaceship, entitled "Dinosaurs on a Spaceship". Look, the episode is late enough as is. https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b01mm5c9 Discord ("Eat fruit."): https://discord.gg/Y5Uw6sdmU2 Bluesky: Coming soon!

The universe is billions of years old.  If, in the future, humanity were to explore the galaxy and visit other planets around other stars, we might be visiting places where at one time, an advanced civilization once existed.  However, if such a civilization existed, it might have been millions of years in the past. If that was the case, how would we even know that it existed?  Also, what if we ask that same question of Earth rather than of alien worlds? Learn more about the Silurian Hypothesis on this episode of Everything Everywhere Daily. Sponsors Expedition Unknown  Find out the truth behind popular, bizarre legends. Expedition Unknown, a podcast from Discovery, chronicles the adventures of Josh Gates as he investigates unsolved iconic stories across the globe. With direct audio from the hit TV show, you'll hear Gates explore stories like the disappearance of Amelia Earhart in the South Pacific and the location of Captain Morgan's treasure in Panama. These authentic, roughshod journeys help Gates separate fact from fiction and learn the truth behind these compelling stories.   InsideTracker provides a personal health analysis and data-driven wellness guide to help you add years to your life—and life to your years. Choose a plan that best fits your needs to get your comprehensive biomarker analysis, customized Action Plan, and customer-exclusive healthspan resources. For a limited time, Everything Everywhere Daily listeners can get 20% off InsideTracker's new Ultimate Plan. Visit InsideTracker.com/eed. Subscribe to the podcast!  https://link.chtbl.com/EverythingEverywhere?sid=ShowNotes -------------------------------- Executive Producer: Charles Daniel Associate Producers: Peter Bennett & Thor Thomsen   Become a supporter on Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/everythingeverywhere Listen on Podurama: https://podurama.com Update your podcast app at newpodcastapps.com Discord Server: https://discord.gg/UkRUJFh Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/everythingeverywhere/ Facebook Group: https://www.facebook.com/groups/everythingeverywheredaily Twitter: https://twitter.com/everywheretrip Website: https://everything-everywhere.com/ Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

Writers choose a Black Country scene to reveal something of this strangely hidden region. R.M. Francis is sharing the secret world of Wren's Nest in Dudley. Once a site of intense mining, this was the UK's first urban nature reserve. It's world-famous geologically for its well-preserved Silurian coral reef fossils and is considered the most diverse and abundant fossil site in the British Isles. Surrounded by council houses, takeaways, pubs and supermarkets, Wren's Nest is a very surprising place. RM Francis is a writer from the Black Country. He's a lecturer in Creative and Professional Writing at the University of Wolverhampton and is currently the poet in residence for the Black Country Geological Society. He's the author of five poetry Chapbook collections plus novels and novellas. Producer: Rosie Boulton A Must Try Softer Production A co-funded project between the BBC, The Space and Arts Council England.

In this episode, I present a battle royale between two terrible ideas. In the first corner, the Silurian Hypothesis, which states that socially complex human beings have been on Earth for millions of years. In the second corner, the Solutrean Hypothesis, which states that early Native American technology was influenced by Europeans who came to the New World by crossing the Atlantic thousands of years ago. Who will win the Crown of Ultimate Silliness? You decide.TranscriptsFor rough transcripts of this episode go to https://www.archpodnet.com/pseudo/112Contact Kinkella Teaches Archaeology (Youtube) Blog: Kinkella Teaches ArchaeologyArchPodNet APN Website: https://www.archpodnet.com APN on Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/archpodnet APN on Twitter: https://www.twitter.com/archpodnet APN on Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/archpodnet Tee Public StoreAffiliates Wildnote TeePublic Timeular Motio

In this episode, I present a battle royale between two terrible ideas. In the first corner, the Silurian Hypothesis, which states that socially complex human beings have been on Earth for millions of years. In the second corner, the Solutrean Hypothesis, which states that early Native American technology was influenced by Europeans who came to the New World by crossing the Atlantic thousands of years ago. Who will win the Crown of Ultimate Silliness? You decide.TranscriptsFor rough transcripts of this episode go to https://www.archpodnet.com/pseudo/112Contact Kinkella Teaches Archaeology (Youtube) Blog: Kinkella Teaches ArchaeologyArchPodNet APN Website: https://www.archpodnet.com APN on Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/archpodnet APN on Twitter: https://www.twitter.com/archpodnet APN on Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/archpodnet Tee Public StoreAffiliates Wildnote TeePublic Timeular Motio

If an advanced civilization existed on earth several million years ago, would we actually be able to detect that they were here? It may sound like conspiracy theorist bait, but a serious and balanced look at the question reveals a lot about geology, climate and the search for alien life. In this classic episode of the Stuff to Blow Your Mind podcast, Robert and Joe discuss the silurian hypothesis. (originally published 01/18/2022)See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

Did human become advanced in the past? Where is the evidence? Where would we look? Ben Bowlin has something he ants you to know, and that's The Silurian Hypothesis Advertising Inquiries: https://redcircle.com/brandsPrivacy & Opt-Out: https://redcircle.com/privacy

On this episode of Think Theory Radio we discuss lost civilizations! What is the Silurian hypothesis and can it be used to prove there was advanced species before humans? Do ancient ruins like Gobleki Tepe that push back the timeline of civilization show that there could be even older civilizations? Plus, mysterious underwater & underground cities and ruins around the world!

  GUEST- Adam Frank is a physicist, astronomer and writer. He is a professor of astrophysics at the University of Rochester and has written the books Light of the Stars: Alien Worlds and the Fate of the Earth and About Time: Cosmology and Culture at the Twilight of the Big Bang. He is one of the minds behind The Silurian Hypothesis, which contemplates the existence of ancient civilizations from a scientific angle. Check out our partner Black Helmet Apparel! GET YOUR COPY OF "HOW TO START A PODCAST IN LESS THAN A DAY"

Today, the vast majority of experts can largely agree on the basics of human evolution, from the early days of the first populations migrating out of the African continent to the dawn of agriculture, the written word and, quite recently, industrialization. But what if this isn't the first time Earth was home to an industrialized society? Could it be possible that some other civilization rose -- and fell -- far before our own? Tune in to learn more about the Silurian Hypothesis. They don't want you to read our book.They don't want you to read our book.: https://static.macmillan.com/static/fib/stuff-you-should-read/See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

In this episode:00:45 Piecing together the early history of jawed vertebratesA wealth of fossils discovered in southern China shed new light onto the diversity of jawed and jawless fish during the Silurian period, over 400 million years ago. Nature editor Henry Gee explains the finds and what they mean for the history of jawed vertebrates like us.Research article: Zhu et al.Research article: Gai et al.Research article: Andreev et al.Research article: Andreev et al.News and Views: Fossils reveal the deep roots of jawed vertebrates09:09 Research HighlightsMice studies help explain why some people with a rare genetic condition have heightened musical abilities, and high-resolution images reveal how bees build honeycomb.Research Highlight: How a missing gene leads to super-sensitivity to soundResearch Highlight: X-rays reveal how bees achieve an engineering marvel: the honeycomb11:27 A lack of evidence in transgender policy makingAround the world, many laws are being proposed – and passed – regarding the rights of transgender people to participate in various aspects of society. We talk to Paisley Currah, who has written a World View for Nature arguing that these policies are frequently not backed up by data, and that policy affecting trans people's lives needs to take a more evidence-based approach.World View: To set transgender policy, look to the evidenceWatch our video about research trying to crack the nature of consciousness by dosing volunteers with psychedelic drugs and scanning their brains.Subscribe to Nature Briefing, an unmissable daily round-up of science news, opinion and analysis free in your inbox every weekday. Hosted on Acast. See acast.com/privacy for more information.

The Silurian Hypothesis contemplates how long the ruins of a civilization would be detectable, on Earth or even other worlds, and if we could ever know if a world had once been inhabited by a technological civilization. Start listening with a 30-day Audible trial and your first audiobook is free. Visit http://www.audible.com/isaac or text "isaac" to 500-500. Watch the Video Version: https://youtu.be/nxf0nE2zGpc Visit our Website: http://www.isaacarthur.net Support us on Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/IsaacArthur Support us on Subscribestar: https://www.subscribestar.com/isaac-arthur Facebook Group: https://www.facebook.com/groups/1583992725237264/ Reddit: https://www.reddit.com/r/IsaacArthur/ Twitter: https://twitter.com/Isaac_A_Arthur on Twitter and RT our future content. SFIA Discord Server: https://discord.gg/53GAShE Credits: The Silurian Hypothesis: What Traces of Humanity will be Left 50 Million Years from Now? Science & Futurism with Isaac Arthur Episode 346a, June 12, 2022 Written, Produced & Narrated by Isaac Arthur Editors: David McFarlane Graphics: Darth Biomech Jarred Eagley Cover Art: Jakub Grygier https://www.artstation.com/jakub_grygier Music Courtesy of Epidemic Sound http://epidemicsound.com/creator

The Silurian Hypothesis contemplates how long the ruins of a civilization would be detectable, on Earth or even other worlds, and if we could ever know if a world had once been inhabited by a technological civilization. Start listening with a 30-day Audible trial and your first audiobook is free. Visit http://www.audible.com/isaac or text "isaac" to 500-500. Watch the Video Version: https://youtu.be/nxf0nE2zGpc Visit our Website: http://www.isaacarthur.net Support us on Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/IsaacArthur Support us on Subscribestar: https://www.subscribestar.com/isaac-arthur Facebook Group: https://www.facebook.com/groups/1583992725237264/ Reddit: https://www.reddit.com/r/IsaacArthur/ Twitter: https://twitter.com/Isaac_A_Arthur on Twitter and RT our future content. SFIA Discord Server: https://discord.gg/53GAShE Credits: The Silurian Hypothesis: What Traces of Humanity will be Left 50 Million Years from Now? Science & Futurism with Isaac Arthur Episode 346a, June 12, 2022 Written, Produced & Narrated by Isaac Arthur Editors: David McFarlane Graphics: Darth Biomech Jarred Eagley Cover Art: Jakub Grygier https://www.artstation.com/jakub_grygier Music Courtesy of Epidemic Sound http://epidemicsound.com/creator