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Valence electrons

KEY CONCEPTS:1 reactant --> 2 or more productsmetal hydrogen carbonate --> metal carbonate + CO2 + H2O (the metal can be any of the metals to the left of the aluminum ladder combined with a hydrogen carbonate. The end products are CO2 and H2O along with the metal bonded to the carbonate)i.e: NaHSO4 --> Na2SO4 + CO2 + H2O

KEY CONCEPTS: When naming Binary Acids, start by identifying the hydrogen atom as "hydro" and name the non-metal using the "ic" ending and add the word acid.Rules for Oxy-Acids:They are derivatives of polyatomic ions and polyatomic variations. Follow the following 4 rules:i.) ____ate ions become _______ic acidii.) per____ate ions become per_____ic acidsiii.) ____ite ions become _____ous acidsiv.) hypo____ite ions become hypo_____ous acidsBases contain hydroxide ion (OH)-1**NOTE: NO "hydro" for oxy-acids

KEY TERMS: balance both sides of the equation by placing a number (coefficient) in front of the compound. Don't be afraid to have to change that number if it does not completely balance the equation. Balance polyatomic ions first. Remember that REACTANTS are to the left of the arrow and PRODUCTS are to the right of the arrow. Refer to episode on "Counting Atoms". Don't forget your diatomic molecules:oxygen = O2hydrogen = H2bromine = Br2chlorine = Cl2iodine = I2fluorine = F2nitrogen = N2

KEY CONCEPT:When you combine a metal and a non-metal, use the 5 Step Cross over Rule to put together your formula

KEY TERMS: cation = positively charged atoms (metals)anion = negatively charged atoms (non-metals)metals lose electrons, non-metals gain electrons

KEY TERMS: alkali metals, alkaline earth metals, halogens, noble gases, octet rule, cations, anions, metals lose electrons, non-metals gain electrons

KEY CONCEPTS:metals switch with metals**non-metals switch with non-metals**look at the Activity Series if metal would switch with metal. If LONELY metal is higher in the Activity series than the metal paired with the non-metal can the metal switch places. If the LONELY metal is lower in the series, NO REACTION will take place.Don't forget to balance equations! Don't forget the 5 Step Cross Over Rule

KEY CONCEPTS:-special type of double displacement reactionacid + base --> salt + waterREACTANTSacids - either binary acids or oxy-acids (contain H)bases - contain hydroxide (OH)PRODUCTSsalt - ionic compound (ANY metal and non-metal)water - we know what that is

KEY CONCEPTS:-these reactions involve burning a hydrocarbon in the presence of oxygen. Hydrocarbons are compounds made by ONLY H and C atoms.2 Types of Combustion Reactions:i.) Complete Combustion (plenty of oxygen)ii.) Incomplete Combustion (poor supply of oxygen)Formulas for Combustion Reactions:i.) Complete CombustionC#H# + O2 --> CO2 + H2Oii.) Incomplete Combustion Reactions:C#H# + O2 --> CO2 + H2O + CO + C**notice the difference in the Incomplete Combustion reactions

KEY CONCEPTS: Always refer to the original form of the polyatomic ion.From the original form: _____ate ion, if: i.) you gain an oxygen, name changes to per____ate ion. ii.) lose 1 oxygen, name changes to _____ite ion. iii.) lose 2 oxygens, name changes to hypo____ite ion.**NOTE: the charge of the polyatomic NEVER changes

KEY CONCEPTS:pairing metals and non-metalsmetals switch places with the other metal in the reactionDon't forget the 5 Step Cross Over Rule! Don't forget to balance the equation.

KEY CONCEPTS: Name compounds as usual. After naming the compound include the Greek prefix for the amount of waters present and use the name HYDRATE

KEY TERMS: transition metals, Classical system, Stock system, Latin names, Roman numerals, cross over rule, reverse cross over rule"ic" ending = higher charge"ous"ending = lower charge

KEY TERMS: reverse cross over rule, metal, non-metal