The Hong Kong History Podcast

Coal is both bulky and very messy stuff. Early steam ships – that's until the arrival of what's known as the triple-expansion steam engine in the 1880s – were chronically inefficient consumers of it to boot. Up until the 1860s, a typical 700hp engine would have needed up to 50 tonnes of coal a day. Hong Kong's Harbour Master's statistics are pretty useless and there is no hard data on steamship numbers before 1873. In that year 1579 steamers entered the port. Data suggests ships loaded around 100 tons of coal on average when they called at Hong Kong, so we're looking at an annual demand for bunker coal in 1873 of around 150,000 tons. The average ship delivering coal from the 1840s until the 1870s was a sailing ship and only carried about 400 tons, so we're looking at anything up to one ship a day having to arrive in Hong Kong to ensure there was enough coal to meet the demand. To begin with coal was mostly a cargo of opportunity. Because, for colonial Hong Kong's first forty or so years, demand in China for British products was very weak, ships leaving from Britain carried coal as ballast so the voyage could earn some money. Later, they carried British goods to Australia, picked up a cargo of coal there for Hong Kong, and then loaded tea to take back to Britain.Only certain organizations with predictable demand – like the P&O steamship company or the Royal Navy – had regular, dedicated deliveries. For the rest, it was down to the market to ensure that supply matched demand. Mind you, however it was shipped for whatever reason, coal was a tricky cargo. There are lots of stories of coal carrying ships catching fire (in certain conditions coal will spontaneously combust) and exploding or sinking. There are others of the cargo shifting in strong weather and ships capsizing – a few ships are reported setting out from Britain with coal for Hong Kong and never arriving, just disappearing somewhere en route.

Britain's huge advantage economically was its early development both of a coal industry and of a seaborne coal trade. Hong Kong's big disadvantage is that had few natural mineral resources and no coal. As Britain aggressively expanded its empire in the mid-19th century, it could do so using steam ships supplied with coal from Britain. We can see that at work in a wonderful infographic created by the father of such things, the French engineer Charles-Joseph Minard, who illustrated Britain's global coal export trade in 1850, 1860 and 1864, by which time 64,000 tons of the stuff were coming to HK. That expansion along with the number of steam ships, meant the problem of getting the coal the 14,000 miles from Britain around the Cape of Good Hope to places like Hong Kong got worse. The obvious answer was to find coal nearer to the places that needed it and we can see efforts to that end almost as soon as the dust had settled from the 1st Opium War. There's evidence of some of the earliest coal being mined in Australia being imported by the early 1850s. So did coal from the on-again, off-again mines from the deposits in Labuan, first discovered in 1847. Coal from Keelung in Taiwan was arriving in Hong Kong by the end of the 2nd Opium War. In the early 1860s there's even coal recorded for sale from the Lackawanna mines in Pennsylvania, USA, as well as from Canada and New Zealand. The first coal from Australia arrived in Hong Kong in the 1840s, but was a sporadic arrival until more regular shipments in the 1870s through 1880s. From that last decade onwards more and more of Hong Kong's coal came from Japan to the point that by the mid-1890s it was Hong Kong's main supplier. Coal from North China only began to make a serious contribution by the 1920s. That was until WW2, when everything changed. Post-war, that as from the 1970s has seen HK's most recent coal high, ten times the amount of coal used in Hong Kong's first century have fuelled Hong Kong's growth engine, the main sources of the coal being South Africa and Indonesia. All up, in modern Hong Kong's 180 plus years of existence, not far off half a billion tonnes of coal have arrived to fuel its growth from all over the world.

If you go to the Hong Kong Cemetery, you can find two memorials, placed there from their original positions in Hong Kong's streets, to British and American steam warships. One is to the men of a sailing brig, HMS Vestal, who died 1844-47, her battles against the pirates much assisted by the steam paddlers HM Ships Vixen and Vulture. The other, to the casualties of HMS Rattler and the USS Powhatan, both steamers, who died fighting a pirate base near Macau in 1855.The steamships were just four of the many serving in Chinese waters between 1844 and the early 20th century that were engaged in suppressing the endemic piracy that plagued coastal waters and some major rivers. Their huge advantage over the pirates – apart from generally better weaponry – was their complete independence of the weather. When the navy had recourse only to sail it could be seriously handicapped, as might have been the case in 1849 in the action against Shap Ng-tsai in Mirs Bay, that was a success because HMS Columbine could be towed into action by the P&O paddle steamer Canton. That use of steam power was possible, of course, because of the coal shipped out from Britain stored in British controlled locations like Singapore and Hong Kong. We can see Hong Kong's first coal store – quite a big one – very clearly labelled on the detailed map of Central by Lt T.B. Collinson RE of 1845. My rough calculation has it storing around 3,000-5,000 tons of coal.

The answer – well, an answer – is coal. How so? Generally, the take on the British victories tends to emphasize the fairly sorry state of the Qing military in terms of funding, equipment and training, and those forces' huge disadvantage faced with massive broadsides of British ships and the lethal firepower of the British infantry's muskets. It isn't much commented on in the umpteen histories of the Sino-British wars in the 1840s and 1850s, but there was another huge advantage. For the second time in the history of warfare (everyone forgets about the 1st Anglo-Burmese War and the paddle steamer Diana) ships could be moved about independent of the wind. During the 1st Opium War, Britain was able to call on the services of not just one but 17 – yes seventeen – steam-powered warships. They could, and did, tow troopships when the wind failed. It was the same with the heavily gunned sailing ships of the line, which could be towed to where they were needed if there was no wind. The armed steamers, especially the shallow draft Nemesis, could go where the sailing vessels could not. No coal, no steam ships…and maybe a different outcome. In the 2nd Opium War almost all the British and French naval ships involved were either paddle or screw propelled steamers, so the technological advantage at sea, if not on land, was even greater because China's navy had yet to modernize.

In previous episodes we've touched on cricket and sailing, in short, a peripheral mention of the arrival of modern, rule based organized sport in China. The treaty ports played a big role in this, which we could argue had a sort of happy ending in the Beijing Olympics in 2008 and China striding large on the world sporting stage. The story of the arrival of those sports in Hong Kong, usually began with expats doing their thing…and too often doing it with a nasty racist bias. That's partly because one leg of that arrival, as it were, lay in the importance of sport to British military life. Both routes led sooner or later to the establishment of clubs and associations that did not exclude people on grounds of their ethnicity…well, not so much. On the way we'll see how the origins of one of Hong Kong's best known sporting outfits – the South China Athletic Association – had its origins in what became China's first national football team. 

You would think, given the evolution of Hong Kong's road network –  slow, slow, slow – and Hong Kong's intricate coastline and 263 islands, that ferries would have been a constant in Hong Kong's story. They were and they weren't. They were if all one means by ‘ferry' is something that floats that carries any A to any B. But if one means what we're all familiar with, timetabled services run by companies with several identical or similar vessels, the story is more nuanced. Ferries were right in there at the start with respect to linking Hong Kong to the PRD. But as far as links within HK itself - what most of us think of as a ferry - they're actually quite a late comer. By the time the first ferry service of the sort we'd all recognize started up, modern Hong Kong was over half a century old. How come? It's an intriguing story of changing maritime technology on the one hand and, on the other, the effects of socio-economic change on demand for properly organized local public transport ferry services.

Bare text can only tell us so much. How many of us have ground our teeth when we're reading a book that cries out for a map…and doesn't have one? But, assisted by a bit of fossicking in archives, maps can also tell stories all by themselves. Maps of Hong Kong tells lots of them. Like the way the small island everyone these days knows as Ap Lei Pai came to have that name…and how it's the wrong one. Or how a reservoir for a flour mill came to be called Little Hawaii. Or that Round Island (Ngan Chau) off Repulse Bay got be charted as Ma Kong for 80 years and longer. Or why Tai Mo Shan was once called Lantau Falso. Or that Violet Hill on Hong Kong Island nearly became Mount Hamilton. And, of course, that Hong Kong Island wasn't called that at all.

1.     Wrecks were pretty commonplace in 1892 and were at best usually a nine days wonder. However, the loss of the P&O Company's SS Bokhara was something else. News stories ran all over the world for almost two years. A presentation silver plate was sent by Queen Victoria to the head of the rescuers of the few survivors. There was involvement by the Governor of Hong Kong, a visit by the C-in-C of the Royal Navy's China Station and the presence of three ships of the Royal Navy. A publicly subscribed memorial was put up by the British Army's Royal Engineers on an uninhabited islet in China. Memorial windows were dedicated in the cathedrals of Shanghai and Hong Kong. But why? Well, the wreck drowned most of the Hong Kong interport cricket team on their way home from Shanghai. And it was carrying gold bullion for the HSBC and the Sassoon family worth almost HK$500,000,000 today. Money and cricket featured large in the British Empire. Cricket representing supposed Imperial values. Money representing the reality.

Shanghai and Hong Kong have been the starting point for more ‘sail a Chinese built junk across the seas' than anywhere else. Hans van Tillburg has identified sixteen 19th century junks reported arriving on the west coast of North America. I've tallied thirty three reported on from around 1900 to c.1990. In Hong Kong the story starts with the Keying in 1846 and ends – maybe – with the Taiping Princess/Taiping Gongzhu in 2008. On the way would be the ill-fated voyages of Richard Halliburton's Sea Dragon and Aussie J. Peterson's Pang Jin. The botanical expedition followed by the wartime service of the whopping Cheng Ho – the only junk ever to serve in the US Navy. The first solo crossing of the North Pacific under sail in the High Tea. The Rubia that sailed to Barcelona…and the Golden Lotus that made it to Auckland. The ill-fated Tai Ki. There was the 1950s Hong Kong Junk Racing Club, with more modest local ambitions. The Chuen Hing Shipyard in Shaukeiwan that built at least four modified junks for export to the USA. There was a lot of cross-cultural fertilization going on too – the junks for export were designed by Ronald Clegg, Butterfield and Swire's Radio Supervisor!

There are various ways of choosing to look at the past. Some of them are not very intuitive and can seem almost arbitrary. You wouldn't imagine it, for example, but looking at all the known ships that have had ‘Hong Kong' in their names (about 127 of them) offers interesting perspectives on Hong Kong's maritime story. Who called their ships after our home city? Not the big local colonial shipowners like Jardine's or Butterfield & Swire is one answer. The ship names with Hong Kong in them are revelatory not just of Hong Kong's story either. Looking at the kinds of ships and when they were in business tells us a lot about the development of the technical worlds of ships and cargo carrying in general. Developments on which the fortunes of Hong Kong were built and that are still important today.

Imperialist Britain spread modern-style, rules governed, organized sport – very much the creation of a newly leisured, comparatively affluent early Victorian world – all over the world. One of those sports, though never up there in popularity and participation like football and cricket, was sailing. Hong Kong was a home for recreational sailing almost as soon as the British grabbed it in 1841. It also became a home of local Chinese boatbuilders who learned to build – and often improve – Western designs. Via a fellow Hong Kong sailor, a few years ago I was given access to a late 19th century yacht's logbook from Xiamen. It opened up the world of 19th century expats in China, of the building of western style boats in 19th century Hong Kong…and revealed how Waglan lighthouse was built by a relation of Charles Rolls of Rolls Royce, who also designed a royal palace in Seoul, South Korea.

1.     The English historian Edward Thomson once wrote of the “enormous condescension of posterity” towards those of us – overwhelmingly most of us – who are not movers and shakers. Yet it is those lives, humdrum and invisible though they often are, that actually make moving and shaking possible. In being moved and shaken, it's we nobodies who actually do the moving and shaking. Chance can sometimes reveal one of the moved and shaken caught up in larger historical patterns…and through their personal stories lead to undermining received assumptions. In 2015 a small brass label was discovered under five metres of mud in Victoria Harbour. It belonged to a Royal Marine called Edgar Goodman. His story reveals that HMS Tamar was not always Hong Kong's 20th century naval base…and that there were Hong Kongers at Gallipoli.

Almost wherever you are there will be streets named after town worthies, or national eminences, or significant entities and events. Sometimes, particularly in larger towns, the names can reveal additional historical detail. What the main trades were and where they concentrated, for example. In Hong Kong over one hundred street names reveal details of Hong Kong's maritime story, particularly in its early decades. One of them, long lost – or perhaps mislaid – I have recently rediscovered. The streets – there were two – were named after a major early Chinese shipowner, mover and shaker. Kwok Acheong may not now be much celebrated, but he was one of the founders of the Tung Wah Hospital and at one time Hong Kong's biggest taxpayer. 

Over around a century and a half Hong Kong's story has been told by professional and amateur historians. A few names became scores following the explosion in Hong Kong studies after the 1970s. Today there are as many and more netizens and bloggers. We don't often know much detail about any of the handful of colonialist pioneers of the 1890-1960 period. They're just authors' names. Most of them are interesting though, and knowing about them helps one ‘read' the histories they wrote. One of them, who wrote under the byline of ‘Colonial' in the 1930s SCMP, and often seen as a sort of early begetter of the late 20th century Hong Kong Studies movement, illustrates the point well. Vincent Jarrett's life is revelatory of the complex cultural reality and extended geographical links that have always been a signal feature of Hong Kong.

In this final episode of season two Stephen Davies talks about Hong Kong as a port. He takes us through its gradual rise from after the Second World War up until 2010 when it registered as the world's largest port, and then its slow decline after that. Along the way we talk about Chinese junks and the general modernization of ships in general operated from Hong Kong.

In this episode Stephen discusses the social unrest in Hong Kong during the 1960s & 70s and follows with a look at how the issues were resolved during the 1970s. The episode includes an eyewitness account from Stephen himself, and a mystery of why his visit at the time was never recorded. As always Stephen has a number of stories to tell along the way including a discussion on police corruption.

In this episode Stephen talks through the ups and downs of the Hong Kong Fishing Industry. He also discusses the kids of boats that were being used and why many continued to use traditional boats well beyond their years. On land he talks about the development of the fish markets associations that ensured the fishermen received a proper price for their catch.

In episode eight Stephen explains how after the Second World War Hong Kong became a global powerhouse in ship breaking and then how that slowly transformed into one of the world largest container ports. We discuss how shipping changed during the period including a story of a concrete ship.

In the first episode of a new series Dr Stephen Davies discusses post war Hong Kong and the challenges it faced. With the population tripling in a short period, a damaged harbour and a changing view towards colonies, the city had much to figure out in a short period of time. You can find Stephen's books, Transport to another world: HMS Tamar and the sinews of empire https://www.amazon.com/Transport-Another-World-Sinews-Empire/dp/9629375931 STEAM - a revolution in maritime trade and warfare https://eddiewongyuichung.today/The-STEAM-of-Steam-A-Revolution-in-Maritime-Trade-and-Warfare Strong to save: Maritime mission in Hong Kong from Whampoa Reach to the Mariners' Club https://www.amazon.co.uk/Strong-Save-Maritime-Mission-Mariners/dp/962937305X East sails west: the voyage of the Keying, 1846-1855 https://www.amazon.co.uk/East-Sails-West-Voyage-1846-1855/dp/9888208209 Coasting Past: The last South China coastal trading junks photographed by William Heering https://www.amazon.co.uk/Coasting-Past-South-Coastal-Trading/dp/9881823331 Transport to Another World: HMS Tamar and the Sinews of Empire https://www.cityu.edu.hk/upress/transport-to-another-world Political dictionary for Hong Kong https://www.amazon.com/Political-dictionary-Hong-Stephen-Davies/dp/9620305280 You can subscribe to the podcast on, Google Podcasts - https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cudGhlaG9uZ2tvbmdoaXN0b3J5cG9kY2FzdC5jb20vZmVlZC54bWw Apple Podcasts https://podcasts.apple.com/gb/podcast/the-hong-kong-history-podcast/id1539113844 Amazon Music https://music.amazon.co.uk/podcasts/b3e15d99-5698-4a10-abb3-56435289cdd7/The-Hong-Kong-History-Podcast Spotify https://open.spotify.com/show/1NSk1tBqNEwMbV1bkrzyZb Listen Notes https://www.listennotes.com/podcasts/the-hong-kong-history-podcast--896HU0QY5X/ Tunein https://tunein.com/podcasts/History-Podcasts/The-Hong-Kong-History-Podcast-p1381280/ iHeartRADIO https://www.iheart.com/podcast/269-the-hong-kong-history-podc-74308435/ Pandora https://www.pandora.com/podcast/the-hong-kong-history-podcast/PC:52142?part=PC:52142&corr=podcast_organic_external_site&TID=Brand:POC:PC52142:podcast_organic_external_site

In this episode Stephen takes us through the days before the Japanese invasion to a detailed account of the invasion itself and then onto a short discussion about the war days in Hong Kong. The podcast finishes with an account of the Royal Navy sailing into Hong Kong to accept the Japanese surrender. You can subscribe to the podcast on, Google Podcasts https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cudGhlaG9uZ2tvbmdoaXN0b3J5cG9kY2FzdC5jb20vZmVlZC54bWw Apple Podcasts https://podcasts.apple.com/gb/podcast/the-hong-kong-history-podcast/id1539113844 Amazon Music https://music.amazon.co.uk/podcasts/b3e15d99-5698-4a10-abb3-56435289cdd7/The-Hong-Kong-History-Podcast Spotify https://open.spotify.com/show/1NSk1tBqNEwMbV1bkrzyZb Listen Notes https://www.listennotes.com/podcasts/the-hong-kong-history-podcast--896HU0QY5X/ Tunein https://tunein.com/podcasts/History-Podcasts/The-Hong-Kong-History-Podcast-p1381280/ iHeartRADIO https://www.iheart.com/podcast/269-the-hong-kong-history-podc-74308435/ Pandora https://www.pandora.com/podcast/the-hong-kong-history-podcast/PC:52142?part=PC:52142&corr=podcast_organic_external_site&TID=Brand:POC:PC52142:podcast_organic_external_site

In this episode Stephen and DJ discuss the period leading up to the First World War, what happened in Hong Hong during the war and the period after. They compare Shanghai with Hong Kong at the time and talk about the advantages Hong Kong had leading up to the Second World War. You can subscribe to the podcast on, Google Podcasts https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cudGhlaG9uZ2tvbmdoaXN0b3J5cG9kY2FzdC5jb20vZmVlZC54bWw Apple Podcasts https://podcasts.apple.com/gb/podcast/the-hong-kong-history-podcast/id1539113844 Amazon Music https://music.amazon.co.uk/podcasts/b3e15d99-5698-4a10-abb3-56435289cdd7/The-Hong-Kong-History-Podcast Spotify https://open.spotify.com/show/1NSk1tBqNEwMbV1bkrzyZb Listen Notes https://www.listennotes.com/podcasts/the-hong-kong-history-podcast--896HU0QY5X/ Tunein https://tunein.com/podcasts/History-Podcasts/The-Hong-Kong-History-Podcast-p1381280/ iHeartRADIO https://www.iheart.com/podcast/269-the-hong-kong-history-podc-74308435/ Pandora https://www.pandora.com/podcast/the-hong-kong-history-podcast/PC:52142?part=PC:52142&corr=podcast_organic_external_site&TID=Brand:POC:PC52142:podcast_organic_external_site

In the fourth episode Stephen takes us through the turn of the 20th century up until World War 1. We discuss the rapid change in shipping during the period, defending the island as well as the typhoons that would sweep through the territory. You can subscribe to the podcast on, Google Podcasts https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cudGhlaG9uZ2tvbmdoaXN0b3J5cG9kY2FzdC5jb20vZmVlZC54bWw Apple Podcasts https://podcasts.apple.com/gb/podcast/the-hong-kong-history-podcast/id1539113844 Amazon Music https://music.amazon.co.uk/podcasts/b3e15d99-5698-4a10-abb3-56435289cdd7/The-Hong-Kong-History-Podcast Spotify https://open.spotify.com/show/1NSk1tBqNEwMbV1bkrzyZb Listen Notes https://www.listennotes.com/podcasts/the-hong-kong-history-podcast--896HU0QY5X/ Tunein https://tunein.com/podcasts/History-Podcasts/The-Hong-Kong-History-Podcast-p1381280/ iHeartRADIO https://www.iheart.com/podcast/269-the-hong-kong-history-podc-74308435/ Pandora https://www.pandora.com/podcast/the-hong-kong-history-podcast/PC:52142?part=PC:52142&corr=podcast_organic_external_site&TID=Brand:POC:PC52142:podcast_organic_external_site  

Hong Kong gets over its teething pains and begins to develop as a major international port city. The scourge of piracy is brought under some sort of control. Thanks to a huge emigrant movement from Guangdong Province, ferry and passenger traffic become big business. The port develops as a major shipbuilding and ship repair centre. And the perfidious Brits, seizing on yet another moment of Qing Dynasty weakness, expand the area of the territory ten times over by leasing the New Territories…thereby causing a short, sharp six day war which killed around 500 New Territories villagers at the cost of two wounded Brits. Lamma Island becomes British.   You can subscribe to the podcast on, Google Podcasts https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cudGhlaG9uZ2tvbmdoaXN0b3J5cG9kY2FzdC5jb20vZmVlZC54bWw Apple Podcasts https://podcasts.apple.com/gb/podcast/the-hong-kong-history-podcast/id1539113844 Amazon Music https://music.amazon.co.uk/podcasts/b3e15d99-5698-4a10-abb3-56435289cdd7/The-Hong-Kong-History-Podcast Spotify https://open.spotify.com/show/1NSk1tBqNEwMbV1bkrzyZb Listen Notes https://www.listennotes.com/podcasts/the-hong-kong-history-podcast--896HU0QY5X/ Tunein https://tunein.com/podcasts/History-Podcasts/The-Hong-Kong-History-Podcast-p1381280/ iHeartRADIO https://www.iheart.com/podcast/269-the-hong-kong-history-podc-74308435/ Pandora https://www.pandora.com/podcast/the-hong-kong-history-podcast/PC:52142?part=PC:52142&corr=podcast_organic_external_site&TID=Brand:POC:PC52142:podcast_organic_external_site  

The story wanders on through Hong Kong's patchy early years, when clever drafting by the Chinese side in the 1843 Supplementary Treaty of the Bogue, left the newly founded port of Hong Kong looking at thin pickings. To get Hong Kong on a roll needed another war, for which a handy if quite bogus pretext was found…and which featured a small, walk-on part, the great Italian liberator Giuseppe Garibaldi and a locally built replica of the schooner America, of America's Cup fame. At last the British controlled both sides of the central harbour area. You can subscribe to the podcast on, Google Podcasts https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cudGhlaG9uZ2tvbmdoaXN0b3J5cG9kY2FzdC5jb20vZmVlZC54bWw Apple Podcasts https://podcasts.apple.com/gb/podcast/the-hong-kong-history-podcast/id1539113844 Amazon Music https://music.amazon.co.uk/podcasts/b3e15d99-5698-4a10-abb3-56435289cdd7/The-Hong-Kong-History-Podcast Spotify https://open.spotify.com/show/1NSk1tBqNEwMbV1bkrzyZb Listen Notes https://www.listennotes.com/podcasts/the-hong-kong-history-podcast--896HU0QY5X/ Tunein https://tunein.com/podcasts/History-Podcasts/The-Hong-Kong-History-Podcast-p1381280/ iHeartRADIO https://www.iheart.com/podcast/269-the-hong-kong-history-podc-74308435/ Pandora https://www.pandora.com/podcast/the-hong-kong-history-podcast/PC:52142?part=PC:52142&corr=podcast_organic_external_site&TID=Brand:POC:PC52142:podcast_organic_external_site  

We make a stab at answering ‘how come Hong Kong', paying close if occasionally erratic attention to modern Hong Kong's origins in British trade with China, a chance discovery of a good haven by an American sea otter fur and sandalwood trading ship's captain, the secret machinations of the hydrographic surveyors of the Bombay Marine, and the need for any port in a storm when the anti-opium trade hurricane of Lin Zexu blew in. You can subscribe to the podcast on, Google Podcasts https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cudGhlaG9uZ2tvbmdoaXN0b3J5cG9kY2FzdC5jb20vZmVlZC54bWw Apple Podcasts https://podcasts.apple.com/gb/podcast/the-hong-kong-history-podcast/id1539113844 Amazon Music https://music.amazon.co.uk/podcasts/b3e15d99-5698-4a10-abb3-56435289cdd7/The-Hong-Kong-History-Podcast Spotify https://open.spotify.com/show/1NSk1tBqNEwMbV1bkrzyZb Listen Notes https://www.listennotes.com/podcasts/the-hong-kong-history-podcast--896HU0QY5X/ Tunein https://tunein.com/podcasts/History-Podcasts/The-Hong-Kong-History-Podcast-p1381280/ iHeartRADIO https://www.iheart.com/podcast/269-the-hong-kong-history-podc-74308435/ Pandora https://www.pandora.com/podcast/the-hong-kong-history-podcast/PC:52142?part=PC:52142&corr=podcast_organic_external_site&TID=Brand:POC:PC52142:podcast_organic_external_site