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Agarose gel electrophoresis is a staple method in almost all biology and biochemistry lab where separation and analysis of nucleic acids is needed. In this Mol Bio Minutes mini episode Augustė Užuotaitė, Scientist III at Thermo Fisher Scientific, covers the basics of electrophoresis with a spotlight on how different forms of DNA migrate differently in agarose gel electrophoresis.In less than 10 quick minutes, you'll learn about the many factors that affect DNA migration rate. Augustė reviews how DNA size, sequence, and conformation all affect migration rate, and she gives some beautifully simple examples to help it all make sense. Helpful resource links mentioned in this episode:Nucleic acid gel electrophoresis – summarized in 5 easy stepsFive important considerations for the nucleic acid gel electrophoresis Subscribe to get future episodes as they drop and if you like what you're hearing we hope you'll share a review or recommend the series to a colleague. Visit the Invitrogen School of Molecular Biology to access helpful molecular biology resources and educational content, and please share this resource with anyone you know working in molecular biology. For Research Use Only. Not for use in diagnostic procedures.
In this episode of the Epigenetics Podcast, we talked with Maxim Greenberg from the Institute Jacob Monot about his work on epigenetic consequences of DNA methylation in development. In this interview we explore how Dr. Greenbergs work at UCLA involved pioneering experiments on DNA methylation mechanisms and how this period was marked by significant collaborative efforts within a highly competitive yet supportive lab environment that ultimately lead to publications in high impact journals. His transition to a postdoctoral position at the Institut Curie with Deborah Bourc'his harnessed his newfound expertise in mammalian systems, examining chromatin changes and the implications for embryonic development. Dr. Greenberg explained the nuances of his research, particularly how chromatin modifications during early development can influence gene regulatory mechanisms later in life, providing a compelling narrative about the potential long-term impacts of epigenetic changes that occur in utero. Throughout our conversation, we examined the intricate relationship between DNA methylation and Polycomb repression, discussing how these epigenetic mechanisms interact and the functional outcomes of their regulation. Dr. Greenberg's insights into his recent studies reveal a commitment to unraveling the complexities of enhancer-promoter interactions in the context of epigenetic regulation. References Greenberg, M. V., Ausin, I., Chan, S. W., Cokus, S. J., Cuperus, J. T., Feng, S., Law, J. A., Chu, C., Pellegrini, M., Carrington, J. C., & Jacobsen, S. E. (2011). Identification of genes required for de novo DNA methylation in Arabidopsis. Epigenetics, 6(3), 344–354. https://doi.org/10.4161/epi.6.3.14242 Greenberg, M. V., Glaser, J., Borsos, M., Marjou, F. E., Walter, M., Teissandier, A., & Bourc'his, D. (2017). Transient transcription in the early embryo sets an epigenetic state that programs postnatal growth. Nature genetics, 49(1), 110–118. https://doi.org/10.1038/ng.3718 Greenberg, M., Teissandier, A., Walter, M., Noordermeer, D., & Bourc'his, D. (2019). Dynamic enhancer partitioning instructs activation of a growth-related gene during exit from naïve pluripotency. eLife, 8, e44057. https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.44057 Monteagudo-Sánchez, A., Richard Albert, J., Scarpa, M., Noordermeer, D., & Greenberg, M. V. C. (2024). The impact of the embryonic DNA methylation program on CTCF-mediated genome regulation. Nucleic acids research, 52(18), 10934–10950. https://doi.org/10.1093/nar/gkae724 Richard Albert, J., Urli, T., Monteagudo-Sánchez, A., Le Breton, A., Sultanova, A., David, A., Scarpa, M., Schulz, M., & Greenberg, M. V. C. (2024). DNA methylation shapes the Polycomb landscape during the exit from naive pluripotency. Nature structural & molecular biology, 10.1038/s41594-024-01405-4. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41594-024-01405-4 Related Episodes DNA Methylation and Mammalian Development (Déborah Bourc'his) Circulating Epigenetic Biomarkers in Cancer (Charlotte Proudhon) Epigenetic Mechanisms in Genome Regulation and Developmental Programming (James Hackett) Contact Epigenetics Podcast on Mastodon Epigenetics Podcast on Bluesky Dr. Stefan Dillinger on LinkedIn Active Motif on LinkedIn Active Motif on Bluesky Email: podcast@activemotif.com
While some of us knew a good bit about mRNA prior to 2020, we all got a crash course on mRNA technology and its prophylactic and therapeutic potential as a result of the COVID pandemic and subsequent SARS CoV-2 vaccine development. In fact, most of us have now received at least one mRNA vaccine at this point. Our guest for this episode, Dr. Christian Cobaugh, Co-founder and CEO of Vernal Biosciences, was a passionate believer in mRNA medicines well before the pandemic. Join us to hear his story and his passion for this technology. He walks us through the molecular methods by which high-purity mRNAs are now made and purified, as well as going into the lipid nanoparticle technology by which they're commonly delivered. As a contract development and manufacturing provider, we get to learn about the state of the market and what clients of their care about today. As a seasoned expert in this space, Christian talks about the future potential of mRNA technology for applications such as personalized cancer vaccines. If you enjoy hearing smart people talk about interesting topics with a passion, you won't want to miss this episode! Subscribe to get future episodes as they drop and if you like what you're hearing we hope you'll share a review or recommend the series to a colleague. Download Transcripts: Speaking of Mol Bio Podcast | Thermo Fisher Scientific - US Visit the Invitrogen School of Molecular Biology to access helpful molecular biology resources and educational content, and please share this resource with anyone you know working in molecular biology.
In this episode of the Epigenetics Podcast, we talked with Dr. Stephan Hamperl from the Helmholtz Zentrum Munich about his work on how conflicts between transcription, replication, and R-loop formation influence genome stability in human cells. During the early stages of his career Stephan studied conflicts between transcription and replication in human cells, particularly focusing on R-loop structures. In our discussion, he explains the formation of R-loops and their impact on genome stability, emphasizing the importance of the orientation of replication forks approaching R-loops in determining DNA damage outcomes. Stephan then delves into his work on the MATAC-Seq method, which analyzes chromatin domains at DNA replication origins to understand replication timing variability. The method involves methylating DNA linkers between nucleosomes and using nanopore sequencing for single-molecule readouts, revealing heterogeneity in chromatin structure at replication origins. Finally, Stephan discusses his automated image analysis pipeline for quantifying transcription and replication activity overlap in mammalian genomes, addressing the challenge of visualizing these processes simultaneously. The conversation concludes with insights into Stefan's future research directions, focusing on understanding transcription-replication conflicts' molecular basis and their potential implications in cancer cell transformation. References Hamperl, S., Brown, C. R., Garea, A. V., Perez-Fernandez, J., Bruckmann, A., Huber, K., Wittner, M., Babl, V., Stoeckl, U., Deutzmann, R., Boeger, H., Tschochner, H., Milkereit, P., & Griesenbeck, J. (2014). Compositional and structural analysis of selected chromosomal domains from Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Nucleic acids research, 42(1), e2. https://doi.org/10.1093/nar/gkt891 Hamperl, S., Bocek, M. J., Saldivar, J. C., Swigut, T., & Cimprich, K. A. (2017). Transcription-Replication Conflict Orientation Modulates R-Loop Levels and Activates Distinct DNA Damage Responses. Cell, 170(4), 774–786.e19. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2017.07.043 Chanou, A., Weiβ, M., Holler, K., Sajid, A., Straub, T., Krietsch, J., Sanchi, A., Ummethum, H., Lee, C. S. K., Kruse, E., Trauner, M., Werner, M., Lalonde, M., Lopes, M., Scialdone, A., & Hamperl, S. (2023). Single molecule MATAC-seq reveals key determinants of DNA replication origin efficiency. Nucleic acids research, 51(22), 12303–12324. https://doi.org/10.1093/nar/gkad1022 Contact Epigenetics Podcast on X Epigenetics Podcast on Instagram Epigenetics Podcast on Mastodon Epigenetics Podcast on Bluesky Epigenetics Podcast on Threads Active Motif on X Active Motif on LinkedIn Email: podcast@activemotif.com
Welcome to The Nonlinear Library, where we use Text-to-Speech software to convert the best writing from the Rationalist and EA communities into audio. This is: New NAO preprint: Indoor air sampling for detection of viral nucleic acids, published by ljusten on May 16, 2024 on The Effective Altruism Forum. Cross-post from the new NAO blog. Link: https://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4823882 Airborne pathogens cause a significant amount of present harm and are the most likely cause of future pandemics. By targeting their primary mode of transmission, air sampling could enable earlier detection and persistent monitoring of such pathogens. As part of our work on sampling strategies for early detection of stealth pathogens, we performed a comprehensive review of air sampling, which has now been published as a preprint on SSRN. In our review, we examine the sources and composition of viral bioaerosols, evaluate the benefits and drawbacks of sampling technologies, and lay out strategies for effective implementation of air sampling programs. We find that: Both PCR and metagenomic sequencing have detected a wide range of human viruses in indoor air, including respiratory RNA viruses and skin-borne DNA viruses. Sampling viruses in air remains challenging, largely due to the difficulties in efficiently collecting ultrafine viral aerosols. However, recent advancements in sampling technologies, such as condensation-based methods and wetted-wall cyclone sampling, have shown promising results in effectively capturing these viral particles. HVAC systems and high-traffic locations like airports and hospitals are particularly promising sampling sites for aggregating airborne material, including viral pathogens, from many individuals. Passive sampling approaches, such as sampling vacuum dust collected in buildings, also show potential but remain underexplored. While we believe more research on air sampling would be valuable, we're not currently planning on prioritizing it at the NAO, as we want to focus our limited resources on wastewater and swab sampling. We'd be excited for others to take this up and advance the state of the art in this area; if you're interested in taking this on, please reach out ! Note: This preprint is a substantially more comprehensive version of an earlier preprint described in this forum post. Thanks for listening. To help us out with The Nonlinear Library or to learn more, please visit nonlinear.org
In this episode, we review the high-yield topic of Nucleic Acid Structure from the Biochemistry section. Follow Medbullets on social media: Facebook: www.facebook.com/medbullets Instagram: www.instagram.com/medbulletsofficial Twitter: www.twitter.com/medbullets --- Send in a voice message: https://podcasters.spotify.com/pod/show/medbulletsstep1/message
Episode 162: Early-Onset Sepsis Dr. Kooner explains how to diagnose early-onset sepsis by using clinical evaluation and clinical tools. Dr. Schlaerths describes the signs and symptoms of sepsis in neonates, and Dr. Arreaza adds comments about GBS bacteriuria. Written by Lovedip Kooner, MD, editing Hector Arreaza, MD, and comments by Katherine Schlaerth, MD. Rio Bravo Family Medicine Residency Program.You are listening to Rio Bravo qWeek Podcast, your weekly dose of knowledge brought to you by the Rio Bravo Family Medicine Residency Program from Bakersfield, California, a UCLA-affiliated program sponsored by Clinica Sierra Vista, Let Us Be Your Healthcare Home. This podcast was created for educational purposes only. Visit your primary care provider for additional medical advice.Introduction:Neonatal sepsis is defined as pathogenic bacterial growth from blood or cerebral spinal fluid culture within the first 28 days of life. Neonatal sepsis can be divided into two categories: early-onset sepsis (EOS) and late-onset. EOS is neonatal sepsis within 72 hours or 7 days after birth, depending on the specialist. How common is early-onset sepsis (EOS)?According to the CDC, the infant mortality rate rose for the first time in 20 years in the USA. In the U.S., the incidence of EOS is 0.5 in 1,000 live births and carries a mortality rate of about 3%. What causes EOS?Most infections are due to ascending lower vaginal tract flora. Other causes include intra-amniotic infections and maternal hematogenous spread of systemic infections. Group B streptococcus (S. agalactiae) accounts for about 1/3 of the infectious organisms, followed by E. coli which accounts for about 1/4, and Viridans streptococci account for about 1/5 of infections. Cases of E. coli are seen more often with prolonged rupture of membranes and intrapartum antibiotic exposure. Other notable infections are Listeria monocytogenes, coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS), herpes simplex virus, and enteroviruses. The role of GBS.Approximately 30% of women have vaginal and rectal GBS colonization and 50% will transmit it to the newborn. Without maternal antibiotic treatment, 1-2% of those infants will develop EOS. The American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG) recommends universal culture-based screening for GBS at 36-37 weeks and 6 days regardless of mode of delivery. GBS bacteriuria: Treat it (symptomatic and asymptomatic) if >105 CFU/mL. Do not treat it in asymptomatic patients if GBS 18 hours, intrapartum fever, or GBS positive in previous pregnancy.Nucleic acid amplification test: NAAT in pregnancy is not recommended to determine colonization status. However, if NAAT is obtained in the intrapartum period, give IAP if positive. But, you must also give IAP if negative + mentioned risk factors (18h, Maternal fever >100.4F)What is considered adequate intrapartum antibiotic prophylaxis? Penicillin and ampicillin are the recommended antibiotics for prophylaxis. Cefazolin can be given if there is a penicillin-allergy with a low risk for anaphylaxis. Clindamycin and vancomycin are reserved for cases of maternal penicillin allergy. Specifically, clindamycin can be used only if GBS is known to be sensitive to clindamycin. Vancomycin must be used if GBS is resistant to clindamycin. Do not use erythromycin. You will Administered at least 4 hours before delivery.IAP is believed to reduce neonatal GBS disease by: (1) temporarily reducing maternal vaginal GBS colonization; (2) preventing colonization of the fetus or newborn's surfaces and mucous membranes; and (3) achieving antibiotic levels in the newborn's bloodstream sufficient to surpass the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) for eliminating group B streptococci.Diagnosis of EOS:Clinical presentation: Tachycardia, tachypnea, temperature instability, supplemental oxygen requirement, and lethargy. Hypoglycemia should not be considered a sign of EOS.Diagnosing early-onset sepsis is achieved through blood or cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) cultures. Not effective methods for diagnosing EOS include laboratory tests, such as a complete blood cell count or C-reactive protein (CRP), as well as surface cultures, gastric aspirate analysis, or urine culture.Most infants will generally show signs of EOS GBS infection within the initial 24 hours of birth, with approximately 85% exhibiting symptoms during this timeframe.Waiting for cultures and/or signs can delay lifesaving treatment.Management:According to the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP), the management of term and late-term infants is undertaken via the clinical condition assessment, the categorical risk factor assessment, and the multivariate risk assessment. As a part of the 2015 AAP guidelines, the Categorical Risk Factor Assessment is more of an algorithmic approach based on the presence or absence of specific risk factor threshold values such as:Ill-appearing infant. Mother diagnosed with chorioamnionitis.Mother GBS positive with inadequate intrapartum prophylaxis.ROM >18 hours.Birth before 37 weeks of gestation.Antibiotics are not always needed, and they can even cause damage. Information taken from the American Academy of Pediatrics, “Management of Neonates Born at ≥35 0/7 Weeks' Gestation With Suspected or Proven Early-Onset Bacterial Sepsis,” published on December 1, 2018:(1) Any newborn infant who is ill-appearing or (2) when the mother has a clinical diagnosis of chorioamnionitis -> laboratory testing must be ordered, and empirical antibiotic therapy should be started.(3) A mother who is colonized with GBS and who received inadequate intrapartum antibiotic prophylaxis, with a duration of ROM being >18 hours or birth before 37 weeks' gestation -> laboratory testing should be ordered.(4) A mother who is colonized with GBS who received inadequate IAP but with no additional risk factors -> observation in the hospital for ≥48 hours.______________________________Conclusion: Now we conclude episode number 162, “Early-onset Sepsis Introduction.” Dr Kooner explained the role of GBS in the pathophysiology of EOS, Dr. Schlaerth discussed the importance of clinical evaluation and Dr. Arreaza explained that GBS screening in the third trimester is not needed when there is a GBS positive urine culture early in pregnancy. Don't miss part 2 of this discussion. By the way, we do not recommend using feces to prevent or treat sepsis, we just shared anecdotal information to end with a funny note.This week we thank Hector Arreaza, Lovedip Kooner, and Katherine Schlaerth. Audio editing by Adrianne Silva.Even without trying, every night you go to bed a little wiser. Thanks for listening to Rio Bravo qWeek Podcast. We want to hear from you, send us an email at RioBravoqWeek@clinicasierravista.org, or visit our website riobravofmrp.org/qweek. See you next week! _____________________References:Neonatal Early-Onset Sepsis Calculator by Kaiser Permanente, available at: https://neonatalsepsiscalculator.kaiserpermanente.org/.Espinosa K, Brown SR. Neonatal Early-Onset Sepsis Calculator. Am Fam Physician. 2021;104(6):636-637.https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2021/1200/p636.html.Puopolo KM, Benitz WE, Zaoutis TE; COMMITTEE ON FETUS AND NEWBORN; COMMITTEE ON INFECTIOUS DISEASES. Management of Neonates Born at ≥35 0/7 Weeks' Gestation With Suspected or Proven Early-Onset Bacterial Sepsis. Pediatrics. 2018 Dec;142(6):e20182894. doi: 10.1542/peds.2018-2894. PMID: 30455342. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30455342/.Briggs-Steinberg C, Roth P. Early-Onset Sepsis in Newborns. Pediatr Rev. 2023 Jan 1;44(1):14-22. doi: 10.1542/pir.2020-001164. PMID: 36587021. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36587021/.Flannery DD, Puopolo KM. Neonatal Early-Onset Sepsis. Neoreviews. 2022 Nov 1;23(11):756-770. doi: 10.1542/neo.23-10-e756. PMID: 36316253. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36316253/.Polin RA; Committee on Fetus and Newborn. Management of neonates with suspected or proven early-onset bacterial sepsis. Pediatrics. 2012 May;129(5):1006-15. doi: 10.1542/peds.2012-0541. Epub 2012 Apr 30. PMID: 22547779. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22547779/.Royalty-free music used for this episode: Good Vibes_Adventure Time by Simon Pettersson, downloaded on July 20, 2023, from https://www.videvo.net/
Welcome to The Nonlinear Library, where we use Text-to-Speech software to convert the best writing from the Rationalist and EA communities into audio. This is: A review of how nucleic acid (or DNA) synthesis is currently regulated across the world, and some ideas about reform (summary of and link to Law dissertation), published by Isaac Heron on February 6, 2024 on The Effective Altruism Forum. This is a post to share my Law Honours dissertation (link above) about the regulation of nucleic acid synthesis screening at an international level. I have also set out a summary below of the paper for those who do not have time/do not want to read the whole thing. This summary doesn't necessarily reflect the structure and emphasis of the paper, but instead focuses on some of the key insights I identified in my research which those on this forum who have an interest in biosecurity are unlikely to have already seen. I'm hoping to submit this for publication within the next few months, so if anyone has feedback for how to improve it (especially if I have some things wrong about the state of the law in each country I studied) that would also be appreciated. This article was also completed early in October 2023 so parts of it may be out of date, which it would be good to have highlighted (I am aware, for example, that it does not cover President Biden's Executive Order which includes provisions requiring the creation of future guidelines for nucleic acid synthesis screening). Introduction to the risks from nucleic acid synthesis (NAS) I won't cover this in much detail since introductions to the topic can be accessed elsewhere on this forum[1] and in the media,[2] except to give the following background: Nucleic acid synthesis (NAS) refers to the creation of DNA or other genetic molecules (e.g. RNA) artificially. This is done by several large companies and dozens of small ones across the world, who then deliver their product to researchers of various kinds. I will refer to NAS rather than DNA synthesis for the rest of this post because I think this broader category is what we really want to cover. The NAS process is currently undergoing rapid change, with new enzymatic techniques[3]potentially making it much cheaper to produce nucleic acids, especially at scale. Desktop synthesisers, which allow users to generate the sequences at their own labs, are also dramatically improving to the point that they may begin to replace the existing model where synthesis is mostly outsourced to private companies.[4] There are several publicly available databases of genetic sequences, which include various pathogenic sequences. The field of synthetic biology, which applies engineering and computer science tools to "programme" biology, may make it easier over time for those who have obtained synthetic nucleic acids to then use these sequences to recreate existing harmful pathogens (e.g. smallpox) or engineer even more dangerous pathogens.[5] Given these risks, it is often argued that NAS companies should screen their orders for potentially harmful sequences and screen their customers to ensure they are trustworthy. Although there are good argumentsfor why the perceived risk may be overblown, I think this is clearly something they should do. My dissertation focuses on the best way to ensure that this happens. Current well-known points regarding NAS regulation What I see as the key components of the international regulatory system for NAS are as follows: The International Gene Synthesis Consortium - a set of large gene synthesis companies which have joined together and agreed to screen their orders according to the Harmonised Screening Protocol. IGSC members agree to screen their orders against a shared database of sequences of concern derived from organisms listed on various official lists of organisms of concern. Two particularly important lists come from the Australia Group and the United States Select Agents and Toxins List. The United States Department o...
TODAY ON THE ROBERT SCOTT BELL SHOW: Big Pharma's Dirty Marketing Schemes, Dr. Joseph Ladapo, mRNA jab risks, Nucleic acid contaminants, FDA push-back, Homeopathic Hit – Glonoinum, Michael Boldin, Constitutional morality and religion, Ben Franklin quotes, Credit card codes, Jefferson Barbary pirates, Crohns concerns and MORE! http://www.robertscottbell.com/natural-remedies/big-pharmas-dirty-marketing-schemes-dr-joseph-ladapo-mrna-jab-risks-nucleic-acid-contaminants-fda-push-back-homeopathic-hit-glonoinum-michael-boldin-constitutional-morality-and-reli/ Big Pharma's Dirty Marketing Schemes, Dr. Joseph Ladapo, mRNA jab risks, Nucleic acid contaminants, FDA push-back, Homeopathic Hit – Glonoinum, Michael Boldin, Constitutional morality and religion,... http://www.robertscottbell.com
Why? Why not joins us as we're sleeping in our work clothes, steaming the breath, defining “ghost shit,” foreboding ominously, penetrating the space column, spreading the Hilbert Effect to Ultra Wide, estimating our 10K times, staring down a door, honoring goldfish, becoming a brand new person, igniting the forehead glyph, fetishizing the aquarium, adopting a husband, denying a legacy, suggesting Demolition Man sex, dehumanizing the remixed man, slaughtering a clone, and reclaiming garbage for villainous objectives. I've always wanted to be a type Z man. 00:00 Intro | 03:19 Port to Miltia | 04:01 The Ballad of Andrew Cherenkov I | 09:54 Shion's Grayscale Zone | 12:57 Elsa in Hyperspace | 15:59 Cathedral Ship Arrival | 19:52 The Ballad of Andrew Cherenkov II | 24:04 Exploring Cathedral Ship | 29:03 The Ballad of Andrew Cherenkov III |47:25 Margulis' Dog Rescue Program | 50:27 Real Net | 54:05 Outro Get more Retrograde Amnesia: Support us on Patreon at patreon.com/retroam. Join the community and get early access, ad-free episodes, bonus episodes, miniseries, and access to the RealNet. Twitter: @retroamnesiapod Cohost: cohost.org/retroam E-Mail: podcast@retrogradeamnesia.com Website: www.retrogradeamnesia.com
In this episode of the Epigenetics Podcast, we talked with Tanja Vogel from the University Clinics Freiburg about her work on epigenetic modifications in stem cells during central nervous system development. During our discussion, Dr. Vogel shared that she and her team have investigated H3K79 methylation and its functional significance, which remains a topic of debate in the scientific community. They've also investigated the role of DOT1L in neural development and its implications for neuronal networks, as disrupting DOT1L can lead to conditions such as epilepsy and schizophrenia. They explored the function of the SOX2 enhancer in the presence or absence of DOT1L enzymatic inhibition. The conversation then shifts to FoxG1, a vital player in forebrain development. The team uncovered its role in chromatin accessibility and its connection to microRNA processing. Their study, utilizing ChIP-Seq, reveals FoxG1's interactions with enhancer regions and other transcription factors, like NeuroD1. ### References Britanova, O., de Juan Romero, C., Cheung, A., Kwan, K. Y., Schwark, M., Gyorgy, A., Vogel, T., Akopov, S., Mitkovski, M., Agoston, D., Sestan, N., Molnár, Z., & Tarabykin, V. (2008). Satb2 is a postmitotic determinant for upper-layer neuron specification in the neocortex. Neuron, 57(3), 378–392. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2007.12.028 Büttner, N., Johnsen, S. A., Kügler, S., & Vogel, T. (2010). Af9/Mllt3 interferes with Tbr1 expression through epigenetic modification of histone H3K79 during development of the cerebral cortex. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 107(15), 7042–7047. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0912041107 Franz, H., Villarreal, A., Heidrich, S., Videm, P., Kilpert, F., Mestres, I., Calegari, F., Backofen, R., Manke, T., & Vogel, T. (2019). DOT1L promotes progenitor proliferation and primes neuronal layer identity in the developing cerebral cortex. Nucleic acids research, 47(1), 168–183. https://doi.org/10.1093/nar/gky953 Ferrari, F., Arrigoni, L., Franz, H., Izzo, A., Butenko, L., Trompouki, E., Vogel, T., & Manke, T. (2020). DOT1L-mediated murine neuronal differentiation associates with H3K79me2 accumulation and preserves SOX2-enhancer accessibility. Nature communications, 11(1), 5200. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-020-19001-7 Akol, I., Izzo, A., Gather, F., Strack, S., Heidrich, S., Ó hAilín, D., Villarreal, A., Hacker, C., Rauleac, T., Bella, C., Fischer, A., Manke, T., & Vogel, T. (2023). Multimodal epigenetic changes and altered NEUROD1 chromatin binding in the mouse hippocampus underlie FOXG1 syndrome. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 120(2), e2122467120. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2122467120 Related Episodes Molecular Mechanisms of Chromatin Modifying Enzymes (Karim-Jean Armache) Contact Epigenetics Podcast on Twitter Epigenetics Podcast on Instagram Epigenetics Podcast on Mastodon Epigenetics Podcast on Bluesky Active Motif on Twitter Active Motif on LinkedIn Email: podcast@activemotif.com
In this episode of the Epigenetics Podcast, we caught up with Sheila Teves from the University of British Columbia to talk about her work on the inheritance of transcriptional memory by mitotic bookmarking. Early in her research career, Sheila Teves focused on the impact of nucleosomes on torsional stress and gene regulation. She also highlights the development of a genome-wide approach to measure torsional stress and its relationship to nucleosome dynamics and RNA polymerase regulation. The conversation then shifts to her focus on transcriptional memory and mitotic bookmarking during her postdoc in the Tijan lab. She explores the concept of mitotic bookmarking, whereby certain transcription factors remain bound to their target sites during mitosis, facilitating efficient reactivation of transcription after cell division. She discusses her findings on the behavior of transcription factors on mitotic chromosomes, challenging the notion that they are excluded during mitosis. She also discusses the differences in binding behavior between the general transcription factor TBP and other transcription factors. Finally, the effect of formaldehyde fixation on the potential to find transcription factors bound to mitotic chromosomes is discussed. References Teves, S., Henikoff, S. Transcription-generated torsional stress destabilizes nucleosomes. Nat Struct Mol Biol 21, 88–94 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1038/nsmb.2723 Sheila S Teves, Luye An, Anders S Hansen, Liangqi Xie, Xavier Darzacq, Robert Tjian (2016) A dynamic mode of mitotic bookmarking by transcription factors eLife 5:e22280. https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.22280 Sheila S Teves, Luye An, Aarohi Bhargava-Shah, Liangqi Xie, Xavier Darzacq, Robert Tjian (2018) A stable mode of bookmarking by TBP recruits RNA polymerase II to mitotic chromosomes eLife 7:e35621. https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.35621 Kwan, J. Z. J., Nguyen, T. F., Uzozie, A. C., Budzynski, M. A., Cui, J., Lee, J. M. C., Van Petegem, F., Lange, P. F., & Teves, S. S. (2023). RNA Polymerase II transcription independent of TBP in murine embryonic stem cells. eLife, 12, e83810. https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.83810 Price, R. M., Budzyński, M. A., Shen, J., Mitchell, J. E., Kwan, J. Z. J., & Teves, S. S. (2023). Heat shock transcription factors demonstrate a distinct mode of interaction with mitotic chromosomes. Nucleic acids research, 51(10), 5040–5055. https://doi.org/10.1093/nar/gkad304 Related Episodes In Vivo Nucleosome Structure and Dynamics (Srinivas Ramachandran) From Nucleosome Structure to Function (Karolin Luger) Structural Analysis of Nucleosomes During Transcription (Lucas Farnung) Contact Epigenetics Podcast on Twitter Epigenetics Podcast on Instagram Epigenetics Podcast on Mastodon Active Motif on Twitter Active Motif on LinkedIn Email: podcast@activemotif.com
We talk to Dr Vijay Yadav about his planned next steps for interventional human trials and what doses he will try. Dr Yadav leads the Systems Biology of Aging Laboratory, which aims to identify novel functional connections between organs and to unravel factors that underlie human metabolism and its disorders. The lab's expertise is in the development of a variety of technologies including mouse genetic (CRISPR/Cas, homologous recombination in embryonic stem cells, iPS cells), genomic (Nucleic acid sequencing), and proteomic (MS/NMR/HPLC). The ultimate aim is to identify novel therapeutic targets for genetic and metabolic disorders to manage these diseases in humans.
We talk to Dr Vijay Yadav about the human results from the trial and how the dosage might translate into humans. Dr Yadav leads the Systems Biology of Aging Laboratory, which aims to identify novel functional connections between organs and to unravel factors that underlie human metabolism and its disorders. The lab's expertise is in the development of a variety of technologies including mouse genetic (CRISPR/Cas, homologous recombination in embryonic stem cells, iPS cells), genomic (Nucleic acid sequencing), and proteomic (MS/NMR/HPLC). The ultimate aim is to identify novel therapeutic targets for genetic and metabolic disorders to manage these diseases in humans.
We talk to Dr Vijay Yadav about some of the results in terms of lifespan and healthspan from the recent paper that he was the main author on. Dr Yadav leads the Systems Biology of Aging Laboratory, which aims to identify novel functional connections between organs and to unravel factors that underlie human metabolism and its disorders. The lab's expertise is in the development of a variety of technologies including mouse genetic (CRISPR/Cas, homologous recombination in embryonic stem cells, iPS cells), genomic (Nucleic acid sequencing), and proteomic (MS/NMR/HPLC). The ultimate aim is to identify novel therapeutic targets for genetic and metabolic disorders to manage these diseases in humans.
We talk to Dr Vijay Yadav about taurine, why he started studying it, some of the history and how it varies with age. Dr Yadav leads the Systems Biology of Aging Laboratory, which aims to identify novel functional connections between organs and to unravel factors that underlie human metabolism and its disorders. The lab's expertise is in the development of a variety of technologies including mouse genetic (CRISPR/Cas, homologous recombination in embryonic stem cells, iPS cells), genomic (Nucleic acid sequencing), and proteomic (MS/NMR/HPLC). The ultimate aim is to identify novel therapeutic targets for genetic and metabolic disorders to manage these diseases in humans.
Dr. Lewis is the Bird Dogs Chair in Translational Oncology at the University of Alberta in Edmonton, Alberta. As a scientist and serial entrepreneur, he pioneered the use of intravital imaging in the in vivo study of tumour cell invasion and metastasis to discover key targets for cancer therapeutics. Dr. Lewis also develops novel nanotechnology, … John Lewis: Metastatic Cancer, Entos Pharmaceutical, Nucleic acid platform |Learning with Lowell 192 Read More » The post John Lewis: Metastatic Cancer, Entos Pharmaceutical, Nucleic acid platform |Learning with Lowell 192 first appeared on Learning with Lowell.
In this episode Mike Ward, Clarivate's Head of Thought Leadership for Life sciences and healthcare, spoke to Johnny Ohlson, Founder of Touchlight, a company who has developed a novel synthetic DNA vector. In recent years, we've seen that by harnessing the power of DNA, it has been possible to achieve success in treating previously incurable hereditary diseases and even tackle major pandemics. However, whether the answer is cell or gene therapies or RNA vaccines, one thing they all have in common is that they require DNA in some form or another as the starting material. Through Touchlight, Johnny Ohlson and his talented team have built a business that can make DNA at unprecedented speed, scale and purity. Johnny, a serial entrepreneur not originally from a biopharma background, shares with us his story of breaking successfully into a complex industry. This podcast demonstrates that innovation at its heart is more about a combination of vision, relationships and talented people rather than prior experience. Hosted on Acast. See acast.com/privacy for more information.
Welcome to The Nonlinear Library, where we use Text-to-Speech software to convert the best writing from the Rationalist and EA communities into audio. This is: Biological DOOM: a brief overview of biological computation, published by Metacelsus on April 29, 2023 on LessWrong. (no, not that kind of biological doom) DOOM is a classic first-person shooter game released in 1993 by id Software. Because it's from 1993, it doesn't require much computing power compared to modern games. Additionally, the code (written in C) is easy to compile to run on a variety of processors. Over the years, hackers have made DOOM run on things such as an ATM, a touchbar of a MacBook, a Porsche 911, and even a TI-84 calculator powered by potato batteries. But what about cells? Requirements for DOOM The inputs to DOOM are based on button presses, traditionally on a keyboard. 9 keys in total are required (assuming “switch weapon” is implemented as one key that cycles through weapons). For computation, the original 1993 release required: 4 MB of RAM and 12 MB of hard-drive storage Intel 386 (bare minimum) or 486 processor. There is some flexibility regarding the processor, but slower processors will have worse frame-rates. The Intel 386 had 275,000 transistors in its most basic configuration. DOOM also requires a graphical output. The smallest resolution I've seen is 128x32 pixels, and that was cutting it a bit close. We'll assume we need 4096 black-and-white pixels for the display. Finally, DOOM has audio. For the purposes of this thought experiment, we can ignore this output. Although the soundtrack is great, it's not strictly required to play the game. Approaches to biological computation So, how could we potentially run DOOM? Biological systems can perform computations in several ways: Nucleic acid hybridization These logic gates are based on strand displacement between complementary DNA sequences. A recent paper demonstrated a set of DNA-based logic gates that could add two 6-bit binary numbers. Pros and cons: Memory capacity is good (encoded in DNA or RNA) Switching speed is OK (rate constants vary by design but are typically around 106M−1s−1) Visual output could be provided by fluorophore/quencher conjugated oligonucleotides, but . . . Coupling to a macroscopic output display would be far too slow, because it would have to rely on diffusion (taking a few minutes to cover a millimeter-scale distance). So, the game would have to be played using a microscope. It's hard to “reset” gates after using them, this requires coupling to some energy source It's also hard to integrate DNA-based logic gates into other biological systems, since not many organisms use short pieces of ssDNA. RNA might be used instead. Transcription and translation These logic gates use the same tools that cells use to regulate gene expression. For example, the classic lac operon in bacteria implements: Biologists have exploited similar systems to build logic gates, as well as systems involving the regulation of translation (the production of proteins using mRNAs as templates). A recent paper used Cas9 binding to a sgRNA-like sequence inserted in an mRNA to control its translation. To form a NAND gate, they split Cas9 into two fragments; if both were present, the output protein was not produced. Pros and cons: Memory capacity is acceptable (encoded in DNA or RNA) There will be challenges with implementing the number of logic gates required while avoiding cross-talk The dealbreaker: far too slow to run DOOM. RNA and protein half-lives are on the order of minutes to hours. Protein phosphorylation (kinases/phosphatases) Many cell signaling pathways use protein phosphorylation as a signal. This is much faster than transcription and translation, since no new RNAs or proteins need to be produced. A paper in 2021 built a toggle switch in yeast out of several kinases and phosphatases. Pros and cons: Response speed is adequate, similar to nucleic acid hybridization gates (i.e., largely l...
Link to original articleWelcome to The Nonlinear Library, where we use Text-to-Speech software to convert the best writing from the Rationalist and EA communities into audio. This is: Biological DOOM: a brief overview of biological computation, published by Metacelsus on April 29, 2023 on LessWrong. (no, not that kind of biological doom) DOOM is a classic first-person shooter game released in 1993 by id Software. Because it's from 1993, it doesn't require much computing power compared to modern games. Additionally, the code (written in C) is easy to compile to run on a variety of processors. Over the years, hackers have made DOOM run on things such as an ATM, a touchbar of a MacBook, a Porsche 911, and even a TI-84 calculator powered by potato batteries. But what about cells? Requirements for DOOM The inputs to DOOM are based on button presses, traditionally on a keyboard. 9 keys in total are required (assuming “switch weapon” is implemented as one key that cycles through weapons). For computation, the original 1993 release required: 4 MB of RAM and 12 MB of hard-drive storage Intel 386 (bare minimum) or 486 processor. There is some flexibility regarding the processor, but slower processors will have worse frame-rates. The Intel 386 had 275,000 transistors in its most basic configuration. DOOM also requires a graphical output. The smallest resolution I've seen is 128x32 pixels, and that was cutting it a bit close. We'll assume we need 4096 black-and-white pixels for the display. Finally, DOOM has audio. For the purposes of this thought experiment, we can ignore this output. Although the soundtrack is great, it's not strictly required to play the game. Approaches to biological computation So, how could we potentially run DOOM? Biological systems can perform computations in several ways: Nucleic acid hybridization These logic gates are based on strand displacement between complementary DNA sequences. A recent paper demonstrated a set of DNA-based logic gates that could add two 6-bit binary numbers. Pros and cons: Memory capacity is good (encoded in DNA or RNA) Switching speed is OK (rate constants vary by design but are typically around 106M−1s−1) Visual output could be provided by fluorophore/quencher conjugated oligonucleotides, but . . . Coupling to a macroscopic output display would be far too slow, because it would have to rely on diffusion (taking a few minutes to cover a millimeter-scale distance). So, the game would have to be played using a microscope. It's hard to “reset” gates after using them, this requires coupling to some energy source It's also hard to integrate DNA-based logic gates into other biological systems, since not many organisms use short pieces of ssDNA. RNA might be used instead. Transcription and translation These logic gates use the same tools that cells use to regulate gene expression. For example, the classic lac operon in bacteria implements: Biologists have exploited similar systems to build logic gates, as well as systems involving the regulation of translation (the production of proteins using mRNAs as templates). A recent paper used Cas9 binding to a sgRNA-like sequence inserted in an mRNA to control its translation. To form a NAND gate, they split Cas9 into two fragments; if both were present, the output protein was not produced. Pros and cons: Memory capacity is acceptable (encoded in DNA or RNA) There will be challenges with implementing the number of logic gates required while avoiding cross-talk The dealbreaker: far too slow to run DOOM. RNA and protein half-lives are on the order of minutes to hours. Protein phosphorylation (kinases/phosphatases) Many cell signaling pathways use protein phosphorylation as a signal. This is much faster than transcription and translation, since no new RNAs or proteins need to be produced. A paper in 2021 built a toggle switch in yeast out of several kinases and phosphatases. Pros and cons: Response speed is adequate, similar to nucleic acid hybridization gates (i.e., largely l...
Reviewing the YouTube Video “The Mystery of the Origin of Life,” By Dr. James Tour
Genetic engineering is a controversial topic. From vaccines to fetal cells to transhumanism, the debate rages. Yet, there are certain aspects to genetic engineering that are demonstrably good. How are we supposed to make heads or tails of this new technology, especially since it is impacting every aspect of our lives? I thought that a simple explanation (at least, as simple as I could make it!) of the things I did while earning my PhD could help increase our understanding. I, as a conservative Christian, made the 'frankenfish'. I stole the genes for the bright green and red fluorescent proteins in corals, engineered them into bacteria, then into fish. There is nothing inherently difficult in what I did, but there were a LOT of steps. Perhaps, after this explanation, we can have a more civil discussion on the pros and cons. Links and notes: Gibbs PDL, Carter RW, and Schmale MC (2008) Nucleic acid encoding fluorescent proteins from aquatic species. US Patent #7,413,874. Gibbs PDL, Carter RW, and Schmale MC (2007) Fluorescent Proteins from Aquatic Species. US Patent #7,291,711. Carter RW, Schmale MS, and Gibbs PDL (2004) Cloning of anthozoan fluorescent protein genes. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology, Part C 138:259–270. Carter RW (2003) Cnidarian Fluorescent Proteins. PhD Dissertation. University of Miami. Manica A, Carter RW (2000) Morphological and fluorescence analysis of the Montastraea annularis species complex in Florida. Marine Biology 137:899–906. Monkeying around with human embryos? Harnessing God's design to help prevent sickness, but will the new vaccine technology alter our DNA? Unnatural selection: CRISPR on Netflix Gene editing babies? A dangerous, pointless experiment Human/animal hybrids? Human Cloning? Mammoth clones coming to a zoo near you
In this episode of the Epigenetics Podcast, we caught up with Sarah Kimmins from Université de Montreal to talk about her work on the epigenetics of human sperm cells. The focus of Sarah Kimmins and her lab is how sperm and offspring health is impacted by the father's environment. The core of this is the sperm epigenome, which has been implicated in complex diseases such as infertility, cancer, diabetes, schizophrenia and autism. The Kimmins lab is interested which players play a role in this and came across the Histone post-translational modification H3K4me3. In this interview we talk about how the father's life choices can impact offspring health, which can also be inherited transgenerationally and how this can be used to develop intervention strategies to improve child and adult health. References Siklenka, K., Erkek, S., Godmann, M., Lambrot, R., McGraw, S., Lafleur, C., Cohen, T., Xia, J., Suderman, M., Hallett, M., Trasler, J., Peters, A. H., & Kimmins, S. (2015). Disruption of histone methylation in developing sperm impairs offspring health transgenerationally. Science (New York, N.Y.), 350(6261), aab2006. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aab2006 Lismer, A., Siklenka, K., Lafleur, C., Dumeaux, V., & Kimmins, S. (2020). Sperm histone H3 lysine 4 trimethylation is altered in a genetic mouse model of transgenerational epigenetic inheritance. Nucleic acids research, 48(20), 11380–11393. https://doi.org/10.1093/nar/gkaa712 Lismer, A., Dumeaux, V., Lafleur, C., Lambrot, R., Brind'Amour, J., Lorincz, M. C., & Kimmins, S. (2021). Histone H3 lysine 4 trimethylation in sperm is transmitted to the embryo and associated with diet-induced phenotypes in the offspring. Developmental cell, 56(5), 671–686.e6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.devcel.2021.01.014 Related Episodes H3K4me3, SET Proteins, Isw1, and their Role in Transcription (Jane Mellor) The Effects of Early Life Stress on Mammalian Development (Catherine J. Peña) DNA Methylation and Mammalian Development (Déborah Bourc'his) Contact Epigenetics Podcast on Twitter Epigenetics Podcast on Instagram Epigenetics Podcast on Mastodon Active Motif on Twitter Active Motif on LinkedIn Email: podcast@activemotif.com
https://psychiatry.dev/wp-content/uploads/speaker/post-12079.mp3?cb=1677700385.mp3 Playback speed: 0.8x 1x 1.3x 1.6x 2x Download: No Increased Detection of Nucleic Acids of CNS-related Viruses in the Brains of Patients with Schizophrenia, Bipolar Disorder, and Autism SpectrumFull EntryNo Increased Detection of Nucleic Acids of CNS-related Viruses in the Brains of Patients with Schizophrenia, Bipolar Disorder, and Autism Spectrum Disorder –
In this episode of the Epigenetics Podcast, we caught up with Karen Arndt from the University of Pittsburgh to talk about her work on transcription elongation control by the Paf1 complex. Karen Arndt and her lab investigate the process of transcriptional elongation and how RNA polymerase II overcomes obstacles like nucleosomes. One of the proteins that helps overcome those obstacles is the Paf1 complex. This complex associates with the transcribing polymerase and helps in modifying the chromatin template by ubiquitinating Histone H2B and methylating Histone H3. References Squazzo, S. L., Costa, P. J., Lindstrom, D. L., Kumer, K. E., Simic, R., Jennings, J. L., Link, A. J., Arndt, K. M., & Hartzog, G. A. (2002). The Paf1 complex physically and functionally associates with transcription elongation factors in vivo. The EMBO journal, 21(7), 1764–1774. https://doi.org/10.1093/emboj/21.7.1764 Van Oss, S. B., Shirra, M. K., Bataille, A. R., Wier, A. D., Yen, K., Vinayachandran, V., Byeon, I. L., Cucinotta, C. E., Héroux, A., Jeon, J., Kim, J., VanDemark, A. P., Pugh, B. F., & Arndt, K. M. (2016). The Histone Modification Domain of Paf1 Complex Subunit Rtf1 Directly Stimulates H2B Ubiquitylation through an Interaction with Rad6. Molecular cell, 64(4), 815–825. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molcel.2016.10.008 Cucinotta, C. E., Hildreth, A. E., McShane, B. M., Shirra, M. K., & Arndt, K. M. (2019). The nucleosome acidic patch directly interacts with subunits of the Paf1 and FACT complexes and controls chromatin architecture in vivo. Nucleic acids research, 47(16), 8410–8423. https://doi.org/10.1093/nar/gkz549 Hildreth, A. E., Ellison, M. A., Francette, A. M., Seraly, J. M., Lotka, L. M., & Arndt, K. M. (2020). The nucleosome DNA entry-exit site is important for transcription termination and prevention of pervasive transcription. eLife, 9, e57757. https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.57757 Related Episodes Targeting COMPASS to Cure Childhood Leukemia (Ali Shilatifard) H3K4me3, SET Proteins, Isw1, and their Role in Transcription (Jane Mellor) Contact Epigenetics Podcast on Twitter Epigenetics Podcast on Instagram Epigenetics Podcast on Mastodon Active Motif on Twitter Active Motif on LinkedIn Email: podcast@activemotif.com
This week, we are looking at a poem in the news. We are airing on Saturday, October 15th, 2022. On Thursday October 13th, 2022, just three days before Chairman Xi Jinping is supposed to be anointed for his third term, someone mounted the Sitong Bridge in Beijing and unfurled two banners. One had a poem which read: We don't want nucleic acid [tests], we want to eat We don't want the Cultural Revolution, we want reform We don't want lockdowns, we want freedom We don't want a leader, we want voting We don't want lies, we want respect We don't want to be slaves, we want to be citizens 不要核酸1要吃饭3，不要文革要改革 不要封城要自由，不要领袖4要选票 不要谎言要尊严，不做奴才2做公民
VirtualDJ Radio Hypnotica - Channel 3 - Recorded Live Sets Podcast
Live Recorded Set from VirtualDJ Radio Hypnotica
Learn about macromolecules. In particular about proteins and nucleic acids. These are organic compounds made of monomers and are ubiquitous in our bodies.
英语新闻∣海南将开展全省核酸检测，三亚临时全域静态管理Hainan will conduct nucleic acid tests for all people in the island province tocurbthe new COVID-19 outbreak, which hasspilled over into 10 cities and counties across the island, according to a news conference held in Haikou on Saturday afternoon by the localauthority.8月6日，三亚市召开新型冠状病毒肺炎疫情防控工作指挥部第二十一场新闻发布会。据悉，海南省本轮本土新冠肺炎聚集性疫情已蔓延至本省10个市县，并外溢到其他省市，为充分发挥核酸筛查在遏制疫情蔓延的重要作用，早日打赢疫情防控攻坚战，海南省将开展全域核酸检测。Supporting teams with the State Council's joint prevention and control mechanism have arrived in Hainan to help cope with the fast changing situation, said Du Jianwei, an official with the Hainan Provincial Health Commission, at the meeting.海南省卫生健康委员会二级巡视员杜建伟表示，为尽快阻断疫情扩散蔓延，国务院联防联控机制综合组派出的工作组已抵达海南。With the first confirmed case of COVID-19 detected on Monday in Sanya, the new outbreak has spilled over across Hainan island, with the total confirmed locally transmitted cases and asymptomatic carriers having reached 525 and 121, respectively, as of 12 am on Saturday, said local officials.据悉，自8月1日三亚在动车站例行落地检时，发现1例新冠病毒确诊病例之后，此轮疫情已蔓延至这个海南岛。8月1日0时至8月6日12时，海南已累计发现确诊病例525例、无症状感染者121例。Sanya, at the southern-tip of Hainan island, has reported 455 confirmed locally transmitted cases and 103 asymptomatic carriers from Monday to 12 am on Saturday, according to the local COVID-19 epidemic prevention and control headquarters.据海南三亚市新型冠状病毒肺炎疫情防控工作指挥部表示，8月1日0时至8月6日12时，三亚市累计报告本地确诊病例455例，无症状感染者103例。It said that Sanya has imposed a city-widelockdownstarting from 6 am on Saturday. While services for basic social operations, epidemic prevention and control and emergencies are fully guaranteed, public movement is now under control and all public transportation services have been suspended.三亚市疫情防控工作指挥部决定，自2022年8月6日凌晨6时起，三亚实行临时性全域静态管理，全市范围内限制人员流动，暂停城市公共交通，保障社会基本运行服务、疫情防控和紧急特殊情况的人员有序流动。The virus is the Omicron BA.5.1.3 variant. This is the first time it has been detected in China. Experts believe the origin of the virus wascontaminatedimported seafood at the Yazhou fishing port in Sanya or Hainan dealers who were most likely infected during transactions with overseas dealers, local officials said.海南省疾控中心首席专家金玉明表示，经流行病学调查和病毒基因测序分析，发现引起三亚“0801”疫情的是新冠病毒奥密克戎变异株BA.5.1.3。据报道，BA.5.1.3是我国首次检出。金玉明说，初步研判，此轮疫情为境外输入引起，进入三亚市崖州中心渔港渔船与境外渔民交易鱼货通过渔民隐匿感染或鱼货被病毒污染输入的可能性大，且后续在崖州中心渔港隐匿传播了一段时间。Travelers who are currently in Sanya, or who have a travel history based in Sanya since July 23, will have to stay in Hainan temporarily. Nucleic acid tests will be conducted according to the requirements of local epidemic prevention and control authority. Future arrangements will be made according to the situation of epidemic prevention and control in Sanya, said officials at the news conference in Haikou.海南省新型冠状病毒肺炎疫情防控工作指挥部表示，目前在三亚，或7月23日以来有三亚旅行史的，暂不离岛，按地区疫情防控要求进行核酸检测，后续安排视三亚疫情防控情况确定。The Sanya tourism authority said they have been doing their best to ensure good and comfortable services for tourists who are spending their summer holidays in the coastal city. The tourist destination attracted about 1.35 million visitors in July, according to figures from an airlines data provider.三亚旅游局表示，他们致力于为来三亚过暑假的游客提供良好舒适的服务。据某航空公司数据显示，7月份三亚已接待约135万名游客。curb英[kɜːb]美[kɜːrb]v. 控制，抑制; 约束，限定spill over英[spilˈəuvə]美[spɪlˈovɚ]v. 溢出lockdown英[lɔk daun]美[lɑk daʊn]n.封锁contaminate英[kən'tæmɪneɪtɪd]美[kən'tæməneɪtɪd]v. 把…弄脏，污染
Learn about macromolecules: proteins, carbs, lipids, and nucleic acid. Each made of basic building blocks known as monomers to form the large polymer AKA macromolecules. This episode focuses mostly on carbs and lipids.
Welcome to The Nonlinear Library, where we use Text-to-Speech software to convert the best writing from the Rationalist and EA communities into audio. This is: Leaving Google, Joining the Nucleic Acid Observatory, published by Jeff Kaufman on June 11, 2022 on The Effective Altruism Forum. In 2017 I rejoined Google to earn money to donate. At the time I thought earning to give was probably not where I could have the most impact, but I wasn't able to find other options that were a good fit for me personally. Over the last five years a few things have changed: There is substantially more funding available within effective altruism, and so the importance of earning to give has continued to decrease relative to doing things that aren't mediated by donations. The place where I've long been most skeptical of the value of work to reduce existential risk is the lack of good feedback loops. There are now several major areas, however, where it seems pretty practical to tell whether you're making good progress and executing well. I'm especially enthusiastic about concrete projects in avoiding or mitigating catastrophic pandemics and other biological risks. I've found an in-person role in Boston where I can apply my skills to one of these relatively tractable areas of existential risk reduction. So: today will be my last day at Google, and Monday will be my first day at the Nucleic Acid Observatory (NAO). We'll be building a system to collect wastewater samples and sequence their nucleic acids, with the goal of catching potential future pandemics earlier. More details in the EA Forum post and much more in the paper. In looking for things that I might do instead of earning to give, I identified several other strong candidates for ways to apply software engineering skills to making the world better. If you're thinking of making a similar move, let me know and I'd be happy to give you an overview of what I found and potentially give introductions. While normally I prefer people comment publicly instead of sending private messages, this is the kind of thing where I'm happy to receive messages. While I'm overall quite mixed on how the increased focus on applying your career has made EA more demanding, in my particular case I think it's pushed me in a good direction. Timeline of this decision: Weekend of 2022-03-26: Informal in-person discussion with EA friends I haven't seen in a while gets me thinking again about moving into something more directly useful. 2022-03-28: One of these friends, who also happens to work at 80,000 Hours, follows up by email and gets me thinking specifically about how bio could offer a good combination of impactful, in-person, and in-Boston. 2022-03-31: I write "since now that there is so much more money available in the EA movement I'm back to thinking about doing something other than earning to give". 2022-04-04: I write to Will Bradshaw to see if he has ideas about where I might be helpful, though for travel and personal reasons we don't end up meeting to talk until 2022-04-29. 2022-04-08: I write to Chris Bakerlee at the Open Philanthropy project, who gives good advice and suggestions of people to talk to. 2022-04-13 through 2022-04-27: In the UK, watching the kids while Julia attends EA Global and then visiting EA friends there after. Talked to quite a few different people about options here. 2022-05: A lot of reading from the two lists (Greg's and Chris') that 80,000 Hours links. 2022-05: Talking to three different groups I was strongly considering joining. In addition to the NAO this was Alvea and SecureDNA, both of which I think highly of. 2022-05-23: At dinner with housemates I realize that with three strong options and several other ideas for things that I might do if those fell through that I'm very unlikely to stay at Google. 2022-05-24: Gave notice to my manager. I'm out on leave this week, though, so I don't start handoffs yet. 2022-05-31: Announce to my team that I'm leaving and start handing things ...
Welcome to The Nonlinear Library, where we use Text-to-Speech software to convert the best writing from the Rationalist and EA communities into audio. This is: Leaving Google, Joining the Nucleic Acid Observatory, published by jefftk on June 10, 2022 on LessWrong. In 2017 I rejoined Google to earn money to donate. At the time I thought earning to give was probably not where I could have the most impact, but I wasn't able to find other options that were a good fit for me personally. Over the last five years a few things have changed: There is substantially more funding available within effective altruism, and so the importance of earning to give has continued to decrease relative to doing things that aren't mediated by donations. The place where I've long been most skeptical of the value of work to reduce existential risk is the lack of good feedback loops. There are now several major areas, however, where it seems pretty practical to tell whether you're making good progress and executing well. I'm especially enthusiastic about concrete projects in avoiding or mitigating catastrophic pandemics and other biological risks. I've found an in-person role in Boston where I can apply my skills to one of these relatively tractable areas of existential risk reduction. So: today will be my last day at Google, and Monday will be my first day at the Nucleic Acid Observatory (NAO). We'll be building a system to collect wastewater samples and sequence their nucleic acids, with the goal of catching potential future pandemics earlier. More details in the EA Forum post and much more in the paper. In looking for things that I might do instead of earning to give, I identified several other strong candidates for ways to apply software engineering skills to making the world better. If you're thinking of making a similar move, let me know and I'd be happy to give you an overview of what I found and potentially give introductions. While normally I prefer people comment publicly instead of sending private messages, this is the kind of thing where I'm happy to receive messages. While I'm overall quite mixed on how the increased focus on applying your career has made EA more demanding, in my particular case I think it's pushed me in a good direction. Timeline of this decision: Weekend of 2022-03-26: Informal in-person discussion with EA friends I haven't seen in a while gets me thinking again about moving into something more directly useful. 2022-03-28: One of these friends, who also happens to work at 80,000 Hours, follows up by email and gets me thinking specifically about how bio could offer a good combination of impactful, in-person, and in-Boston. 2022-03-31: I write "since now that there is so much more money available in the EA movement I'm back to thinking about doing something other than earning to give". 2022-04-04: I write to Will Bradshaw to see if he has ideas about where I might be helpful, though for travel and personal reasons we don't end up meeting to talk until 2022-04-29. 2022-04-08: I write to Chris Bakerlee at the Open Philanthropy project, who gives good advice and suggestions of people to talk to. 2022-04-13 through 2022-04-27: In the UK, watching the kids while Julia attends EA Global and then visiting EA friends there after. Talked to quite a few different people about options here. 2022-05: A lot of reading from the two lists (Greg's and Chris') that 80,000 Hours links. 2022-05: Talking to three different groups I was strongly considering joining. In addition to the NAO this was Alvea and SecureDNA, both of which I think highly of. 2022-05-23: At dinner with housemates I realize that with three strong options and several other ideas for things that I might do if those fell through that I'm very unlikely to stay at Google. 2022-05-24: Gave notice to my manager. I'm out on leave this week, though, so I don't start handoffs yet. 2022-05-31: Announce to my team that I'm leaving and start handing things off. 2022-06-04: Decided ...
Link to original articleWelcome to The Nonlinear Library, where we use Text-to-Speech software to convert the best writing from the Rationalist and EA communities into audio. This is: Leaving Google, Joining the Nucleic Acid Observatory, published by jefftk on June 10, 2022 on LessWrong. In 2017 I rejoined Google to earn money to donate. At the time I thought earning to give was probably not where I could have the most impact, but I wasn't able to find other options that were a good fit for me personally. Over the last five years a few things have changed: There is substantially more funding available within effective altruism, and so the importance of earning to give has continued to decrease relative to doing things that aren't mediated by donations. The place where I've long been most skeptical of the value of work to reduce existential risk is the lack of good feedback loops. There are now several major areas, however, where it seems pretty practical to tell whether you're making good progress and executing well. I'm especially enthusiastic about concrete projects in avoiding or mitigating catastrophic pandemics and other biological risks. I've found an in-person role in Boston where I can apply my skills to one of these relatively tractable areas of existential risk reduction. So: today will be my last day at Google, and Monday will be my first day at the Nucleic Acid Observatory (NAO). We'll be building a system to collect wastewater samples and sequence their nucleic acids, with the goal of catching potential future pandemics earlier. More details in the EA Forum post and much more in the paper. In looking for things that I might do instead of earning to give, I identified several other strong candidates for ways to apply software engineering skills to making the world better. If you're thinking of making a similar move, let me know and I'd be happy to give you an overview of what I found and potentially give introductions. While normally I prefer people comment publicly instead of sending private messages, this is the kind of thing where I'm happy to receive messages. While I'm overall quite mixed on how the increased focus on applying your career has made EA more demanding, in my particular case I think it's pushed me in a good direction. Timeline of this decision: Weekend of 2022-03-26: Informal in-person discussion with EA friends I haven't seen in a while gets me thinking again about moving into something more directly useful. 2022-03-28: One of these friends, who also happens to work at 80,000 Hours, follows up by email and gets me thinking specifically about how bio could offer a good combination of impactful, in-person, and in-Boston. 2022-03-31: I write "since now that there is so much more money available in the EA movement I'm back to thinking about doing something other than earning to give". 2022-04-04: I write to Will Bradshaw to see if he has ideas about where I might be helpful, though for travel and personal reasons we don't end up meeting to talk until 2022-04-29. 2022-04-08: I write to Chris Bakerlee at the Open Philanthropy project, who gives good advice and suggestions of people to talk to. 2022-04-13 through 2022-04-27: In the UK, watching the kids while Julia attends EA Global and then visiting EA friends there after. Talked to quite a few different people about options here. 2022-05: A lot of reading from the two lists (Greg's and Chris') that 80,000 Hours links. 2022-05: Talking to three different groups I was strongly considering joining. In addition to the NAO this was Alvea and SecureDNA, both of which I think highly of. 2022-05-23: At dinner with housemates I realize that with three strong options and several other ideas for things that I might do if those fell through that I'm very unlikely to stay at Google. 2022-05-24: Gave notice to my manager. I'm out on leave this week, though, so I don't start handoffs yet. 2022-05-31: Announce to my team that I'm leaving and start handing things off. 2022-06-04: Decided ...
As of today, at least 10 Chinese metropolises, each with a population of over 10 million people, have required regular nucleic acid testing for COVID-19 of their citizens. The public is now questioning the cost incurred as well as who should pay those costs. Nucleic acid tests for COVID-19 are also known as PCR tests. […]
Beijing conducted three consecutive rounds of regional nucleic acid screening in early May. This put a lot of pressure on the nucleic acid testing capacity and the need for additional testing sites was imminent, so Beijing quickly passed the testing applications of some laboratories at that time. Because many netizens have some misconceptions about the difficulty and cost of setting up nucleic acid testing sites, the Beijing Municipal Health Care Commission has explained this.Join other motivated learners on your Chinese learning journey with maayot. Receive a daily Chinese reading in Mandarin Chinese in your inbox. Full text in Chinese, daily quiz to test your understanding, one-click dictionary, new words, etc.Got a question or comment? Reach out to us at contact[at]maayot.com
Welcome to The Nonlinear Library, where we use Text-to-Speech software to convert the best writing from the Rationalist and EA communities into audio. This is: Announcing the Nucleic Acid Observatory project for early detection of catastrophic biothreats, published by Will Bradshaw on April 29, 2022 on The Effective Altruism Forum. TLDR: The Nucleic Acid Observatory project aims to protect the world from catastrophic biothreats by detecting novel agents spreading in the human population or environment. We are developing the experimental tools, computational approaches, and hands-on knowledge needed to achieve reliable early detection of any future outbreak. We are hiring for research and support roles. The catastrophic potential of biological threats lies in their ability to self-replicate and spread from host to host, allowing isolated spillover events to develop into devastating pandemics. The COVID-19 pandemic demonstrated the destructive potential of exponentially growing disease agents. Future pandemics could be far worse, especially if deliberately engineered by humans to cause increased harm. A corollary of the exponential growth of biological threats is that early detection of outbreaks can be immensely valuable. When a threat can spread exponentially, early detection and response requires exponentially fewer resources to achieve containment and eradication. Had governments acted a few weeks earlier, SARS-CoV-2 may have been excluded from many more countries or even eradicated before becoming a global pandemic. In future outbreaks, a difference of a few doubling times could make the difference between successful containment and global catastrophe. As a result of the COVID-19 pandemic, recent years have seen enormous interest in technologies for rapid diagnosis and outbreak detection. However, most of this work is centered around sensitively detecting specific known pathogens – especially SARS-CoV-2. Most common monitoring techniques are only able to detect the presence of biological signatures specified in advance; they can't spot things we aren't already looking for. To achieve reliable early detection of novel catastrophic biothreats, we need to do better. The Nucleic Acid Observatory project, currently part of the Sculpting Evolution group at the MIT Media Lab, aims to solve one key piece of this early-detection puzzle. By collecting wastewater and other environmental samples at airports and other sites, performing unbiased metagenomic sequencing, and analyzing the resulting data with novel pathogen-agnostic detection algorithms, our goal is to achieve reliable early detection of any biological threat. At present, our priority is to develop the technical tools, practical expertise, and partnerships required to implement effective metagenomic biomonitoring on the ground. To that end, we are developing experimental tools and protocols to investigate the sensitivity of different sampling approaches and sites; investigating computational approaches to agnostically identify threat signatures in metagenomic data; and reaching out to a number of potential sites about on-the-ground pilot studies. We aim to begin field trials by autumn 2022. We are a small team, but well-funded and growing rapidly. Right now, we are especially excited to hire full-time technical researchers and wet-lab support staff; we expect to open more positions in the near future. You can see our open positions and apply here. Thanks for listening. To help us out with The Nonlinear Library or to learn more, please visit nonlinear.org.
Episode 89: Gonorrhea Basics. Written by Robert BensacenezRobert, Dr. Schlaerth, and Dr. Arreaza discuss the basics of gonorrhea, including presentation, treatment, and even a potential gonococcal vaccine.Introduction: Gonorrhea is commonly known as “the clap” or “the drip”. This ancient disease, described as “the perilous infirmity of burning” in a book called The History of Prostitution, has been treated with many remedies throughout history, including mercury, sulfur, silver, multiple plants, and even gold. Today we will discuss the clinical features, diagnosis, and current therapy of gonorrhea. By the way, did you know that gonorrhea in Spanish is used as an insult in Colombia? Well, now you know it. Definition: Gonorrhea is a sexually transmitted disease caused by the bacterium Neisseria gonorrhoeae (common name gonococcus), which is a gram-negative, intracellular, aerobic, diplococci. This disease leads to genitourinary tract infections such as urethritis, cervicitis, pelvic inflammatory disease (PID), and epididymitis. This is Rio Bravo qWeek, your weekly dose of knowledge brought to you by the Rio Bravo Family Medicine Residency Program from Bakersfield, California. Our program is affiliated with UCLA, and it's sponsored by Clinica Sierra Vista, Let Us Be Your Healthcare Home. ___________________________Gonorrhea. Written by Robert Besancenez, MS4, Ross University School of Medicine. Moderated and edited by Hector Arreaza, MD. Discussion participation by Katherine Schlaerth, MD. Epidemiology: The disease primarily affects individuals between 15–24 years of age (half of the STI patients in the US). CDC estimates that approximately 1.6 million new gonococcal infections occurred in 2018. Incidence rates are highest among African Americans, American Indians, and Hispanic populations.Transmission is sexual (oral, genital, or anal) or perinatal (causing gonococcal conjunctivitis in neonates). Risk factors include unsafe sexual behaviors (lack of barrier protection, multiple partners, men who have sex with men (MSM), and asplenia, complement deficiencies. Individuals with low socioeconomic status are at the highest risk: poor access to medical treatment and screening, poor education, substance use, and sex work. Presentation: The incubation period is ~ 2–7 days, and sometimes patients do not develop any symptoms. Urogenital infection: Gonorrhea is commonly asymptomatic, especially in women, which increases the chance of further spreading and complications. When symptoms are present, typical symptoms include purulent vaginal or urethral discharge (purulent, yellow-green, possibly blood-tinged). Discharge is less common in female patients. Urinary symptoms include dysuria, urinary frequency, and urgency. Male: - Typical presentation is urethritis. - Penile shaft edema without other signs of inflammation.- Epididymitis: unilateral scrotal fullness sensation, scrotal swelling, redness, tenderness, relief of pain with elevation of scrotum —Prehn Sign— and positive cremasteric reflex.- Robert: Prostatitis: fever, chills, general malaise, pelvic or perineal pain, cloudy urine, prostate tenderness (examine prostate gently). Female: - Cervicitis: Friable cervix and discharge (purulent, yellow, malodorous), - PID: pelvic or lower abdominal pain, dyspareunia, fever, cervical discharge, cervical motion tenderness but also uterine or adnexal tenderness, abnormal intermenstrual bleeding. PID can be subclinical and diagnosed retroactively when tubal occlusion is discovered as part of a workup for infertility. PID can cause Fitz-Hugh-Curtis syndrome (perihepatitis with RUQ pain).- Bartholinitis presents with introitus pain, edema, and discharge from the labia. - Vulvovaginitis may occur but is rare (due to the tissue preference of gonococci)Extragenital infection: Proctitis: Rectal purulent discharge, possible anorectal bleeding and pain, rectal mucosa inflammation, or rectal abscess (less common).Pharyngitis: sore throat, pharyngeal exudate, cervical lymphadenitis. Disseminated gonococcal infection (DGI): Triad of arthritis, pustular skin lesions, and tenosynovitis. As mentioned in Episode 46, on December 23, 2020, the California Department of Public Health (CDPH) sent a “Dear Colleague” letter to warn the medical community about the increased cases of DGI in California and Michigan. Increased cases may be caused by decreased STD testing and treatment because of the COVID-19 pandemic, and not necessarily because of a more virulent strain of gonorrhea. Later, treatment of gonorrhea was updated because of resistance. Epidemiology: ∼ 2% of cases. Most common in individuals younger than 40 years old, the female to male ratio is 4:1. A history of recent symptomatic genital infection is uncommon. Asymptomatic infections increase the risk of dissemination due to delayed diagnosis and treatment. Clinical features: Two distinct clinical presentations are possible. Arthritis-dermatitis syndrome:Polyarthralgias: migratory, asymmetric arthritis that may become purulent.Tenosynovitis: simultaneous inflammation of several tendons (e.g. fingers, toes, wrist, ankle).Dermatitis: vesicular, pustular, or maculopapular lesions, possibly with a necrotic or hemorrhagic center. Most commonly distributed on the trunk, extremities (sometimes involving the palms and soles). Typically, < 10 lesions with a transient course (subside in 3–4 days). Additional manifestations: fever and chills (especially in the acute phase). Purulent gonococcal arthritis: Abrupt inflammation in up to 4 joints (commonly knees, ankles, and wrists). No skin manifestations, rarely tenosynovitis. Genitourinary manifestations in only 25% of affected individuals. Not to be confused with reactive arthritis. Health care providers living in California: Order Nucleic acid amplification test (NAAT) and culture specimens from urogenital, extragenital mucosal sites (e.g., pharyngeal and rectal), and from disseminated sites (e.g., skin, synovial fluid, blood, and cerebrospinal fluid) before initiating empiric antimicrobial treatment for patients with suspected DGI. Report within 24 hours of diagnosis to the California Department of Public Health. Complications of DGI: sepsis with endocarditis, meningitis, osteomyelitis, or pneumonia. Diagnosis of gonorrhea: The test of choice is Nucleic acid amplification testing (NAAT) of first-catch urine or swabs of urethra, endocervix and pharynx, and synovial fluid in disseminated infection. Other possible tests: gram stains and bacterial cultures (Thayer-Martin agar, useful for antibiotic resistance, results may take 48 hours, sensitivity is lower than NAAT.)Synovial fluid analysis: Appearance of fluid can be clear or cloudy (purulent), high Leukocyte count (up to 50,000 cells/mm3): especially segmented neutrophils, gram stain positive in < 25% of cases. Treatment: Ceftriaxone and doxycycline for uncomplicated cases, but may require different approaches in case of allergies or intolerance to these antibiotics, or in severe cases. Uncomplicated gonorrhea (affecting cervix, urethra, rectum, pharynx)First-line treatment: single-dose ceftriaxone 500 mg IM (1 G for patients >150 Kg) PLUS doxycycline 100 mg PO twice a day for 7 days If a chlamydial infection has not been excluded.During pregnancy: Ceftriaxone PLUS single-dose azithromycin 1 gram PO(doxy is contraindicated – teratogen) Complicated gonorrhea (salpingitis, adnexitis, PID/ epididymitis, orchitis)Single-dose ceftriaxone IM PLUS doxycycline PO for 10–14 days (women may require additional administration of Metronidazole PO for 14 days). DGICeftriaxone IV every 24 hours for 7 days In case Chlamydia infection has not been ruled out: PLUS doxycycline PO twice a day for 7 daysDrainage of purulent joint(s) Sequelae: Without treatment, a prolonged infection may lead to complications, such as hymenal and tubal synechiae that lead to infertility in women. Prevention:-Screening for gonorrhea (USPSTF recommendations, September 2021, Grade B): Annual NAAT screening of gonorrhea AND chlamydia for sexually active women ≤ 24 years (including pregnant persons) or > 25 years with risk factors (e.g. new or multiple sex partners, sex partner with an STI, etc.). Evaluate for other STIs if positive (e.g. chlamydia, syphilis, and HIV). There is insufficient evidence to recommend for or against screening gonorrhea in asymptomatic males (Grade I).In all patients: Evaluate and treat the patient's sexual partners from the past 60 days. Provide expedited partner therapy if the timely evaluation of sexual partners is not feasible. Single-dose cefixime PO (if chlamydia has been excluded in the patient) OR Single-dose cefixime PO PLUS doxycycline PO for 7 days. Sexual partners must be treated simultaneously to avoid reinfections. A possible gonococcal vaccine: A gonococcal vaccine is theoretically possible, let's remember that the meningococcal vaccine exists. Meningococcus is closely related to gonococcus. A study published in 2017 showed that MeNZB® (a vaccine used in New Zealand until 2011 to fight against a meningitis epidemic) provided partial protection against gonorrhea. Food for thought for you guys. Conclusion: Let's remember to screen asymptomatic women for gonorrhea, identify symptomatic patients and start treatment promptly, and prevent serious complications, and more importantly, let's promote safe sex practices to prevent this disease.Now we conclude our episode number 89 “Gonorrhea Basics”. Gonorrhea affects mainly the urogenital area, but it can spread to the pharynx, rectum, skin, and even joints. When you see septic arthritis in patients with high risk for gonorrhea, suspect disseminated gonococcal infection and start treatment promptly. Even without trying, every night you go to bed being a little wiser.Thanks for listening to Rio Bravo qWeek. If you have any feedback about this podcast, contact us by email at RioBravoqWeek@clinicasierravista.org, or visit our website riobravofmrp.org/qweek. This podcast was created for educational purposes only. Visit your primary care physician for additional medical advice. This week we thank Hector Arreaza, Robert Besancenez, and Katherine Schlaerth. Audio edition: Suraj Amrutia. See you next week! _____________________References:Seña, Arlene C, MD, MPH; and Myron S Cohen, MD. Treatment of uncomplicated Neisseria gonorrhoeae infections, UpToDate, updated on Jan 27, 2022. Accessed on April 5, 2022. https://www.uptodate.com/contents/treatment-of-uncomplicated-neisseria-gonorrhoeae-infections Ghanem, Khalil G, MD, PhD. Clinical manifestations and diagnosis of Neisseria gonorrhoeae infection in adults and adolescents, UpToDate, updated on Sep 17, 2021, accessed on April 5, 2022. https://www.uptodate.com/contents/clinical-manifestations-and-diagnosis-of-neisseria-gonorrhoeae-infection-in-adults-and-adolescents Klausner, Jeffrey D, MD, MPH. Disseminated gonococcal infection, UpToDate, updated on March 3, 2022. Accessed on April 5, 2022. https://www.uptodate.com/contents/disseminated-gonococcal-infection Petousis-Harris H, Paynter J, Morgan J, et al. Effectiveness of a group B OMV meningococcal vaccine on gonorrhea in New Zealand – a case control study. Abstract presented at: 20th International Pathogenic Neisseria Conference. Manchester, UK; 2016.
In this episode, Edgar Rudberg shared with us how his expertise in natural resources help in developing sustainable products. He also blend communication and psychological theory to strategically communicate on issues related to sustainability, natural resources and the environment. Enjoy!
This episode is about Nucleic acids: DNA and RNA Ask your questions for discussion on the upcoming podcast: - Email to biologypodcast@gmail.com. © 2022 Andrew Douch This work is copyright. Apart from any use permitted under the Copyright Act 1968, no part may be reproduced by any process without prior permission from Andrew Douch. Requests and enquiries concerning reproduction rights should be made in writing at: www.andrewdouch.com.au/contact Disclaimers: 1. The explanations provided in this podcast are given in good faith but no responsibility will be taken for their accuracy. 2. The opinions expressed in this podcast are my own. They do not represent the opinions of the VCAA or any other organisation or government body. 3. No guarantee is made that the podcast makes a thorough coverage of all aspects of the course, or that all things contained in the course are relevant to VCE Biology Units 3 and 4. Songs in this episode: Bio Rap by OSUbiology (used with permission). https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=d1UPf7lXeO8
References Dr. Guerra's lecture notes --- Send in a voice message: https://anchor.fm/dr-daniel-j-guerra/message Support this podcast: https://anchor.fm/dr-daniel-j-guerra/support
Fengtai, one of the 16 districts of Beijing Municipality, on Sunday started district-wide nucleic acid testing as local COVID-19 cases have been reported recently.
Local authorities say the latest testing is necessary for the upcoming Spring Festival and the Beijing Winter Olympics.
Officials say the mass testing is scheduled to be completed in about 24 hours.
The eastern Chinese city of Nanjing is building six air-inflated labs to improve its nucleic acid testing capabilities after the recent resurgence of COVID-19 cases in the city.
DNA and RNA, nucleic acid processes, Polymerase chain reaction
My AP Biology Thoughts Episode #48Welcome to My AP Biology Thoughts podcast, my name is Pauline and I am your host for episode #48 called Unit #1 Chemistry of Life: Nucleic Acids Structure Function & Examples. Today we will be discussing an overview of nucleic acids in terms of their components, function, and examples. Segment 1: Introduction to Nucleic Acids Structure Function & Examples Nucleic Acids are one of the big macromolecules necessary for life. They are complex organic substances present in living cells whose molecules consist of many nucleotides linked in a long chain. Let's first talk about what makes up nucleic acids. Their monomers are nucleotides which are all made up of a phosphate group, a pentose sugar, and a nitrogenous base as shown in the diagram. The nitrogen atoms in the nitrogenous base are the extra element that differentiates nucleic acids from the three other macromolecules with the abbreviation CHOPN. Through a dehydration reaction, nucleotides link together with a phosphodiester linkage which is between the sugar and phosphate groups. The drawing shows a water molecule taken out to form this a covalent bond. The nucleotides bonded together make up the polymers of nucleic acids which are DNA and RNA. Segment 2: Example of Nucleic Acids Structure FunctionDNA and RNA are the main two examples of nucleic acids. There are major differences as well as similarities between DNA and RNA that are important to know. DNA, also known as deoxyribonucleic acid, is made up of the deoxyribose sugar, is double stranded and arranged in an antiparallel pattern. DNA is always found in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells and contains information for thousands of proteins. Its bases are cytosine, guanine, adenine, and thymine. On the other hand, RNA uses all of these bases except thymine is replaced by uracil. RNA is also only single stranded and contains information for only one protein as it leaves the nucleus after formation. They are similar in their directionality and bonding. Their nucleotides are all linked by covalent bonds and have a 3' to 5' directionality. The linear sequence of nucleotides have ends, defined by the 3' hydroxyl and 5' phosphates of the sugar in the nucleotide. During DNA and RNA synthesis, nucleotides are added to the 3' end of the growing strand, resulting in the formation of a covalent bond between nucleotides. Since DNA is structured as an antiparallel double helix, each strand runs in the opposite 5' to 3' orientation. This means that adenine nucleotides pair with thymine nucleotides via two hydrogen bonds. Cytosine nucleotides pair with guanine nucleotides by three hydrogen bonds. This is all shown in this diagram where the black boxes are where another nucleotide would be added, and there are more hydrogen bonds highlighted in pink between Guanine and cytosine because of the antiparallel double helix. Segment 3: Digging Deeper Nucleic Acids Structure Function & ExamplesNucleic acids fit in the greater picture of the unit called Chemistry of Life because of their functions. As mentioned before, they carry information for making proteins which brings back the topic of the central dogma. Through transcription, the information in a strand of DNA is copied into a new molecule of messenger RNA, which is then decoded during the process of translation to build a polypeptide. Humans cannot survive without all nine essential amino acids found in proteins, so nucleic acids are essential for protein synthesis. DNA and RNA also have a hereditary function because it is inherited from parent to offspring, so is responsible for any gene mutations and the genetic biodiversity of populations. Just to highlight just how important nucleic acids are, DNA is the blueprint for life. Thank you for listening to this episode of My AP Biology Thoughts. For more student-ran podcasts and digital content, make sure that you...
My AP Biology Thoughts Unit 1 Episode #40Welcome to My AP Biology Thoughts podcast, my name is Victoria and I am your host for episode 40 called Unit 1: Elements and Functional Groups of the Macromolecules. Today we will be discussing the elements and functional groups of macromolecules. Segment 1: Introduction to Functional groups and elements of the macromoleculesFunctional Groups: Collections of atoms that attach the carbon skeleton of an organic molecule and confer specific properties. Each type of organic molecule has its own specific type of functional group. Functional groups in biological molecules play an important role in the formation of molecules like DNA, proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids. Functional groups include: hydroxyl, methyl, carbonyl, carboxyl, amino, phosphate, and sulfhydryl Carbohydrates: Elements: Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen (1:2:1 ratio) Functional Groups: Hydroxyl Carbonyl Aldehyde (O= on the end of carbon chain) Ketone ( O= in the middle of a carbon chain) Proteins/Amino Acid: Elements: Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, and Nitrogen Functional Groups: Carboxylic acid R group Amine Lipids: Elements: Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen (sometimes P, N, and S) Functional Groups: Hydroxyl Carboxylic Acids Esters (ester linkages) Nucleic acids: Elements: Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Phosphorus, and Nitrogen Functional Groups: Phosphate Some nitrogenous bases have Carbonyl and Amino Sugars have hydroxyl Segment 2: Example of these groups in the MacromoleculesCarbohydrates: Proteins/Amino Acid: Lipids: Nucleic Acids: Segment 3: Digging Deeper Connect it to the Chemistry of life/How do these functional groups affect the macromoleculesFunctional groups are specific groupings of atoms within molecules that have their own characteristic properties, regardless of the other atoms present in a molecule. They are responsible for the macromolecules functions, which play a role in the chemical processes necessary for living organisms to survive. Thank you for listening to this episode of My AP Biology Thoughts. For more student-ran podcasts and digital content, make sure that you visit http://www.hvspn.com/ (www.hvspn.com). See you next time! Music Credits:“Ice Flow” Kevin MacLeod (incompetech.com) Licensed under Creative Commons: By Attribution 4.0 License http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Subscribe to our Podcasthttps://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/my-ap-biology-thoughts/id1549942575 (Apple Podcasts) https://open.spotify.com/show/1nH8Ft9c9f6dmo75V9imCk?si=IvI4iQV-SSaFb0ZmvTabxg (Spotify) https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5jYXB0aXZhdGUuZm0vbXlhcGJpb2xvZ3l0aG91Z2h0cw (Google Podcasts ) https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC07e_nBHLyc_nyvjF6z-DVg (YouTube) Connect with us on Social MediaTwitterhttps://twitter.com/thehvspn ( )https://twitter.com/thehvspn (@thehvspn)
Dr. Susan Tamasi is a pedagogist at Emory University. Spending the last decade and a half researching, authoring and teaching some of the brightest minds to communicate. The thing is, her approach to education and leaning is filled with a casual and comfortable tone. conventioNOT episodes are filled with interviews, but none quite like this. Dr. Tamasi informs Mike and McD about the NBC Pronunciation Standards they learned as elementary students and dives deeper into the fundamentals of communication in the US. Shockingly enough, her drive as a linguist isn't to speak all of the languages... but to understand the people who do. Show Transcription: 00:05 Hey everybody, welcome and thanks so much for joining us on today's episode of conventioNOT, I'm Ryan and I chat with Dr. Susan Tamasi, the program director of linguistics at Emory University. 00:16 What does that mean? That means Susan's studies the way people talk, specifically in the English language, she travels around the country around the world, listening, mostly listening, 00:31 but appreciating and understanding that the idea and the goal is communication. 00:39 We thought it was a pretty good time to share this message, and we can't think of a better person to communicate it. 00:48 I think Ryan and I have admittedly always been students so the way people interact with one another. 00:54 If that's the case, and Dr. Tamasi is definitely the Professor. 00:59 This conversation to me was one of the more fascinating ones we've had on the show, but I think you'll find it interesting, educational and thought provoking. It was heartfelt and pretty deep. Because I think we all need to take some more time to understand communication. If nothing else, just listen to one another. On that note, sit back relax. Check out this episode with Dr. Susan Tamasi. 01:32 We are recording. 01:34 Look at that. So, I guess, Mike, is it like 6am for you? You got coffee? I've got a beer. I do have my coffee. But no, it's noon. I mean, I've been up for a couple hours now. I mean, I'm doing pretty good. I'm well into my work day. 01:55 Our guests, Dr. Susan Tamasi was kind enough today to join us a little bit after work hours, I guess it's six o'clock eastern time, which is probably a little bit closer to what we're trying to record. Anyway, a little bit more casual interview. 02:09 But we're really glad to have you today. I'm excited to be here. Do you think you could take a second to introduce yourself? Sure. So I'm Susan Tamasi. My official title is professor of pedagogy and the director of the program and linguistics at Emory University, where I've been teaching for 17 years now. 02:33 Yeah, I live in Atlanta, Georgia. And I'm really excited to be here. 02:38 All right, right away. That word you used professor of. I've heard that. enunciate, oh, I'm gonna screw up a bunch of stuff today. So say that in normal people where it's like, what does that mean? teaching? It means teaching. That's all it means is what's pedagogy? God's here, go, gee, what's that word? What's the entomology of that word? entomology, the bugs of it. 03:12 One of my old roommates was an entomologist. So we had lots of jokes about me doing entomology around the house. 03:20 He also would bake with bugs, which always made things really, really interesting when they like, oh, a cookie. Oh, it has worms in it. Fantastic. 03:29 So pedagogy references, 03:33 not just teaching, but also the study about teaching and best practices and understanding, you know, different types of teaching and strategies and recognizing what's best for students and for those that are teaching them and the right materials. So I don't actually do research on teaching itself. But the position that I have is teaching focused as opposed to research focused. So yeah, that's, that's my title. How long have you been at Emory for 17 years? I just finished my 17th year. Congratulations. That's, that's quite a tenure. Does that include your time as a student? No. So that was a an additional for earlier on. So I went to Emory in the early 90s, fully dating myself now. 04:24 And then I left and I did a great little stint in the marketing, in marketing in the music industry, and realize that it sounded super cool. And I absolutely hated the work that I was doing. And I hated where I was, and I hated everything about it. So I went back to school for the thing that I started drawing Venn diagrams, and realize that I was really interested, like what drew me to music was youth subcultures and how communities interact with one another and 05:00 And I had been a Russian major at Emory. So I was, you know, also interested in language and how that comes across, and how it connects to community and society and identity. And so I started drawing all these Venn diagrams and realized linguistics was in the middle. So I went back to school for that. And six years after that started teaching at Emory, because one of my old professors needed somebody to come in and help with the program. And I just basically stayed until they started, kept signing my contract, so I wouldn't leave. 05:36 That sounds like such a simple approach. 05:40 What Yeah, sometimes they don't just show back up every year. I mean, clearly, 05:45 something pretty productive in your time. 05:49 I mean, you know, I just, I just kind of hang out until they finally said, Okay, I wore them down, I think, or, you know, I put in so much blood, sweat and tears that they finally said, All right, we get it, we get it. You can you can have this. Yeah. Where are you from that region. Like Originally, I know, you said you like when did your schooling there but like you grew up in that area. So I grew up in a suburb, Marietta east, Cobb, that's about 45 minutes ish north of Atlanta. So it didn't, I didn't go too far away from college. But it was far enough that my parents weren't going to show up. And then I left, I keep coming back to Georgia, I go away, I come back, I got away, come back. But it's it's home. So it's nice to be able to have a job that I love near my family, especially as my parents get older, it's been really nice to have that opportunity. Like, I feel like the time in full disclosure, Susan and I have known each other for a few years. But I feel like that time from what I understand around Atlanta that like, from the let's say, basically, from the time that the Olympics were announced that they were coming to Atlanta to the time with which you're talking about like you go to college, and you go through there, that it becomes kind of an urban epicenter. Was that part? I mean, certainly, that's part of your formation as a young person growing up in around the city that it is, but was that part of what dictated your career? Somehow? Um, I think it might have. So what dictated my career in terms of where I ended up, was the fact that I came from a family from New Jersey and was raised in the suburban south. And so the idea of how people sounded and what language that they used was something that was talked about a lot around my household, or you know, in terms of either making fun of people or just like, Oh, you know, the families just like dialect, right? Like, yeah, yeah. Okay. Yeah. So I mean, that's what I do. I actually, my, my focus now is looking at the attitudes and perceptions that people have about dialects in the United States. So from there, there's a direct correlation. But it was also that I grew up in a suburban environment, I came into the city a lot, I had lots of interactions with people from around the country. 08:15 You know, around the world a little bit. I mean, I was kind of somewhat isolated in that, you know, we had some international students and stuff, but it wasn't nearly what I'm around right now. 08:25 And but it was, it was that experience that you know, you should travel and that you should see people in places and meet different types of people. I think that was the setup. That allowed me to 08:39 kind of see positivity and identity and diversity and kind of explore that throughout my life, both professionally and personally. 08:51 Holy shit, I'm so fascinated what you do, like, I'm sorry, I'm gonna be um, 08:59 this is gonna be awkward, cuz I'm gonna throw some questions out there that may make me so really, I hate being ignorant. Obviously, I hope everyone hates being ignorant. But there are just some things that, you know, I don't want to sound ignorant with any of my questions, but you will not I do something that's really weird that most people have. I mean, people like what do you do for a living? I'm like, I'm a linguist, and everybody just goes, 09:22 I have no idea what that means. And that's fine. And I love talking about it. Also, stop me and ask questions if I skip over something because I talk about this all day, every day. And so some, you know, judging how much detail to go into, 09:40 you know, if it's too much jargon, but like, I just love that this is such a tangible topic, right? I mean, unless you've never left here, your little county lines, um, you've heard some folks say the same words in a different way. You know, and I don't. I love that you're able to trace that back to you know, like, 10:00 Young a young age you had that that? Whether it was an interest or just the ongoing kind of joke in the house, you know, alright, can I say this? Like, 10:11 your family's from New Jersey? So do people in New Jersey think their accent is the norm? And everyone else talks by me? Like, is that just the natural? So the So the answer to that is generally speaking people think that whatever they sound like or whatever people around them sounds like that that's exactly what everybody should be speaking. And in fact, we can we refer to this in some instances when people are pretty secure and confident about their own speech. We call it linguistic security. Michigan tends to have the most linguistically secure people, 10:54 people like, 10:55 Yeah. 10:59 Like, I don't have an accent, like, Yes, you do. Um, New York, New Jersey, and the South East are three areas in the United States that have pretty heavily stigmatized, dialects, ways of speaking, that are talked about pretty openly in the media. You know, growing up, I thought, Okay, well, I mean, I'm Southern, and I have some some parts of my speech that are Southern, but I don't sound like those people over there. Those are the real Southern people. So there's, there's definitely a stigma that's really well known. So it wasn't that, like my family in New Jersey necessarily thought that they had the best speech, but they didn't necessarily think it was that bad. And the people, my family in Georgia, same thing, or they're like, Oh, you know, there are people that are worse. And I understand the perceptions of that some people think it's bad. But you know, this is my people. This is like, yeah, I mean, that's mom's cooking, right? 12:02 That's what it tastes like cast, right. And so I guess it's, well, not only is it supported by media, in a lot of like sitcom media. But there's also like experiences from that perspective. So having lived and worked in the southeast, and then coming from Michigan, and it's funny, I want to come back to this because we were actually taught that we talk normal. I mean, Mike, I don't know if you remember this or not. But like, I remember being taught that the Midwest accent is the 12:30 neutral. Yeah, maybe not good or bad, but just not on any side. If you look at it as like elementary education, like part of elementary education, we taught that right? For us, there certainly is a component with which well, I guess that contributes to your statement, right, Susan? But like, you know, being so confident and an overcomer. And that, but there certainly is in the southeast or in the northeast? And this is kind of a question like, you really can diagnose where somebody is from, I think a little bit easier than you can, let's just say west of the Mississippi. 13:07 I don't want to be so bold as to say why is that right? Because that could I'm sure be a huge answer. But could you give us some indicators on like, how that ends up happening? Can we just include of those five cities? You mentioned earlier? Can we include Boston in the Boston is? 13:22 Like, yeah, no. 13:25 So So there, there are a couple of things to talk about. So the way that language works is language is always changing and transforming. And it always works to meet the needs of its speakers. And as one of the things that happens all the time is light. I mean, one of the there are very few universals about language. The Universal is that language always changes. And now what happens is language will always change at different times in different places, and among different groups of people. So why do people in England sound differently than people in the United States, because people picked up and they moved over and they planted here. And then these two sets of people change differently over time. And so now we have two different lenses and variables. Yes. And so as people come together and split apart, their language continues to change. And so the people that split might sound like them for a little while, but then they'll start to sound a little bit different. So every place in the United States has to some extent, it depends on how closely you want to look or where you want to divide the lines. Everywhere has its own accent everywhere has its own dialect. 14:35 And I mean, in my class, I draw lots of maps and have, you know, people moving across the country and saying that 14:45 what happened was on the East Coast of the United States, so the places that were settled by English speakers earliest these are the areas Boston New York, Charleston, New England, Savannah 15:00 Ron, 15:01 Richmond, these are all the places that had their language set before the American Revolution. It's changed over time, but like that was in place. Now what happened is as those people moved west, this is my little This is my, as people moved west, they all started to interact with one another. So on the West Coast 5060 years ago, everybody's kind of sounded a lot of like, compared to the people on the East Coast, which still had those pretty distinct differences. Now, what's happening is in the last 2030 years, we're watching as the West Coast is changing as well. Northern California sounds different from Southern California, the Pacific Northwest sounds different than fornia. And one of the most interesting thing that's, that's going on right now that we've been able to track for the last 50 years, is there's there's a shift in how people are speaking along the northern part of the US. And it's happening just in cities. It's happening in Detroit. It's happening in Milwaukee, it's happening in Buffalo in Minneapolis, St. Paul Chicago. 16:15 And so those areas that used to be considered just like the common standard American Speech, actually, people speak more differently. Now they're 16:26 versus the rest of the country than they ever did. So now that's an area where I can actually pick out somebody from Michigan a lot easier than I can pick out somebody from most places in the United States anymore. Man, I could speculate all over that. I wonder how much digital communication and therefore so like, if I communicate digitally all day, do I become more Nucleic in the way that my localized accents affect me? If that makes sense, right? I don't know. That's so 16:57 that's a cool subject, man. Yeah, sorry. But those are two sides. So people always say, Well, I mean, and this happened with radio, it happened with TV, it happened with the internet, oh, with x technology, people are gonna start sounding more like, what happens is that doesn't happen. 17:14 What it does happen is you understand more people, because you're used to hearing them, like a standard British dialect, we have no problem hearing now. Because we hear it all the time. 17:26 you're interacting with more people you're hearing more people than you would have never heard before. It's not necessarily changing your speech a whole lot. Because it's still only a small part of what's going on and you don't interact with the radio or TV, you kind of have to have that interaction for it to affect you. 17:44 So people would always say like, oh, the United States, everybody is going to start speaking the same. We're actually speaking differently from one another. But these types of communication systems does allow us to have influence from people that we wouldn't expect, 18:00 or that we wouldn't have had before. I just 18:05 there's no one to answer one of the earlier questions that you guys had, the reason you were taught that you had, like, the standard best way of speaking was when we decided to create a media standard when TV, TV and radio were happening 30s 40s 50s 18:26 they went to the Midwest, and wrote down what people sounded like and said this, and actually, you can still find that booklet. It's the NBC standard national broadcast on people from the Midwest. That's Yeah, it's not Midwest, people found that out. We're like, we're good at something. We're gonna make sure everyone knows it. Right. Like it was, it was democratically American, the West, the East Coast, nobody knew what was going on in the West Coast, the East Coast was to had too much. Yeah, a reminiscence of previous times. It makes sense. I have just so many, because like I admitted earlier, like, once you started getting into this, I just have so many, like, entertaining anecdotes over the years that are very specific to this topic. And but they're all they're all related to travel. Um, and like what you're saying earlier about, you know, the change in the language and you know, that it the further back the roots go, you know, the less altered it has been over time. And I didn't even think about like, West Coast. I mean, in the fact that you say now, there are starting to be, you know, like, pockets of very different language along the west coast. Like, that's just 19:42 that makes sense. You know what I mean, but it's just the 30 years from now, people from Oregon are gonna sound completely different than people from San Diego and like, to me a kid from Michigan, maybe not, I mean, I don't know that's probably an extreme but the idea that you can pick that up um, 20:00 That's such a unique like, you must. 20:04 I love when musicians talk about just noises. You know what I mean? Because it's like, What are you talking about? Man, there's no, there's no beat, like, that's a street car, you know, but you must just hear noise, human noise in a, in a in a very different way. I was gonna say beautiful, but there's probably so much going on. 20:24 It's all beautiful. I love it all. I recognize like, I notice a lot of it, I don't notice a lot of it because I don't want to work all the time. Or sometimes you just turn it off. I've been out at cocktail parties and somebody starts talking about something. I'm like, Oh, can I can you guys make me not like, I don't want to work right now? Do we have to talk about this? And they're like, Oh, yeah, you do this for a living? And then they start asking questions like, okay. 20:50 But I'm actually kind of really bad at telling where people are from based on their speech, because there is so much interaction at this point, unless, you know, something comes out that's very specific of like, Oh, I know that one individual word or pronunciation is rarely used outside of this particular community. So sure, you know, I do that. But you know, when I hear it, I'm like, ooh. And my husband is like, really, you're gonna pick up on that. 21:18 So this might be a little bit of a good pivot point. Right. And so, you know, as we talked, the show is about both. And since you mentioned your husband, one of the things that has always infatuated me about you guys, is that you are in constantly in a pursuit of education about people in a constant pursuit about education around the world, actually, no, that's a big part of the way that y'all invest your resources. They call us y'all, they're almost almost comes off the tongue as if I don't say dollar. 21:52 Ultimately, I know that 21:55 you invest your dollars, and your resources, more importantly, experienced this around the world. So talk to us a little bit about that, because not so much, you know, in the academic format. I'm fortunate enough to see some of the the Facebook post and some of the beautiful pictures that Jamie takes when you guys experienced this, but how does that help inform your travel around the world? 22:17 Um, I mean, you know, he and I have made a pact A while ago, I don't know, implicitly or not 22:25 that I think we made a pact. But I don't know if we actually did, 22:30 it was just a decision that was somehow made that we work too hard just to kind of hang around here that when we have time off. And that's really when I have time off because I have a very specific schedule, as a teacher, that whenever I have any time off, so 22:48 winter break, spring break, summer, that we go somewhere. And as we've gotten older and have had the means to do it, we go broader and broader and where we can go around the world. 23:01 I was actually supposed to be presenting at a conference in Hong Kong this week. So that didn't happen. And I've never, never done Asia. So I'm really looking forward to the webinars not gonna be the same as going to Hong Kong. Well, they, yeah, they said, they didn't even try to do it online. They're like, we're just gonna postpone it for a year. It's a conference that happens every other year. So they're just gonna postpone this time. 23:28 So it's just and it's funny, because I gotta backtrack for a split second. Whenever I tell people that I'm a linguist, the inevitable answers that anybody gets who is a linguist. There are two responses, one Oh, I better watch what I say. Which is kind of ironic, since I'm the one who studies language variation and dialects and all of that. And like, yeah, I'm the last person to judge anybody's grammar. But the what most linguists get as the response is, oh, how many languages do you speak? Ah, that's the same thing. But lol and that's just it like everybody's just because they also use the word term linguist as translator, which is a totally different thing. 24:12 And so when people say, how many languages do you speak, I'm like, one, I speak English. That's what I study. I even I don't even study all of English. I study American English. 24:22 And I study the history of English. So we travel so much, it's kind of funny, because we were like, Oh, you must, you know, know all these languages and go all these places and like, now, it was just kind of really nice to go someplace and not hear people speaking English for a while, and just absorbing observations. Like, I'm not paying attention to what people are talking about, like if people are talking about politics, or if they're talking about somebody's clothing or just like completely banal inane, whatever they're discussing, and not picking up on that making. It's it's 25:00 not pulling me into that, which can happen around here. And I don't try to be judgmental, but sometimes like, what are you guys talking about? 25:09 Because I do use drop a lot. But it just allows me to travel and just watch people and eat and drink and experience architecture in all of the beauty that's around and the amazing aspects of people, 25:28 just by kind of not knowing and giving myself the opportunity to be aware of things that I'm not always aware of. So that, for me is a key aspect of of travel and being able to, to do that. So Ryan, I'm not sure if that really kind of got to what you're asking, but it did, right. I know, because of some of our previous discussions that learning the language, I know you're not the person. And there are people like this who gain a benefit from deciding they're going to go somewhere. And then they use, there are a lot of modalities. Now I think you could teach yourself on language to be able to survive that. And so, you know, maybe five years ago when I learned that this was something that you all invested resources in, right, because affordability hopefully changes for all of us right over time. And that's what we want to so many people spend every waking hour working on. But the possibility of going somewhere with your kind of background. I mean, I think almost I don't like the word assume. But I think that a lot of times it would be assumed or typecast that that you somebody like you would be going there to know all of the language to immerse yourself in that. And so that to me, always struck me as one of the like magical parts about knowing you all as a couple you as a person, because it wasn't about that it is about the way that that informs how you like take in all of the art, you mentioned the architecture and you know the pieces of the creativity in the areas you go that draw you and so there's no shortage of that here in Atlanta. But it's not like it's just too much English speaking though, she needs to go somewhere non English speaking just fine. I love I love traveling around the US as well. It's just really nice. So as you said like it's it's seeing and experiencing a different culture language is definitely a part of that. But it's it's the bigger aspect that I'm that I'm interested in as well. 27:30 And like so we do we learn at least some phrases I can I know probably how to ask for a table for two in order a bottle of wine in a good dozen languages at this point. So you know, we get that down. Before we go places, both of us will have kind of some of the basics. And we've studied languages that allow us to at least get some of those 27:54 general interactions pretty pretty well. We can kind of work some things out. And I've never been to a place yet where I didn't know that alphabet. So that's helpful to like being able to read signs and plaques and things like that. If you went to Hong Kong, you would have known the alphabet now No. 28:14 So I have a year, too. But in Hong Kong, I mean English as an official language. So actually, I'm not really worried about. 28:24 But in Yeah, my job also was to learn when we rent a car, I have to learn all the traffic rules of that country. That's my job as we go replaces. So you know, we'll learn a lot and we have part of that. But we also recognize that we're getting this much of the culture and this much of the language. 28:41 And instead of going back to the same place over and over again, to get a deeper understanding of that, we've made a choice to keep trying other places. So I mean, we recognize that we're getting surface level discussions and observations with people. 29:00 But, you know, it also allows us to have a very much broader view of the world. So 29:08 man, I just leave what I think is a broader view of the world. I don't know if everybody love and I'm sorry, because you You didn't paint this picture. But I've gone ahead and painted it in my mind of Gee, like, just deciding based on language alone, like now, I don't know, mainly English speaking. Let's avoid that one. Like, we don't need that. We know what they're saying there. I mean, because that different forms of English New Zealand was awesome. I'm so excited. 29:38 That is what I was getting at in a very roundabout way, which isn't a strength of mine to be succinct and direct. But if you've been to Hawaii before, yes. Okay. Um, so, you know, Ryan and I grew up suburban Detroit. My wife and I moved to Toronto. We lived in Canada for eight years. 30:00 Where I was often asked like, Are you from the south, and I would often very entertaining conversations with people about how I said hockey and things like that. Then I moved to Hawaii, and 30:15 I had never really lived 30:17 in, in an area where there was a 30:22 what's the right term for a severe alteration of English? I mean, I know what they call it here. I will, I will go one further. It's not a severe alteration. It's such a severe alteration, it's an interaction with other languages. It's a totally different language, pigeon. It's like it is. So you have Hawaiian English, but you also have Hawaiian pidgin English, or a totally different language. And it is, to me, it's the thing of like, in like, because I'm the type of person like, I just love differences in people. Like, that's something ever since I was a little kid, you know, my parents would be like, Michael, you cannot walk up to strangers and ask them about their hair, you know, like I was just like, but I've never seen someone with hair like, so I moved out here. And I'm lucky enough to have met a variety of people, including quite a few fishermen. One of the things that I love and respect the most about a lot of the guys that I fish with, is the fact that they can turn it on and off. So they will literally, they will speak to me and clean No, because they have their nine to five jobs. They're not on the boat all the time, guys, with their nurses mechanics of variety thing. They speak to me in plain English. And then they turn 90 degrees and speak to the other guys on the boat. And the language I cannot I might pick up like a 10th I kind of get what they're talking about. 31:49 And I love it. I just sit back and there's times where they're like, Mike, Mike, and I'm like, What? Like, we're talking to you, man. I'm like, Whoa, you gotta slow it down, or use some directional pointed stuff like, and it's just the best ongoing joke. I mean, I I can guarantee half the time they don't know they've switched. It's generally it's just the way it Yeah, this is the way I talk to this person. And so this is how I say it. When I'm talking. I think. 32:18 I think it's such an incredible ability, like cuz I imagined my buddy at work as a nurse, you know, when he's, he's talking to the doctor who graduated from Washington or whatever. Um, but then he's got to turn around and talk to this patient. And like, a lot of the times the patients and there's communities here in Hawaii, where it's, that's all they speak at home is Pidgin, right? So I cannot communicate to that patient to the same ability that my buddy, can you know what I mean? Like, yeah, and usually wait quicker to like, the thing I love about pigeon is that like, that was three sentences, you just smashed into two words. And the person you're talking to knew exactly, I don't know what you're talking about. But that person knew. And Damn, you got right to the point real quickly. Yeah, no, it's it's an amazing language to listen to. And there's such a connection there. And there was Hawaii has such a history of them trying to smash it. 33:21 Like the educational system trying to push it out. And there was, you know, people being punished for speaking it. And there's a resurgence, 33:29 where more people are learning pigeon, and and, 33:34 you know, using it in different areas. So in night, and you've seen you've given a perfect example, right, why it's important to have 33:46 it one of the other things I study is health communication. So the idea of this, this, like health care provider and patient interaction, where it needs to be, not only when the patient doesn't understand the more standard or doesn't understand English, like doesn't understand why in English, that you have to go into Pidgin to be able to get the point across, but also in a situation where you're also trying to comfort somebody, being able to speak to them in the home language actually, can make things easier and calmer, as opposed to just not just whether or not somebody understands but are you really communicating in a positive way? 34:35 Do you ever wonder why Mike and I spend all these hours talking to people? Well, mostly it's because we're curious. Secondarily, it's because we'd like to share the stories of people as we learn how to become better journalists. In order to help us out we would love if you take a second and give us some feedback on your podcast channel. just pause the episode, go and write us a review. Give us as many stars as you want. We'll love to read it. 35:05 Is that a different? 35:08 Let me let me rephrase that. What is the learning approach to something like that when you are, let's just take the physician example. Right? Because you know, in a lot of times, unless you are from that place originally, you're coming back there to work in that area you a lot of times professionals and healthcare placed in places. How do you how do you bridge that gap? I mean, I know that's your area of study, what are some things that you could share with us that help the layman understand how that gap gets bridged? 35:40 Um, well, one of the things that happens is a medical school does everything in their power to train doctors how to think and speak like other people are not like other people, I'm sorry. Like, it's you now have to think like a doctor, you have to interact with one another doctor, like you are, you are no longer of the people, you are experts in this field, and you need to show that. So you have things like case presentations, where 36:14 studies have found that when they're testing interns and residents on whether or not they can present their their cases, I guess med students, when they if they can do a case presentation, it has more to do with Are you using the right language? And are you presenting it confidently, as opposed to are you actually correct. 36:33 So, so that's one aspect of it. So having crossing that divide can be anything from, I recognize that the way I'm speaking as a health care provider is not the same. And I need to change the way I speak when I'm interacting with patients. 36:53 You know, we talk when whenever anybody switched between two different languages, or two different dialects, or even different just modes of speaking, we talked about it as code switching. So it might be that you're using one set of vocabulary and grammar with, you know, the nurse or the other doctor, and then you turn to your patient, and you make sure that you're using language that that particular community, that particular person can understand. Of course, 37:25 that's hard to do. And you know what, you have to be willing to do that. And you have to be willing to be trained to do that. And depending where you practice and what you're doing, there can be a whole lot that is involved in it. And it might be that it nobody wants a doctor that comes to them and start speaking in a dialect that's not their own, right. 37:47 It's just like, Oh, I think I think you're gonna speak this way. So I'm gonna start speaking because that's just that awful. I'm so it's 37:57 sorry, was that that's a sitcom. I think about so many language train wrecks that happened with sitcoms on health care. I mean, yes. A lot. Do you remember the movie airplane? Course? Yeah. Excuse me, stewardess. I speak jive, you know? And yeah. Oh, 38:15 yeah. Okay, what is happening here? Um, you know, so things could go very wrong very quickly. But it's the idea of recognizing that that people communicate differently and being willing to talk differently, or at least, listen, seems seems like a real crucial theme today. Right? Just maybe the first step is recognition. Not Not knowing Yeah, the answers, but maybe just recognizing, you know, and maybe not trying to answer yourself and listen for a second and say about it. 38:50 On that note, though, I have another question. 38:54 All right, so I'm gonna be replaying that phrase code switching over and over, as it's just a really cool sounding term to NPR has an entire area called code switch, that's a set of podcasts? Well, 39:09 that's what I was gonna ask you and not i'm not presumptuously because I would imagine that the kind of neurological activity and behavior of people with varying linguistic abilities, and I think I'm trying to sound smart, but basically people that can bounce around from language to language or code switch very efficiently. 39:32 Can you talk at all about like the brain act, I'm not asking you to say those people are smarter than others, but is that like something that you've studied or kind of delved into at all? I haven't, there are lots of people who have um, and I mean, so the example of what you were you were you're giving on the boat of your friends talking to you and then talking. Oftentimes when people are switching between 39:56 two languages or two dialects, they don't really recommend 40:00 They do it. They just we, when we're speaking, 40:04 we go for what we think is going to be the best way to communicate. 40:08 And we tried to, there's a thing called linguistic accommodation where we, we want to speak, like the people that we're talking to even minorly. Because it shows us social connection as well. Yeah, yeah. So I mean, languages stored generally in the same place. And I'm not I don't know enough about what's going on in the brain with multiple languages. But you know, you can access it from kids, before they have any idea how to tie their shoes, they're able to switch between multiple languages perfectly without even thinking about it. And it's, it's actually better if you're really thinking about it, you know, you just automatically go back and forth. 40:55 And sometimes you have to make a decision, like if you're, if you're in a place where it's a bilingual place, but you know, that there are different attitudes associated with different ways of speaking. Do you approach somebody you don't know, and you start speaking the language that if both of you speak it, it might connect you as like the local language, but it all could come across as like, I don't think you know this well enough. So I'm going to talk to you. 41:25 You know, there's a lot morally right, yes, yes. So, I mean, there's a lot involved. Oftentimes, people switch between different languages, when they get very emotional. There's certain things that they will automatically say, in one language, or one dialect versus another. Gotcha. 41:46 I know, a couple Spanish, where it's quite well, my wife, the daughter of a Mexican woman, and they're not like, I love you. It's not No, no, no. 41:57 No, it's one of those abilities, though, that I think, you know, when you hear about someone, 42:05 and I'm thinking like Jason Bourne, but that's that's like a stupid example more like, you know, some traveling business person who isn't overly impressive, but can like hang in five different languages, to me that and that's like, maybe a fault of my own that is so exotic, and amazing to me, that I automatically placed that individual's intelligence at like, such. But I think that's because for me, there's nothing more important than being able to talk to other people. And like some prejudice of sorts, right, exactly. Like, I don't think that that that ability necessarily equates to like, that person might not be he might not know how to add, or she may know, you know, not have all that rain. 42:51 So that happens, like some people are just like, sometimes people get elected, you can imagine. 42:59 One reading is a very, very different skill. 43:04 Yeah, let's, let's let's get into that one in a second. 43:08 No, absolutely. So I there's a joke that says, What do you call somebody who speaks multiple languages? Somebody who's multilingual, what do you call somebody who only speaks one language? American? Yeah. Now no. reality. Right. So use you saying that, you know, somebody going around speaking five different languages is exotic for most of the world. That's just their daily basis, you have to speak most communities around the world speak at least two, usually three, and more languages for interacting, because you have small communities that have historically spoken languages. And as people move around, you speak with them. So that's, that's like multilingualism is actually the norm. We're weird and not speaking multiple languages normally, but it also Yeah, for us, it's, we have this idea as Americans that's like, Oh, well, you must be really smart to be able to speak multiple languages must be like a secret agent or something, you know. 44:10 And they're in and the idea of like, but you know, how do you speak five languages, but you can't read anything. Like for us there's a disconnect, but that's, that's a pretty normal, like, Girl. If you grew up in The Hague, you speak for four languages. Yeah. And like, you might not have graduated high school, but yeah, you speak four languages. Like that's just that's the and that was my experience in Toronto. Um, is, is you know, it's a it's a matter of need, right? I mean, man, a lot of people learn a whole new language just for a vacation. When you move there about 30 days in, you get tired asking for the same thing every day. Right? So you learn what the next thing is, and 44:51 it's a it's such a cool topic for me I could go on and on and on about this. I this is tied to this every day. 45:00 For the last 20 years, 45:04 and as a teacher, I pull more people into my world, I'm like, come with me, come talk to me about this, I can imagine that this is gonna be a multi part interview I talked 45:15 a little bit about, like, are asking the expert type discussions, you know, for our listeners in they've heard a couple of them now, Mike, you know, where we're taking a little bit different angle above and beyond just the interview components, but there's kind of, there's this like initiation thing that you have to go through, you have to be interviewed, before we get into the expert part. So I could do this. I know we're getting close to our hour here. But I really, if I could I want to ask one real final question. These from from my camp, which is 45:48 it's no secret to most people who are listening now that we have this time in what started in America with the world that is relative to race and brutality in, in what's going on, right. And so, this show is not about that. And, you know, we are an episodic show, meaning that we talk a lot about things that we hope could be published for years on end. And it's an autobiography, biography type of an interview that we're hoping to achieve today. But when you think about unity across the world, and you think about how language affects unity, 46:24 myopically here in the United States, relative to you know, the current exacerbation has to do with police brutality, and this ever burning, you know, very true 46:36 difference in races in the United States and difference in socio economic ways that that works out in your life, or how does language save us? Like, I don't want to make it so prophetic, but like, how, how does that help? Like how, how do we how do we, how do we become better partners to each other better tribes, as groups to other tribes to let language start to develop peace in this world? 47:04 I love this question. This was a phenomenal question. 47:08 And I do think language can save us. But I also switch it a little bit from not just language, but communication. So it's the idea of being willing to talk to people. And right now what's going on in the United States, being willing to listen, and not passively listen? actively, they call it 360 degree listening, where your brain isn't off thinking about some other stuff. And you're just kind of you're actually listening and processing and thinking through? What is this person telling me? What is this community telling me? What do I not understand? And how can I ask questions so I can understand. 48:02 So I think language can save us by giving us the ability to communicate, but really having the will to communicate and listen and process and think through and speak up. I know, I'm not as good as this as I should be. When you hear something when you hear other people say things that are untrue. 48:26 If not, false, are just on. 48:32 I don't even know the term at this point. Because words are hard. 48:37 Getting You know, when you hear something, it's not always just about correcting but having somebody like, okay, you said this, but what about if you actually think about it from the other person's perspective? Or, you know, what, if you're listening to somebody, I read something the other day that was talking about reactions to these stories that we've been hearing. And in particular, this was the issue that happened in New York City in the park, where 49:05 Amy Cooper called the police. And there was this blog post that I was reading that was talking about how all of these people were saying, Oh, well if it were me, I would be doing something else. If it were no, if I was there, I would have said something if and the blog focused on 49:28 the idea of stop making it about you stop making it about how you're experiencing it and how you feel about it. That's fine process that work with it. But stop and listen to what 49:44 the other people have or you know, all parties you know, the I can't Mr. Cooper, the guy who's I can't remember his first name. Now. That was the birdwatcher that had the police called on him. You know, look at it from his perspective and what was going on. Listen to him. 50:00 Listen to what he has to say. And listen to what he said in the video. So it's I think this is a long winded answer, and I apologize for that. But I think it's the idea of speaking up when you can, listening to one another, the idea of communication, regardless of what language that's in whatever dialect it's in, you know, find a way to understand 50:24 when we talk about people talking to folks with especially that speak stigmatized dialects, like African American English, we use this phrase 50:34 communicative burden, that sometimes as listeners, we just say, I don't understand what that person is saying. Or if it's somebody who hasn't done is non native speaker of English, I'm not going to understand what that person is saying. So I'm not going to listen, or whatever, they're not speaking in a way that I want to follow in that can be politically valid, as you know, in terms of politics, like you've used a term or you're coming from a perspective that I want, don't want. So I'm gonna stop and I'm putting the communicative burden on you to change how you speak. So it's better for me. And that's just not fair. So it's, it's taking that burden onto yourself. 51:18 I hate that you felt the need to apologize for that amazing answer. It's long winded out of need. There's there's no way to none of this is an easy, easy answer. And I, I could not even if I sat down and wrote it over and over again, have have expressed it better than you did. I mean, what I took from that actor is you don't need to speak the most important part of communication isn't what comes out of your mouth. So just shut up. And listen. 51:51 That's the that's the best place to start is just listening and, you know, compassion and greater effort on all of our parts. I that what that communicative burden, another amazing term? There's a version of it, if there's another word, or what was the other link was the other work? All right, yeah. Do 52:16 you guys have very 52:18 phrases? 52:20 But how tragic is that? And you know, what's messed up is like, embarrassingly? 52:26 Well, embarrassingly, I think we all need to just get a little bit better at this, you know, 2030 years ago, growing up in suburban Michigan, it was, it was a lot more acceptable to walk around with that burden. And be like, you know, you're not from here. I don't know why you're talking like that. But you're here, you should talk like us. Like that was, that was a normal attitude from where I'm from. I'm 52:54 like, just, like, just think about think about that shit. Like, I'm sorry to use such a dumb but 53:02 because you move to your 10 years before they did, you have the right to say how people should speak when they move here. And they're seeking the same things that your family was seeking when they came here, and it's just, 53:16 ah, I'm all sweaty. 53:20 Even, even if they are speaking English, the idea of like, well, you're speaking English differently than what I'm then how I'm used to hearing it. So I need I and I'm gonna shut that down. Because I can't understand you. There's, there's this really great study from a professor that I used to work with named Donald Rubin, where he had the same voice, recorded giving a lecture. And then he played it for a group of students. But he had two different pictures. And one was a white dude, I think it was a guy I can't remember, a white person and the other was somebody from East Asia or had features from the East Asia, I should say. And not it's the exact same voice. And the students were like, Oh, I didn't understand that one person I understood. The first one or I didn't understand to the extent that when they were actually questioned, like given up like a pop quiz on the on the lecture, they actually did worse. Because they're like, Nope, I'm not gonna know this person is bad. They just they close their ears do it. And 54:32 hey, thanks for taking time to listen to Mike and I Today, I wanted to talk to you just for one second about reviewing the podcast. It really, really helps us out and it places us higher on search engines, as well as the other podcast channels that publish our show. So if you listen to conventioNOTup, you dig what you hear. Take a second go out, give us five stars, give us a few kind words or just real words, whatever the hell you want to say. out there on the review channel of your podcast show. 55:08 I feel like those are the things that we should know more about as we figure out how to bounce out of this like outrage culture, however, whatever that means to you, because that in its own right is like this incendiary term, right? Like, everybody else is outraged, or I'm outraged or whatever. But ultimately, I feel like combining your first and your answer to the first question, when you say, you know, in summary, like, Listen, stupid. 55:32 The reality is that 55:36 it's what gets communicated. And if you don't pay enough attention to what's trying to be communicated, it's quite possible that you could inform yourself incorrectly. And here are the examples. You know, I mean, not everybody will be able to maybe identify with an example of a lecture in a classroom, but most people probably would, because that is such a distinct thing that I think that almost all of us can identify, you know, when humans are frustrated, at least in my experience, and this I mean, is by what I do, is we reach for a lifeline often, to justify our frustration, and if we can clean to that Lifeline in that Lifeline is incorrect. And it doesn't really save us, right, you know, it's sometimes it occludes us too early. And I wish more people could really approach life with such an open hearted, you know, a perspective, I think that probably requires being open to them when they're young. And when they come to mic, like, like you said, when you're when you're new to the place, so that so that those occlusions don't happen. 56:42 Another good example, to have that beyond the lecture. Example is 56:49 color customer service calls or tech calls. A lot of people have that they just keep hanging up until they get somebody that quote, unquote, speaks American, 57:00 like this person will not be able to help me. Right? Right. That's a real thing like to speak American, like, what a beautiful if we could just get a name and address of everyone who ever uttered that phrase. 57:19 positively, there's a really great 57:24 healthcare communication. Okay, and so we have overseas customer service. Those listeners who know the name of my company, maybe they could do this, I'm not going to link them together this way. But our best incoming customer service English is in the Philippines. Mm hmm. So would you like, like, that's where the phone calls come in. With such English as spot on. Compassion is great. There's very little hang, there's actually, you know, hang up that you could talk about probably from the customer service end, right. And so it's the Philippines. That changes actually, at least in my the past decade that I've been working internationally. Because, especially with healthcare, like you mentioned earlier, that accent is so important, right? However, 58:06 right, wrong, or in different call centers internationally make a heck of a lot less mistakes. A lot of people think it's just about the cost. But we shouldn't typecast that, it's that those international systems, as long as you know, we're able to train them with with the right accent, quote, unquote, right? They make less mistakes, and there's use of data to back it up. I would have never like, I would have just assumed it was 100% function of cost, which is I think, 58:36 is old school ignorant kind of 58:40 presumption. It really is, um, 58:44 oh, man, I'm really, really sharing my ignorance today. 58:49 That but you know, I, like I said, I'm down to be the dude in the crowd that raises his hand and he admits like, Hey, I'm here to be better. Um, I, that's a scary notion and in today's society, but if we all just kind of try a lot harder. That's the kind of unity I don't know. It's, I think it's a lighter question. But you know, I've we've found it sometimes delves into deep, deeper parts of our brains. Um, we asked us of a lot of our guests and I think I'm really really dying to hear 59:23 your response. Doctor, we 59:26 were curious, what do you think the 1516 year old Susie would would would think of what you're up to today where your passions are and kind of, or vice versa? If you if you would rather give some advice to that teenager, you can do that. But I want you to, I want you if you can bounce between now and then. 59:47 Um, I think I think 15 year old Suzy would be surprised, but really pleased with at least with like 1:00:00 The work that I'm doing and where I ended up in terms of a career, the the fact that, you know, me making a couple comments about my mom's accent, and the fact that my cousin's made fun of me for using y'all. It's like, wait, you turn that into a career? Good for you. You've written books on that topic. That's awesome. 1:00:25 You know, I, I think I would be proud of the work that I've been able to do to get people to think about things that they haven't thought about before and think about diversity in ways that 1:00:41 they overlook, oftentimes, I mean, we didn't throw around the word diversity so much when I was 15, and 16. But 1:00:50 But I think the I think that type of thing was in the back of my mind, at that point, I was interested at 16, I was starting to get interested in the idea of travel and other languages. 1:01:04 When I was I think I was 16, maybe 17, when I started studying Russian, 1:01:10 which is what I majored in, in college, still can't speak it, but that's what I meant. 1:01:16 So I think the fact that I would say, Oh, you went with that, but turned it into something different, I think I would be disappointed in the fact that I can't speak Russian fluently, or I can't speak Italian, which is what my family historically speaks, that I couldn't speak anything fluently. I think, I think I'd be like, really, you've had this long, you couldn't, you couldn't have worked with that. 1:01:38 But yeah, I but the idea of me being a teacher and a researcher, and an academic, would have shocked the crap out of me, because I, my parents didn't go to college. 1:01:51 I didn't know anybody who was a professor, I had no, there was no experience that would have made me think like, oh, teaching is the right role for you. And even when I entered a graduate program, I wasn't even thinking about that. I just wanted to learn some more. So I'd be really, really surprised to know that on a regular basis, you know, sometimes daily, I get up in front of 100 people and talk about stuff. And I am perfectly happy doing that. I love doing that, actually, what could the 16 year old version of you want more, you just said your career, I get a smile on your face has only gotten bigger the variety of subjects we've covered today, it's just a, you mentioned something there that I do have to touch upon, just that you forged this past yourself. Um, and that's, it's a common theme. A lot of our guests. I mean, it's called conventioNOTthat for a reason, um, but to me just say both of my parents are educators, you know, my, my dad has his PhD in education. My mom got her master's in the 80s. Um, but they don't, they're not engineers, they don't do what I do. Um, and so I really, I love that this was completely out of nowhere. And nobody you didn't have anybody to look up to and say, Yeah, that looks okay, I'll, I'll go down that path. So, to me, you get an extra applause for 1:03:18 you know, going out on this limb on your own and then making it awesome. Because you I mean, you use there's no way people meet you and wonder if you're happy and in your career and in your in your life, because you 1:03:31 and you're in the right spot. 1:03:33 You know, we get to spend a lot of like, personal time together. And sometimes wine comes out and all that kind of stuff and the nature of our lives. Yeah. Right. Sometimes the nature of our, 1:03:45 my wife, Anna, and 1:03:48 Susan's husband, Jamie, we were able to share some of our observances about where we're good at each other, 1:03:57 with each other, not at each other. But one of the things that is always so inspirational is about the way that that continually becomes kind of like part of our conversation. I always think when when we're in these groups of couples sharing about a line or whatever that might be, and I can't help but think that that's what dictates to like, being able to open up into conversations like this today, or really the way that you do, being able to influence young minds. You know, I mean, we didn't talk a lot about that today. Because, well, there was no reason we didn't talk about it. We're learning today. But I know that that's a big part of what makes you tick is to be able to have those relationships and to follow students getting into law school and making those you know, next steps to influence the world. So I hope that someday we could get you to come back and talk a little bit more about that. 1:04:48 In the meantime, if I want to get a hold of you, or if there's something that I there's this kind of two questions, one, how do I kind of you know, get a hold of you in the appropriate manner. But also, if I didn't want 1:05:00 Get a hold of you. But I want to learn about a career, whether that be in linguistics or as an educator, where would I go? And then I'll wrap us up however we do that, but this is this has really been one of our better interviews. I really appreciate this today. Thanks. I've had so much fun with this. Thank you so much. I'm so my full contact information is through the Emory University website, the linguistics program there and anybody can always reach out to me, send me an email is probably the best way to do it. And I'm happy to answer any questions that people have. There are a ton of resources out there about linguistics and about careers in linguistics. I like to point people to the linguistics Society of America, their website, especially folks that are starting school and thinking that they might be interested in studying linguistics, there's an entire area of wide major in linguistics, or what kind of fields can I work in? If I study linguistics? The short answer is everything. Like it applies everywhere, you can apply linguistics to every single career. 1:06:13 And so they have a lot of resources. There's also some really good books that are out there. There's one called the five minute linguist, and that I just started reading, and it's really, really short vignettes. And there's some videos that are out there that go along with it, of just like some of the key questions that people might have about language. So if anybody's just interested in like, really, really short ways of learning a little bit about language or the types of questions you can ask about language, it's a good book that I recommend. And 1:06:44 what about the ones you wrote? I mean, are those those worth recommending? Well, my textbook linguist language and linguistic diversity in the United States, 2015 by Rutledge 1:06:57 that we're working on the second edition, so that is available and it is online. 1:07:04 And it ends I have a new book called linguistic plants of belief, which talks about p southerners views about dialectal differences in the United States and about views about 1:07:20 man coming out. So that's coming out in October. It was supposed to come out this month, but it's been postponed. I was pulled on to this project with Paulina bounce and Jennifer Kramer some wonderful, amazingly bright women. But yeah, so linguistic planets of belief comes out in October. Okay, yeah, that that's why I'm excited for that October. That's my birthday month so anything going on in October it's gonna be great. It's gonna be well and right now more more to come upon this and I'm gonna be probably relatively certain that YouTube will meet face to face but Mike and I are talking about a South East trip in the month of September in which we will go throughout the southeast as Damn Yankees and experience the world. Everyone can hear us talk time. Yeah, yeah, Kara's 1:08:09 point. 1:08:11 Yeah, can I plug one more thing before we go just because of what our was talking about with what's happening in the us right now. We went to the North Carolina, North Carolina language and Life Project has just come out or not just come out last year came out with a documentary called talking black in America. 1:08:31 And you can look it up online talking black in America was talking Black america.com. But I can't remember. It is a beautiful hour long video documentary that interviews people and talks about what black languages in the United States and its history and its development in the social views that go along with listening and being a speaker of it. And for anybody that is thinking about 1:08:59 how to listen and how to communicate. It's a beautiful time to watch this video. Okay, thank you. I 1:09:07 will share that right away. Thank you. Yeah, we started by Well, well, it's really been a pleasure. I'm almost sad to hear it go to an end or at least better less listeners are but there will be more. I would love to have a Ask me anything about writing a textbook. I feel like that could be something that would be really really cool to be focused on. From from an expertise perspective. I'm good at telling people how not to write a textbook because exactly the process that I went through all the obstacles you trip down along the way right. I always thought that parenthesis tell the story anyways on the inside, right. So maybe maybe you could help set those bumpers on the outside. So just to close us down. If this is your first time listening to us if you found your way to us through Dr. Tamasi. We are conventioNOTnot and we promote ourselves through 1:10:00 Are interviewees and our guests and so on and so forth. So please take a second there are countless interviews out there that aren't similar to Susan's, but they are different. You will find many, many, many different types of careers, many, many different pursuits of happiness 1:10:17 with all of the diversity that we're talking about today, and different types of advice, and so on and so forth. So please take a second get out there, follow us on Instagram or Facebook or Twitter or LinkedIn or anywhere that you might go. We'd love to have you follow there. And we appreciate you listening today. 1:10:36 Thanks, doctor. Thank you guys. So much.
Noel Clark and Tommaso Bellini describe how nucleic acids form double-helical liquid crystals, with implications for the origins of life.
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