Podcasts about Meiosis

Sex comes at a cost, there's energy, time, risks of predators, and diseases… so do we even need it?Asexual organisms don't seem to miss the dating scene, and yet here we are putting a whole lot of energy into sex, even when it doesn't lead to babies when same sexes attract.Of course, sex is a chance to genetically repair faults and outrun threats, but is the pay-off really enough?Sex is Weird is a series of What the Duck?! with Dr Ann Jones following the sexual evolution of the animal kingdom.Please note that this program contains adult themes and explicit language. Parental guidance is recommended.Featuring:Associate Professor Kevin Teather, Author, The Evolution of Sex.Assistant Professor Amanda Gibson, University of Virginia.Professor Joseph Heitman, Duke University.Professor Jenny Graves, La Trobe University.Production:Ann Jones, Presenter / ProducerPetria Ladgrove, ProducerAdditional mastering: Isabella Tropiano.This episode of What the Duck?! was produced on the land of the Wadawarrung and the Kaurna people.

It turns out not everyone was listening when it was written ‘it takes two to tango' and some species can go it alone in their quest to reproduce. And then there's the plants that decided THREE or ONE was for them, never an even number. Why is sex so... suspiciously complicated? Sex is Weird is a series of What the Duck?! with Dr Ann Jones following the sexual evolution of the natural world.Please note that this program contains adult themes and explicit language. Parental guidance is recommended.Featuring:Dr Meredith Lake, Presenter, Soul Search ABC Radio National.Dr Michael Whitehead, Evolutionary Ecologist. Libby Eyre, Biologist, Macquarie University.Associate Professor Andrew Durso, Florida Gulf Coast University, Florida. Professor Michael Kearney,  University of Melbourne. Dr Christine Dudgeon, University of Queensland. Production:Ann Jones, Presenter / ProducerPetria Ladgrove, ProducerAdditional mastering: Isabella Tropiano.This episode of What the Duck?! was produced on the land of the Wadawarrung and the Kaurna people.

The rewind mini series is back! This time, we're discuss the two forms of eukaryotic cell division, mitosis and meiosis. Sources for this episode: Campbell, N. A., Urry, L. A., Cain, M. L., Wasserman, S. A., Minorsky, P. V. and Reece, J. B. (2018), Biology: a global approach, 11th edition (Global Edition), Harlow, Pearson Education Limited. Hine, R. (2019), A Dictionary of Biology (Oxford Quick Reference), 8th edition, Oxford, Oxford University Press. Russell, P. J. (2006), iGenetics: A Molecular Approach. San Francisco: Pearson Education, Inc.

Here is the long-awaited conclusion to our series on the anatomy of a story. Be sure to listen to episodes 103 and 104 for writing and banter on the beginning and middle of stories respectively. In this one we tackle how to end stories, discussing how to tie together what was set up in the beginning, and expanded and deepened in the middle. Happy writing!Check out our website for a featured story from this week's episode, and be sure to follow us on Instagram (if that's your sort of thing). Please do send us an email with your story if you write along, which we hope you will do. Episodes of Radio FreeWrite are protected by a Creative Commons Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International (CC BY-ND 4.0) license. All Stories remain the property of their respective authors.

Back with some SCIENCE SH*T! J.Daae is talking about MEIOSIS aka SEXUAL REPRODUCTION! This episode covers how it is similar to mitosis, how your body makes sperm & eggs, and what happens if there is a wrong number of chromosomes. ——————————— ⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠FOLLOW US on INSTAGRAM @HomoInTraining⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠ Find us on ⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠Facebook! LIKE & FOLLOW our page!⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠ EMAIL us your science queeries!: ⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠HomoInTrainingPodcast@gmail.com⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠ ——————————— Music Credit: ⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠Jazzy Abstract Beat by Coma-Media⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠ ——————————— --- Send in a voice message: https://podcasters.spotify.com/pod/show/homointraining/message

In this installment of Genetics in Your World, we talk to Ting Gong of UC Davis. She discusses the surprising results she found when disrupting meiotic chromosome segregation in C. elegans. Hosted on Acast. See acast.com/privacy for more information.

* Listen on Spotify or Apple Podcasts* Be sure to check out and follow Holly's Substack and org Pause AI. Blurb and summary from ClongBlurbHolly and Aaron had a wide-ranging discussion touching on effective altruism, AI alignment, genetic conflict, wild animal welfare, and the importance of public advocacy in the AI safety space. Holly spoke about her background in evolutionary biology and how she became involved in effective altruism. She discussed her reservations around wild animal welfare and her perspective on the challenges of AI alignment. They talked about the value of public opinion polls, the psychology of AI researchers, and whether certain AI labs like OpenAI might be net positive actors. Holly argued for the strategic importance of public advocacy and pushing the Overton window within EA on AI safety issues.Detailed summary* Holly's background - PhD in evolutionary biology, got into EA through New Atheism and looking for community with positive values, did EA organizing at Harvard* Worked at Rethink Priorities on wild animal welfare but had reservations about imposing values on animals and whether we're at the right margin yet* Got inspired by FLI letter to focus more on AI safety advocacy and importance of public opinion* Discussed genetic conflict and challenges of alignment even with "closest" agents* Talked about the value of public opinion polls and influencing politicians* Discussed the psychology and motives of AI researchers* Disagreed a bit on whether certain labs like OpenAI might be net positive actors* Holly argued for importance of public advocacy in AI safety, thinks we have power to shift Overton window* Talked about the dynamics between different AI researchers and competition for status* Discussed how rationalists often dismiss advocacy and politics* Holly thinks advocacy is neglected and can push the Overton window even within EA* Also discussed Holly's evolutionary biology takes, memetic drive, gradient descent vs. natural selectionFull transcript (very imperfect)AARONYou're an AI pause, Advocate. Can you remind me of your shtick before that? Did you have an EA career or something?HOLLYYeah, before that I was an academic. I got into EA when I was doing my PhD in evolutionary biology, and I had been into New Atheism before that. I had done a lot of organizing for that in college. And while the enlightenment stuff and what I think is the truth about there not being a God was very important to me, but I didn't like the lack of positive values. Half the people there were sort of people like me who are looking for community after leaving their religion that they grew up in. And sometimes as many as half of the people there were just looking for a way for it to be okay for them to upset people and take away stuff that was important to them. And I didn't love that. I didn't love organizing a space for that. And when I got to my first year at Harvard, harvard Effective Altruism was advertising for its fellowship, which became the Elite Fellowship eventually. And I was like, wow, this is like, everything I want. And it has this positive organizing value around doing good. And so I was totally made for it. And pretty much immediately I did that fellowship, even though it was for undergrad. I did that fellowship, and I was immediately doing a lot of grad school organizing, and I did that for, like, six more years. And yeah, by the time I got to the end of grad school, I realized I was very sick in my fifth year, and I realized the stuff I kept doing was EA organizing, and I did not want to keep doing work. And that was pretty clear. I thought, oh, because I'm really into my academic area, I'll do that, but I'll also have a component of doing good. I took giving what we can in the middle of grad school, and I thought, I actually just enjoy doing this more, so why would I do anything else? Then after grad school, I started applying for EA jobs, and pretty soon I got a job at Rethink Priorities, and they suggested that I work on wild animal welfare. And I have to say, from the beginning, it was a little bit like I don't know, I'd always had very mixed feelings about wild animal welfare as a cause area. How much do they assume the audience knows about EA?AARONA lot, I guess. I think as of right now, it's a pretty hardcore dozen people. Also. Wait, what year is any of this approximately?HOLLYSo I graduated in 2020.AARONOkay.HOLLYYeah. And then I was like, really?AARONOkay, this is not extremely distant history. Sometimes people are like, oh, yeah, like the OG days, like four or something. I'm like, oh, my God.HOLLYOh, yeah, no, I wish I had been in these circles then, but no, it wasn't until like, 2014 that I really got inducted. Yeah, which now feels old because everybody's so young. But yeah, in 2020, I finished my PhD, and I got this awesome remote job at Rethink Priorities during the Pandemic, which was great, but I was working on wild animal welfare, which I'd always had some. So wild animal welfare, just for anyone who's not familiar, is like looking at the state of the natural world and seeing if there's a way that usually the hedonic so, like, feeling pleasure, not pain sort of welfare of animals can be maximized. So that's in contrast to a lot of other ways of looking at the natural world, like conservation, which are more about preserving a state of the world the way preserving, maybe ecosystem balance, something like that. Preserving species diversity. The priority with wild animal welfare is the effect of welfare, like how it feels to be the animals. So it is very understudied, but I had a lot of reservations about it because I'm nervous about maximizing our values too hard onto animals or imposing them on other species.AARONOkay, that's interesting, just because we're so far away from the margin of I'm like a very pro wild animal animal welfare pilled person.HOLLYI'm definitely pro in theory.AARONHow many other people it's like you and formerly you and six other people or whatever seems like we're quite far away from the margin at which we're over optimizing in terms of giving heroin to all the sheep or I don't know, the bugs and stuff.HOLLYBut it's true the field is moving in more my direction and I think it's just because they're hiring more biologists and we tend to think this way or have more of this perspective. But I'm a big fan of Brian domestics work. But stuff like finding out which species have the most capacity for welfare I think is already sort of the wrong scale. I think a lot will just depend on how much. What are the conditions for that species?AARONYeah, no, there's like seven from the.HOLLYCoarseness and the abstraction, but also there's a lot of you don't want anybody to actually do stuff like that and it would be more possible to do the more simple sounding stuff. My work there just was consisted of being a huge downer. I respect that. I did do some work that I'm proud of. I have a whole sequence on EA forum about how we could reduce the use of rodenticide, which I think was the single most promising intervention that we came up with in the time that I was there. I mean, I didn't come up with it, but that we narrowed down. And even that just doesn't affect that many animals directly. It's really more about the impact is from what you think you'll get with moral circle expansion or setting precedents for the treatment of non human animals or wild animals, or semi wild animals, maybe like being able to be expanded into wild animals. And so it all felt not quite up to EA standards of impact. And I felt kind of uncomfortable trying to make this thing happen in EA when I wasn't sure that my tentative conclusion on wild animal welfare, after working on it and thinking about it a lot for three years, was that we're sort of waiting for transformative technology that's not here yet in order to be able to do the kinds of interventions that we want. And there are going to be other issues with the transformative technology that we have to deal with first.AARONYeah, no, I've been thinking not that seriously or in any formal way, just like once in a while I just have a thought like oh, I wonder how the field of, like, I guess wild animal sorry, not wild animal. Just like animal welfare in general and including wild animal welfare might make use of AI above and beyond. I feel like there's like a simple take which is probably mostly true, which is like, oh, I mean the phrase that everybody loves to say is make AI go well or whatever that but that's basically true. Probably you make aligned AI. I know that's like a very oversimplification and then you can have a bunch of wealth or whatever to do whatever you want. I feel like that's kind of like the standard line, but do you have any takes on, I don't know, maybe in the next couple of years or anything more specifically beyond just general purpose AI alignment, for lack of a better term, how animal welfare might put to use transformative AI.HOLLYMy last work at Rethink Priorities was like looking a sort of zoomed out look at the field and where it should go. And so we're apparently going to do a public version, but I don't know if that's going to happen. It's been a while now since I was expecting to get a call about it. But yeah, I'm trying to think of what can I scrape from that?AARONAs much as you can, don't reveal any classified information. But what was the general thing that this was about?HOLLYThere are things that I think so I sort of broke it down into a couple of categories. There's like things that we could do in a world where we don't get AGI for a long time, but we get just transformative AI. Short of that, it's just able to do a lot of parallel tasks. And I think we could do a lot we could get a lot of what we want for wild animals by doing a ton of surveillance and having the ability to make incredibly precise changes to the ecosystem. Having surveillance so we know when something is like, and the capacity to do really intense simulation of the ecosystem and know what's going to happen as a result of little things. We could do that all without AGI. You could just do that with just a lot of computational power. I think our ability to simulate the environment right now is not the best, but it's not because it's impossible. It's just like we just need a lot more observations and a lot more ability to simulate a comparison is meteorology. Meteorology used to be much more of an art, but it became more of a science once they started just literally taking for every block of air and they're getting smaller and smaller, the blocks. They just do Bernoulli's Law on it and figure out what's going to happen in that block. And then you just sort of add it all together and you get actually pretty good.AARONDo you know how big the blocks are?HOLLYThey get smaller all the time. That's the resolution increase, but I don't know how big the blocks are okay right now. And shockingly, that just works. That gives you a lot of the picture of what's going to happen with weather. And I think that modeling ecosystem dynamics is very similar to weather. You could say more players than ecosystems, and I think we could, with enough surveillance, get a lot better at monitoring the ecosystem and then actually have more of a chance of implementing the kinds of sweeping interventions we want. But the price would be just like never ending surveillance and having to be the stewards of the environment if we weren't automating. Depending on how much you want to automate and depending on how much you can automate without AGI or without handing it over to another intelligence.AARONYeah, I've heard this. Maybe I haven't thought enough. And for some reason, I'm just, like, intuitively. I feel like I'm more skeptical of this kind of thing relative to the actual. There's a lot of things that I feel like a person might be skeptical about superhuman AI. And I'm less skeptical of that or less skeptical of things that sound as weird as this. Maybe because it's not. One thing I'm just concerned about is I feel like there's a larger scale I can imagine, just like the choice of how much, like, ecosystem is like yeah, how much ecosystem is available for wild animals is like a pretty macro level choice that might be not at all deterministic. So you could imagine spreading or terraforming other planets and things like that, or basically continuing to remove the amount of available ecosystem and also at a much more practical level, clean meat development. I have no idea what the technical bottlenecks on that are right now, but seems kind of possible that I don't know, AI can help it in some capacity.HOLLYOh, I thought you're going to say that it would increase the amount of space available for wild animals. Is this like a big controversy within, I don't know, this part of the EA animal movement? If you advocate diet change and if you get people to be vegetarians, does that just free up more land for wild animals to suffer on? I thought this was like, guys, we just will never do anything if we don't choose sort of like a zone of influence and accomplish something there. It seemed like this could go on forever. It was like, literally, I rethink actually. A lot of discussions would end in like, okay, so this seems like really good for all of our target populations, but what about wild animals? I could just reverse everything. I don't know. The thoughts I came to on that were that it is worthwhile to try to figure out what are all of the actual direct effects, but I don't think we should let that guide our decision making. Only you have to have some kind of theory of change, of what is the direct effect going to lead to? And I just think that it's so illegible what you're trying to do. If you're, like, you should eat this kind of fish to save animals. It doesn't lead society to adopt, to understand and adopt your values. It's so predicated on a moment in time that might be convenient. Maybe I'm not looking hard enough at that problem, but the conclusion I ended up coming to was just like, look, I just think we have to have some idea of not just the direct impacts, but something about the indirect impacts and what's likely to facilitate other direct impacts that we want in the future.AARONYeah. I also share your I don't know. I'm not sure if we share the same or I also feel conflicted about this kind of thing. Yeah. And I don't know, at the very least, I have a very high bar for saying, actually the worst of factory farming is like, we should just like, yeah, we should be okay with that, because some particular model says that at this moment in time, it has some net positive effect on animal welfare.HOLLYWhat morality is that really compatible with? I mean, I understand our morality, but maybe but pretty much anyone else who hears that conclusion is going to think that that means that the suffering doesn't matter or something.AARONYeah, I don't know. I think maybe more than you, I'm willing to bite the bullet if somebody really could convince me that, yeah, chicken farming is actually just, in fact, good, even though it's counterintuitive, I'll be like, all right, fine.HOLLYSurely there are other ways of occupying.AARONYeah.HOLLYSame with sometimes I would get from very classical wild animal suffering people, like, comments on my rodenticide work saying, like, well, what if it's good to have more rats? I don't know. There are surely other vehicles for utility other than ones that humans are bent on destroying.AARONYeah, it's kind of neither here nor there, but I don't actually know if this is causally important, but at least psychologically. I remember seeing a mouse in a glue trap was very had an impact on me from maybe turning me, like, animal welfare pills or something. That's like, neither here nor there. It's like a random anecdote, but yeah, seems bad. All right, what came after rethink for you?HOLLYYeah. Well, after the publication of the FLI Letter and Eliezer's article in Time, I was super inspired by pause. A number of emotional changes happened to me about AI safety. Nothing intellectual changed, but just I'd always been confused at and kind of taken it as a sign that people weren't really serious about AI risk when they would say things like, I don't know, the only option is alignment. The only option is for us to do cool, nerd stuff that we love doing nothing else would. I bought the arguments, but I just wasn't there emotionally. And seeing Eliezer advocate political change because he wants to save everyone's lives and he thinks that's something that we can do. Just kind of I'm sure I didn't want to face it before because it was upsetting. Not that I haven't faced a lot of upsetting and depressing things like I worked in wild animal welfare, for God's sake, but there was something that didn't quite add up for me, or I hadn't quite grocked about AI safety until seeing Eliezer really show that his concern is about everyone dying. And he's consistent with that. He's not caught on only one way of doing it, and it just kind of got in my head and I kept wanting to talk about it at work and it sort of became clear like they weren't going to pursue that sort of intervention. But I kept thinking of all these parallels between animal advocacy stuff that I knew and what could be done in AI safety. And these polls kept coming out showing that there was really high support for Paws and I just thought, this is such a huge opportunity, I really would love to help out. Originally I was looking around for who was going to be leading campaigns that I could volunteer in, and then eventually I thought, it just doesn't seem like somebody else is going to do this in the Bay Area. So I just ended up quitting rethink and being an independent organizer. And that has been really I mean, honestly, it's like a tough subject. It's like a lot to deal with, but honestly, compared to wild animal welfare, it's not that bad. And I think I'm pretty used to dealing with tough and depressing low tractability causes, but I actually think this is really tractable. I've been shocked how quickly things have moved and I sort of had this sense that, okay, people are reluctant in EA and AI safety in particular, they're not used to advocacy. They kind of vaguely think that that's bad politics is a mind killer and it's a little bit of a threat to the stuff they really love doing. Maybe that's not going to be so ascendant anymore and it's just stuff they're not familiar with. But I have the feeling that if somebody just keeps making this case that people will take to it, that I could push the Oberson window with NEA and that's gone really well.AARONYeah.HOLLYAnd then of course, the public is just like pretty down. It's great.AARONYeah. I feel like it's kind of weird because being in DC and I've always been, I feel like I actually used to be more into politics, to be clear. I understand or correct me if I'm wrong, but advocacy doesn't just mean in the political system or two politicians or whatever, but I assume that's like a part of what you're thinking about or not really.HOLLYYeah. Early on was considering working on more political process type advocacy and I think that's really important. I totally would have done it. I just thought that it was more neglected in our community to do advocacy to the public and a lot of people had entanglements that prevented them from doing so. They work sort of with AI labs or it's important to their work that they not declare against AI labs or something like that or be perceived that way. And so they didn't want to do public advocacy that could threaten what else they're doing. But I didn't have anything like that. I've been around for a long time in EA and I've been keeping up on AI safety, but I've never really worked. That's not true. I did a PiBBs fellowship, but.AARONI've.HOLLYNever worked for anybody in like I was just more free than a lot of other people to do the public messaging and so I kind of felt that I should. Yeah, I'm also more willing to get into conflict than other EA's and so that seems valuable, no?AARONYeah, I respect that. Respect that a lot. Yeah. So like one thing I feel like I've seen a lot of people on Twitter, for example. Well, not for example. That's really just it, I guess, talking about polls that come out saying like, oh yeah, the public is super enthusiastic about X, Y or Z, I feel like these are almost meaningless and maybe you can convince me otherwise. It's not exactly to be clear, I'm not saying that. I guess it could always be worse, right? All things considered, like a poll showing X thing is being supported is better than the opposite result, but you can really get people to say anything. Maybe I'm just wondering about the degree to which the public how do you imagine the public and I'm doing air quotes to playing into policies either of, I guess, industry actors or government actors?HOLLYWell, this is something actually that I also felt that a lot of EA's were unfamiliar with. But it does matter to our representatives, like what the constituents think it matters a mean if you talk to somebody who's ever interned in a congressperson's office, one person calling and writing letters for something can have actually depending on how contested a policy is, can have a largeish impact. My ex husband was an intern for Jim Cooper and they had this whole system for scoring when calls came in versus letters. Was it a handwritten letter, a typed letter? All of those things went into how many points it got and that was something they really cared about. Politicians do pay attention to opinion polls and they pay attention to what their vocal constituents want and they pay attention to not going against what is the norm opinion. Even if nobody in particular is pushing them on it or seems to feel strongly about it. They really are trying to calibrate themselves to what is the norm. So those are always also sometimes politicians just get directly convinced by arguments of what a policy should be. So yeah, public opinion is, I think, underappreciated by ya's because it doesn't feel like mechanistic. They're looking more for what's this weird policy hack that's going to solve what's? This super clever policy that's going to solve things rather than just like what's acceptable discourse, like how far out of his comfort zone does this politician have to go to advocate for this thing? How unpopular is it going to be to say stuff that's against this thing that now has a lot of public support?AARONYeah, I guess mainly I'm like I guess I'm also I definitely could be wrong with this, but I would expect that a lot of the yeah, like for like when politicians like, get or congresspeople like, get letters and emails or whatever on a particular especially when it's relevant to a particular bill. And it's like, okay, this bill has already been filtered for the fact that it's going to get some yes votes and some no votes and it's close to or something like that. Hearing from an interested constituency is really, I don't know, I guess interesting evidence. On the other hand, I don't know, you can kind of just get Americans to say a lot of different things that I think are basically not extremely unlikely to be enacted into laws. You know what I mean? I don't know. You can just look at opinion. Sorry. No great example comes to mind right now. But I don't know, if you ask the public, should we do more safety research into, I don't know, anything. If it sounds good, then people will say yes, or am I mistaken about this?HOLLYI mean, on these polls, usually they ask the other way around as well. Do you think AI is really promising for its benefits and should be accelerated? They answer consistently. It's not just like, well now that sounds positive. Okay. I mean, a well done poll will correct for these things. Yeah. I've encountered a lot of skepticism about the polls. Most of the polls on this have been done by YouGov, which is pretty reputable. And then the ones that were replicated by rethink priorities, they found very consistent results and I very much trust Rethink priorities on polls. Yeah. I've had people say, well, these framings are I don't know, they object and wonder if it's like getting at the person's true beliefs. And I kind of think like, I don't know, basically this is like the kind of advocacy message that I would give and people are really receptive to it. So to me that's really promising. Whether or not if you educated them a lot more about the topic, they would think the same is I don't think the question but that's sometimes an objection that I get. Yeah, I think they're indicative. And then I also think politicians just care directly about these things. If they're able to cite that most of the public agrees with this policy, that sort of gives them a lot of what they want, regardless of whether there's some qualification to does the public really think this or are they thinking hard enough about it? And then polls are always newsworthy. Weirdly. Just any poll can be a news story and journalists love them and so it's a great chance to get exposure for the whatever thing. And politicians do care what's in the news. Actually, I think we just have more influence over the political process than EA's and less wrongers tend to believe it's true. I think a lot of people got burned in AI safety, like in the previous 20 years because it would be dismissed. It just wasn't in the overton window. But I think we have a lot of power now. Weirdly. People care what effective altruists think. People see us as having real expertise. The AI safety community does know the most about this. It's pretty wild now that's being recognized publicly and journalists and the people who influence politicians, not directly the people, but the Fourth Estate type, people pay attention to this and they influence policy. And there's many levels of I wrote if people want a more detailed explanation of this, but still high level and accessible, I hope I wrote a thing on EA forum called The Case for AI Safety Advocacy. And that kind of goes over this concept of outside versus inside game. So inside game is like working within a system to change it. Outside game is like working outside the system to put pressure on that system to change it. And I think there's many small versions of this. I think that it's helpful within EA and AI safety to be pushing the overton window of what I think that people have a wrong understanding of how hard it is to communicate this topic and how hard it is to influence governments. I want it to be more acceptable. I want it to feel more possible in EA and AI safety to go this route. And then there's the public public level of trying to make them more familiar with the issue, frame it in the way that I want, which is know, with Sam Altman's tour, the issue kind of got framed as like, well, AI is going to get built, but how are we going to do it safely? And then I would like to take that a step back and be like, should AI be built or should AGI be just if we tried, we could just not do that, or we could at least reduce the speed. And so, yeah, I want people to be exposed to that frame. I want people to not be taken in by other frames that don't include the full gamut of options. I think that's very possible. And then there's a lot of this is more of the classic thing that's been going on in AI safety for the last ten years is trying to influence AI development to be more safety conscious. And that's like another kind of dynamic. There, like trying to change sort of the general flavor, like, what's acceptable? Do we have to care about safety? What is safety? That's also kind of a window pushing exercise.AARONYeah. Cool. Luckily, okay, this is not actually directly responding to anything you just said, which is luck. So I pulled up this post. So I should have read that. Luckily, I did read the case for slowing down. It was like some other popular post as part of the, like, governance fundamentals series. I think this is by somebody, Zach wait, what was it called? Wait.HOLLYIs it by Zach or.AARONKatya, I think yeah, let's think about slowing down AI. That one. So that is fresh in my mind, but yours is not yet. So what's the plan? Do you have a plan? You don't have to have a plan. I don't have plans very much.HOLLYWell, right now I'm hopeful about the UK AI summit. Pause AI and I have planned a multi city protest on the 21 October to encourage the UK AI Safety Summit to focus on safety first and to have as a topic arranging a pause or that of negotiation. There's a lot of a little bit upsetting advertising for that thing that's like, we need to keep up capabilities too. And I just think that's really a secondary objective. And that's how I wanted to be focused on safety. So I'm hopeful about the level of global coordination that we're already seeing. It's going so much faster than we thought. Already the UN Secretary General has been talking about this and there have been meetings about this. It's happened so much faster at the beginning of this year. Nobody thought we could talk about nobody was thinking we'd be talking about this as a mainstream topic. And then actually governments have been very receptive anyway. So right now I'm focused on other than just influencing opinion, the targets I'm focused on, or things like encouraging these international like, I have a protest on Friday, my first protest that I'm leading and kind of nervous that's against Meta. It's at the Meta building in San Francisco about their sharing of model weights. They call it open source. It's like not exactly open source, but I'm probably not going to repeat that message because it's pretty complicated to explain. I really love the pause message because it's just so hard to misinterpret and it conveys pretty clearly what we want very quickly. And you don't have a lot of bandwidth and advocacy. You write a lot of materials for a protest, but mostly what people see is the title.AARONThat's interesting because I sort of have the opposite sense. I agree that in terms of how many informational bits you're conveying in a particular phrase, pause AI is simpler, but in some sense it's not nearly as obvious. At least maybe I'm more of a tech brain person or whatever. But why that is good, as opposed to don't give extremely powerful thing to the worst people in the world. That's like a longer everyone.HOLLYMaybe I'm just weird. I've gotten the feedback from open source ML people is the number one thing is like, it's too late, there's already super powerful models. There's nothing you can do to stop us, which sounds so villainous, I don't know if that's what they mean. Well, actually the number one message is you're stupid, you're not an ML engineer. Which like, okay, number two is like, it's too late, there's nothing you can do. There's all of these other and Meta is not even the most powerful generator of models that it share of open source models. I was like, okay, fine. And I don't know, I don't think that protesting too much is really the best in these situations. I just mostly kind of let that lie. I could give my theory of change on this and why I'm focusing on Meta. Meta is a large company I'm hoping to have influence on. There is a Meta building in San Francisco near where yeah, Meta is the biggest company that is doing this and I think there should be a norm against model weight sharing. I was hoping it would be something that other employees of other labs would be comfortable attending and that is a policy that is not shared across the labs. Obviously the biggest labs don't do it. So OpenAI is called OpenAI but very quickly decided not to do that. Yeah, I kind of wanted to start in a way that made it more clear than pause AI. Does that anybody's welcome something? I thought a one off issue like this that a lot of people could agree and form a coalition around would be good. A lot of people think that this is like a lot of the open source ML people think know this is like a secret. What I'm saying is secretly an argument for tyranny. I just want centralization of power. I just think that there are elites that are better qualified to run everything. It was even suggested I didn't mention China. It even suggested that I was racist because I didn't think that foreign people could make better AIS than Meta.AARONI'm grimacing here. The intellectual disagreeableness, if that's an appropriate term or something like that. Good on you for standing up to some pretty bad arguments.HOLLYYeah, it's not like that worth it. I'm lucky that I truly am curious about what people think about stuff like that. I just find it really interesting. I spent way too much time understanding the alt. Right. For instance, I'm kind of like sure I'm on list somewhere because of the forums I was on just because I was interested and it is something that serves me well with my adversaries. I've enjoyed some conversations with people where I kind of like because my position on all this is that look, I need to be convinced and the public needs to be convinced that this is safe before we go ahead. So I kind of like not having to be the smart person making the arguments. I kind of like being like, can you explain like I'm five. I still don't get it. How does this work?AARONYeah, no, I was thinking actually not long ago about open source. Like the phrase has such a positive connotation and in a lot of contexts it really is good. I don't know. I'm glad that random tech I don't know, things from 2004 or whatever, like the reddit source code is like all right, seems cool that it's open source. I don't actually know if that was how that right. But yeah, I feel like maybe even just breaking down what the positive connotation comes from and why it's in people's self. This is really what I was thinking about, is like, why is it in people's self interest to open source things that they made and that might break apart the allure or sort of ethical halo that it has around it? And I was thinking it probably has something to do with, oh, this is like how if you're a tech person who makes some cool product, you could try to put a gate around it by keeping it closed source and maybe trying to get intellectual property or something. But probably you're extremely talented already, or pretty wealthy. Definitely can be hired in the future. And if you're not wealthy yet I don't mean to put things in just materialist terms, but basically it could easily be just like in a yeah, I think I'll probably take that bit out because I didn't mean to put it in strictly like monetary terms, but basically it just seems like pretty plausibly in an arbitrary tech person's self interest, broadly construed to, in fact, open source their thing, which is totally fine and normal.HOLLYI think that's like 99 it's like a way of showing magnanimity showing, but.AARONI don't make this sound so like, I think 99.9% of human behavior is like this. I'm not saying it's like, oh, it's some secret, terrible self interested thing, but just making it more mechanistic. Okay, it's like it's like a status thing. It's like an advertising thing. It's like, okay, you're not really in need of direct economic rewards, or sort of makes sense to play the long game in some sense, and this is totally normal and fine, but at the end of the day, there's reasons why it makes sense, why it's in people's self interest to open source.HOLLYLiterally, the culture of open source has been able to bully people into, like, oh, it's immoral to keep it for yourself. You have to release those. So it's just, like, set the norms in a lot of ways, I'm not the bully. Sounds bad, but I mean, it's just like there is a lot of pressure. It looks bad if something is closed source.AARONYeah, it's kind of weird that Meta I don't know, does Meta really think it's in their I don't know. Most economic take on this would be like, oh, they somehow think it's in their shareholders interest to open source.HOLLYThere are a lot of speculations on why they're doing this. One is that? Yeah, their models aren't as good as the top labs, but if it's open source, then open source quote, unquote then people will integrate it llama Two into their apps. Or People Will Use It And Become I don't know, it's a little weird because I don't know why using llama Two commits you to using llama Three or something, but it just ways for their models to get in in places where if you just had to pay for their models too, people would go for better ones. That's one thing. Another is, yeah, I guess these are too speculative. I don't want to be seen repeating them since I'm about to do this purchase. But there's speculation that it's in best interests in various ways to do this. I think it's possible also that just like so what happened with the release of Llama One is they were going to allow approved people to download the weights, but then within four days somebody had leaked Llama One on four chan and then they just were like, well, whatever, we'll just release the weights. And then they released Llama Two with the weights from the beginning. And it's not like 100% clear that they intended to do full open source or what they call Open source. And I keep saying it's not open source because this is like a little bit of a tricky point to make. So I'm not emphasizing it too much. So they say that they're open source, but they're not. The algorithms are not open source. There are open source ML models that have everything open sourced and I don't think that that's good. I think that's worse. So I don't want to criticize them for that. But they're saying it's open source because there's all this goodwill associated with open source. But actually what they're doing is releasing the product for free or like trade secrets even you could say like things that should be trade secrets. And yeah, they're telling people how to make it themselves. So it's like a little bit of a they're intentionally using this label that has a lot of positive connotations but probably according to Open Source Initiative, which makes the open Source license, it should be called something else or there should just be like a new category for LLMs being but I don't want things to be more open. It could easily sound like a rebuke that it should be more open to make that point. But I also don't want to call it Open source because I think Open source software should probably does deserve a lot of its positive connotation, but they're not releasing the part, that the software part because that would cut into their business. I think it would be much worse. I think they shouldn't do it. But I also am not clear on this because the Open Source ML critics say that everyone does have access to the same data set as Llama Two. But I don't know. Llama Two had 7 billion tokens and that's more than GPT Four. And I don't understand all of the details here. It's possible that the tokenization process was different or something and that's why there were more. But Meta didn't say what was in the longitude data set and usually there's some description given of what's in the data set that led some people to speculate that maybe they're using private data. They do have access to a lot of private data that shouldn't be. It's not just like the common crawl backup of the Internet. Everybody's basing their training on that and then maybe some works of literature they're not supposed to. There's like a data set there that is in question, but metas is bigger than bigger than I think well, sorry, I don't have a list in front of me. I'm not going to get stuff wrong, but it's bigger than kind of similar models and I thought that they have access to extra stuff that's not public. And it seems like people are asking if maybe that's part of the training set. But yeah, the ML people would have or the open source ML people that I've been talking to would have believed that anybody who's decent can just access all of the training sets that they've all used.AARONAside, I tried to download in case I'm guessing, I don't know, it depends how many people listen to this. But in one sense, for a competent ML engineer, I'm sure open source really does mean that. But then there's people like me. I don't know. I knew a little bit of R, I think. I feel like I caught on the very last boat where I could know just barely enough programming to try to learn more, I guess. Coming out of college, I don't know, a couple of months ago, I tried to do the thing where you download Llama too, but I tried it all and now I just have like it didn't work. I have like a bunch of empty folders and I forget got some error message or whatever. Then I tried to train my own tried to train my own model on my MacBook. It just printed. That's like the only thing that a language model would do because that was like the most common token in the training set. So anyway, I'm just like, sorry, this is not important whatsoever.HOLLYYeah, I feel like torn about this because I used to be a genomicist and I used to do computational biology and it was not machine learning, but I used a highly parallel GPU cluster. And so I know some stuff about it and part of me wants to mess around with it, but part of me feels like I shouldn't get seduced by this. I am kind of worried that this has happened in the AI safety community. It's always been people who are interested in from the beginning, it was people who are interested in singularity and then realized there was this problem. And so it's always been like people really interested in tech and wanting to be close to it. And I think we've been really influenced by our direction, has been really influenced by wanting to be where the action is with AI development. And I don't know that that was right.AARONNot personal, but I guess individual level I'm not super worried about people like you and me losing the plot by learning more about ML on their personal.HOLLYYou know what I mean? But it does just feel sort of like I guess, yeah, this is maybe more of like a confession than, like a point. But it does feel a little bit like it's hard for me to enjoy in good conscience, like, the cool stuff.AARONOkay. Yeah.HOLLYI just see people be so attached to this as their identity. They really don't want to go in a direction of not pursuing tech because this is kind of their whole thing. And what would they do if we weren't working toward AI? This is a big fear that people express to me with they don't say it in so many words usually, but they say things like, well, I don't want AI to never get built about a pause. Which, by the way, just to clear up, my assumption is that a pause would be unless society ends for some other reason, that a pause would eventually be lifted. It couldn't be forever. But some people are worried that if you stop the momentum now, people are just so luddite in their insides that we would just never pick it up again. Or something like that. And, yeah, there's some identity stuff that's been expressed. Again, not in so many words to me about who will we be if we're just sort of like activists instead of working on.AARONMaybe one thing that we might actually disagree on. It's kind of important is whether so I think we both agree that Aipause is better than the status quo, at least broadly, whatever. I know that can mean different things, but yeah, maybe I'm not super convinced, actually, that if I could just, like what am I trying to say? Maybe at least right now, if I could just imagine the world where open eye and Anthropic had a couple more years to do stuff and nobody else did, that would be better. I kind of think that they are reasonably responsible actors. And so I don't know. I don't think that actually that's not an actual possibility. But, like, maybe, like, we have a different idea about, like, the degree to which, like, a problem is just, like, a million different not even a million, but, say, like, a thousand different actors, like, having increasingly powerful models versus, like, the actual, like like the actual, like, state of the art right now, being plausibly near a dangerous threshold or something. Does this make any sense to you?HOLLYBoth those things are yeah, and this is one thing I really like about the pause position is that unlike a lot of proposals that try to allow for alignment, it's not really close to a bad choice. It's just more safe. I mean, it might be foregoing some value if there is a way to get an aligned AI faster. But, yeah, I like the pause position because it's kind of robust to this. I can't claim to know more about alignment than OpenAI or anthropic staff. I think they know much more about it. But I have fundamental doubts about the concept of alignment that make me think I'm concerned about even if things go right, like, what perverse consequences go nominally right, like, what perverse consequences could follow from that. I have, I don't know, like a theory of psychology that's, like, not super compatible with alignment. Like, I think, like yeah, like humans in living in society together are aligned with each other, but the society is a big part of that. The people you're closest to are also my background in evolutionary biology has a lot to do with genetic conflict.AARONWhat is that?HOLLYGenetic conflict is so interesting. Okay, this is like the most fascinating topic in biology, but it's like, essentially that in a sexual species, you're related to your close family, you're related to your ken, but you're not the same as them. You have different interests. And mothers and fathers of the same children have largely overlapping interests, but they have slightly different interests in what happens with those children. The payoff to mom is different than the payoff to dad per child. One of the classic genetic conflict arenas and one that my advisor worked on was my advisor was David Haig, was pregnancy. So mom and dad both want an offspring that's healthy. But mom is thinking about all of her offspring into the future. When she thinks about how much.AARONWhen.HOLLYMom is giving resources to one baby, that is in some sense depleting her ability to have future children. But for dad, unless the species is.AARONPerfect, might be another father in the future.HOLLYYeah, it's in his interest to take a little more. And it's really interesting. Like the tissues that the placenta is an androgenetic tissue. This is all kind of complicated. I'm trying to gloss over some details, but it's like guided more by genes that are active in when they come from the father, which there's this thing called genomic imprinting that first, and then there's this back and forth. There's like this evolution between it's going to serve alleles that came from dad imprinted, from dad to ask for more nutrients, even if that's not good for the mother and not what the mother wants. So the mother's going to respond. And you can see sometimes alleles are pretty mismatched and you get like, mom's alleles want a pretty big baby and a small placenta. So sometimes you'll see that and then dad's alleles want a big placenta and like, a smaller baby. These are so cool, but they're so hellishly complicated to talk about because it involves a bunch of genetic concepts that nobody talks about for any other reason.AARONI'm happy to talk about that. Maybe part of that dips below or into the weeds threshold, which I've kind of lost it, but I'm super interested in this stuff.HOLLYYeah, anyway, so the basic idea is just that even the people that you're closest with and cooperate with the most, they tend to be clearly this is predicated on our genetic system. There's other and even though ML sort of evolves similarly to natural selection through gradient descent, it doesn't have the same there's no recombination, there's not genes, so there's a lot of dis analogies there. But the idea that being aligned to our psychology would just be like one thing. Our psychology is pretty conditional. I would agree that it could be one thing if we had a VNM utility function and you could give it to AGI, I would think, yes, that captures it. But even then, that utility function, it covers when you're in conflict with someone, it covers different scenarios. And so I just am like not when people say alignment. I think what they're imagining is like an omniscient. God, who knows what would be best? And that is different than what I think could be meant by just aligning values.AARONNo, I broadly very much agree, although I do think at least this is my perception, is that based on the right 95 to 2010 Miri corpus or whatever, alignment was like alignment meant something that was kind of not actually possible in the way that you're saying. But now that we have it seems like actually humans have been able to get ML models to understand basically human language pretty shockingly. Well, and so actually, just the concern about maybe I'm sort of losing my train of thought a little bit, but I guess maybe alignment and misalignment aren't as binary as they were initially foreseen to be or something. You can still get a language model, for example, that tries to well, I guess there's different types of misleading but be deceptive or tamper with its reward function or whatever. Or you can get one that's sort of like earnestly trying to do the thing that its user wants. And that's not an incoherent concept anymore.HOLLYNo, it's not. Yeah, so yes, there is like, I guess the point of bringing up the VNM utility function was that there was sort of in the past a way that you could mathematically I don't know, of course utility functions are still real, but that's not what we're thinking anymore. We're thinking more like training and getting the gist of what and then getting corrections when you're not doing the right thing according to our values. But yeah, sorry. So the last piece I should have said originally was that I think with humans we're already substantially unaligned, but a lot of how we work together is that we have roughly similar capabilities. And if the idea of making AGI is to have much greater capabilities than we have, that's the whole point. I just think when you scale up like that, the divisions in your psyche or are just going to be magnified as well. And this is like an informal view that I've been developing for a long time, but just that it's actually the low capabilities that allows alignment or similar capabilities that makes alignment possible. And then there are, of course, mathematical structures that could be aligned at different capabilities. So I guess I have more hope if you could find the utility function that would describe this. But if it's just a matter of acting in distribution, when you increase your capabilities, you're going to go out of distribution or you're going to go in different contexts, and then the magnitude of mismatch is going to be huge. I wish I had a more formal way of describing this, but that's like my fundamental skepticism right now that makes me just not want anyone to build it. I think that you could have very sophisticated ideas about alignment, but then still just with not when you increase capabilities enough, any little chink is going to be magnified and it could be yeah.AARONSeems largely right, I guess. You clearly have a better mechanistic understanding of ML.HOLLYI don't know. My PiBBs project was to compare natural selection and gradient descent and then compare gradient hacking to miotic drive, which is the most analogous biological this is a very cool thing, too. Meatic drive. So Meiosis, I'll start with that for everyone.AARONThat's one of the cell things.HOLLYYes. Right. So Mitosis is the one where cells just divide in your body to make more skin. But Meiosis is the special one where you go through two divisions to make gametes. So you go from like we normally have two sets of chromosomes in each cell, but the gametes, they recombine between the chromosomes. You get different combinations with new chromosomes and then they divide again to bring them down to one copy each. And then like that, those are your gametes. And the gametes eggs come together with sperm to make a zygote and the cycle goes on. But during Meiosis, the point of it is to I mean, I'm going to just assert some things that are not universally accepted, but I think this is by far the best explanation. But the point of it is to take this like, you have this huge collection of genes that might have individually different interests, and you recombine them so that they don't know which genes they're going to be with in the next generation. They know which genes they're going to be with, but which allele of those genes. So I'm going to maybe simplify some terminology because otherwise, what's to stop a bunch of genes from getting together and saying, like, hey, if we just hack the Meiosis system or like the division system to get into the gametes, we can get into the gametes at a higher rate than 50%. And it doesn't matter. We don't have to contribute to making this body. We can just work on that.AARONWhat is to stop that?HOLLYYeah, well, Meiosis is to stop that. Meiosis is like a government system for the genes. It makes it so that they can't plan to be with a little cabal in the next generation because they have some chance of getting separated. And so their best chance is to just focus on making a good organism. But you do see lots of examples in nature of where that cooperation is breaking down. So some group of genes has found an exploit and it is fucking up the species. Species do go extinct because of this. It's hard to witness this happening. But there are several species. There's this species of cedar that has a form of this which is, I think, maternal genome. It's maternal genome elimination. So when the zygote comes together, the maternal chromosomes are just thrown away and it's like terrible because that affects the way that the thing works and grows, that it's put them in a death spiral and they're probably going to be extinct. And they're trees, so they live a long time, but they're probably going to be extinct in the next century. There's lots of ways to hack meiosis to get temporary benefit for genes. This, by the way, I just think is like nail in the coffin. Obviously, gene centered view is the best evolutionarily. What is the best the gene centered view of evolution.AARONAs opposed to sort of standard, I guess, high school college thing would just be like organisms.HOLLYYeah, would be individuals. Not that there's not an accurate way to talk in terms of individuals or even in terms of groups, but to me, conceptually.AARONThey'Re all legit in some sense. Yeah, you could talk about any of them. Did anybody take like a quirk level? Probably not. That whatever comes below the level of a gene, like an individual.HOLLYWell, there is argument about what is a gene because there's multiple concepts of genes. You could look at what's the part that makes a protein or you can look at what is the unit that tends to stay together in recombination or something like over time.AARONI'm sorry, I feel like I cut you off. It's something interesting. There was meiosis.HOLLYMeiotic drive is like the process of hacking meiosis so that a handful of genes can be more represented in the next generation. So otherwise the only way to get more represented in the next generation is to just make a better organism, like to be naturally selected. But you can just cheat and be like, well, if I'm in 90% of the sperm, I will be next in the next generation. And essentially meiosis has to work for natural selection to work in large organisms with a large genome and then yeah, ingredient descent. We thought the analogy was going to be with gradient hacking, that there would possibly be some analogy. But I think that the recombination thing is really the key in Meadic Drive. And then there's really nothing like that in.AARONThere'S. No selection per se. I don't know, maybe that doesn't. Make a whole lot of sense.HOLLYWell, I mean, in gradient, there's no.AARONG in analog, right?HOLLYThere's no gene analog. Yeah, but there is, like I mean, it's a hill climbing algorithm, like natural selection. So this is especially, I think, easy to see if you're familiar with adaptive landscapes, which looks very similar to I mean, if you look at a schematic or like a model of an illustration of gradient descent, it looks very similar to adaptive landscapes. They're both, like, in dimensional spaces, and you're looking at vectors at any given point. So the adaptive landscape concept that's usually taught for evolution is, like, on one axis you have fitness, and on the other axis you have well, you can have a lot of things, but you have and you have fitness of a population, and then you have fitness on the other axis. And what it tells you is the shape of the curve there tells you which direction evolution is going to push or natural selection is going to push each generation. And so with gradient descent, there's, like, finding the gradient to get to the lowest value of the cost function, to get to a local minimum at every step. And you follow that. And so that part is very similar to natural selection, but the Miosis hacking just has a different mechanism than gradient hacking would. Gradient hacking probably has to be more about I kind of thought that there was a way for this to work. If fine tuning creates a different compartment that doesn't there's not full backpropagation, so there's like kind of two different compartments in the layers or something. But I don't know if that's right. My collaborator doesn't seem to think that that's very interesting. I don't know if they don't even.AARONKnow what backup that's like a term I've heard like a billion times.HOLLYIt's updating all the weights and all the layers based on that iteration.AARONAll right. I mean, I can hear those words. I'll have to look it up later.HOLLYYou don't have to full I think there are probably things I'm not understanding about the ML process very well, but I had thought that it was something like yeah, like in yeah, sorry, it's probably too tenuous. But anyway, yeah, I've been working on this a little bit for the last year, but I'm not super sharp on my arguments about that.AARONWell, I wouldn't notice. You can kind of say whatever, and I'll nod along.HOLLYI got to guard my reputation off the cuff anymore.AARONWe'll edit it so you're correct no matter what.HOLLYHave you ever edited the Oohs and UMS out of a podcast and just been like, wow, I sound so smart? Like, even after you heard yourself the first time, you do the editing yourself, but then you listen to it and you're like, who is this person? Looks so smart.AARONI haven't, but actually, the 80,000 Hours After hours podcast, the first episode of theirs, I interviewed Rob and his producer Kieran Harris, and that they have actual professional sound editing. And so, yeah, I went from totally incoherent, not totally incoherent, but sarcastically totally incoherent to sounding like a normal person. Because of that.HOLLYI used to use it to take my laughter out of I did a podcast when I was an organizer at Harvard. Like, I did the Harvard Effective Alchruism podcast, and I laughed a lot more than I did now than I do now, which is kind of like and we even got comments about it. We got very few comments, but they were like, girl hosts laughs too much. But when I take my laughter out, I would do it myself. I was like, wow, this does sound suddenly, like, so much more serious.AARONYeah, I don't know. Yeah, I definitely say like and too much. So maybe I will try to actually.HOLLYRealistically, that sounds like so much effort, it's not really worth it. And nobody else really notices. But I go through periods where I say like, a lot, and when I hear myself back in interviews, that really bugs me.AARONYeah.HOLLYGod, it sounds so stupid.AARONNo. Well, I'm definitely worse. Yeah. I'm sure there'll be a way to automate this. Well, not sure, but probably not too distant.HOLLYFuture people were sending around, like, transcripts of Trump to underscore how incoherent he is. I'm like, I sound like that sometimes.AARONOh, yeah, same. I didn't actually realize that this is especially bad. When I get this transcribed, I don't know how people this is a good example. Like the last 10 seconds, if I get it transcribed, it'll make no sense whatsoever. But there's like a free service called AssemblyAI Playground where it does free drAARONased transcription and that makes sense. But if we just get this transcribed without identifying who's speaking, it'll be even worse than that. Yeah, actually this is like a totally random thought, but I actually spent not zero amount of effort trying to figure out how to combine the highest quality transcription, like whisper, with the slightly less goodAARONased transcriptions. You could get the speaker you could infer who's speaking based on the lower quality one, but then replace incorrect words with correct words. And I never I don't know, I'm.HOLLYSure somebody that'd be nice. I would do transcripts if it were that easy, but I just never have but it is annoying because I do like to give people the chance to veto certain segments and that can get tough because even if I talk you.AARONHave podcasts that I don't know about.HOLLYWell, I used to have the Harvard one, which is called the turning test. And then yeah, I do have I.AARONProbably listened to that and didn't know it was you.HOLLYOkay, maybe Alish was the other host.AARONI mean, it's been a little while since yeah.HOLLYAnd then on my I like, publish audio stuff sometimes, but it's called low effort. To underscore.AARONOh, yeah, I didn't actually. Okay. Great minds think alike. Low effort podcasts are the future. In fact, this is super intelligent.HOLLYI just have them as a way to catch up with friends and stuff and talk about their lives in a way that might recorded conversations are just better. You're more on and you get to talk about stuff that's interesting but feels too like, well, you already know this if you're not recording it.AARONOkay, well, I feel like there's a lot of people that I interact with casually that I don't actually they have these rich online profiles and somehow I don't know about it or something. I mean, I could know about it, but I just never clicked their substack link for some reason. So I will be listening to your casual.HOLLYActually, in the 15 minutes you gave us when we pushed back the podcast, I found something like a practice talk I had given and put it on it. So that's audio that I just cool. But that's for paid subscribers. I like to give them a little something.AARONNo, I saw that. I did two minutes of research or whatever. Cool.HOLLYYeah. It's a little weird. I've always had that blog as very low effort, just whenever I feel like it. And that's why it's lasted so long. But I did start doing paid and I do feel like more responsibility to the paid subscribers now.AARONYeah. Kind of the reason that I started this is because whenever I feel so much I don't know, it's very hard for me to write a low effort blog post. Even the lowest effort one still takes at the end of the day, it's like several hours. Oh, I'm going to bang it out in half an hour and no matter what, my brain doesn't let me do that.HOLLYThat usually takes 4 hours. Yeah, I have like a four hour and an eight hour.AARONWow. I feel like some people apparently Scott Alexander said that. Oh, yeah. He just writes as fast as he talks and he just clicks send or whatever. It's like, oh, if I could do.HOLLYThat, I would have written in those paragraphs. It's crazy. Yeah, you see that when you see him in person. I've never met him, I've never talked to him, but I've been to meetups where he was and I'm at this conference or not there right now this week that he's supposed to be at.AARONOh, manifest.HOLLYYeah.AARONNice. Okay.HOLLYCool Lighthaven. They're now calling. It looks amazing. Rose Garden. And no.AARONI like, vaguely noticed. Think I've been to Berkeley, I think twice. Right? Definitely. This is weird. Definitely once.HOLLYBerkeley is awesome. Yeah.AARONI feel like sort of decided consciously not to try to, or maybe not decided forever, but had a period of time where I was like, oh, I should move there, or we'll move there. But then I was like I think being around other EA's in high and rational high concentration activates my status brain or something. It is very less personally bad. And DC is kind of sus that I was born here and also went to college here and maybe is also a good place to live. But I feel like maybe it's actually just true.HOLLYI think it's true. I mean, I always like the DCAS. I think they're very sane.AARONI think both clusters should be more like the other one a little bit.HOLLYI think so. I love Berkeley and I think I'm really enjoying it because I'm older than you. I think if you have your own personality before coming to Berkeley, that's great, but you can easily get swept. It's like Disneyland for all the people I knew on the internet, there's a physical version of them here and you can just walk it's all in walking distance. That's all pretty cool. Especially during the pandemic. I was not around almost any friends and now I see friends every day and I get to do cool stuff. And the culture is som

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It's time to enroll the big bad in a morality seminar, and more accidental good advice Find out more at https://the-probably-bad-podcast.pinecast.co

Link to bioRxiv paper: http://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.07.10.548332v1?rss=1 Authors: Herruzo, E., Sanchez-Diaz, E., Gonzalez-Arranz, S., Santos, B., Carballo, J. A., San-Segundo, P. A. Abstract: The meiotic recombination checkpoint reinforces the order of events during meiotic prophase I, ensuring the accurate distribution of chromosomes to the gametes. The AAA+ ATPase Pch2 remodels the Hop1 axial protein enabling adequate levels of Hop1-T318 phosphorylation to support the ensuing checkpoint response. While these events are focalized at chromosome axes, the checkpoint activating function of Pch2 relies on its cytoplasmic population. In contrast, forced nuclear accumulation of Pch2 leads to checkpoint inactivation. Here, we reveal the mechanism by which Pch2 travels from the cell nucleus to the cytoplasm to maintain Pch2 cellular homeostasis. Leptomycin B treatment provokes the nuclear accumulation of Pch2, indicating that its nucleocytoplasmic transport is mediated by the Crm1 exportin recognizing proteins containing Nuclear Export Signals (NESs). Consistently, leptomycin B leads to checkpoint inactivation and impaired Hop1 axial localization. Pch2 nucleocytoplasmic traffic is independent of its association with Zip1 and Orc1. We also identify a conserved functional NES in the non-catalytic N-terminal domain of Pch2 that is required for its nucleocytoplasmic traffic and proper checkpoint activity. In sum, we unveil another layer of control of Pch2 function during meiosis involving the nuclear export via the exportin pathway that is crucial to maintain the critical balance of Pch2 distribution among different cellular compartments. Copy rights belong to original authors. Visit the link for more info Podcast created by Paper Player, LLC

Link to bioRxiv paper: http://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.03.17.532993v1?rss=1 Authors: Draeger, T. N., Rey, M.-D., Hayta, S., Smedley, M., Alabdullah, A.-K., Moore, G., Martin, A. C. Abstract: Tetraploid and hexaploid wheat have multiple genomes, with successful meiosis and preservation of fertility relying on synapsis and crossover only taking place between homologous chromosomes. In hexaploid wheat, the major meiotic gene TaZIP4-B2 (Ph1) on chromosome 5B, promotes crossover between homologous chromosomes, whilst suppressing crossover between homeologous (related) chromosomes. Tetraploid wheat has three ZIP4 copies: TtZIP4-A1 on chromosome 3A, TtZIP4-B1 on 3B and TtZIP4-B2 on 5B. Previous studies showed that ZIP4 mutations eliminate approximately 85% of crossovers, consistent with loss of the class I crossover pathway. Here, we show that disruption of two ZIP4 gene copies in Ttzip4-A1B1 double mutants, results in a 76-78% reduction in crossovers when compared to wild-type plants. Moreover, when all three copies are disrupted in Ttzip4-A1B1B2 triple mutants, crossover is reduced by over 95%, suggesting that the TtZIP4-B2 copy is also affecting class II crossovers. This implies that, in wheat, the class I and class II crossover pathways may be interlinked. When ZIP4 duplicated and diverged from chromosome 3B on wheat polyploidization, the new 5B copy, TaZIP4-B2, may have acquired an additional function to stabilize both crossover pathways. In plants deficient in all three ZIP4 copies, synapsis is delayed and does not complete, consistent with our previous studies in hexaploid wheat, when a similar delay in synapsis was observed in a 59.3Mb deletion mutant, ph1b, encompassing the TaZIP4-B2 gene on chromosome 5B. These findings confirm the requirement of ZIP4-B2 for efficient synapsis, and suggest that TtZIP4 genes have a stronger effect on synapsis than previously described in Arabidopsis and rice. Thus, ZIP4-B2 accounts for the two major phenotypes reported for Ph1, promotion of homologous synapsis and suppression of homeologous crossover. Copy rights belong to original authors. Visit the link for more info Podcast created by Paper Player, LLC

Link to bioRxiv paper: http://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.02.03.526942v1?rss=1 Authors: Lopez-Jimenez, P., Berenguer, I., G. de Aledo, J., Parra, M. T., Page, J., Gomez Lencero, R. Abstract: Male mouse meiosis has been traditionally studied using descriptive methods like histological sections, spreading or squashing techniques, which allow the observation of fixed meiocytes in either wildtype or genetically modified mice. For these studies, the sacrifice of the males and the extraction of the testicles are required to obtain the material of study. Other functional in vivo studies include the administration of intravenous or intraperitoneal drugs, or the exposure to mutagenic agents or generators of DNA damage, in order to study their impact on meiosis progression. However, in these studies, the exposure times or drug concentration are important limitations to consider when acknowledging animal welfare. Recently, several approaches have been proposed to offer alternative methodologies that allow the in vitro study of spermatocytes with a considerable reduction in the use of animals. Here we revisit and validate an optimal technique of organotypic culture of fragments of seminiferous tubules for meiotic studies. This technique is a trustable methodology to develop functional studies that preserve the histological configuration of the seminiferous tubule, aim homogeneity of the procedures (the use of the same animal for different study conditions), and allow procedures that would compromise the animal welfare. Therefore, this methodology is highly recommendable for the study of meiosis and spermatogenesis, while it supports the principle of 3Rs for animal research. Copy rights belong to original authors. Visit the link for more info Podcast created by Paper Player, LLC

Link to bioRxiv paper: http://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2022.12.27.522002v1?rss=1 Authors: Ghosh, S. K., Shah, S., Mittal, P., Kumar, D., Mittal, A. Abstract: The characteristic bi-lobed organization of the kinetochores observed during mitotic metaphase is a result of separation of the sister kinetochores into two clusters upon their stable end-on attachment to the microtubules emanating from opposite spindle poles. In contrast, during metaphase I of meiosis despite bi-orientation of the homologs, we observe that the kinetochores are linearly dispersed between the two spindle poles indicating that pole-distal and pole-proximal kinetochores are attached laterally and end-on, respectively to the microtubules. Colocalization studies of kinetochores and kinesin motors suggest that budding yeast kinesin 5, Cin8 and Kip1 perhaps localize to the end-on attached kinetochores while kinesin 8, Kip3 resides at all the kinetochores. Unlike mitosis in budding yeast, in meiosis, the outer kinetochores assemble much later after prophase I. From the findings including co-appearance of kinesin 5 and the outer kinetochore protein Ndc80 at the centromeres after prophase I and a reduction in Ndc80 level in Cin8 null mutant, we propose that kinesin motors are required for reassembly and stability of the kinetochores during early meiosis. Thus, this work reports yet another meiosis specific function of kinesin motor. Copy rights belong to original authors. Visit the link for more info Podcast created by Paper Player, LLC

Link to bioRxiv paper: http://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2022.12.22.521673v1?rss=1 Authors: Zhang, R., Feng, W., Qian, S., Li, S., Wang, F. Abstract: In budding yeast, Rim4 sequesters a subset of meiotic transcripts and essentially suppresses their translation until being degraded at the end of meiosis I. We found that Rim4 loads mRNAs in the nucleus as a prerequisite for relocating Rim4 into the cytoplasm, where mRNAs protect Rim4 from autophagy. Nonetheless, the underlying mechanism remains unknown. Using genetic, biochemical, and cell imaging approaches, here, we revealed that phosphorylation states regulate Rim4's intracellular interactions with mRNAs and the yeast 14-3-3 proteins Bmh1 and Bmh2. Our data showed that Rim4 forms a heterotrimeric complex with Bmh1 and Bmh2 via multiple phosphorylated sites with the consensus of a PKA kinase target. Remarkably, the Bmh1/2-Rim4 complex excludes mRNAs and is resistant to autophagy. We further found that Cdc14, a conserved cell cycle phosphatase, binds to a canonical Cdc14 docking site (PxL) in Rim4's C-terminal low complexity domain (LCD) to de-phosphorylate Rim4 at multiple sites, resulting in Bmh1/2-Rim4 disassembly. Notably, before meiotic cell divisions, Cdc14 primarily resides in the nucleus, where mRNAs are transcribed. Therefore, Cdc14-triggered Bmh1/2 dissociation facilitates the nuclear Rim4 to target and sequester the nascent mRNAs. In contrast, during the meiotic divisions, Rim4-sequestered mRNAs are released for translation, while Cdc14 mediates Rim4-Bmh1/2 disassembly in the cytoplasm due to its temporary cytoplasmic relocation at the anaphases; subsequently, loss of protection from mRNAs and Bmh1/2 leads to autophagy-mediated Rim4 degradation at this stage. We conclude that phosphorylation states spatiotemporally regulate Rim4's meiotic interactions, subcellular localization, and stability, regulated by Cdc14. Copy rights belong to original authors. Visit the link for more info Podcast created by Paper Player, LLC

Link to bioRxiv paper: http://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2022.12.19.520819v1?rss=1 Authors: Evatt, J. M., Chuong, H. H., Meyer, R. E., Dawson, D. S. Abstract: Proper chromosome segregation in meiosis I relies on the formation of connections between homologous chromosomes. Crossovers between homologs provide a connection that allows them to attach correctly to the meiosis I spindle. Tension is transmitted across the crossover when the partners attach to microtubules from opposing poles of the spindle. Tension stabilizes microtubule attachments that will pull the partners towards opposite poles at anaphase. Paradoxically, in many organisms, non-crossover partners segregate correctly. The mechanism by which non-crossover partners become bi-oriented on the meiotic spindle is unknown. Both crossover and non-crossover partners pair their centromeres in early in meiosis (prophase). In budding yeast, centromere pairing, is correlated with subsequent correct segregation of the partners. The mechanism by which centromere pairing, in prophase, promotes later correct attachment of the partners to the metaphase spindle is unknown. We used live cell imaging to track the bi-orientation process of non-crossover chromosomes. We find that centromere pairing allows the establishment of connections between the partners that allows their later interdependent attachment to the meiotic spindle using tension-sensing bi-orientation machinery. Because all chromosome pairs experience centromere pairing, our findings suggest that crossover chromosomes also utilize this mechanism to achieve maximal segregation fidelity. Copy rights belong to original authors. Visit the link for more info Podcast created by Paper Player, LLC

Link to bioRxiv paper: http://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2022.11.11.516072v1?rss=1 Authors: Dunleavy, J. E., Graffeo, M., Wozniak, K., O'Connor, A. E., Merriner, D. J., Nguyen, J., Schittenhelm, R. B., Houston, B. J., O'Bryan, M. Abstract: Katanin microtubule severing enzymes are potent M-phase regulators in oocytes and somatic cells. How the complex, and evolutionarily critical, male mammalian meiotic spindle is sculpted remains unknown. Here, using multiple single and double gene knockout mice, we reveal that the canonical katanin A-subunit, KATNA1, and its close paralogue, KATNAL1, together execute multiple aspects of meiosis. We show KATNA1 and KATNAL1 collectively regulate the male meiotic spindle, cytokinesis and midbody abscission, in addition to diverse spermatid remodelling events, including Golgi organisation, and acrosome and manchette formation. We also define KATNAL1-specific roles in sperm flagella development, manchette regulation, and sperm-epithelial disengagement. Finally, using proteomic approaches we define the KATNA1, KATNAL1, and KATNB1 mammalian testis interactome, which includes a network of cytoskeletal and vesicle trafficking proteins. Collectively, we reveal the presence of multiple katanin A-subunit paralogs in mammalian spermatogenesis allows for 'customized cutting' via neofunctionalization and protective buffering via gene redundancy. Copy rights belong to original authors. Visit the link for more info Podcast created by Paper Player, LLC

Link to bioRxiv paper: http://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2022.11.04.514992v1?rss=1 Authors: Leem, J., Kim, J.-S., Oh, J. S. Abstract: Because DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) greatly threaten genomic integrity, effective DNA damage sensing and repair are essential for cellular survival in all organisms. However, DSB repair mainly occurs during the interphase and is repressed during mitosis. Here, we show that, unlike mitotic cells, oocytes can repair DSBs during meiosis through microtubule-dependent chromosomal recruitment of the CIP2A-MDC1-TOPBP1 complex from spindle poles. After DSB induction, we observed spindle shrinkage and stabilization, as well as BRCA1 and 53BP1 recruitment to chromosomes and subsequent DSB repair during meiosis I. Moreover, p-MDC1 and p-TOPBP1 were recruited from spindle poles to chromosomes in a CIP2A-dependent manner. This pole-to-chromosome relocation of the CIP2A-MDC1-TOPBP1 complex was impaired not only by depolymerizing microtubules but also by depleting CENP-A or HEC1, indicating that the kinetochore/centromere serves as a structural hub for microtubule-dependent transport of the CIP2A-MDC1-TOPBP1 complex. Mechanistically, DSB-induced CIP2A-MDC1-TOPBP1 relocation is regulated by PLK1 but not by ATM activity. Our data provide new insights into the critical crosstalk between chromosomes and spindle microtubules in response to DNA damage to maintain genomic stability during oocyte meiosis. Copy rights belong to original authors. Visit the link for more info Podcast created by Paper Player, LLC

Meiosis is the process by which cells cut themselves in half to make halfling children wriggling alone in the dark incomplete forever. A farming accident is the process by which Sal lost his danglin' nuts. Learn how the two are CONNECTED. Invocation Petitions for the Newly Greastised Liturgical Reading: Two Testicles in the Indiana Clay Conclusions You will always seek the Story, and in two weeks, your efforts will yield F-F-F-FRUIT. MERCH: http://BabyNeedsDaddy.com BOOKS: http://thestorymustbetold.com PATREON: https://www.patreon.com/tsmbt

The XY sex-determination system of therian mammals has persisted for over 160 million years: but why? In this episode Aurora Ruiz-Herrera (Autonomous University of Barcelona) and Paul Waters (University of New South Wales) discuss the evolution of sex chromosomes and role of meiosis. This episode explores the recent Heredity paper: “Fragile, unfaithful and persistent Ys—on how meiosis can shape sex chromosome evolution” See acast.com/privacy for privacy and opt-out information.

We hope to see you at the Kansas City No Agenda Meetup this Saturday, November 13th at 3:33 PM! THANK YOU, PRODUCERS! Thank you to our executive producers for Bowl After Bowl Episode 113: Meiosis, Fletcher, cottongin, AbleKirby and harvhat! You won't find any boring commercials here! Bowl After Bowl is recorded LIVE every Tuesday at 9:30 CT on the value-for-value model, meaning all content is FREE for everyone to enjoy. Just don't be a mooch! If you enjoy what you hear in the Bowl, don't be a mooch! Send us some value. From art and jingles to news stories, magic number sightings, crypto or fun fiat coupons, or leaving us a voicemail at (816) 607-3663. Simplest of all, pass the Bowl to a friend!  CRYPTO COGNIZANCE DuhLaurien took part in her first ring of fire as SirSpencer readies to launch his third. TOP THREE 33 Two Michigan counties have seen a 33% increase in drug-related deaths this year US lifts travel ban from 33 countries including Canada -- if fully vaccinated. These are different countries than those mentioned on Episode 105: The Ocean People. Thanks for catching this, Christopher Battles!  New York among 33 states considering end to daylight saving time: Lawmakers say time to end 'very cumbersome practice' Hooch death toll rises to 33 in Bihar CAN'T STOP COOFING 33 new cases: Delhi, Shillong (India), Sudbury (Canada), Centre County (PA) 33 deaths: Sudbury (Canada), Wadena County (MN) BEHIND THE CURTAIN NOVEMBER VOTER TURNOUT Santa Cruz, CA voters approved a ballot measure to direct marijuana tax revenue to children's programs Colorado voters rejected the ballot initiative that would have increased state marijuana taxes to fund an education program and a separate Denver measure to boost local cannabis taxes to fund pandemic research also failed Lamar, Colorado voters approved ballot measures to allow and tax marijuana sales Mead, Colorado voters rejected a measure to repeal an existing ban on cannabis sales Randolph and Methuen Massachusetts rejected ballot measures to allow recreational dispensaries Detroit voters approved a ballot initiative to decriminalize psychedelics Lapeer, Michigan voters rejected a ballot measure that would have banned recreational businesses Clawson, Michigan voters rejected a proposal that would have allowed recreational businesses Voters in Billings, Montana rejected a ballot measure that would have allowed recreational dispensaries while voters in Missoula County, Park County, and Yellowstone County approved 3% cannabis tax proposals Five of six Central New York towns/villages voted to allow retail marijuana stores Voters in seven Ohio cities approved local decriminalization ballot measures bringing the total number of jurisdictions enacting reform to 29 -- but seven cities rejected cannabis measures Mill City, Oregon voters approved a ballot measure to allow marijuana sales while Estacada voters approved a 3% tax on canna sales Philadelphia voters passed a referendum adding a section to the city charter saying that "the citizens of Philadelphia call upon the PA General Assembly and the governor to pass legislation that will decriminalize, regulate, and tax the use and sale to adults aged 21 years or older of cannabis for non-medical purposes." Massive infrastructure bill includes provisions allowing researchers to study dispensary weed JPMorgan Chase & Co told prime brokerage clients it will no longer let them buy US cannabis-related securities starting this week Filament Health Corporation announced it received FDA approval for what it says is the first clinical trial using naturally-sourced psychedelic substances Microsoft considering constructing data centers and other buildings out of hemp Arkansans for Marijuana Reform submitted a constitutional amendment for the 2022 ballot, the third legalization initiative A federal grand jury issued subpoenas seeking information about payments to public officials and consultants as part of a criminal investigation into marijuana licensing in Baldwin Park, CA and other nearby cities California regulators ordered the destruction of a hemp field after the farmer allegedly applied pesticide that is not approved for use on the crop An Illinois judge approved a schedule for plaintiffs to join a supercase lawsuit challenging regulators' marijuana licensing process Louisiana coroner warns marijuana could soon be laced with deadly fentanyl Michigan Gov. Whitmer signed HB 4295 last Thursday, eliminating the mmj business license ban for people with past convictions A Michigan appeals court upheld a two-year suspension for a doctor who approved nearly 22,000 medical cannabis recommendations in a one-year period Missouri marijuana regulators received two federal grand jury subpoenas last fall, almost a year after authorities issued an initial demand for records from the state Montana Dept of Revenue proposed strict new rules that would prohibit people with any kind of criminal conviction within the past three years from working in the cannabis industry New York regulators approved rules for the cannabinoid hemp program allowing the sale of whole flower and edibles but banning delta-8 THC products Deschutes County, Oregon received a renewed federal grant to combat illegal marijuana cultivation Rapid City (SD) issues first provisional mmj dispensary license Medical cannabis patient card applications are now being accepted in SD SD activists did not gather enough signatures to put legalization on the ballot Delta-8 is temporarily legal in Texas after a district court judge blocked the state from criminalizing the extract DEA signaled delta-8 is not a controlled substance at this time DEA letter sent to Alabama Board of Pharmacy in September DEA and USDA virtual town hall hosted by the Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services in June METAL MOMENT You voted and The Rev. 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Please see You Tube Video here for Crossing Over - Meiosis, NEET Biology For more free online class videos, you can visit our You Tube Channel here Teaching Care provides Online classes by best teachers; online tuition classes, online tutors and live 1-to-1 coaching classes for CBSE, ICSE, IGCSE, IB, state boards, NTSE, Olympiads, JEE and NEET. Best tutorials for English, Mathematics, Science, Physics, Chemistry, Biology, Coding Classes, Computer Science, Accountancy, Business Studies, Economics, Hindi, Engineering etc for class 4th to class 12th to UG & PG levels. Book free trial class at Teaching Care or Call +91-9811000616, +91-9821126195 or Sign Up here for free demo class or email us at hr@teachingcare.com --- Send in a voice message: https://anchor.fm/teachingcare/message

Please see You Tube Video here for Crossing Over - Meiosis, NEET Biology For more free online class videos, you can visit our You Tube Channel here Teaching Care provides Online classes by best teachers; online tuition classes, online tutors and live 1-to-1 coaching classes for CBSE, ICSE, IGCSE, IB, state boards, NTSE, Olympiads, JEE and NEET. Best tutorials for English, Mathematics, Science, Physics, Chemistry, Biology, Coding Classes, Computer Science, Accountancy, Business Studies, Economics, Hindi, Engineering etc for class 4th to class 12th to UG & PG levels. Book free trial class at Teaching Care or Call +91-9811000616, +91-9821126195 or Sign Up here for free demo class or email us at hr@teachingcare.com --- Send in a voice message: https://anchor.fm/teachingcare/message

木原均先生と3倍体種無しスイカについて話しました。Show notes だらけとまみれの違い マルコ・ポーロ … 東方見聞録の人 マルコ・ポーロ … プールの鬼ごっこ 東方見聞録 ジパング 麺の起源 蕎麦粉のガレット ワクワク伝説 Trader Joe's NeuroRadio ピクルス味のポップコーン 種無しスイカがnon GMOなのか？という質問はお控えください。 サイケデリック・マッシュルームやその他のエンテジェニック植物の非犯罪化に向けての協議(サマービル市) … “サマービルは、マサチューセッツ州で初めて、サイケデリック・マッシュルームやその他のエンテジェニック植物の非犯罪化に向けて動き出しました。” しいな 西瓜 シークヮーサー … 小さい「ヮ」って存在するんですね。 スペースワールド H2 … あだち充先生の傑作漫画 木原均 木原均小伝 … 木原ゆり子さんによる回顧録 Kihara. Proc. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. (1951) … “Triploid Watermelons” 3倍体種無しスイカについて英語で発表した最初の論文 スイバ … XY染色体による性決定を行う。高等植物では珍しい。 48. XXXXXYYYYY … researchat.fm ep48ではスイバについても触れています。性と染色体について話しました。 ゲノム Hans Winkler … 1920年にゲノムを提唱 倍数性 多倍体　… 多倍体(polyploidy)というべきところを倍数体といってしまうの良くないですね… 木原均 メンデル コレンス、チェルマク、ド・フリース … 1900年にメンデルの法則を同時に再発見 ネーゲリ … 染色体を初期に発見した人。ネーゲリの細胞生物学への貢献はすさまじいのでまたいつかまとめたい。 フレミング … 染色体を初期に観察した人。クロマチンの名付け親。フレミングの法則のフレミングとは別人。 Sakamura. Shokubutsugaku zasshi (1918) … “Kurze Mitteilung über die Chromosomenzahlen und die Verwandt-schaftsverhältnisse der Triticum-Arten.” 坂村徹先生が小麦がn=7であることを発見した論文。 財団法人木原生物学研究所編 生研時報 … “西瓜に種子がなかったらとは従来多くの人たちの願望であった。ところが最近その希望にそう如く西瓜の種子を発達せしめず単位結果のみをせしむることに成功した。即ち種子をなくす二つの新技術を発見することができたのである。第一は植物ホルモン処理によって西瓜の単位結果を促す方法で(寺田・益田1938,1940,1941,1942)、第二は三倍体の不燃性を利用する方法である(寺田・益田1943)。” このことからも寺田・益田の研究が先んじていたことは明白であろう。ただ、木原ゆり子さんの手記には”しかし、前述の寺田、益田両氏、共同研究者の西山市三氏、近藤典生氏、阿久津昴氏など大勢の協力によって作出は成功した。”と書かれているので、お互い協力関係にあったことは想像できる。また、4倍体スイカの作成は「木原・山下　1939」と「寺田・益田1943」なので、木原・山下の方が先行しているようだ。詳しいことをご存知の方はご連絡ください。現状、弊チャンネルでは「木原均先生は世界で初めて種なしスイカの実用化に成功した」とします。 寺田甚七先生・益田健三先生 … この寺田先生と益田先生は寺田植物研究所で研究をしていたと、木原ゆり子さんの手記には書いてあった。お二人とも北大の出身のようです。 寺田・益田. 京都園芸 (1935) … 単為結実に依る無種子西瓜に就いて: 初めての種無しスイカに関する論文。 寺田・益田．京都園芸 (1938) …．単為結実に依る無核西瓜に就いて（続報):インドール酢酸を使用？ 寺田・益田．農及園　(1943) ..．三倍性による西瓜の単為結実に就いて:三倍体種無しスイカに関する初めての報告 Sugiyama et al., Hort. Res. (Japan) (2015) … 上記の寺田先生と益田先生の論文群に関しては、資料を読むことができなかったために、杉山先生の論文を参考にさせていただきました。 単位結果 子房 受粉 … 今回の話は「種子植物においては」と毎回注釈をつけるべきでした。 受精 ジベレリン ノウカノタネ　ヒトの非科学を笑うな … ノウカノタネさんによるジベレリンの解説 胚珠 花粉と花粉粒 減数分裂 autosome … 常染色体のこと 自家不和合性 コルヒチン Bomblies et al., Chromosoma (2016) … “The challenge of evolving stable polyploidy: could an increase in “crossover interference distance” play a central role?”: 4倍体植物の減数分裂に関する解説。 南洋興発 国立遺伝学研究所 … 静岡県三島市にある遺伝学を中心とした研究所 遺伝研年報 … 1949年以降、毎年の年報が見られる。英語も毎年発行されている。 片山哲 ソメイヨシノ 遺伝研のさくら 大麻 29. Born to chat … researchat.fm ep29では通し矢について言及しています。 カラコルム Morishima et al., Heredity (2008) … “Meiotic hybridogenesis in triploid Misgurnus loach derived from a clonal lineage”: 三倍体ドジョウにおけるmeiotic hybridogenesisについて プロイディゲーム 染色体セットの数と組み合わせの変化は魚介類に何をもたらすか。… 上記のドジョウの減数分裂の研究も行われている北大荒井先生によるドジョウとギンブナの三倍体減数分裂の解説。まだまだ理解しきれていないので勉強させていただきます。Figure1にギンブナの三極紡錘体形成についての記述があります。めちゃくちゃワクワクしますね！ ギンブナの減数分裂 … まいん先生の三倍体ギンブナクローンの解説 Stenberg and Saura. Cytogenetic and Genome Research (2013) … “Meiosis and its deviations in polyploid animals”: hybridogenesis, Kleptogenesis, Pre-equalizing hybrid meiosis, Meiotic hybridogenesisの解説。何が何だかわかりません。勉強します。 プラナリア Cebrià et al., Nature (2002) … “FGFR-related gene nou-darake restricts brain tissues to the head region of planarians” プラナリアのnoudarake(ndk)に関する論文 おもてうら さかさに見ても 変わらぬは 螺旋の巻きと 縄のよれ方 木原均 1974 “The History of the Earth is recorded in the Layers of its Crust; The History of all Organisms is inscribed in the Chromosomes.” Hitoshi Kihara (1946) … “地球の歴史は地層に、生物の歴史は染色体に刻まれている。” 木原均 (1946) Editorial notes 種無しスイカを食べるときには遺伝学に感謝しながらいただくことにします。種子は苦手ですが、フルーツは好きです、パイナップル以外は。(tadasu) 近場で種無しスイカが売ってないので、バナナを食べながら歴史に思いを馳せます。(coela)

トリパノソーマのキネトコアについて話しました。Show notes トリパノソーマ キネトコア(動原体) セントロメア Misleading Chat 7. In the golden age of molecular biology (researchat.fm) … シドニー・ブレナー回 41. Single is not bad (researchat.fm) Akiyoshist … Akiyoshiさんファンの呼称 Akiyoshi Lab Bungo Akiyoshi ハルキスト Akiyoshi and Gull. Cell (2014) … Discovery of unconventional kinetochores in kinetoplastids Tromer et al., Open Biology (2021) … Repurposing of synaptonemal complex proteins for kinetochores in Kinetoplastida 体細胞分裂 (mitosis) 減数分裂 (meiosis) 2倍体 相同組換え 相同染色体 姉妹染色体 … sister chromatids コヒーシン シナプトネマコンプレックス double strand break … DNAの二本鎖が切断されること Spo11 Bloomfield. Annu Rev Microbiol (2018) … Dicty(キイロタマホコリカビ)はspo11がないが、減数分裂時に相同組換えを行う。 Cas9 DNAトポイソメラーゼ キアズマ … chiasma。chiasmaがない減数分裂のことをachiasmaと呼ぶ。 Rasmussen. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci. (1977) … “Meiosis in Bombyx mori females”: カイコのメスで見られるachiasmata John et al., Front Cell Dev Biol. (2016) … “Achiasmy: Male Fruit Flies Are Not Ready to Mix”: ハエのオスにおけるachiasmataに関する総説 Xia et al., Genome Biology(2007) … カイコの性細胞におけるspo11発現の論文(Additional Data 5) 48. XXXXXYYYYY (researchat.fm) … 性の多様性について。XYやZW型についても解説しています。 Garg and Martin. Genome Biol. Evol. (2016) … “Mitochondria, the Cell Cycle, and the Origin of Sex via a Syncytial Eukaryote Common Ancestor”: mitosisとmeiosisの進化について 水素仮説 William F Martin Muller's rachet 水平伝播(horizontal gene transfer) アフリカ睡眠病 ナガナ病 ツェツェバエ キネトプラスト キネトプラスト類(kinetoplastids) Benne et al., Cell (1986) … “ Major transcript of the frameshifted coxII gene from trypanosome mitochondria contains four nucleotides that are not encoded in the DNA”: RNA editing in Trypanosoma Berriman et al., Science (2005)…The genome of the African trypanosome Trypanosoma brucei 中心体 微小管 ホモログ Ogbadoyi et al., Chromosoma (2000) … “Architecture of the Trypanosoma brucei nucleus during interphase and mitosis”: Trypanosomaのキネトコア様構造を電子顕微鏡で観察した論文 Peacock et al., Communications Biology (2021) … “Sequential production of gametes during meiosis in trypanosomes”: trypanosomaのmeiosisについて Weir et al., eLife (2021) … “Population genomics reveals the origin and asexual evolution of human infective trypanosomes”: asexual eukaryoteのTrypanosoma brucei gambienseについて(減数分裂がないというよりはsexがないというべき？) Déjardin and Kingston. Cell (2009) … “Purification of Proteins Associated with Specific Genomic Loci”: PICh法の論文 Thomas Cavalier-Smith LECA … The last eukaryotic common ancestor システム生物学 収斂進化 CENP-A Dinoflagellate… 渦鞭毛藻 Dinokaryon 無脊椎動物の発生 … 団勝磨先生ら著 ヒドロキシルメチルウラシル Talbert et al., The kinetochore (2009) … “Evolution of Centromeres and Kinetochores: A Two-Part Fugue” セントロメアとキネトコアの進化についての論文。Henikoff lab ファインマン デーモンコア プルトニウムは温かい What I cannot create, I do not understand. … 自分で作れないものは、理解していない。 Synthetic biology … 合成生物学 ツイート1 … EMBO, HSFP, Wellcome Trustによるサポート KKT1 uniprot Akiyoshi et al., Genes Dev. (2009) … Quantitative proteomic analysis of purified yeast kinetochores identifies a PP1 regulatory subunit Akiyoshi et al., Nature (2010) … Tension directly stabilizes reconstituted kinetochore-microtubule attachments 精製した動原体を用いた動原体とスピンドル微小管との結合の再構成 … 新着論文レビュー。秋吉さんの博士時代の論文解説 トリパノソーマのもつ型破りな動原体タンパク質の発見 … 新着論文レビュー。トリパノソーマのキネトコア論文の日本語解説 Sue Biggins Sue Biggins先生のインタビュー Sue Biggins先生のiBiology ドブジャンスキー 高井研 44. Tabasheer (researchat.fm) … 伊藤篤太郎、南方熊楠を含む、1800年代後半、Natureに投稿した日本人研究者について話しました。 Editorial notes 次のシリーズにも期待したいです (soh) 話し始めで構想からはずれてしまったため、アワアワしてしまいました。色々とっちらかってすいませんでした。次回チャンスがあればもう少しまとめられるようがんばります。(tadasu) キネトコアって名前かっこいい(coela)

My AP Biology Thoughts  Unit 5 HeredityWelcome to My AP Biology Thoughts podcast, my name is Pauline Brillouet and I am your host for episode #98 called Unit 5 Heredity: Meiosis and Genetic Diversity. Today we will be discussing how the process of meiosis promotes genetic diversity  Segment 1: Introduction to Meiosis and Genetic DiversityLet's do a quick overview of the stages of meiosis.  The cell must first go through interphase for cell growth, development, and DNA replication. Then, it proceeds to meiosis I where chromosomes condense, the nuclear envelope breaks down, and a synapsis occurs. This synapsis in prophase I involves homologous chromosomes forming a tetrad to line up and cross over at the chiasmata.  The homologous pairs are then split up by the spindles, but sister chromatids remain attached at the centromere. Finally, meiosis II is the exact same process as mitosis except that DNA is not replicated so interphase is shorter. The key component of meiosis II is that now sister chromatids are pulled apart to make four haploid cells.  The purpose of meiosis is to make haploid cells from a diploid cell. It is essential for sexual reproduction in eukaryotes because it produces gametes to be used in fertilization. There are new combinations of genetic material in each of the four gamete cells.  Segment 2: More About Meiosis and Genetic DiversityNow let's explain where genetic diversity comes into play. First, the synapsis in prophase I results in genetic variation because pairs swap genetic information with one another, making recombinant chromosomes. Since the exchange of chromosome segments occurs between non sister chromatids, crossing over creates new combinations of genes in the gametes that are not found in either parent, contributing to genetic diversity. Next, the law of independent assortment explains increased genetic variation. It states that the alleles of two or more different genes get sorted into gametes independently of one another during anaphase I of meiosis. In other words, the allele a gamete receives for one gene does not influence that allele received for another gene. This allows for 2n number of possible chromosome combinations where n is the haploid number of the organism  Lastly, random fertilization extenuates the amount of diploid combinations infinitely. 1 sperm cell has 1 in 8,000,000 possible chromosome combinations, which fuses with an egg cell that also has 1 in 8,000,000 possible chromosome combinations. So there are a total of 64 trillion possible combinations.  Segment 3: Connection to the CourseAs new combinations of gene variants are made, they can make the organism more or less fit or able to survive and reproduce. This ties into natural selection favoring the better adapted organisms Genetic diversity is important because it helps maintain the health of a population, by including alleles that may be valuable in resisting diseases and other stresses. Maintaining diversity gives the population a buffer against change, providing the flexibility to adapt. Extinction risk has been associated with low genetic diversity and several researchers have documented reduced fitness in populations with low genetic diversity.   Thank you for listening to this episode of My AP Biology Thoughts. For more student-ran podcasts and digital content, make sure that you visit http://www.hvspn.com (www.hvspn.com). Thank you! Music Credits: "Ice Flow" Kevin MacLeod (incompetech.com) Licensed under Creative Commons: By Attribution 4.0 License http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Subscribe to our Podcast https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/my-ap-biology-thoughts/id1549942575 (Apple Podcasts) https://open.spotify.com/show/1nH8Ft9c9f6dmo75V9imCk (Spotify) https://podcasts.google.com/search/my%20ap%20biology%20thoughts (Google Podcasts )   https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC07e_nBHLyc_nyvjF6z-DVg...

My AP Biology Thoughts  Unit 5 HeredityWelcome to My AP Biology Thoughts podcast, my name is Nidhi and I am your host for episode # 97 called Unit 5 Heredity: Meiosis. Today we will be discussing what meiosis is, why it's important, and how it connects to other topics we've learned about this year.  Segment 1: Introduction to why Meiosis is important From what we have learned this year, we know Mitosis is used to prudence daughter cells that are genetically identical to a parent cell. On the other hand, the function of meiosis is to produce gametes. The daughter cells have half as many chromosomes as the parent. To put it in other words, a diploid cell is the parent to 4 haploid cells. In humans, the haploid cells produced are sperm and egg cells, essential for reproduction to occur. It imporant that meiosis occurs to produce sex cells and not mitosis because the combiation of 2 cells both with the nomral number of chromosomes during fertiliztion would result in an offspring wth double the normal number of chromosomes. Meiosis also created 4 unique haploid cells unlike mitosis which creates identical daughter cells. Meiosis creates new combinations of genetic material in each of the four daughter cells. The gametes produced through meiosis exhibit a larger range of genetic variation and this allows for genetic variation in a population. This genetic variation is increased even more when the two gametes unite during sexual reproduction. This overall helps to increase diversity in a population which increases the chances of the population surviving in a changing environment. Another difference between Meiosis and Mitosis is that Meiosis involves two rounds of nuclear division. The other events of Meiosis are pretty similar to Mitosis but there are some key differences.  Segment 2: More About what meiosis is To begin, a cell will first go through interphase where the cell grows during the G_1 phase, replicates its DNA during the S phase, and prepares for division during the G_2 phase. Then the cell enters Meiosis 1. It begins in prophase 1 where the chromosomes begin to condense. Unlike mitosis, the condensed chromosomes begin to pair up with their homologous partner. The DNA is then broken at the same spot on each chromosome and the homologous chromosomes exchange part of their DNA in a process called crossing over. This process of crossing over increases genetic variation producing unique chromosomes. After crossing over, the spindle fibers capture the chromosomes and move them towards the center of the cell. THis is similar to how the chromosomes in mitosis are moved by spindle fibers, but in meiosis, homologous pairs—not individual chromosomes—line up at the metaphase plate for separation. The orientation of each pair is random and this allows for the formation of gametes with different sets of chromosomes. In anaphase I, the homologues are pulled apart and move apart to opposite ends of the cell. The sister chromatids of each chromosome, however, remain attached to one another and don't come apart. Finally, in telophase I, the chromosomes arrive at opposite poles of the cell and cytokinesis occurs separating the two haploid daughter cells. After meiosis one, the cell does not re enter interphase to grow like it did before meiosis 1. The daughter cells produced by meiosis 1 enter meiosis 2. These cells are haploid but their chromosomes still consist of two sister chromatids. In meiosis II, the sister chromatids separate, making haploid cells with non-duplicated chromosomes. As part of prophase II, chromosomes condense and the nuclear envelope, if it was present, breaks down. The spindle forms between the speratedd centrosomes, and the spindle microtubules begin to capture chromosomes. The two sister chromatids of each chromosome are captured by fibers from opposite spindle poles. In metaphase II, the chromosomes line up individually along the metaphase plate. In anaphase II, the sister...

Let's learn all about variation from meiosis, independent segregation, crossing over and we compare Meiosis and Mitosis. Find us on the internet!Our website - Teachmescience.co.ukEmail - teachmebiologycast@gmail.comTwitter - twitter.com/teachmebiocastInstagram - @teachmebiologycast

Genetics! In this episode we quickly recap mitosis and we learn about the process of Meiosis. Find us on the internet!Our website - Teachmescience.co.ukEmail - teachmebiologycast@gmail.comTwitter - twitter.com/teachmebiocastInstagram - @teachmebiologycast

Episode transcript here https://otter.ai/u/iyG_j0gVyk_VdcE2gf17wZdrQIc?f=%2Fmy-notes Follow me on Instagram https://www.instagram.com/boombiologypodcast/?hl=en Help me out by donating to the boom biology podcast here: https://www.paypal.com/donate?hosted_button_id=V8P3UYA3BGNAN&source=url Cancer can be a very difficult subject to talk about for some so here is something which may help https://www.cancer.ie/ How do cells make more cells and why would they even need to make new cells? On today's episode we will learn about cell division and how it works. Topics covered in this episode Intro Definitions Mitosis Interphase Meiosis Cancer cell division cell continuity cell cycle Chromosomes --- Send in a voice message: https://anchor.fm/boombiology/message

Today, we learn how to spot signs of intelligent design. Step one is to figure out what the designer's intentions were.Sources:William Lane Craig and Sean Carroll | God and Cosmology: https://bit.ly/3dfSqy9Spontaneous Inflation and the Origin of the Arrow of Time: https://bit.ly/3scwdVTAs many as six billion Earth-like planets in our galaxy, according to new estimates: https://bit.ly/3dgt57fGenetic variation - Berkeley: https://bit.ly/3dfHErFThe placenta goes viral: Retroviruses control gene expression in pregnancy: https://bit.ly/32fGl5PSymbiogenesis: Beyond the endosymbiosis theory?: https://bit.ly/3seaaxZThe Evidence for Evolution Playlist: http://bit.ly/2NRlZZBLizards Rapidly Evolve After Introduction to Island: https://on.natgeo.com/3tfLruMThe Information Theory of Life: https://bit.ly/2ORsAaqCell Division - Mitosis and Meiosis: https://bit.ly/3e32XvDDynamics of Chemotactic Droplets in Salt Concentration Gradients: https://bit.ly/3uOU3ZtA Lost Chance - Dr. Spetner Derives Non-Random Evolution from the Talmud: https://bit.ly/3sghd9xOriginal Article: https://bit.ly/2Qjx36aCards:William Lane Craig and Sean Carroll | God and Cosmology:https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X0qKZqPy9T8

Series II, Podcast U: Troilus and CressidaShakespeare's one satire, on the matter of Troy.Questions? Email DoctorRap@zohomail.com

Ep 34 of Wake Up is probably the most educational I've done to date, at least in relation to biological evolution, how humanity came to be, and where it may be headed if we're not careful. Jean-François Gariépy, YouTuber, biologist and author of the revolutionary phenotype joins me to discuss his new book, alongside the biological evolution of humanity and life on earth. We look at his elegant theory of how DNA has become the dominant life form on earth, and his extremely sound challenge to Dawkin's and others claims that Memes are actually a "real" replicator life form. We also discuss: - Quantum Darwinism and how that may be the base state - What a Zombie apocalypse would look like, and why it would fail. There was soooo much more in here too, including: Definitions of: - Phenotype VS replicator - General VS revolutionary phenotypes - Genes - Memes - Tremes - Qenes - Cremes Why Not all Qenes are made equal Problems for revolutionary phenotypes - Forgetfulness - Naked Warrior Problem - Trickster printer & fool replicators How 1 & 2 are Both solved with the Replicator Tango, and if a draw emerges in #3, then it leads to problem #4. In this model, we discover where Memes fail. - Replicator tango’s are a form of delegation. - Memes work with problem 1 & 2 - Memes fail on #3. - This is because Memes are Fool replicators & fail if they compete with the trickster printers. Cancer is a great example. JFG calls this the "Principle of mutational servitude". Our genes are the trickster printer for the fool replicators that are memes. Problem 4: The printer replacement problem. DNA won this battle (clearly). It's proven by: “The principle of everlasting fingerprints” Adding layers to the genetic code. The upper layer encodes the lower layer. Each genetic code layer is the remnant or evidence of a prior phenotypic revolution. We also dig into the idea of Quantum Darwinism (fascinating stuff). The idea of proteins encoding quantum states. Abiogenesis VS Proteins & Quantum Evolution Phenotypic Revolutions all the way down. We discuss the The Phenotypic Separation Theory of Sex - The origins of sex - The 2 step process of Meiosis, and how it emerged despite it's unlikelihood. - How through separation it somehow solved problem 1, but done away with problems 2 - 4. Toward the end we discuss the warning of the book, ie; "The End of DNA", and teh story of the Natural's VS the Chosen's. The Path to QNA I pose some challenges to JFG, ie; - Problems with genetic adjustment. - Could the geneticists just fuck themselves up more? - Is the complexity too great? Where does it lead? Quantum World?? -- Proteins — RNA — DNA -- ??? Lastly, we cap it off with discussions on: Where does the idea of “god” or the “divine” fit and the idea of humans being of the divine ? So are proteins created in the image of God? Rebuttal against the guys who think Darwinism & natural selection is mathematically impossible What is Consciousness? Soooooo much to digest in this one. Listen, enjoy, learn & share. Follow Jean-François at: @JFGariepy https://jfg.world https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC4bVl8YKrVKAr6hZlvzkakQ Buy his book on Amazon or Audible at: https://www.amazon.com/Revolutionary-Phenotype-amazing-story-begins/dp/1729861563/ ________________________________________ Thanks again for listening. Subscribe on YouTube, Anchor, Spotify: https://anchor.fm/wakeuppod https://YouTube.com/c/WakeUpPod

We will be streaming videos pertaining to #Science, #History (everything #Historic,, or just #Vintage. We will still be streaming about #Historical #Politics too. The Preatorian is on Both YouTube and Facebook: YouTube https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCKKK1BD8BM3ZbWuldagf67g Facebook https://www.facebook.com/rogerhanson1973 Check our podcast out too on any of these available platforms. Anchor https://anchor.fm/roger-hanson Breaker https://www.breaker.audio/roger-hanson Google Podcasts https://www.google.com/podcasts?feed=aHR0cHM6Ly9hbmNob3IuZm0vcy9lNzUzZTVjL3BvZGNhc3QvcnNz Overcast https://overcast.fm/itunes1525023695/roger-hanson Pocket Casts https://pca.st/oikab2vw RadioPublic https://radiopublic.com/roger-hanson-WDVAJV Spotify https://open.spotify.com/show/491HEm7bbx4ccXvoJ4RZJh Support us on Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/rogerhanson1969 #science #sciencefact #biologystudent #sciencenerd #cosmology #biology #chemistry #scienceiscool #History #Historic #Vintage #HistoricPolitics --- Send in a voice message: https://anchor.fm/roger-hanson/message Support this podcast: https://anchor.fm/roger-hanson/support

What's the difference between mitosis and meiosis? How does meiosis create genetic diversity? In my first ever episode, I review everything you need to know about chromosomes, synapsis, and imperative meiosis phases. Phase in this complex topic with this simple summary! The Campbell Biology Textbook (11th Edition) is referenced and advised for listeners. Powered by Firstory Hosting

If I flip a coin, what are the chances it will land on heads? Find out all about probability according to Mendel in Episode 64. Two of Mendel’s major observations are highly rooted in meiosis and the manner in which homologous chromosomes separate (2:08). Get some Chi-Square testing with some awesome brave corn (4:34). The rules of probability can be applied to study the passing of single-gene traits through generations (7:06).The Question of the Day asks (8:23) What male plant structure produces pollen?Thank you for listening to The APsolute RecAP: Biology Edition!(AP is a registered trademark of the College Board and is not affiliated with The APsolute RecAP. Copyright 2021 - The APsolute RecAP, LLC. All rights reserved.)Website:www.theapsoluterecap.comEMAIL:TheAPsoluteRecAP@gmail.comFollow Us:INSTAGRAMTWITTERFACEBOOKYOUTUBE

Even the closest siblings are genetically unique, thanks to a microscopic DNA dance known as meiosis. Episode 63 begins with a recap of chromosome structure and homologous pairs (1:48). In order to reduce the chromosomes number in half, the cells will need to go through PMAT twice. (2:53) When does meiosis occur and why are the haploid cells different? (7:19)The Question of the Day asks (9:35) True or false? Mitochondria are inherited through egg and sperm.Thank you for listening to The APsolute RecAP: Biology Edition!(AP is a registered trademark of the College Board and is not affiliated with The APsolute RecAP. Copyright 2020 - The APsolute RecAP, LLC. All rights reserved.)Website:www.theapsoluterecap.comEMAIL:TheAPsoluteRecAP@gmail.comFollow Us:INSTAGRAMTWITTERFACEBOOKYOUTUBE

This week we talk to Alison Woollard, a professor of Biochemistry at the University of Oxford,  about her life's work in Developmental Biology. She offers her thoughts on the new, mutated coronavirus strain, the history of evolution and what GM technology might offer in the future.If you are interested in helping The Biotech Podcast please take 30 seconds to take the following survey: https://harry852843.typeform.com/to/caV6cMzGFull synopsis below:00:00 - Intro1:25 - Nematode Worms10:33 - Developmental biology 15:54 - Meiosis, Differentiation and Pluripotency22:47 - Cancers and Transcription factors34:10 - Mutations and Coronavirus42:17 - Heredity and Evolution50:20 - Deepmind and Alphafold55:03 - Genetic engineering1:05:39 - Book recommendations1:09:37 - Extro

Mitosis y Meiosis. Bibliografía de Langman, Gartnet, Robertis

Covering the following points: Conduct practical investigations to predict variations in the genotype of offspring by modelling meiosis, including the crossing over of homologous chromosomes, fertilisation and mutations Also went through Independent Assortment and Random Segregation Thanks to STEM Reactor for sponsoring this podcast. They provide everything you need to do biotechnology at school, check them out at www.stemreactor.com.au

The Sexual Revolution...the invention of Meiosis, that is. As always, facts + insight.

This episode carries on reviewing the topic Inheritance, including: The process of Mitosis. The process of Meiosis. The relationship between natural selection and the theory of evolution. This episode is suitable for all examination boards but more specifically geared to IGCSE Edexcel.

A long promised episode! Somehow, cells must become more cells. What are the processes required for reproduction? How are mitosis and meiosis different? Let’s learn to be scientifically conversational.   For all references and supplemental information, you can navigate to ascienceshow.com.  

Link to bioRxiv paper: http://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.07.24.219295v1?rss=1 Authors: Nandanan, K. G., Pankajam, A. V., Salim, S., Shinohara, M., Lin, G., Chakraborty, P., Steinmetz, L. M., Shinohara, A., Nishant, K. T. Abstract: Segregation of homologous chromosomes during the first meiotic division requires at least one obligate crossover/exchange event between the homolog pairs. In the bakers yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae and mammals, the mismatch repair-related factors, Msh4-Msh5 and Mlh1-Mlh3 generate the majority of the meiotic crossovers from programmed double-strand breaks (DSBs). To understand the mechanistic role of Msh4-Msh5 in meiotic crossing over, we performed genome-wide ChIP-sequencing and cytological analysis of the Msh5 protein in cells synchronized for meiosis. We observe that Msh5 associates with DSB hotspots, chromosome axis, and centromeres. We found that the initial recruitment of Msh4-Msh5 occurs following DSB resection. A two-step Msh5 binding pattern was observed: an early weak binding at DSB hotspots followed by enhanced late binding upon the formation of double Holliday junction structures. Msh5 association with the chromosome axis is Red1 dependent, while Msh5 association with the DSB hotspots and axis is dependent on DSB formation by Spo11. Msh5 binding was enhanced at strong DSB hotspots consistent with a role for DSB frequency in promoting Msh5 binding. These data on the in vivo localization of Msh5 during meiosis have implications for how Msh4-Msh5 may work with other crossover and synapsis promoting factors to ensure Holliday junction resolution at the chromosome axis. Copy rights belong to original authors. Visit the link for more info

Link to bioRxiv paper: http://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.07.22.216143v1?rss=1 Authors: Toraason, E., Clark, C., Horacek, A., Glover, M. L., Salagean, A., Libuda, D. E. Abstract: During meiosis, the maintenance of genome integrity is critical for generating viable haploid gametes [1]. In meiotic prophase I, double-strand DNA breaks (DSBs) are induced and a subset of these DSBs are repaired as interhomolog crossovers to ensure proper chromosome segregation. DSBs in excess of the permitted number of crossovers must be repaired by other pathways to ensure genome integrity [2]. To determine if the sister chromatid is engaged for meiotic DSB repair during oogenesis, we developed an assay to detect sister chromatid repair events at a defined DSB site during Caenorhabditis elegans meiosis. Using this assay, we directly demonstrate that the sister chromatid is available as a meiotic repair template for both crossover and noncrossover recombination, with noncrossovers being the predominant recombination outcome. We additionally find that the sister chromatid is the exclusive recombination partner for DSBs during late meiotic prophase I. Analysis of noncrossover conversion tract sequences reveals that DSBs are processed similarly throughout prophase I and recombination intermediates remain central around the DSB site. Further, we demonstrate that the SMC-5/6 complex is required for long conversion tracts in early prophase I and intersister crossovers during late meiotic prophase I; whereas, the XPF-1 nuclease is required only in late prophase to promote sister chromatid repair. In response to exogenous DNA damage at different stages of meiosis, we find that mutants for SMC-5/6 and XPF-1 have differential effects on progeny viability. Overall, we propose that SMC-5/6 both processes recombination intermediates and promotes sister chromatid repair within meiotic prophase I, while XPF-1 is required as an intersister resolvase only in late prophase I. Copy rights belong to original authors. Visit the link for more info

In this episode, Emma looks at mitosis, meiosis and the genome for your GCSE Biology exam. She looks at the process of producing gametes from meiosis, as well as the role of mitosis in sexual reproduction. Perfect for AQA, Edexcel, OCR, WJEC and CIE exam boards. Ideal for preparing you for your GCSE Biology exam. Click here for the full course, or visit this link: http://bit.ly/387qVBv

This MCAT podcast is a short segment from the “Genetics- Chromosomes, Meiosis and Mitosis, and Inheritance Patterns” podcast. Please email me if you have any comments or concerns: MCATpodcast@medschoolcoach.com Thanks for listening!

Episode 16 gets some swanky tunes for sex cell and fertilization discussions (1:00). PMAT is coming back into play with new terminology of haploid and homologous pairs. Melanie begins with a recAP of Meiosis (2:39) before contrasting the two cellular division pathways(4:33). There are two main contributors to genetic variation through meiotic pathways (3:14). Melanie recommends organizing this information in a table when studying!The Question of the Day asks (5:30) “When do human egg cells complete Meiosis II?”Thank you for listening to The APsolute RecAP: Biology Edition!(AP is a registered trademark of the College Board and is not affiliated with The APsolute RecAP. Copyright 2020 - The APsolute RecAP, LLC. All rights reserved.)Website:www.theapsoluterecap.comEMAIL:TheAPsoluteRecAP@gmail.comFollow Us:INSTAGRAMTWITTER

Discussion of Meiosis and Genetics

How catastrophes help oocytes avoid disaster During meiosis, oocytes must attach homologous chromosomes to opposite spindle poles, but the cells take several hours to assemble a bipolar spindle. Gluszek et al. reveal that, in Drosophila oocytes, the microtubule catastrophe–promoting protein Sentin delays the formation of stable kinetochore–microtubule attachments until spindle assembly is complete, thereby preventing homologous chromosomes from incorrectly attaching to the same spindle pole. This biosights episode presents the paper by Głuszek et al. from the December 21st, 2015, issue of The Journal of Cell Biology and includes an interview with the paper's senior author, Hiroyuki Ohkura (University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK). Produced by Caitlin Sedwick and Ben Short. See the associated paper in JCB for details on the funding provided to support this original research. Subscribe to biosights via iTunes or RSS View biosights archive The Rockefeller University Press biosights@rockefeller.edu

Dr. John Logsdon is an Associate Professor of Biology and former Director of the Pentacrest Museums at the University of Iowa. John earned his PhD from Indiana University and completed postdoctoral research at Dalhousie University. He served on the faculty at Emory University before accepting a position at the University of Iowa where he remains today. John is here with us today to tell us all about his journey through life and science.