Podcasts about neutralization

Understanding Violence: Dr. Gwen Adshead's First Reith LectureIn this episode of Crime Time, Inc., we delve into the first of four Reith Lectures by Forensic Psychiatrist Dr. Gwen Adshead. Titled 'Is Violence Normal?' this lecture explores the complexities surrounding human violence. Dr. Adshead, who has extensive experience working in prisons and high-security hospitals like Broadmoor, argues that violence is a part of human nature and is influenced by various social and individual factors. She challenges the conventional notion of profiling typical killers and urges us to understand the relational contexts and risk factors that lead to violence. Using the analogy of a bicycle lock, she explains how different risk factors combine to unlock violent behaviour. Dr. Adshead highlights the importance of responsibility and the dangers of normalising violence through media and societal narratives. The discussion also touches on the role of mental illness, the potential for rehabilitation, and the need for nuanced approaches to preventing violence. Tune in for a thought-provoking episode that pushes us to reconsider our assumptions about violence and its perpetrators.00:00 Introduction to the Reith Lectures00:42 Overview of Dr. Gwen Adshead's Lectures00:54 Is Violence Normal?01:40 Understanding the Roots of Violence03:30 The Bicycle Lock Analogy04:28 Neutralization and Responsibility06:19 Challenging the Concept of Evil13:41 Rehabilitation and Change15:24 Final Thoughts and Takeaways Hosted on Acast. See acast.com/privacy for more information.

Winning by Process: The State and Neutralization of Ethnic Minorities in Myanmar (Southeast Asia Program Publications/Cornell UP, 2022) asks why the peace process stalled in the decade from 2011 to 2021 despite a liberalizing regime, a national ceasefire agreement, and a multilateral peace dialogue between the state and ethnic minorities. Winning by Process argues that stalled conflicts are more than pauses or stalemates. "Winning by process," as opposed to winning by war or agreement, represents the state's ability to gain advantage by manipulating the rules of negotiation, bargaining process, and sites of power and resources. In Myanmar, five such strategies allowed the state to gain through process: locking in, sequencing, layering, outflanking, and outgunning. The Myanmar case shows how process can shift the balance of power in negotiations intended to bring an end to civil war. During the last decade, the Myanmar state and military controlled the process, neutralized ethnic minority groups, and continued to impose their vision of a centralized state even as they appeared to support federalism. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices Support our show by becoming a premium member! https://newbooksnetwork.supportingcast.fm/new-books-network

Winning by Process: The State and Neutralization of Ethnic Minorities in Myanmar (Southeast Asia Program Publications/Cornell UP, 2022) asks why the peace process stalled in the decade from 2011 to 2021 despite a liberalizing regime, a national ceasefire agreement, and a multilateral peace dialogue between the state and ethnic minorities. Winning by Process argues that stalled conflicts are more than pauses or stalemates. "Winning by process," as opposed to winning by war or agreement, represents the state's ability to gain advantage by manipulating the rules of negotiation, bargaining process, and sites of power and resources. In Myanmar, five such strategies allowed the state to gain through process: locking in, sequencing, layering, outflanking, and outgunning. The Myanmar case shows how process can shift the balance of power in negotiations intended to bring an end to civil war. During the last decade, the Myanmar state and military controlled the process, neutralized ethnic minority groups, and continued to impose their vision of a centralized state even as they appeared to support federalism. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices Support our show by becoming a premium member! https://newbooksnetwork.supportingcast.fm/new-books-network

Winning by Process: The State and Neutralization of Ethnic Minorities in Myanmar (Southeast Asia Program Publications/Cornell UP, 2022) asks why the peace process stalled in the decade from 2011 to 2021 despite a liberalizing regime, a national ceasefire agreement, and a multilateral peace dialogue between the state and ethnic minorities. Winning by Process argues that stalled conflicts are more than pauses or stalemates. "Winning by process," as opposed to winning by war or agreement, represents the state's ability to gain advantage by manipulating the rules of negotiation, bargaining process, and sites of power and resources. In Myanmar, five such strategies allowed the state to gain through process: locking in, sequencing, layering, outflanking, and outgunning. The Myanmar case shows how process can shift the balance of power in negotiations intended to bring an end to civil war. During the last decade, the Myanmar state and military controlled the process, neutralized ethnic minority groups, and continued to impose their vision of a centralized state even as they appeared to support federalism. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices Support our show by becoming a premium member! https://newbooksnetwork.supportingcast.fm/history

Winning by Process: The State and Neutralization of Ethnic Minorities in Myanmar (Southeast Asia Program Publications/Cornell UP, 2022) asks why the peace process stalled in the decade from 2011 to 2021 despite a liberalizing regime, a national ceasefire agreement, and a multilateral peace dialogue between the state and ethnic minorities. Winning by Process argues that stalled conflicts are more than pauses or stalemates. "Winning by process," as opposed to winning by war or agreement, represents the state's ability to gain advantage by manipulating the rules of negotiation, bargaining process, and sites of power and resources. In Myanmar, five such strategies allowed the state to gain through process: locking in, sequencing, layering, outflanking, and outgunning. The Myanmar case shows how process can shift the balance of power in negotiations intended to bring an end to civil war. During the last decade, the Myanmar state and military controlled the process, neutralized ethnic minority groups, and continued to impose their vision of a centralized state even as they appeared to support federalism. Support our show by becoming a premium member! https://newbooksnetwork.supportingcast.fm/southeast-asian-studies

Winning by Process: The State and Neutralization of Ethnic Minorities in Myanmar (Southeast Asia Program Publications/Cornell UP, 2022) asks why the peace process stalled in the decade from 2011 to 2021 despite a liberalizing regime, a national ceasefire agreement, and a multilateral peace dialogue between the state and ethnic minorities. Winning by Process argues that stalled conflicts are more than pauses or stalemates. "Winning by process," as opposed to winning by war or agreement, represents the state's ability to gain advantage by manipulating the rules of negotiation, bargaining process, and sites of power and resources. In Myanmar, five such strategies allowed the state to gain through process: locking in, sequencing, layering, outflanking, and outgunning. The Myanmar case shows how process can shift the balance of power in negotiations intended to bring an end to civil war. During the last decade, the Myanmar state and military controlled the process, neutralized ethnic minority groups, and continued to impose their vision of a centralized state even as they appeared to support federalism. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices Support our show by becoming a premium member! https://newbooksnetwork.supportingcast.fm/political-science

Winning by Process: The State and Neutralization of Ethnic Minorities in Myanmar (Southeast Asia Program Publications/Cornell UP, 2022) asks why the peace process stalled in the decade from 2011 to 2021 despite a liberalizing regime, a national ceasefire agreement, and a multilateral peace dialogue between the state and ethnic minorities. Winning by Process argues that stalled conflicts are more than pauses or stalemates. "Winning by process," as opposed to winning by war or agreement, represents the state's ability to gain advantage by manipulating the rules of negotiation, bargaining process, and sites of power and resources. In Myanmar, five such strategies allowed the state to gain through process: locking in, sequencing, layering, outflanking, and outgunning. The Myanmar case shows how process can shift the balance of power in negotiations intended to bring an end to civil war. During the last decade, the Myanmar state and military controlled the process, neutralized ethnic minority groups, and continued to impose their vision of a centralized state even as they appeared to support federalism. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices Support our show by becoming a premium member! https://newbooksnetwork.supportingcast.fm/intellectual-history

Winning by Process: The State and Neutralization of Ethnic Minorities in Myanmar (Southeast Asia Program Publications/Cornell UP, 2022) asks why the peace process stalled in the decade from 2011 to 2021 despite a liberalizing regime, a national ceasefire agreement, and a multilateral peace dialogue between the state and ethnic minorities. Winning by Process argues that stalled conflicts are more than pauses or stalemates. "Winning by process," as opposed to winning by war or agreement, represents the state's ability to gain advantage by manipulating the rules of negotiation, bargaining process, and sites of power and resources. In Myanmar, five such strategies allowed the state to gain through process: locking in, sequencing, layering, outflanking, and outgunning. The Myanmar case shows how process can shift the balance of power in negotiations intended to bring an end to civil war. During the last decade, the Myanmar state and military controlled the process, neutralized ethnic minority groups, and continued to impose their vision of a centralized state even as they appeared to support federalism. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices Support our show by becoming a premium member! https://newbooksnetwork.supportingcast.fm/european-studies

Winning by Process: The State and Neutralization of Ethnic Minorities in Myanmar (Southeast Asia Program Publications/Cornell UP, 2022) asks why the peace process stalled in the decade from 2011 to 2021 despite a liberalizing regime, a national ceasefire agreement, and a multilateral peace dialogue between the state and ethnic minorities. Winning by Process argues that stalled conflicts are more than pauses or stalemates. "Winning by process," as opposed to winning by war or agreement, represents the state's ability to gain advantage by manipulating the rules of negotiation, bargaining process, and sites of power and resources. In Myanmar, five such strategies allowed the state to gain through process: locking in, sequencing, layering, outflanking, and outgunning. The Myanmar case shows how process can shift the balance of power in negotiations intended to bring an end to civil war. During the last decade, the Myanmar state and military controlled the process, neutralized ethnic minority groups, and continued to impose their vision of a centralized state even as they appeared to support federalism. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices Support our show by becoming a premium member! https://newbooksnetwork.supportingcast.fm/french-studies

We all know the power of neutralizing attachment in reality creation and manifestation, and we also know that when we are trying to create things we have a lot of conflict about it's SO much harder to create that then when you don't. Have a listen to neutralize some conflict/guilt/shame you may be carrying about your business and money pursuits. 

Anxiety used to rule my life. I woke up with it and went to bed with it. I felt like a prisoner to it. If you ever struggle with anxiety, this episode is for you. In the episode I'm going to teach you the two most effective techniques I have used that have enabled me to neutralize and have power over the anxious voice in my life. We're going to talk about management tools for those of us who are anxiety prone, and as someone with a history and intimate relationship with anxiety, I'm going to share some of my daily power phrases and affirmations that help me walk in peace and mute the voice of anxiety. ✅ ‌ FREE CLASS! LEARN HOW TO STOP CARING WHAT PEOPLE THINK ‌ Don't forget to sign up for our free “How to Stop Caring What People Think” webinar masterclass at https://www.trishblackwell.com/stopcaring ‌ ✅‌ GET ACCELERATED RESULTS: Our next-level coaching happens at: http://www.collegeofconfidence.com ✅ STAY CONNECTED.

Discover the powerful teachings of the Kybalion in our live stream on Hermetic principles, focusing on the Law of Rhythm and the Law of Neutralization, and how understanding it can help us have stronger frame. Learn how to achieve emotional mastery, maintain mental stability, and harness ancient wisdom for personal development and spiritual growth. Join us to explore techniques for managing mood swings, achieving emotional balance, and practicing mindfulness and meditation. Elevate your consciousness and find inner peace with these transformative esoteric teachings. // BECOME A SPOTIFY SUBSCRIBER // Become a subscriber on Spotify to help support the podcast and get access to Rule Zero and Dragonship bonus episodes when I host those panel shows - https://podcasters.spotify.com/pod/show/comeonman/subscribe // BOOK // Get my Amazon #1 Best Selling Book: https://www.amazon.com/dp/B0CNH88C47 Autographed copies: https://comeonmanpod.gumroad.com/l/books // COURSES // No Cold Approach in The Cow Pasture (Online Dating Course): http://dates.comeonmanpod.com Practical Law of Attraction course: http://loa.comeonmanpod.com Basic Diet & Fitness (Mini-Course): http://fit.comeonmanpod.com // COACHING AND OTHER RESOURCES // Beer Club: http://beer.comeonmanpod.com Coaching: http://coaching.comeonmanpod.com FREE PDF with 20 Dating App Openers! Join my email list: http://list.comeonmanpod.com MERCH: http://merch.comeonmanpod.com Recommended Reading: https://is.gd/COMPBooks // SOCIAL MEDIA // Follow on TikTok - https://www.tiktok.com/@bestmenspod Follow on Instagram - https://www.instagram.com/comeonmanpodcast/ Follow on Twitter - https://twitter.com/ComeOnManPOD Follow on Facebook - https://www.facebook.com/comeonmanpodcast // OTHER MEDIA // Watch on YouTube - http://youtube.com/comeonmanpodcast --- Send in a voice message: https://podcasters.spotify.com/pod/show/comeonman/message

Our review of the fifth episode of Kaiju No. 8 anime! Remember to leave a 5-Star review for the show! If you like the show, feel free to drop us an email at watchfrommercury@gmail.com with any of your questions, comments, or thoughts on the show! If you love the show and want some more Watch from Mercury content, subscribe to the patreon and you'll get one bonus episode per month where we review a Gundam movie! You'll also feel good in your heart! Patreon.com/watchfrommercury Alex Fossella's links: Instagram @alexfossella Twitter @afossella Broadway Baby Podcast Instagram @broadwaybabypod Maxim Allen's links: Instagram @asparaguts

How do you fight a Kaiju as big as a building? Does Kafka make it out of his first mission?

We speak to Sean Holloway from RectorSeal on how oil neutralization products work. We also discuss when and where to incorporate a flush product after a burnout or refrigerant retrofit. More info here... https://rectorseal.com/ A2L Best Practices https://www.copeland.com/en-us/products/refrigeration/low-gwp-refrigeration/a2l-refrigerants-ac www.cintas.com/HVACKnowItAll Save 8% on your purchase https://www.trutechtools.com/ with promo code knowitall Check out the HVAC Know It All app app.hvacknowitall.com https://www.hvacknowitall.com/pages/about Visit HVAC Know It All on social media Facebook https://www.facebook.com/hvacknowitall/ Instagram https://www.instagram.com/hvacknowitall1/

We've alluded to glyphosate and Roundup Ready GMO crops in many episodes but we haven't taken the time to really dig deep and ensure our audience is well educated on true exposure, health risk, and most importantly that we are able to leave them empowered with how to use nutrients and food-as-medicine to defend against the likely exposure.   In today's important episode we explain the molecular structure of glyphosate, its use in big ag, the impact on the human body, increases in exposure over these last two decades and most importantly what you can do to protect your body and your household. From fulvic acid and soil play, to rebooting your microbiome, to glycine supplementation, to broccoli sprouts and beyond we will cover how to be resilient from this man made disaster!    Also in this episode:  What Good Shall I Do Conference @ Roam Ranch Beat the Bloat Live Program Starts April 10th!  What is Glyphosate and How Does it Work?  Environmental ImpactAdverse impacts of Roundup on soil bacteria, soil chemistry and mycorrhizal fungi during restoration of a Colorado grassland Foods with Highest Glyphosate Residue Human Health Impact How We Can Combat Glyphosate Toxicity Spirulina & ChlorellaProtective role of Spirulina platensis against glyphosate induced toxicity in marine mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis Super Greens Cube Humic & Fulvic AcidVisser, S. A. “Effect of humic substances on mitochondrial respiration and oxidative phosphorylation.” Science of the Total Environment 62 (1987): 347-354. Guo, Fayang, et al. “Glyphosate adsorption onto kaolinite and kaolinite-humic acid composites: Experimental and molecular dynamics studies.” Chemosphere 263 (2021): 127979. Shehata, Awad A., et al. “Neutralization of the antimicrobial effect of glyphosate by humic acid in vitro.” Chemosphere 104 (2014): 258-261. Wild Foods Fulvic Acid use code ALIMILLERRD for savings GlycineRelax and Regulate GlutathioneGlyphosate, pathways to modern diseases III: Manganese, neurological diseases, and associated pathologies Cellular Antiox Manganese SulforaphaneBroccoDetox Detox SupportDetox Packs 10 Day Detox ProbioticsTargeted Strength Beat the Bloat Cleanse Food as MedicineNaturally Nourished Tea Sunlighten Sauna use code ALIMILLERRD   This episode is sponsored by:  This episode is sponsored by Nutrisense, providing Continuous Glucose Monitors (CGM) that provide you with real-time glucose data and an easy to use phone app that helps you combine and visualize your glucose data with all of your daily activities as well as personalized recommendations on how to improve your health. Use the code ALIRD to save $30 off first month of subscription or purchase a unique 1 time meter at nutrisense.io/alimillerrd. Check out this episode with Kara of Nutrisense on why we find a CGM to be such an amazing tool!

Last time we spoke about the fall of Shaggy Ridge, some hardcore patrolling on New Britain and major planning for the invasion of the Marshalls. The Australians seized the Kankeiri saddle, the Prothero's, Crater Hill and countless other features until finally at last the Japanese had been dislodged from the area. Meanwhile over on New Britain, the Americans were expanding their perimeter and unleashing wave after wave of patrols, trying to figure out where the Japanese were concentrating. It was tireless work, without any good maps in a horribly difficult climate with menacing terrain. The commanders of the central, south and southwest pacific all met to finalize big plans, that would now involved the invasion of the Marshall islands. It seems Dougey boy MacArthur was delivered some setbacks for his grand advance to the Philippines, as the Central Pacific was stealing the drivers seat.  This episode is Operation Flintlock: The Invasion of the Marshalls  Welcome to the Pacific War Podcast Week by Week, I am your dutiful host Craig Watson. But, before we start I want to also remind you this podcast is only made possible through the efforts of Kings and Generals over at Youtube. Perhaps you want to learn more about world war two? Kings and Generals have an assortment of episodes on world war two and much more  so go give them a look over on Youtube. So please subscribe to Kings and Generals over at Youtube and to continue helping us produce this content please check out www.patreon.com/kingsandgenerals. If you are still hungry for some more history related content, over on my channel, the Pacific War Channel you can find a few videos all the way from the Opium Wars of the 1800's until the end of the Pacific War in 1945.  In spite of General Douglas MacArthur's attempted hijacking of the strategic control over the Pacific campaign, by trying to have the US Navy's Central Pacific campaign pretty much aborted, it did not pan out. MacArthur had made multiple arguments against their Central plans, stating Nimitz choice of route was “time consuming and expensive in our naval power and shipping” which was really a self-serving argument flying in the face of actual evidence. MacArthur pointed out all the problems faced during the invasion of Tarawa, such as the high casualty rates. The Marines had jumped 2500 miles from New Zealand to hit Tarawa at the cost of 4 days of fighting. Yet Australian soldiers and American GI's would take nearly a year and a half, through nearly continuously fighting to make the 300 mile journey from Port Moresby to Madang. Operation Cartwheel proved to be extremely laborious, time consuming and costly in terms of materials and men. But from MacArthur's point of view the lives lost were largely Australian and perhaps as some Historians might point out “were politically expendable to a person like MacArthur”. Kind of a hit point to make, that one came from Francis Pike's Hirohito's War, go after him not me folks. It was also self evident the supply lines of ships from the west coast of the US to Nimitz Pacific fleet and their Marines, some 5000 or so miles from San Diego to Kwajalein atoll, was shorter than the long route going from the US west coast to Australia then to New Guinea, a colossal 9108 mile trip. By mid 1943 the supply line to MacArthur was nearly double that of Nimitz in distance with increased dangers of IJN submarines prowling about, though as I have said numerous times, the IJN only really figured out the capability of merchant hitting in the late years of the war.  Well in spite of all of that MacArthur gave Brigadier-General Frederick Osborn and MacArthurs trusty lackey Sutherland going to Washington to fight on his behalf against the Joint Chiefs of Staff, they elected to commit themselves to the Central Pacific thrust. It had been a strategic decision based on logistical and strategy…well logic? The 1943 Cairo conference ended just as Tarawa was captured, thus driving the nail in the coffin so to say. The next target on the way to the Marianas was thus the Marshall islands, way back in the old days they were property of the German empire, that Japan had stolen with ease. Ever since 1938, the Japanese banned any non Japanese ships from the region, thus US intelligence was pretty lax on them. MAGIC intercepts began to give clues as to how the Japanese deployed their troops on the Marshall islands however. This led the allied war planners to leave some “to wither on the vine” like Wotje. It was decided the main target would be Kwajalein. The 380 mile lagoon made it one of the largest in the world, quite beautiful also. Some like Rear Admiral Turner, questioned the risks of going straight into the heart of the Marshall islands, calling the move “too aggressive and dangerous and reckless!” But Nimitz and Spruance were adamant, well this was before Tarawa. The bitter lessons learnt on Tarawa prompted Spruance to determine that “Kwajalein would be struck with violent, overwhelming force and swiftly applied”. For the invasion of the Marshalls, codenamed Operation Flintlock, the first phase was to be the capture of Kwajalein, earmarked by General Corlett's 7th division against the southern group of islands in the atoll that included Kawjalein. General Schmidt's 4th marine division would capture Roi-Namur and the northern islands in the atoll. Furthermore prior to these attacks, Colonel Sheldon's Sundance Landing Force would hit Majuro Atoll. Because of the experiences gained during the invasion of the Gilberts, a far greater quantity and variety of amphibious equipment had been made available to the Central Pacific forces. Now the attack force commanders would not have to rely on the faulty communications systems of battleships to maintain proper radio liaison between ship and shore and ship and air. Two newly constructed headquarters ships, each equipped with the latest developments in radio and radar gear and unburdened by gunfire support duties, were provided for the operation. Several improvements were also made in the techniques of softening up the enemy defenses before the first troops touched shore. The US Navy changed their bombardment tactics based on the experience at Tarawa and now used armor piercing shells and fired from closer ranges. These all added would increase the quantity and accuracy of firepower to be delivered before the invasion. To provide a last-minute saturation of the beaches, two new, or rather modified, forms of older types of amphibious equipment were also introduced. The first of these was the amphibian tank LVT-A, which was just the standard amphibian tractor equipped with extra armor plating and mounting a 37-mm gun housed in a turret. The second was the LCI gunboat, an LCI converted into a gunboat by the addition of three 40-mm guns and banks of 4.5-inch rocket launchers.  Admiral Turner's plan called for extensive pre-landing bombardment both from surface ships and from aircraft. Most of the Marshall's airfields had been successfully neutralized by Admiral Hoover's aircraft over the prior months. To complete preliminary operations, Admiral Mitschers Fast Carrier force launched a heavy strike on January 29 and 30th. On the 30th, eight of Mitschers battleships, accompanied by about a dozen destroyers, were to deliver a dawn bombardment against Kwajalein Island and Roi-Namur. The object was to destroy aircraft, coast defense guns, and personnel, and to render the airfields temporarily useless. At the same time, two advance units of cruisers and destroyers from Turner's task force were to bombard the airfields at Wotje and Maloelap. These dawn bombardments were to be followed by air strikes against each of the objectives. After the strikes were completed the surface ships would again take up the bombardment and maintain a steady fire until about noon. Then on the 31st, initial landings would begin against Carlson (Enubuj), lying  northwest of Kwajalein Island; Ivan (Mellu) and Jacob (Ennuebing) Islands, lying southwest of Roi-Namur. For southern Kwajalein, three other small islands in addition to Carlson were to be captured during the preparatory phase of the operation. These were Carlos (Ennylabegan), Carter (Gea), and Cecil (Ninni) Islands, all lying north of Carlson. On some of these islands artillery could be emplaced for the main assault. On February 1st, battleships, cruisers and destroyers would conduct a monster bombardment in support of the main landings and air strikes would begin 45 minutes before the men hit the beaches. There would be a cease to the carnage 25 minutes before to allow the smaller islands to deploy their artillery to help support the main assault. With this tremendous bombardment by aircraft, surface ships, and artillery, all to be executed before the first troops hit the shore line, it was hoped that the bitter experience of Tarawa would not be repeated. For the attack on Kwajalein Island, Corlett decided to land on a narrow front on the beaches at the western extremity, as the reef and surf conditions were more favorable there. He had at his disposal 79 amphibian tanks and 95 amphibian tractors that would transport the first 4 waves to hit the southern beaches. The first with great secrecy would be a pre-dawn landing against Carter and Cecil islands, by one platoon of the 7th Cavalry Reconnaissance Troop. The reconnaissance troop was embarked on two high-speed transports (APD's), along with two platoons of Company B, 111th Infantry. After this the 17th regiment led by Col. Wayne C. Zimmerman would land on Carlos and Carlson islands. The 1st Battalion, 17th Infantry, would hit Carlos while the 2nd Battalion, 17th Infantry, hit Carlson. The 3rd Battalion, 17th Infantry was to be held in reserve, ready to go to the aid of either landing team. While the capture of Carlson Island was in progress, the division artillery, loaded for the most part on amphibious trucks, was to debark and proceed to a rendezvous area offshore. Upon a signal from the commander of the Carlson landing force, the guns were to be moved ashore and into position. This was all done to secure General Arnold's artillery, whom on the night of the D-day along the 145th field artillery battalions would deliver interdictory fire from Carlson on all the principal fortified areas of Kwajalein Island and place counter-battery fire on any enemy artillery that might be emplaced on Burton. They were also to fire general support missions for the infantry. Finally, the 184th on the left and 32nd Regiment on the right would land abreast and advance up the axis of the island. If things looked like they were going well enough and the reserve 17th regiment would not be necessary, they would instead capture the remaining islands of Beverly (South Gugegwe), Berlin (North Gugegwe), Benson, and Bennett (Bigej) Islands in the eastern chain. There was a hell of a lot of fire power they would face as well. On Kwajalein, 4 12.7-cm, dual-purpose twin-mount guns were divided into batteries of 2, one located at each end of the island. Each battery was protected by 7.7-mm. and 13-mm. machine guns along the nearby beaches. Near each gun were 2 150-cm. searchlights. In addition, the northern end of the island was guarded by a twin-mount dual-purpose 13-mm machine gun on the lagoon shore. Several 7.7-mm. machine guns were in position on the western end and other heavy machine guns were scattered about the center of the island, some mounted on wooden sleds for easy movement to critical points. On the ocean shore were 6 8-cm. dual-purpose guns, divided into 2 batteries of 3 guns each. One battery was east of the tank ditch and the other was opposite the center of the airfield. The first had a 360-degree traverse and could fire either to seaward or landward. The other formed the nucleus of a strongpoint composed of a semicircle of rifle pits facing the beach supported by one heavy and one 13-mm. machine gun, and also included an observation tower, a range finder, and a 110-cm. searchlight. 2 other 8-cm. guns were in position on the lagoon shore, and the blockhouse on the main pier (Nob Pier), which jutted out into the lagoon near the northern tip of the island, had a 13-mm. dual-purpose gun on its roof and firing ports on the ground floor allowing machine guns to fire in all directions. For the attack on Roi-Namur, Schmidt's 1st phase was to capture the 5 islets near Roi-Namur. The Ivan Landing Group was commanded by Brig. General James L. Underhill, consisting of the 25th Marines under Col. Samuel C. Cumming; the 14th Marines Artillery and Company D of the 4th Tank Battalion. They would seize Jacon and Ivan islands to allow the 3rd and 4th Battalions of the 14th Marine Regiment artillery to deploy. Then they would hit Albert, Allen and Abraham islands where the 1st and 2nd Battalions of the 14th Marine Regiment artillery would deploy. For the main landings Schmidt chose to perform a orthodox amphibious maneuver, simply landing two regiments abreast on a broad front over the lagoon shore. The 23rd marines would hit Roi's red beach 2 and 3 and the 24th marines would hit Namur's Green beaches 1 and 2. The 3rd and final phase would see the capture of the remaining islands in the northern Kwajaleins.  Now that was all for the Americans, but what about the defenders? Admiral Akiyama had recently been reinforced with a number of IJA units such as the 3rd South Sea Garrison from Wake; the 1st South Seas detachment from Mille and Jaluit and the 1st Amphibious mobile brigade from Eniwetok. The reinforcements were deployed mostly on the periphery, as Kwajalien, Jaluit, Maloelap and Wotje had sizable naval garrisons already. The hub of the Japanese military in the Marshalls was at Kwajalein and its main air base at Roi. If you pull out a map, which I do hope many of you do during this entire podcast series haha, especially for Burma it gets really confusing, trust me I know your pain. You can see Kwajalein lies far to the west, with Jaluit, Mille, Maloelap and Wotje kind of acting as buffers. If you were a Japanese commander you would most likely assume any invasion attempt would hit outer islands first and leave Kwajalein as the last one. A quote from one commander, Chikataka Nakajima makes this point "There was divided opinion as to whether you would land at Jaluit or Mille. Some thought you would land on Wotje but there were few who thought you would go right to the heart of the Marshalls and take Kwajalein.” The three most heavily defended islands were Roi-Namur, Kwajalein and Burton in that order of strength. The defenses of Roi-Namur were organized around a series of seven strong points, 4 on Roi and 3 on Namur, all on the ocean side. Starting from the southwest tip of Roi, the first was located along the southern shore of the west coast. The second and third were to the south and north of the northwest taxi circle. The fourth was on both sides of the wire and stone barriers next to the northeast taxi circle. The fifth, sixth, and seventh were on the northwest, north, and east tips of Namur, respectively. From the lagoon side the approaches were covered mostly by nothing heavier than 7.7-mm. machine guns. Wire entanglements were found at two points—on the beach around the northeast taxi circle on Roi, and on the narrow bit of land connecting Roi with Namur. The beach around the northeast taxi circle also boasted a tank obstacle in the form of large rocks jutting out of a rock wall. Anti-tank ditches had been dug throughout the two islands. On Kwajalein, there was a concrete sea wall along most of the ocean shore and around the northern and western ends of the island. The section at the northern end had posts set into it, probably to act as a tank barricade. East of the area cleared for the airfield was a tank ditch extending halfway across the island, and three smaller tank ditches ran between the ocean shore and the road in the vicinity of the airfield. The lagoon shore was protected by a two-strand barbed-wire fence at the water's edge. The large tank ditch was supported by trenches, rifle pits, and machine guns. At this point in the war, the Japanese tactical doctrine still stressed beach-line defense that would hinder a proper defense in depth. The Japanese doctrine to fortify beaches would gradually change as a result of the Gilbert-Marshall campaign. IJA General HQ research groups abandoned beach defenses for internal defenses to thwart naval and aerial bombardments, but also to favor concealed positions to thwart flamethrower and grenade attacks. Actually to side track just a bit, there is a book I rather like “The Battle for Okinawa” by Colonel Hiromichi Yahara. If you are interested in how some of the Japanese commanders decided to change to defense in depth, Colonel Yahara was a good case study and the book is interesting. Akiyama had roughly 5000 men on Kwajalein. 930 of these were IJA units, the 1st Company, 3rd Mobile Battalion, plus 2nd and 4th Companies of the 2nd Mobile Battalion of the 1st Amphibious Mobile Brigade. The IJA forces were led by Colonel Asu Tarokichi, commander of the 2nd Mobile Battalion. There also was 250 SNLF of the Yokosuka 4th; 1150 naval troops from the 61st Guard Unit and Akiyama's headquarters. The rest were not considered combat effective, mostly comprising laborers and logistical units. Most of these units were at Kwajalein itself, with some 345 troops and over 2000 air personnel of the 24th Air Flotilla at Roi-Namur. Three lookout stations were also established on Bennett, Carter and Carlos Islands while an air unit of the 952nd and 160 men defended Burton. By January 20th, all the preparations were complete in the Hawaiian islands for the grand invasion of the Marshalls. 2 days later, the task forces departed. At dawn on the 29th, the 4 task groups of Task Force 58 and the Neutralization Group arrived to their first assembly positions Aircraft carriers Enterprise, Yorktown, and Belleau Wood successfully neutralized Taroa while while Essex, Intrepid, and Cabot bombed and strafed Roi-Namur. Aircraft from Essex, Intrepid, and Cabot bucked northeasterly winds to bomb and strafe once more the important airfield at that base. Ninety-two enemy planes were based on Roi airfield when the attack developed. Command of the air was seized by American planes at the outset and after 8am, no enemy planes were seen airborne over Roi-Namur. Numerous hits were made on runways, hangars, fuel dumps, and gun positions. Additionally, carriers Saratoga, Princeton, and Langley sent multiple strikes against Wotje, managing to neutralize its airfield. Finally Admiral Sherman's carriers Cowpens, Monterey, and Bunker Hill launched strikes against Kwajalein. Her airfield and buildings were bombed on the first strike, then she was subjected to strafing and bombing. During the evening Admiral Sherman's group moved northwestward toward Eniwetok to be in position to launch an attack at dawn of D minus 1. It was not just the navy that smashed the Marshalls, the Army also got a taste. At Kwajalein one flight of seven B-24s dropped fifteen tons of bombs on Roi-Namur and three more tons on Kwajalein Island during the morning and early afternoon. As the carrier planes retired at dusk another seven heavy bombers arrived for a night attack, dropping twenty tons of bombs on Kwajalein Island. At Wotje, flying through heavy overcast, one flight of three B-24s dropped seven tons of bombs, causing fires and damaging the runways. A few hours later a flight of nine B-25s dropped three tons of bombs on the island in a low-level attack and strafed and sank a small cargo vessel in the lagoon. During this late attack carrier planes from the task force mistakenly intercepted the B-25s and shot down two before it was realized they were American planes. Maloelap, Jaluit, and Mille also received land-based attacks during the day. At Taroa, two and a half tons of bombs were dropped by B-25s, which then joined carrier planes in strafing the island. At Jaluit, attack bombers and fighters dropped seven tons of bombs and afterwards strafed the island. Mille was covered all day by twenty fighters, flying in flights of four. Planes that had been scheduled to strike these targets but that were unable to get through because of weather or mechanical difficulty flew over Mille on the way back to American bases in the Gilberts and dropped their bomb loads on the islands of that atoll.The Neutralization group shelled Wotje and Maloelap, leaving the last operational airfield on Eniwetok. Sherman's fighters and bombers hit the atoll during the morning of the 30th, destroying nearly all its buildings and runways, though a few aircraft managed to escape. The rest of the day would see more carrier strikes and surface bombardments against the Marshalls' atolls while the landing forces made their final approach towards Kwajalein. Meanwhile, Admiral Hill's attack group detached from the main task force, heading for Majuro Atoll. At 11pm 1st Lt. Harvey C. Weeks led a recon platoon on rubber boats to Calalin island, becoming the first Americans to land on any territory the Japanese had possessed prior to WW2. The rest of the recon company led by Captain James Jones landed on Dalap, Uliga and Darrit Islands. Finally, Majuro Island itself. They would find the Japanese had abandoned the atoll perhaps over a year earlier. At the same time Sheldon's landing force occupied Darrit and Dalop without any opposition and the 1st defense battalion soon arrived to take up garrison duties. To the northwest, the Destroyer transports Overton carrying Troop A and Manley carrying Troop B raced past Turners task force to hit Carter and Cecil islands. Troop B successfully landed on Carter at 6:20am, rapidly securing the island after killing her 20 defenders. Troop A accidently landed on Chauncey Islet at 5:45am and upon realizing they had landed on the wrong island, they left a detachment of 61 infantrymen and then re-embarked at 9:29am. Finally, Troop A landed on Cecil at 12:35pm, finding zero opposition there. On Chauncey, however, the Americans discovered a force of over 100 Japanese hidden in the islet's center. Half of the enemy force was killed but the Americans would eventually have to withdraw after losing two men. The desperate Japanese would continue to resist until eventually being annihilated a few days later. With the lagoon's entrance secured, Colonel Zimmerman transferred his two assault battalions to amphibious tractors and sent them towards Carlos and Carlson Islands.  While Kwajalein, Burton and everly islands were under heavy bombardment, the 1st battalion, 17th regiment landed on Carlos unopposed at 9:10am. From there they quickly attacked the 25 man garrison. To their south, the 2nd battalion landed on the northeastern end of Carlson at 9:12am under some heavy artillery fire coming out of Kwajalein that was quickly suppressed by air and naval bombardment. The men expected fierce resistance, but the Japanese fled, leaving 21 Koreans to be taken prisoner. Honestly pretty good outcome for those poor Koreans. Then General Arnold landed his 5 artillery battalions who got their guns ready by nightfall. Further north, Brigadier Generals James Underhill began operations against Ivan and Jacob islands to secure even more artillery positions. After the preparatory bombardment the marines got aboard their amtracs with a lot of difficulty. Before the operation, landing team commanders had estimated that their debarkation interval would be about sixty minutes, but this did not pan out. Once the troops were loaded in their assigned landing craft they had to make their way through choppy seas to the LST area for transfer to amphibian tractors. At this juncture all semblance of control broke down. Landing craft were about two hours late in reaching the LST area. Choppy seas and a headwind were partly responsible for the delays. Boat control officers left the tractors in frantic search for the landing craft and failed to return in time to lead the LVTs to the line of departure. Tractors were damaged or swamped while milling around their mother LSTs waiting for the troops to show up. Radios in LVTs were drowned out. One LST weighed anchor and shifted position before completing the disembarkation of all its tractors. The elevator on another broke down so that those LVTs loaded on the topside deck could not be disembarked on time. In short, almost every conceivable mishap occurred to delay and foul up what, under even the best of circumstances, was a complicated maneuver. Despite the issues, by 9:17 the amtracs were surging forward while LCI gunboats fired rocket barrages. B Company of the 25th marines hit Jacobs at 9:52, easily overrunning the island within 15 minutes. Ivan island had a much rougher surf alongside bad reef conditions that slowed down the amtracs. Company D, 4th light tank battalion managed to land at 9:55am, with Company C of the 25th marines landing on the opposite side of the shore at 10:15am followed by Company A. They linked up and began advancing inland, rapidly destroying a token defense force and securing the entire island by 11:45. During the early afternoon, the 3rd battalion, 14th marines landed at Jacob Island aboard LVT's, while the 4th battalion landed on Ivan aboard LCMs. At this point the lagoon entrance was secured, so the 2nd and 3rd battalions, 25th marines re-embarked to land on Albert and Allen. Rough seas delayed them, but the marines were once again on the move. LCI gunboats performed rocket barrages as the 3rd battalion landed on Albert at 3:12, while the 2nd battalion hit Allen 3 minutes later. Both islets were quickly cleared, while G Company landed on the unoccupied Andrew island. The 3rd battalion then assaulted Abraham island at 6:24, securing it by 7:15. With that, the Americans had secured a chain surrounding Roi-Namur and the first phase of the operation was done. Now the Americans would perform the main landings. Late during the night, Arnolds artillery and Turner's warships bombarded Kwajalein and Burton while 3 destroyers kept up a barrage upon Roi-Namur. Under the cover of darkness, frogmen of Underwater Demolition Team 1 scouted Roi-Namur and UDT 2 scouted Kwajalein's beaches. These men made sure there were no obstacles or mines in the way of their landing objectives. This was the first use of UDT's during the Pacific War. Early on February 1st Kwajalein was hit with an unprecedented bombardment. During one period two shells per second were hitting specific targets or areas in the path of the assault troops. The 14-inch naval shells of the battleships were most effective in piercing and destroying reinforced concrete structures. From the cruisers and destroyers, 8-inch and 5-inch shells ploughed into bunkers and tore up the thick growth of pandanus and palm trees. All together that day, nearly 7,000 14-inch, 8-inch, and 5-inch shells were fired by supporting naval vessels at Kwajalein Island alone, and the bulk of these were expended against the main beaches before the landing. The field artillery on Carlson also joined in the preparatory fire. Its total ammunition expenditure against Kwajalein was about 29,000 rounds. The results of all this expenditure of explosives were devastating. The damage was so intensive that it is impossible to determine the relative effectiveness of the three types of bombardment. The area inland of Red Beaches was reduced almost completely to rubble. Concrete emplacements were shattered, coconut trees smashed and flattened, the ground pock-marked with large craters, coral ripped to splinters. From the carriers Enterprise, Yorktown, Belleau Wood, Manila Bay, Corregidor, and Coral Sea eighteen dive bombers and fifteen torpedo bombers struck the western part of Kwajalein Island while as many fighters strafed the area with machine guns and rockets. All together ninety-six sorties were flown from the carriers in support of the troop landing on Kwajalein Island. As one observer reported, "The entire island looked as if it had been picked up to 20,000 feet and then dropped.” After 36000 rounds of naval gunfire and artillery, along with sizable air attacks, pummeled the island, LCI gunboats were on the move, tossing rockets into the mix. At 9am, Turner unleashing his landing force. Colonel Curtis O'Sullivans 184th regiment headed towards Beach Red 1, while Colonel Marc Logie's 32nd regiment hit Beach Red 2. Each beach was covered by a strongpoint, though these were mostly obliterated, with only a few pillboxes surviving. Both regiments landed at 9:30am, finding weak opposition, allowing their artillery support to start smashing 200 yards ahead of their positions. The americans were met with light mortars and automatic fire from some surviving pillboxes, but many were able to take shelter behind the wrecked ruins of a seawall. Meanwhile as more Amtracs pulled up they were hampered by wreckage and debris, causing a congestion. The reefs also hindered where they could approach, but by 11:22 the first four waves of both battalions were ashore, all with 15 minutes. They then began to advance inland against light resistance. Logie's 1st battalion managed to reach the western edge of the west area by 11:30. Meanwhile O'Sullivan's 3rd Battalion came face to face with a network of several pillboxes still containing live Japanese in spite of the heavy preliminary bombardment. These were silenced in short order in a series of almost simultaneous actions in which many varieties of weapons were used. Two infantrymen of Company K, Pvt. Parvee Rasberry and Pfc. Paul Roper had landed near the left of Red Beach 1 and had run about 25 yards inland when they came under fire from one of the pillboxes in the area. Quickly taking shelter in a shell hole, they started lobbing grenades at the enemy position about fifteen yards ahead. The Japanese merely threw the grenades back and the volley kept up until a flame thrower was brought forward. That, too, proved ineffective; the flames only hit the box and bounced back. Finally, Private Rasberry got out of his foxhole, crawled to within about five yards of the pillbox and threw in a white phosphorus smoke grenade. This flushed several Japanese from their cover into open positions where they could be taken under rifle fire. Those who weren't hit ran back to the pillbox. Rasberry threw white phosphorous grenades until he had none left, by which time about eight of the enemy had been killed. At this juncture, T. Sgt. Graydon Kickul of Company L was able to crawl up to the pillbox and on top of it. He emptied his M1 rifle into it, killing the remainder of the Japanese inside. To make doubly certain that the job was done, an amphibian tank was then brought forward to fire both its flame thrower and its 37-mm. gun into the aperture. Meanwhile Logie's 1st battalion got within 250 yards of Wilma road by 12:20. An hour later they fell upon a network of pillboxes. To the north O'Sullivan's 3rd battalion ran into tough resistance again, but managed to link up with Logie's men at Wilma Road by 2:50pm. Behind the battalions were follow up battalions who mopped up the area and the reserves secured the beachheads. Logie and O'Sullivans men then fought their way to Kwajaleins airfield. Lucky for them the Japanese had not established a defensive line across the width of the island, instead the bulk of them retired eastward, for their commander Admiral Akiyama had run into an early tragedy. Akiyama had left his bunker to observe the front line and was killed by an artillery shell. At 3:25, the 1st battalion was relieved by the 2nd battalion who began attack against the strongpoint at Canary Some of these positions, which extended along each side of Wallace Road, were defended by Japanese who ducked and crawled through rubble heaps and bunkers in such a way that Lt. John L. Young, commanding Company E, became convinced that they were using connecting tunnels. For an hour the fighting persisted, but not more than ten enemy dead could be counted above ground. Company E continued through a litter of small works, moving so slowly that it was necessary to commit Company F, which undertook a flanking movement at the left. The maneuver was intended to cut the strong point off, but the company promptly ran into fire that slowed its advance to about fifty yards in thirty minutes. It then became clear that the whole movement had been stopped. The attack was consequently broken off at 1800 and defensive positions were organized for the night. To the north, O'Sullivan's 3rd Battalion ran into large underground shelters and defenses. Their advance was temporarily blocked by a fuel dump ignited by artillery fire, but they eventually pushed on another 500 yards before halting at 18:00 for the night.  Meanwhile Logie's 2nd battalion broke off their attack halfway up the length of an unfinished runway and dug in for the night.  By the end of February 1st, approximately 450 of the dead Japanese were counted  in the zone of the 184th, and this regiment also was responsible for the capture of ten of the eleven prisoners taken. A large share of the enemy casualties was attributed to the heavy bombardment from ships and aircraft and from artillery based on Carlson. Estimates made by assault troops and by others, including doctors following the assault, indicated that the preparatory bombardment caused from 50 to 75 percent of all Japanese casualties on Kwajalein Island. It truly was a colossal bombardment. The Americans suffered 21 deaths and 87 wounded. Over on Roi-Namur, Admiral Conolly's LSTs entered the lagoon at first light to provide the amtracs an easier ride. Naval ships, artillery and aircraft began smashing the island. The marines saw some delays, but Colonel Colonel Louis Jones' 23rd Marines began their run to Roi at 11:50. Covering them, amphibian tanks sought hull defilade positions and concentrated their 37mm fire on the Wendy Point blockhouse, which could deliver flanking fire on the assault waves. The 1st and 2nd Battalions hit the beaches at 11:57 landed and immediately began to push 300 yards inland. Meanwhile Colonel Franklin Hart's 24th Marines bound for Namur were assigned the tractors of the 10th Amphibian Tractor Battalion that had participated in the preceding day's actions. The troubles that had beset the 10th Amphibian Tractor Battalion on D-Day were titanic. They had been launched too far from the line of departure in the first place. They had to buck adverse winds and unexpectedly choppy seas. Radio failures had tremendously complicated the problem of control, causing still further delay and much unnecessary travel through the water. All of this spelled excessive fuel consumption and many of the tractors ran out of gas before the day was over. For an LVT to run out of fuel in a choppy sea was usually disastrous. This model, the LVT-2, shipped water easily and its bilge pumps could not be manually operated. Thus, when the gasoline supply was gone the vehicle could not be pumped out and usually sank. In addition, many of the tractors of the 10th Battalion had not been released from their duties on D-Day until after dark, were unable to get back to their mother LSTs for refueling, and had spent the night on various outlying islands. Thus, as the hour for descending on Namur approached, the 24th Marines could muster only 62 of the 110 tractors that had been assigned to them and a hurried call was sent out for LCVPs to make up the difference. After some scrambling, the 2nd and 3rd battalions were reorganized and on their way to Namur. Hart's 2nd battalion hit Beach Green 2 at 11:55. They faced anti-tank ditches across the narrow beach, causing a large congestion. Hart's 3rd battalion made it to Green 1 at 12 and his K and I companies immediately advanced north. Meanwhile Jone's battalions secured Wendy Point facing no opposition. Encourage by the lack of resistance, the Marines began a rather disordered dash across the island. The stormed across the runway without orders and all guns blazing. Tanks and infantry hastily charged in the disorder, successfully driving the surviving and terrified Japanese north. Jones managed to gain control over his units and brought them back to assembly points to coordinate further attacks. The “re-assault” of Roi kicked off at 3:30 against a dazed enemy still trying to recover from the first attack. The 2nd battalion pushed north towards Estelle point while the 3rd battalion hit Nancy point. Enemy resistance was being rapidly annihilated, Estelle point was secure by 5pm, while Nancy Point would be taken by 6pm. After Nancy point was secured, Jones declared Roi secure. Meanwhile Harts F company unknowingly breached a torpedo warhead bunker and began throwing satchel charges into the hole. The structure was obliterated by a massive explosion that would detonate two other ammunition bunkers nearby. Blocks of concrete, palm trees, wood, torpedo warheads, and other debris rained down over the island, covering most of the island with smoke and dust. 20 Marines were killed and 100 were wounded. The enormous explosion disrupted the 2nd battalions assault, causing a delay. Hart's 3rd battalion enjoyed more success, but heavier resistance as the Japanese defenders took advantage of all the rubble and dense brush tossed around to hide behind. By 7:30pm, Hart ordered his men to dig in and during the night the Japanese began their classic infiltration tactics. The green troops amongst the men began indiscriminately firing throughout the night. The next morning, light tanks broke a Japanese counter attack, as the Marines advanced 50 yards. Hart then launched his main attack at 9am,with the 3rd Battalion rapidly securing Nora Point by 11:00am. Tank support for the 2nd Battalion arrived an hour late, but they still managed to push towards Natalie Point by 12:15, where the two battalions linked up. Mop up operations continued in the rear, but the island was declared secure at 2:18. For their first operation, Schmidt's 4th Marine Division suffered 206 killed, 617 wounded and 181 missing. 3472 Japanese would be found dead, with 51 captured and 40 Korean laborers surrendered.  To the south, after aerial, artillery and naval bombardment, Corlett launched a tank supported attack at 7:15am. O'Sullivans 2nd battalion advanced north against weak resistance while Logie's 2nd Battalion continued to fight through the Canary strongpoint. Advancing through destroyed pillboxes with tanks at the forefront, O'Sullivans men were able to reach Carl Road on the eastern end of the airfield by 10:40am. Meanwhile Logie's men reduced the Canary and advanced rapidly until they reached the deadly Cat strongpoint. Here they faced tiers of well-concealed defensive works, taking many lives until they also reached Carl Road at 10:40. The Americans were now facing the main defensive system of the island. In front of it lay a deep tank trap, connected to long rifle trenches. Beyond this was anti-tank ditches and an elaborate organized set of defensive positions called Corn strongpoint. They were in for a hell of a time. I would like to take this time to remind you all that this podcast is only made possible through the efforts of Kings and Generals over at Youtube. Please go subscribe to Kings and Generals over at Youtube and to continue helping us produce this content please check out www.patreon.com/kingsandgenerals. If you are still hungry after that, give my personal channel a look over at The Pacific War Channel at Youtube, it would mean a lot to me. Operation Flintlock went off with a terrifying bang seeing the combined firepower of land, air and sea tossed against the Marshall islands. The Americans had made easy and quick work of the smaller islands, but now we're face to face with a truly formidable defensive position that was sure to cause them real headaches. 

Last time we spoke about the operations HA-GO, U-GO and the continued drive against Shaggy ridge. Lt General Mutaguchi Renya sought to invade India and was continuously scheming to drag the rest of the IJA on this rather insane endeavor. Yet the allies also tossed their own operations in the Burma theater greatly disrupting the Japanese planners and achieving numerous objectives. Over in New Guinea, Vasey launched an offensive against the Kankeiri saddle, designated operation cutthroat. Meanwhile General Nakano 's men were in a dire situation with the allied seizure of Sio and Saidor. Multiple Japanese units found themselves all doing the same thing, retreating further north. It seemed no matter what defensive lines they established, the allies kept their advance over land and periodically amphibious assaults their flanks and rear. The formidable defenses region of Shaggy ridge was not going to hold up against the allied advance much longer.  This episode is The Fall of Shaggy Ridge Welcome to the Pacific War Podcast Week by Week, I am your dutiful host Craig Watson. But, before we start I want to also remind you this podcast is only made possible through the efforts of Kings and Generals over at Youtube. Perhaps you want to learn more about world war two? Kings and Generals have an assortment of episodes on world war two and much more  so go give them a look over on Youtube. So please subscribe to Kings and Generals over at Youtube and to continue helping us produce this content please check out www.patreon.com/kingsandgenerals. If you are still hungry for some more history related content, over on my channel, the Pacific War Channel you can find a few videos all the way from the Opium Wars of the 1800's until the end of the Pacific War in 1945.  The Australian advance overland and Saidor operation had paid great dividends over and above the establishment of forward military base construction. The allies had formed a giant wedge between a significant residue of the Japanese fleeing the Finschhafen area. General Adachi commanding the 18th area army was facing a nightmare. Prior to the American landing, he had visited the 51st division HQ at Kiari and then traveled overland to the 20th Division over at Sio. He was fully aware of the hardships facing both forces. Meanwhile news of the Saidor landings hit Rabaul creating a massive debate. Senior officers sought to bring over all available troops to try and retake the town. Others sought to save as many troops as possible for a defense of Wewak, considering it the next main allies target. General Imamura favored bypassing Saidor altogether and withdrawing over inland trails. Thus Adachi appointed General Nakano to take charge of the withdrawal to Madang, and ordered 8 other companies to cross the Ramu valley to Bogadjim to harass the Americans at Saidor. These were purely defensive maneuvers. The Japanese also faced the daunting task of how to evacuate large numbers of troops from the 20th and 51st divisions from the impending allied trap. Nakano took the lead getting the 20th to retreat up the coast while the 51st worked their war over the inland trails. Nakano would soon be forced to abandon the plans and ordered both to pull into the interior to retreat towards Madang, nearly 200 miles away. This would mean the exhausted, starving and sick Japanese had to battle through the jungles, ridges, rivers and other horrors of the Finisterre range.  Meanwhile Saidor was easily secured by the 32nd division, the Australian 7th division advanced through the Ramu Valley and came face to face with Shaggy Ridge. Shaggy ridge had been transformed into a heavy fortified position with numerous nasty features such as the Kankeiri saddle, Pimple, Intermediate snipers pimple, Green snipers pimple, Prothero 1 and 2 and so forth. During the first weeks of January the Australians made very little headway against the honeycombed Japanese defenses. Their air forces were called in numerous times to plaster the ridgelines in a 3 day assault designated Operation Cutthroat. On the 18th of January, B-25s from Nadzab and Port Moresby would drop 500 lb bombs all over the defenses. On the 21st P-40s strafed and bombed the area and this was met with some reorganizing of the ground forces. The 15th and 18th brigades relieved the exhausted 21st and 25th. Brigadier F. O Chilton began the new job by opening heavy artillery up on Prothero I. Captain T. L James with the 2/2 pioneer battalion described the attack on January 20th “At 1000 hours we met 2/12 Infantry Battalion at the appointed rendezvous, where I met their CO., Lt.-CoI. C. F. Bourne. We did not stay long at the rendezvous but formed up and commenced the long approach march. It was a gruelling day. The long single file moved silently up the deep ravines, scaling cliff-faces with the aid of ropes and lawyer vines. It took us the entire day to cover the four mile approach. In one spot that was almost impossible to traverse—a steep-sided cliff—they rigged lawyer vines between trees to act as a handrail and allow us to pull ourselves up." Despite the harsh conditions and fierce resistance, the Australians got atop Canning saddle and then forded the Mene river and drew near the village. Colonel Matsumoto's men were now trapped between the 2/9th battalion advancing from the Pimple and the 2/12th battalion from Prothero 1. To the east there was the 2/10th battalion about a mile away from the main Japanese defensive position along the Kankeiri saddle. On the 22nd, the 2/12th dispatched D company who advanced between Prothero1 and Prothero 2. At 10:40am they began to fire their artillery upon Prothero 2 and at 11:15am a platoon tried to progress but was held down by Japanese snipers and machine gun fire. A company came through D company to advance along Shaggy ridge until 3:30 pm once they took were held down by Japanese fire. Then a single australian section rushed forward led by Bren gunner Private Bugg. His team hit a Japanese machine gun crew from just 30 yards away. He seized a toehold quickly upon Prothero 2. After some bitter fighting Prothero 2 had fallen into allied hands. Meanwhile to the south the 2/9th sent a patrol out on the 22nd who found pill-boxes at McCaughey's knoll occupied with Japanese gunners. At 10:45am as allied artillery hit Prothero 2, Captain Taylor led a company of the 2/9th and assaulted McCaughers knoll. They were quickly pinned down, but by 1:15pm word reached them that Prothero 2 was captured and that the entire battalion was to push along Shaggy ridge. During that afternoon Taylor took his company to the western side of Shaggy ridge, getting ready for a new flanking maneuver against McCaughey's knoll. The men fought their way up the knoll cleaning up pillbox one after another, capturing McCaugheys knoll by nightfall. It would cost them 8 men wounded. More than 100 dead Japanese were found over the Prothero-Shaggry ridge area when mop up crews did their work. Meanwhile 2/10th kept up the pressure in the east. On the 22nd A Company led by Lt Gunn seized a foothold on Faria Ridge and, prompting the enemy by late in the afternoon, to abandon Cam's Hill, which was occupied by the 2/10th by 5.20 p.m. During the night and early morning of january 23rd, two counter attacks were launched by the Japanese.  At 2.40 the forward troops of A Company on the ridge were attacked from the south but the attack was repulsed with no casualties. After this the Australians moved down the track towards Kankeiri. Captain Haupt's B Company of the 2/12th advanced down the track from Prothero 2. By 6pm they were atop the saddle around Crater Hill when they came across a Japanese gun position containing 150 rounds of 75mm ammunition. Half an hour later they ran into some resistance from slopes atop Crater Hill. They would pull back to the Kankeiri saddle to dig in for the night.  The 2/10th then dispatch D company led by Captain Kumnick to advance along the Faria Ridge. They made it 1500 yards before running into a well entrenched position that held them down with machine gun fire. During the night however the Japanese abandoned their entrenchments for Cam Hill allowing the 2/10th to establish itself in a position roughy 1200 yards southeast of Crater Hill the next day. On the 24th, the 2/9th took over the responsibility for Shaggy Ridge up to Prothero 2 allowing the 2/12 to advance up Kankeiri.  Small patrols from company B of the 2/12th reached the top of Crater Hill that day finding an enemy position on the southern slopes. On the 25th, the 2/12th and 2/10th probed enemy defenses on all sides of Crater Hill looking for decent approaches to attack. This led to several skirmishes, seeing both sides suffer casualties. One patrol led by Lt Coles of the 2/2nd pioneers, surveyed the Paipa mule track along the valley of the Mindjim, firing upon small bands of retreating Japanese. The Australians gradually converged to attack Crater Hill, but Matsumoto's defenders put up a valiant effort to repel the assaults. On the 26, Brigadier Chilton ordered Companies C and D of the 2/9th and Companies C and B of the 2/12th to assault Crater Hill. This saw companies C and D of the 2/9th perform a outflanking maneuver to the north tip of the Mindjim valley to hit the enemy's right flank, while Companies C and B of the 2/12th held the enemy down. Captain A. Marshall's C company led off at 10.35 a.m, passing from Shaggy Ridge through Kankirei Saddle and then to the north, with Captain Taylor's D company following to provide flank protection. By midday Marshall reported that he had advanced some 600 yards and passed through several old and abandoned positions finding no enemy. Cautiously he pushed on, at 5 p.m. he reached the summit of 4100. The main enemy position was to the south between Marshall and the 2/10th and 2/12th Battalions. Leaving Taylor to occupy the summit of 4100 Marshall advanced south towards Crater Hill in an attempt to surprise the enemy from the rear . He met them about 300 yards south-east from the summit just at dusk. The leading platoon attacked along the usual razor-back but withdrew because of heavy machine-gun fire. At 7 p.m. Marshall sent Lieutenant White's platoon round the right flank but approach from this flank was also very difficult and White was killed. By the nighttime, they had successfully surrounded Matsumoto's weakened defenders. Matsumoto's defenders had established extremely formidable positions and had a large number of automatic weapons at their disposal. Matsumoto was ready alongside his men to make a final stand. Basically a siege of Crater Hill began and would only end after 5 brutal days. The first two days saw Chilton order the 2/9th take responsibility for the southern slopes of 4100 and Kankeiri saddle, while the 2/12th held Protheros and Shaggy ridge, and the 2/10th maintained pressure on the south-eastern slopes of Crater Hill. Skirmishes borke out everywhere, as the artillery smashed Crater Hill. Captain Whyte of the 2/4th field regiment fired 2000 shells, shattering trees, which unfortunately created more timber obstacles for the advancing Australians. At 9.30 a.m. on the 29th, 19 Kittyhawks dive-bombed Crater Hill, followed by ten minutes of artillery fire. At 1.30 p.m. the artillery laid down a barrage and machine-gun fire covered an assault on Crater Hill from the west by Captain Daunt's company of the 2/9th . The leading platoon attempted to rush the enemy position up a very steep and open slope but the Japanese, entrenched on a razor-back, were too strong and drove them back. The Australians also had the bad luck to be shelled by their own artillery. Each time they performed an assault, the stubborn Japanese held firm. Finally on the 30th with the help of some heavy rain Matsumoto decided to evacuate during the night. Matsumoto and the remnants of his force withdrew towards Yokopi and Kubenau valley. After dawn on the 31st, Australian patrols found Crater Hill abandoned and it was a horror show. They found a ghastly mess. At least 14 dead were found and evidence of burials alongside them. The 2/9th and 2/10th advanced occupying the hill on February 1st. With that, Shaggy Ridge and the Kankeiri saddle had finally fallen. Chilton sent out patrols to pursue the retreating Japanese and perform mop up operations. By February 6th his forces managed to seize Paipa and Amuson. The Australians had suffered 46 deaths, 147 wounded while the Japanese figures were estimated at around 500 casualties. Meanwhile, Brigadier Hammer had also carried out two operations during this time period. The first was a diversionary attack against the Spendlove Spur held by elements of the 5th company, 80th regiment. This was carried out by Captain Kennedy company of the 24th battalion, whom managed to surprise the Japanese and quickly seized Cameron's Knoll. On January 30th, the 57/60th battalion led by Lt Colonel Robert Marston departed Ketoba and along another company led by Captain McIntosh assaulted Orgoruna, Kesa and Koba. The Australians would find Orgoruna and Kesa undefended.. Lt Marston ordered Major Barker 's 8 company to patrol Koba, and they would enter Koba on  February 1st finding nothing, so they  pushed on towards Mataloi 2 . There were signs of very recent occupation and, 200 yards along the track , they were ambushed. Barker brought heavy fire down upon the Japanese ambush position and managed to capture Koba that night. On the morning of the 3rd, about 400 yards east of Koba, Barker again struck a Japanese ambush position. They quickly outflanked the enemy who withdrew through Mataloi 2 towards Mataloi 1 . By the time Mataloi 2 was occupied at 6.30 p.m., there was not enough time to hit Mataloi 1 nor to allow adequate consolidation of Mataloi 2 before dark. At 9.30 p.m. the Japanese counter-attacked from the direction of Matalo 1, commencing the assault with a heavy mortar bombardment. As Mataloi 2 could be defended from three sides, Barker decided that he could hold the area best from high ground to the south which would also be out of range of the enemy mortars. Accordingly he ordered a withdrawal and departed with his headquarters and one platoon. Apparently the orders did not reach the other platoons who were encircled while the remainder of the company was withdrawing to Koba. Long-range enemy machine-gun fire was directed at Kesa at the same time as the counterattack developed at Mataloi 2. The 57th/60th pulled out concluding their little raid. Now Brigadier Hammer's 15th were getting ready to pursue Matsumoto's detachment who were fleeing to Kwato. But that is all we have for New Guinea, as were are moving back over to New Britain. Last time we were over in New Britain, the Americans had captured Hill 660, and were unleashing patrols to try and figure out where the Japanese were concentrating. Now they sought to secure the Borgan Bay-Itni river line. Meanwhile on the other side, General Matsuda's battered men had begun a retreat heading east via the Aisalmipua-Kakumo trail towards Kopopo. They also received reinforcements in the form of the fresh 51st reconnaissance regiment who took up the job of rearguard. The Japanese knew the terrain better than their American counterparts, thus held distinct advantages. They knew good grounds to put up defenses and how long they could hold out in such places until they should retreat. The Americans did not enjoy good maps, they had to painstakingly explore where they went. They relied on native reports on where to go, but in the end they were like explorers jumping into jungles, atop mountains and a hell of a lot of swampy terrain. The rainforests could be so dense, patrols could be moving yards from another and not know it, imagine trying to find hypothetical objectives in such places?   Thus an enormous amount of vital patrolling was performed, beginning on January 19th with Captain Ronald Slay's men of L Company 1st marines. They advanced past Mt. Gulu, Langla volcano and Munlulu before heading down the saddle of Mt. Tangi. They managed to ambush a group of 20 Japanese being led by 8 armed natives, who fled east after 6 Japanese were killed. Slay took his men across the east-west government trail, only finding some Japanese telephone wire, which was severed. On the 22nd two patrols each consisting of a reinforced company departed the airdrome perimeter to converge from two directions along the trail junction Captain Slay's men discovered. The first was elements of the 1st battalion, 1st marines led by Captain Nikolai Stevenson, the other was led by Captain Preston Parish with elements of the 7th marines who took landing crafts to Sag Sag, the terminus of the east-west Government trail. Parishes men would bivouac around 1.5 miles inland near Aipati on the 24th while Stevensons men headed south of Mt Gulu. Both patrols found no Japanese, but Parish gained some valuable intelligence from a native village, who indicated there had been several Japanese parties around. On the 23rd, Stevenson and his men ran into a concealed machine gun crew 30 yards near Mt Langla. The Americans scrambled to fight back at an enemy they could not see. They did not lose any men, but had no idea if they hit any Japanese either. They continued their advance afterwards and would be ambushed again, this time 1500 yards south of Mt Munlulu. This time they seemed to be facing a force of platoon strength. By the 25th Stevenson and his men were pulling back to Mt Gulu and were relieved by another incoming patrol led by Captain George Hunts K Company, 1st marines. Meanwhile Parish's patrol continued east as the natives had indicated to them where the Japanese might be retreating through. On January 27th Hunts company ran into Parish's and both shared information and went in opposite directions hoping to hunt down nearby Japanese units. Hunt set off to the location where Parish's men had run into a Japanese ambush previously, expecting to find at least 50 Japanese. At 7am on the 28th, Hunt's men came across an outpost line and engaged it for hours, seeing 15 casualties. Hunt pulled his men back out of mortar range and the Japanese swarmed upon them forcing the Americans to perform some heated rearguard actions. Overall these patrols amongst others allowed the Americans to get a better picture of the terrain and concentration of the enemy. For two weeks the American patrols searched for the enemy headquarters running into countless skirmishes, mostly against the forces of Colonel Sato Jiro. By the 27th, Matsuda had reached Kokopo and received new orders from General Sakai that he was to take the men further on towards Iboki. Colonel Sato was to again provide the rearguard. This allowed the Americans to seize Nakarop, a placed their translators had mistranslated from Japanese documents as “Egaroppu”. It had been the nerve center of General Matsuda's operations. They found countless abandoned tents in bivouac areas, the village contained native and Japanese built structures. There was a huge sign saying "Matsuda Butai Army Command Principal Place." There were traces of elaborate radio installations recently removed containing an American-made telephone switchboard labeled "Glory Division." It would turn out Matsuda's personal quarters, however, were actually located off the main trail roughly midway between Magairapua and Nakarop, its approaches so skillfully concealed that patrols did not find it until several days later. Well camouflaged bivouac areas also infested this entire region. With the capture of Matsuda's former headquarters, all patrols were combined into the Gilnit Group led by the legendary Colonel Chesty Puller. Puller pointed his force in the direction of the Borgen Bay-Itni River to clear it out. They departed Agulupulla on January the 30th as the 5th Marines relieved the 2nd battalion, 1st marines to attack the Iboki area. Attempts were made at leapfrogging, using landing craft to hit places hoping to trap Japanese during the advance. The landing craft were operated by the Boat Battalion, 533d Engineer Boat and Shore Regiment, of the Army's 2d Engineer Special Brigade. They were made available to carry out the amphibious phase, and the division's little Cub artillery spotter planes for observation and liaison. Rough seas frustrated the first landing attempt at Namuramunga on February 4th, forcing two patrols from the 2nd battalion to proceed overland from Old Natamo via a coastal track. They got as far as Mambak killing a few stragglers and taking 3 prisoners. The next day another patrol landed at Aliado and advanced down the coastal track to the mouth of the Gurissa river through Kokopo and Gorissi. By the 10th of february they managed to kill 16 stragglers and grabbed 6 prisoners who they brought back to the Borgen Bay perimeter. Meanwhile the 3rd battalion advanced into Gorissi by boat on the 12th and setup a radar station. They then dispatched a patrol to the EI river on the 16, finding it impassable. Another patrol was sent to leapfrog around the Arimega Plantation on the 19th. It was seized quickly and now the Americans were very close to Iboki.   Meanwhile Sato reached Kokopo, but did not linger long and continued on to Karai-ai by February 12th. That day the 3rd battalion, 5th marines, aware of the Japanese course, set up an advance base at Gorissi. Now 20 miles separated the Japanese rearguards from their pursuers. Sato and his men would reach Iboki by February 16th, while the Marines were fording the El river, 30 miles behind. It would take them 5 additional days to reach Karai-ai. To the south Puller's group had reached Gilnit and Nigol on the 10th, finding no enemy. These actions saw the Americans secure the western half of New Britain. 2 days later, Company B of the 1st Marines landed on Rooke Island where they set up a radar installation. They also had to patrol the islands to see if any Japanese remained upon it. They fanned out, running into native villages who offered them fresh fruit. They would come across machine gun emplacements, abandoned bivouac areas and some medical stations, but no Japanese. The enemy had clearly evacuated the island   All the way back over at the Arawe area, Major Komori had received new radios on February 5th enabling him to resume communications with the 17th divisional HQ. He received a gloomy report  “At present, the airfield is covered with grass 4 to 5 [feet] high. The airfield, 200 m [sic] in width 800 m in length, will be serviceable only for small airplanes. However, it will take quite some time to develop it. Consequently, I believe that it will not be of great value.” Knowing about Matsuda's withdrawal, he began casting envious eyes in the same direction. On February 8, he hinted more broadly to that effect: “As has been reported, the value of Merkus airfield is so insignificant that it seems the enemy has no intention of using it… Due to damage sustained by enemy bombardments and to the increased number of patients, it becomes more and more difficult to carry out the present mission… It is my opinion that as the days pass, replenishment of supplies will become more and more difficult and fighting strength will be further diminished; our new line will be cut off and consequently leave us with no alternative but self-destruction.” Divisional HQhowever was not pleased with this and sent a telegraphic response the following day ordering him curtly to continue his mission. Komori would write in his diary that day "Wondered what to do about the order all night long. Could not sleep last night… I felt dizzy all day today." Fortunately for Komori, on February 17th Sato was ordered to occupy key positions at the Aria river's mouth to help supply him by land. This allowed Komori to begin his retreat north on the 24th while Sato evacuated the Iboki stores to Upmadung. Komori's departure would be just in the nick of time as the Americans dispatched two tank platoons to clear out the airfield area on the 27th. They would find zero enemy resistance and this would put an end to the Arawe operation. And that will be all for today for New Britain as we are going to be covering some big allied planning.    Over in the southwest and south Pacific Areas, General Douglas MacArthur continued his plan to drive back towards the Philippines. This would be done via amphibious operations along the north coast of New Guinea. His next main target was the Vogelkop Peninsula, then the Palau Islands, then the invasion of Mindanao. This would also see the Japanese lines of communications to the Dutch East Indies cut off. Yet before all of this he needed to capture the Hansa Bay area of northeastern New Guinea and then Hollandia in the Dutch part of New Guinea. This action would allow his forces to bypass the Japanese stronghold at Wewak. Meanwhile there were the ongoing efforts to reduce Rabaul, and to continue that he still had to capture the Admiralty Island and Kavieng, which would completely cut off Rabaul. The planners for the south, southwest and central Pacific Areas met at Pearl Harbor on January 28th. However the Joint Chiefs of Staff decided to delay MacArthur's invasion of the Admiralties and Kavieng pushed it to April 1st. They had determined it was better to prioritize the invasion of the Marshall islands in the central pacific. This delay would further delay most of the southwest pacific operations along the New Guinea coast. Meanwhile Admiral Kusaka and General Imamura had sent the bulk of the 230th regiment and the recently arrived 1st independent mixed regiment to New Ireland. The 2nd battalion, 1st independent mixed regiment was sent to the Admiralties on January 25th, joining up with Colonel Ezaki Yoshio's 51st transport regiment. Then the 1st battalion, 229th regiment was sent to the Admiralties on february 2nd. These were last ditch efforts by the Japanese to secure a very desperate lifeline for Rabaul. No offensive could be mounted for at least 3 months, thus the Japanese were given ample time to reinforce and strengthen their defenses. Admiral Halsey also had plans to invade the St Matthias Islands as a preliminary for the attack upon Kavieng, and this like MacArthur's plans were thrown into disarray. In view of all of this MacArthur suggested to Halsey a new plan, codenamed Operation Squarepeg, to seize the Green Islands and establish a new PT boat and or air base there. With that in hand they could project air and naval power further against Rabaul and perhaps even as far as Truk. However many of the officers did not believe any of this would significantly isolate Kavieng and Rabaul. Furthermore, they believed it doubtful that fighters stationed at a base in the Green Islands would even be able to cover Kavieng. Admiral Wilkinson, with the backing of Admiral Fitch and General Geiger, suggested that the proposal be abandoned, and that plans be laid for a landing either at Borpop or Boang Island. On 28 December, however, after analyzing the situation, Colonel William E. Riley, Admiral Halsey's War Plans officer, made the following observation: “There is no doubt but that the occupation of this area [Borpop] and the utilization of air facilities thereat would assist materially in the neutralization of both Rabaul and Kavieng. However, the grave possibility that such an operation would result in the employment of approximately two divisions and additional naval support, not now available and will--in all probability--not be made available in time for this type intermediate operation, makes it necessary to eliminate Borpop as a possible intermediate operation… Though Green Island is not as far advanced as Boang Island, yet it is quite possible to provide fighter cover for strikes on Kavieng. In addition, dive bombers, based on Green Island, can operate most effectively against shipping at Kavieng.”Thus Halsey elected to go ahead with Operation Squarepeg anyway because a fighter umbrella could be tossed over the Green Islands during an amphibious invasion, something that would not be possible for Boang or Borbop. Halsey's staff went to work planning the amphibious landing. It would be carried out by elements of General Barrowclough's 3rd New Zealand Division. PT 176 and PT 178 of Lieutenant-Commander LeRoy Taylor's Torokina Squadron conducted hydrographic reconnaissance of the islands on January 10th and discovered the southern channels near Barahun island were the most suitable. 300 men of the 30th New Zealand battalion led by Lt Colonel Frederick Cornwall got aboard the APDs Talbot, Waters and Dickerson, covered by the destroyers Fullam, Bennet, Guest and Hudson led by Captain Ralph Earle. They landed on Nissan Island and performed a survey finding a promising airfield site. They also discovered there were no more than 100 Japanese at a relay station alongside 1200 native Melanesians. Pretty sure I said this before in the series, but I will repeat it. Melanesians are one of the predominant indigenous inhabitants of the Melanesian islands that are found in the area spanning New Guinea to the Fiji Islands. Something pretty neat about them, along with some indigenous Australians, they are the few groups of non-Europeans to have blond hair. The Melanesians were so friendly to the New Zealanders and so hostile to the Japanese that it was decided to omit the usual preliminary naval and aerial bombardment for the landings.  Now over in the Central Pacific plans to invade the Marshall were underway, even before the successful liberation of the Gilberts. The operation was codenamed Operation Flintlock, and Admiral Nimitz assigned the 4th Marine division, reinforced with the 22nd marine regiment and Army's 7th division to train intensively for amphibious warfare. They were deemed Tactical Group 1, led by Brigadier General Thomas Watson. They would be backed up by a whopping 23 aircraft carriers, 15 battleships, 18 cruisers and 109 destroyers. Yet things had certainly changed since 1942, the American Navy was packing overwhelming heat. Admiral Spruance, now commander of the 5th fleet, would hold the highest operational command for Operation Flintlock. Admiral Turner would be commanding task force 51 and the Joint Expeditionary Fleet and General Holland Smith would be commanding all the expeditionary troops. General Smith's position in the chain of command in relation to Admiral Turner was made much clearer than it had been during the Gilberts operation. Simply put he was put in direct command of all landing forces and garrison forces once they were ashore. The troop commanders of each of the landing forces, the 7th and 4th Marine Divisions, were expressly placed under Smith until such time as Admiral Spruance should determine that the capture and occupation phase of the operation had been completed. However, Smith's authority as commander of expeditionary troops had one limitation. It was recognized that "the employment of troops, including the reserve troops engaged in the seizure of objectives, is subject to the capabilities of the surface units to land and support them," thus any directives issued by Smith as to major landings or as to major changes in tactical plans had to have the approval of Turner before they could be issued. To this extent, the expeditionary troops commander was still subordinate to Turner. They would also be supported by Rear Admiral Marc Mitscher's fast carrier force, task force 58 and Admiral Hoovers land based air forces, including the 7th air force and other Navy air forces. So yeah, America was coming in overkill. Nimitz's original plan was to advance into the Marshalls by simultaneously hitting Kwajalein, Maloelap and Wotje. Together these contained 65% of the aircraft facilities in the island group, leaving the 35% remainder on Jaluit and Mille. Jaluit and Mille could be neutralized and bypassed. Yet after facing the difficulties during the Gilberts operation, Nimitz decided to also bypass Maloelap and Wotje as well, so he could concentrate all his forces against Kwajalein. General Smith and Admirals Spruance and Turner opposed this, arguing that sailing into Kwajalein would be too exposed if Maloelap and Wotje were left unoccupied.  Nimitz 'new plan would see General Corlett's 7th division hit the southern group of islands in the atoll, including Kwajalein island, while Major General Harry Schmidt's 4th marines would hit Roi-Namur and the other northern islands of the atoll. Task Force 52, would transport the 7th Division while Rear Admiral Richard Conollys task force 53 transported the 4th marines. After some meetings, Spruance managed to secure the invasion of Majuro, which would be carried out by Lt Colonel Frederick Sheldon's “Sundance” Landing Force. They consisted of the 5th amphibious corps reconnaissance company, the 2nd battalion, 106th regiment and the 1st defense battalion. Spruance wanted to make the atoll a fleet base, so airfields could be constructed to help cover the line of communications to Kwajalein. To support the main landings, Mitschers fast carrier force was going to smash the enemy aircraft and air facilities at Wotje, Maloelap, Roi-Namur and Kwajalein while his vessels simultaneously coordinated with Turners cruisers and Rear Admiral Ernest Small's Neutralization group task force 50.15 to naval bombard them as well. The main threat that needed to be neutralized quickly was Eniwetoks airfield. Meanwhile Hoover's land based aircraft would help neutralize Mille and Jaluit and help smash the other islands and shipping. Throughout November and December, two atolls would receive more attacks than the others. Mille closest to the Gilberts, thus much more accessible, earned the lionshare of attention. Maloelap with its large air facilities had to be kept under constant surveillance and attack, thus she came second. Beginning on December 23rd, aircraft based out of the Gilberts began increasing air strikes against the Marshalls.  On Mille between November 24th to December 18th, 106 heavy bombers dropped 122 tons of bombs over the runways and facilities. The next week bombers and fighters began attacking Mille's fuel dumps, leveled all buildings, destroyed 11 grounded aircraft and another 13 in the air. Mille was neutralized and the Japanese would abandon its airfield by January. The damage dished out to Maloelap was extensive, but not as crippling. Her runways were not entirely put out of operation. From January 11th to the 25th, B-25's destroyed her ground installations, but still her airfield remained operational. On January 26, 9 B-25s, followed by 12 P-40s, flew into Taroa for a low-level attack. The B-25s destroyed 9 interceptors on the ground and 5 more after they were airborne. The control tower and two other buildings on the airfield were set afire and four tons of bombs were dropped in fuel dump and dispersal areas, starting large fires. As the B-25s left the target to return to Makin they were chased by about 15 Japanese fighters. 30 miles south of Maloelap the 12 P-40s met the bomber formation and immediately engaged the enemy fighters, destroying11 of them and severely damaging 2 more. The strike of January 26 was decisive. Practically all of the remaining enemy air strength at Maloelap had been destroyed, and the once formidable base was rendered almost powerless to defend itself against air strikes,  thus neutralized. Jaluit was subjected to 15 attacks reduced to rubble and Wotje was hit 14 times suffering extensive damage. Meanwhile Admiral Pownalls task force 58.1 and 58.3 consisting of 6 fast carriers, 5 heavy cruisers, 2 light cruisers, 3 of the new class of anti aircraft cruisers, and 12 destroyers hit Kwajalein on December 5th. That day saw her attacked by over 246 aircraft. As a result 19 Japanese interceptors and 4 bombers were destroyed at Roi-Namur, 7 cargo ships were destroyed at Kwajalein and extensive damage was inflicted upon both bases. Simultaneously, 29 aircraft hit Wotje where they destroyed 5 grounded aircraft, set fire to hangers, machine ships and barracks. Japanese interceptors attacked Pownall's carriers, though they were unable to inflict serious damage. Following these attacks, Hoover's aircraft continued to smash Kwajalein, tossing 10 attacks, dropping nearly 210 tons of bombs on the atoll. Roi-Namurs airfield still remained operation by January 29th however, though she only had 35 aircraft on Roi-Namur; 10 reconnaissance planes on Kwajalein; 13 aircraft on Maloelap; 12 on Wotje and 15 on Eniwetok. The Japanese did not have any effective air force to defend the Marshalls any more. The feeling of the men on the islands, was doom.  I would like to take this time to remind you all that this podcast is only made possible through the efforts of Kings and Generals over at Youtube. Please go subscribe to Kings and Generals over at Youtube and to continue helping us produce this content please check out www.patreon.com/kingsandgenerals. If you are still hungry after that, give my personal channel a look over at The Pacific War Channel at Youtube, it would mean a lot to me. Finally the Australians had taken the formidable position known as Shaggy Ridge. The Japanese continued the harrowing marches going north as their enemy would not let up. In the Marshalls the IJA and IJN personnel were inflicted the full might of American's wartime productivity, and they all knew Uncle Sam was coming to pay them a visit soon. 

In the wake of the recent violence in Palestine and Israel, the show returns to an interview taped in June 2021 with scholars Shir Alon and Joseph Farag, who join co-hosts Whitney Terrell and V.V. Ganeshananthan to discuss how Palestinian and Israeli writers have written about the occupation of the West Bank and Gaza. Farag talks about the evolution of the portrayal of the Palestinian self in literature throughout history, as well as some of the themes and writers discussed in his book, Palestinian Literature in Exile: Gender, Aesthetics and Resistance in the Short Story. Alon explains how the unprocessed trauma of the history of massacre and expulsion of Palestinians seems to stage an appearance in Israeli literature every decade. She also talks about Dolly City by Orly Castel-Bloom, Minor Detail by Adania Shibli, and Funeral at Noon by Yeshayahu Koren. To hear the full episode, subscribe through iTunes, Google Play, Stitcher, Spotify, or your favorite podcast app (include the forward slashes when searching). You can also listen by streaming from the player below. Check out video versions of our interviews on the Fiction/Non/Fiction Instagram account, the Fiction/Non/Fiction YouTube Channel, and our show website: https://www.fnfpodcast.net/ This episode is produced by Andrea Tudhope and Anne Kniggendorf. Selected readings: Shir Alon Static: Labor, Temporality, and Literary Form in Middle Eastern Modernisms (forthcoming book) “The Ongoing Nakba and the Grammar of History,” LA Review of Books “No One to See Here: Genres of Neutralization and the Ongoing Nakba” “Gendering the Arab-Jew: Feminism and Jewish Studies After Ella Shohat” Joseph Farag Palestinian Literature in Exile Gender, Aesthetics and Resistance in the Short Story Teaching with Arabic Literature in Translation: ‘Palestinian Literature and Film' Others Updated links: An Open Letter in Support of Adania Shibli From More Than 350 Writers, Editors, and Publishers, Literary Hub “Tension Over the Israel-Hamas War Casts a Pall Over Frankfurt Book Fair,” by Alexandra Alter and Elizabeth A. Harris, The New York Times The LiBeraturpreis 2023 (press release by Litprom) "We want to make Jewish and Israeli voices especially visible at the book fair" | Frankfurter Buchmesse “Palestinian voices ‘shut down' at Frankfurt Book Fair, say authors,” The Guardian Original links: Amos Oz  David Grossman Facing the Forests by A. B. Yehoshua Khirbet Khizeh by S. Yizhar The Old New Land (Altneuland) by Theodor Herzl Men in the Sun, Palestine's Children: Returning to Haifa and Other Stories, and All That's Left to You: A Novella and Other Stories by Ghassan Kanafani  "A Lover from Palestine," "ID Card," and many others by Mahmoud Darwish The Ship by Jabra Ibrahim Jabra Wild Thorns and Passage to the Plaza by Sahar Khalifeh Eye of the Mirror and A Balcony Over the Fakihani by Liana Badr Nathan Alterman Funeral at Noon by Yeshayahu Koren Minor Detail by Adania Shibli Dolly City by Orly Castel-Bloom The Sound of Our Steps by Ronit Matalon Waltz with Bashir (film) by Ari Folman The Pessoptimist by Emile Habibi  Divine Intervention, The Time that Remains, and It Must Be Heaven (films) by Elia Suleiman  Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

In this enlightening episode, Sheila sits down with Jasmine Diebelius, a renowned PMU artist, trainer and expert in dark lip neutralization. They explore the dynamics of success, imposter syndrome, and how Jasmine's expertise can empower your beauty business. Jasmine shares invaluable insights into her remarkable journey, shedding light on conquering self-doubt and reaching for greatness. If you're in the beauty industry, this conversation is a must-watch, and Sheila Bella's guidance adds a unique perspective to the discussion. Join us and take your career to the next level with this insightful interview. // BEAUTY BIZ SECRETS FACEBOOK GROUP!  // LIVE at the AAM PMU board conference // FREE BEAUTY BUSINESS AUDIT // www.SheilaBella.com | Instagram @realsheilabella / //  YOUTUBE    

Russian President Vladimir Putin says he has introduced "all necessary measures" to deal with the ongoing crisis following what Kremlin calls an armed mutiny led by the paramilitary Wagner group.

アメリカの若者のなかで、わざとイギリス訛りの英語で話す人が増えています。このユニークなトレンドは、実はメンタルヘルスのトレンドとも交差しています。他にも、1990年後半からロンドン若い世代の間で広まった「M.L.E (Multicultural London English)」という独特の新しい英語のアクセントが出現し、それが独特なカルチャーの表象にもなり始めています。こうした新しいアクセント、新しい言語が生まれることの意味などについてLobsterrの2人が話しました。 Why are so many young Americans adopting fake British accents The Guardian https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2023/may/14/fake-british-accents-americans-gen-z The AI startup erasing call center worker accents: is it fighting bias - or perpetuating it?　The Guardian https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2022/aug/23/voice-accent-technology-call-center-white-american The Common Tongue of Twenty-First-Century London The New Yorker https://www.newyorker.com/culture/personal-history/the-common-tongue-of-twenty-first-century-london --- Send in a voice message: https://podcasters.spotify.com/pod/show/lobsterr-fm/message

This description is gonna be a no-edit cause Dimeschild was born immediately after this was produced, so: Dimes and Judas discuss a 4chan Certified Chud being arrested for making an anti-cop message and failing the "in minecraft" defense, France rolling out the prop guillotines once again due to No Money, and an in-depth discussion of how existing in a dissident pressure cooker may be superior to both protesting and rioting. They then discuss the history of the infamous Mongols, citing "The Mongols" by David Morgan and how the Vikings of Horses charted a oath of destruction across Asia, and what phenomenon conspired to have their once great empire vanish into the regions they conquered. Lastly on this edition of The Copepranos Society, Dimes speaks with the great Uberboyo and they delve into the work of Friedrich Nietzsche, including his illness genesis, the difference between Slave and Master worldviews, and what form the Übermensch can take in the 21st century. Get in on it, it's good stuff for real!

Episode 87 - KNOW RecapThe Know, Love, Grow series is all about how you move forward in your own life, and in turn, you can begin to move forward in your relationships with your family members. The greatest influence you can have on others is to live your life in such a way that shows them what is possible. You communicate volumes just by the way you are being in the world. This doesn't require you to say anything. If you want to have a positive influence on your family, look at who you are being in those relationships first. The Know, Love, Grow series is designed specifically to help you go through this process. If you want to have a positive influence in the lives of your family members, help them to grow and achieve the wonderful things you see in store for them, this is the series you need. Follow along on this podcast for the first three months of 2023 as I show you what it means to Know, Love, and Grow.Start this process for you!Download my free pdf worksheet with 30 journaling questions to begin to know yourself better:Download HEREWhen you begin to discover new things about yourself and know yourself better, this has the tendency to bring up some hard emotions and one of the biggest ones is shame. At it's core, shame says to us, “There's something wrong with me.” We easily get stuck in thinking there is something wrong with us, and when we get stuck there, we can't access the very thing we need to grow. To help you work through any shame you may be experiencing, download this free worksheet: Download here Are you wondering if coaching is right for you? I offer a one-time, 50 minute coaching call at a highly discounted price of $25 so you can try it out and see what coaching is all about. Bring your relationship problem you're stuck in and work on it with me. We can do a lot of work in 50 minutes. I'll see you on our call. CLICK HERE to set up your call

Arturo Casadevall returns to TWiV to explain the use of convalescent serum to treat COVID-19 patients, and the need to support virology at a time when more regulation of experiments is envisioned. Hosts: Vincent Racaniello, Alan Dove, and Rich Condit Guest: Arturo Casadevall Subscribe (free): Apple Podcasts, Google Podcasts, RSS, email Become a patron of TWiV! Links for this episode Register for ASV 2023 MicrobeTV Discord Server Early treatment of COVID-19 with convalescent plasma (NEJM) Neutralization of SARS-CoV-2 by convalescent plasma (Nat Comm) Convalescent COVID-19 plasma for immunocompromised patients (JAMA Net Open) Virology under the microscope (mSphere) Virology in peril (mSphere) Emil von Behring Nobel Lecture Letters read on TWiV 987 Timestamps by Jolene. Thanks! Weekly Picks Rich - Flammarion engraving Alan - What Remains of Edith Finch Vincent - The CDC's Long-Covid Deception Listener Pick Bill - General Relativity For Babies Intro music is by Ronald Jenkees Send your virology questions and comments to twiv@microbe.tv

Azorith and Bias continue their violent inspection of the Beal Town Hall, finding a familiar face... 

#084 – Acceptance, Rejection, and ResignationLove and acceptance are the bridge that take us from knowing who we are to be able to change and grow in our own lives. But, we often have such a hard time loving and accepting ourselves and the circumstances of our lives. When we don't get to love and acceptance, it blocks us from the very thing we need to access in order to help ourselves. This episode addresses the near and far enemies to acceptance, which are resignation and rejection. It's easy to see and identify when we are rejecting ourselves, but it's harder to see when we resign ourselves and give up trying to accept something we don't like and don't see how we can change. Resignation is a near enemy to love and acceptance. Listen to this episode to see how these near and far enemies might be getting in your way. To help you find love and acceptance, I've created a free worksheet for you to download:Download February's training – Combatting Shame with Courage, Compassion, and Connection If you missed the last free training, you can still get it here:Download January's pdf training – 30 journaling questions to get to know yourself betterAre you wondering if coaching is right for you? I offer a one-time, 50 minute coaching call at a highly discounted price of $25 so you can try it out and see what coaching is all about. Bring your relationship problem you're stuck in and work on it with me. We can do a lot of work in 50 minutes. I'll see you on our call. CLICK HERE to set up your call

In this episode:Ginger Tea by Shen; Jai Lynn on vocals and synth, Monte on bass.Conversation on self-love, the subconscious and hermetics.Love One Another by Shen; Jai Lynn on vocals and synth, Monte on drum.Closing conversation revisiting the previous subjects and some more mindful life skills and pep talk.Many Blessings on this month of love! May you have epiphanies and insights that bring ease on your journey through this life.Humbly yours,Jai and tribe

Had a new member email us a bunch of good questions, so we take a stab at 2 of them.  Q's: How do you know the acid involved in neutralization and do you need to use a slurry to neutralize? Thank you to our sponsors: First Line Technology and W.L. Gore Our subscription plans are blowing up (not literally). Head over to the website to upgrade your learning by enrolling in the Technician and Specialist levels for even more content. Register and enroll at THMG e-University here. Courses being added weekly! Our hazardous materials training manual is finally available on Amazon! Click here to get your copy. Don't forget to rate, review, and subscribe. Thanks! Thanks for listening and watching! Don't just get on the job, get into the job!

The Chinese special envoy for climate change has said the country remains committed to its carbon emission and neutralization goals.

Virus Neutralization Test (VNT) and Solid Phase Competitive ELISA (SPCE) are useful tools for a wide range of in vitro investigations, focused on serology studies in livestock and wild animals. After vaccination campaigns or immunogenicity studies, related to the control of Foot-and-mouth Disease (FMD), VNT and SPCE are usually performed to detect immune response of animals and, subsequently, the effectiveness of a vaccination. VNT remains the diagnostic gold standard, but various issues are related to this assay, first and foremost the manipulation of viable viruses and the related maintenance of an acceptable biosecurity level. Together with the complexity of test, mainly due to its affecting variables, this reason had often induced to find a correlation with SPCE, in order to substitute VNT with a safer and easier assay. In this study, comparing the data collected analysing sera from vaccinated animals, we evaluated the potential correlation between the two tests, focusing on the effect of homology/heterology of the strains behind the assays and those used during vaccination.

We speak to Kyle Emmons from JJM Alkaline Technologies about condensate neutralization on high efficiency heating equipment. http://www.cintas.com/HVACKnowItAll. Save 8% on your purchase https://www.trutechtools.com/ with promo code knowitall Check out the HVAC Know It All app app.hvacknowitall.com https://www.hvacknowitall.com/pages/about Visit HVAC Know It All on social media Facebook https://www.facebook.com/hvacknowitall/ Instagram https://www.instagram.com/hvacknowitall1/

Want to tweak your accent on calls? Look what's coming … The post “ACCENT NEUTRALIZATION” — IT'S THE LATEST AI WRINKLE appeared first on sound*bytes.

The Kybalion - The Principle of Rhythm - Hermetic teachings, Gnostic wisdom, occult knowledge. This Principle embodies the truth that in everything there is manifested a measured motion, to and fro; a flow and inflow; a swing backward and forward; a pendulum-like movement; a tide-like ebb and flow; a high-tide and low-tide; between the two poles which exist in accordance with the Principle of Polarity described a moment ago. There is always an action and a reaction; an advance and a retreat; a rising and a sinking. This is in the affairs of the Universe, suns, worlds, men, animals, mind, energy, and matter. This law is manifest in the creation and destruction of worlds; in the rise and fall of nations; in the life of all things; and finally in the mental states of Man (and it is with this latter that the Hermetists find the understanding of the Principle most important). The Hermetists have grasped this Principle, finding its universal application, and have also discovered certain means to overcome its effects in themselves by the use of the appropriate formulas and methods. They apply the Mental Law of Neutralization. They cannot annul the Principle, or cause it to cease its operation, but they have learned how to escape its effects upon themselves to a certain degree depending upon the Mastery of the Principle. They have learned how to USE it, instead of being USED BY it. In this and similar methods, consist the Art of the Hermetists. The Master of Hermetics polarizes himself at the point at which he desires to rest, and then neutralizes the Rhythmic swing of the pendulum which would tend to carry him to the other pole. All individuals who have attained any degree of Self-Mastery do this to a certain degree, more or less unconsciously, but the Master does this consciously, and by the use of his Will, and attains a degree of Poise and Mental Firmness almost impossible of belief on the part of the masses who are swung backward and forward like a pendulum. This Principle and that of Polarity have been closely studied by the Hermetists, and the methods of counteracting, neutralizing, and USING them form an important part of the Hermetic Mental Alchemy. *JOIN MY PATREON at https://www.patreon.com/altrusiangracemedia *BECOME A YOUTUBE CHANNEL MEMBER at https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCMzRTOugvDLwhSwJdoSWBZA/join *JOIN THE CULT OF STARRY WISDOM at https://altrusiangrace.bandcamp.com/starry-wisdom-cult *MY TSHIRTS AND DESIGNS ON AMAZON at https://amzn.to/3peS9j3 *MY NEW 2022 MERCH LINE "OCCULT NOUVEAU" at https://amzn.to/3OeUHZL *MY TSHIRTS AND DESIGNS ON TEEPUBLIC at https://teepublic.sjv.io/XxvPDX *LICENSE MY MUSIC FOR YOUR PROJECT at https://www.pond5.com/artist/altrusiangracemedia *MY BOOKS ON AMAZON at https://amzn.to/3oQGh6A As an Amazon Associate I earn a small amount from qualifying purchases and it helps to support my channel. Please consider LIKING the video, SUBSCRIBING to the channel, and SHARING the links! These simple actions go a long way in supporting AGM and is truly appreciated!  ~~Places to follow and support Altrusian Grace Media~~ Website ► https://altrusiangrace.blogspot.com/ Bandcamp ► https://altrusiangrace.bandcamp.com Teepublic Store ► https://teepublic.sjv.io/XxvPDX Twitter ► https://twitter.com/AltrusianGrace Rumble ► https://rumble.com/c/c-375437 YouTube ► https://www.youtube.com/AltrusianGraceMedia Odessy ► https://odysee.com/@altrusiangracemedia:1 Bitchute ► https://www.bitchute.com/channel/altrusiangracemedia/ To kindly donate directly to my channel: www.paypal.me/altrusiangrace For inquiries regarding voice-over work or licensing for my work (including music) please contact altrusiangracemedia ((at)) gmail.com AGM BACKUP CONTENT ► https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCO0nCG5aqB1CHyU3Xf0TUbg  

“Secondary location” in self-defense terminology refers to leaving the initial location of encounter with a possible assailant, either by force, or under threat of violence to you or another. Chances of survival are possibly 5-10%, although no one really knows because people, including children go missing, rapes go unreported and no one knows how many “runaways” were taken to secondary locations never to be seen again. In self defense “secondary location” is one of the most unsurvivable situations. Therefore, we have the PRINCIPLE of NEUTRALIZATION. Which is by definition rendering an attacker harmless, or NEUTRAL. Resisting, or escaping secondary location using possibly deadly force In Life Defense we find its equivalent also. When a person is attacking you, your project, your freedom, or even your time you can either allow the threat to force you into an inescapable position or NEUTRALIZE the threat. Compared to Silence of the Lambs, stealing your time might seem harmless. However, 30 minutes a day adds up over months and years. Your wasted time is life lost. Although NEUTRALIZATION of a serial killer uses deadly force, the Life Defense equivalent might look like. “No, I will not go with you to lunch today.” When inside what you are saying is, “No, means no! Back away from me now! I will not spend another hour abducted to a secondary location of binge food eating, ear drum burning, tyrannical gossip session! I am not your hostage, leave now!” When there is a loss of life whether immediately terminal, or incremental, life lost can never be replaced. NEUTRALIZE your opponent, and never go to secondary location to become a statistic of lost life…. Allen Hughes Life Defense Coach #lifedefense #neutralize #allenhughes --- Send in a voice message: https://anchor.fm/allen-hughes/message

The place of monoclonal antibodies in COVID-19 is changing. In this episode, learn about their role in prophylaxis of patients who are at high risk of complications from acquiring COVID-19 or treatment of high-risk patients who have a mild to moderate COVID-19 infection. Listen as Gregory Huhn, MD, MPHTM, discusses when and how to use monoclonal antibodies including:BebtelovimabCilgavimab/tixagevimabSotrovimabPresenter:Gregory Huhn, MD, MPHTMAssociate ProfessorDepartment of Infectious DiseasesRush University Medical CenterSenior Director of HIV ServicesDepartment of Infectious DiseasesCook County HealthChicago, IllinoisReview the downloadable slidesets at: https://bit.ly/3xOfu1ALink to full program: https://bit.ly/3EBdf38

The Hasidic movement is pretty famous. But few are aware of its deep mystical teachings and connections with Kabbalah. In this episode, we explore the early history of the Hasidim.This episode was written by Seth Weprin and co-written by me (Filip Holm).Sources/Suggested Reading:Idel, Moshe (1995). "Hasidism: Between Ecstacy and Magic". SUNY Press.Idel, Moshe. “Modes of Cleaving to the Letters in the Teachings of Israel BaalShem Tov: A Sample Analysis.” Jewish History 27 (2013): 299-317.Jacobson-Maisels, James. “My Aid Will Come from Nothingness: The Practice of Negative Theology in Maggid Devarav Le-Ya'akov.” In Michael Fagenblat Negative Theology As Jewish Modernity. New Jewish Philosophy and Thought. Bloomington and Indianapolis: Indiana University Press, 2017.Krassen, Mosheh Aaron. “Introduction: Rabbi Israel Ba'al Shem Tov: Prophet of a NewParadigm.” In Israel ben Eliezer. Pillar of Prayer. Translated by Menachem Kallus. Louisville, KY: Fons Vitae, 2010.Magid, Shaul. “The Intolerance of Tolerance: Mahaloket (Controversy) and Redemption in EarlyHasidism.” Jewish Studies Quarterly 8, no. 4 (2001): 326-368.Nadler, Allan. The Faith of the Mithnagdim: Rabbinic Responses to Hasidic Rapture. Baltimore:Johns Hopkins University Press, 1997.Scholem, Gershom. “The Neutralization of the Messianic Element in Early Hasidism.” In TheMessianic Idea in Judaism. New York: Schocken Books, 1995 [1971]. Our GDPR privacy policy was updated on August 8, 2022. Visit acast.com/privacy for more information.

In this episode, Sharon R. Lewin, AO, FRACP, PhD, FAHMS, discusses what is known about the SARS-CoV-2 omicron variant, including:Transmissibility and infectiousness Immune evasionDisease severity Risks of hospitalization and death  Vaccine effectiveness  2- vs 3-dose vaccine effectivenessT-cell responsePresenter:  Sharon R. Lewin, AO, FRACP, PhD, FAHMSDirector, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and ImmunityProfessor of Infectious DiseasesUniversity of MelbourneConsultant Infectious Diseases PhysicianAlfred Hospital and Royal Melbourne HospitalMelbourne, AustraliaReview the downloadable slidesets at:https://bit.ly/32tp2BThttps://bit.ly/3JKyNLW Link to full program:https://bit.ly/3Ix8uZg  

In this episode of Cyber Ways, Tom and Craig discuss a classic behavioral security paper that explores how users rationalize their purposeful violations of security policy. Listen and learn the six common rationalizations and what security managers can do to reduce their effects.Citation:Siponen, M., & Vance, A. (2010). Neutralization: new insights into the problem of employee information systems security policy violations,  MIS Quarterly, 34(3), 487-502.Intro audio for the Cyber Ways Podcast Outro audio for Cyber Ways PodcastCyber Ways is brought to you by the Center for Information Assurance, which is housed in the College of Business at Louisiana Tech University. The podcast is made possible through a "Just Business Grant," which is funded by the University's generous donors.https://business.latech.edu/cyberways/

In this episode, Michael Ellis discusses the concept of indirect socialization with the help of neutral dogs and people. This is an important tool for any dog trainer's toolbelt. Have a training or equipment question? Reach out to Cindy via our Ask Cindy Portal on our website. She answers emails daily and will be able to give you specific advice and recommendations. - https://leerburg.com/newcontact.php Additional Resources: Michael Ellis Courses - https://university.leerburg.com/Instructor/courseList/instructorid/58 | Puppy Development Workshop - https://university.leerburg.com/Catalog/viewCourse/cid/116 | How to Socialize Your New Puppy Article - https://leerburg.com/socializepuppies.htm

NEUTRALIZE Life Threats The young woman had been taken to a secondary location by the would-be killer intent on her torture, and pre-planned death. Opening the trunk of the car parked in a desolate area miles from any help he pulled her up to carry her down to the basement of the old abandoned house. Unexpectedly she used his force to propel her upward and outward as she swung the rusty tire iron squarely across his head knocking him backwards as she landed atop his massive body. Still conscious he reached up to pull her down into his massive bear hug and subdue her. Using the power generated by his tree trunk sized arms she swung the heavy tool again and again till he lay silent his body limp and lifeless. The survivor rolled away and seeing no motion, backed carefully to the driver's door, saw the keys still in the ignition, jumped in and sped off. Later police and ambulance came as she directed to where the alleged, possible serial killer still lay NEUTRALIZED from the powerful blows. The coroner pronounced his findings, and later the court dismissed the case as purely self-defense. A solemn victory for sure. A man is dead, would she ever be able to accept her actions, in the heat of battle fighting for her life? Was NEUTRALIZATION her best choice? If she had to do it again would she? NEUTRALIZATION is a PRINCIPLE of self-defense and when used in life a PRINCIPE of Life Defense…. NEUTRALIZATION is simply: to make (something) ineffective; counteract; or nullify: dictionary.com In life we may believe that NEUTRALIZATION has no practical application. However, what in our lives, and yes even who in our lives, might be killing off our future, and all of our possibilities…? Let's look at those things in our life that threaten our existence and our future POSSIBILITIES. These would-be “attackers” could be “things” not people and might not be as obvious as our potential serial killer. And yet, they may be just as deadly in stealing “life” day in and day out. Whether it's a quick and painless death, or a long and painful one, or anything in between… when it comes to life, life is life and when we are not living life to its fullest, enjoying every moment it is not life. That's right, I am saying it! When you are not living the life you love you are not really living. Attackers could be the way we eat, sleep, or, play. They could be the substances we consume, the friends we hang with, or what we choose for entertainment. Let's take a look… Is “life” actually pain, torture, frustration and stagnation or is “life” truly living the life you love in every moment, in every way, in pure joy? If the later is so what will you NEUTRALIZE with the efficiency and accuracy of a trained sniper, taking the threat out swiftly and without hesitation? If you are not prepared to NEUTRALIZE those “life” killers, when will you…? The longer you wait the more “life” is lost. How much life are you willing to waste before taking action? Remember, you may have second thoughts about NEUTRALIZING your next binge watching event, and for a second you may regret it, if even for a minute. If you do, just look at what the cost has been and what it could have been in the future and NEUTRALIZE “life-killers” on the spot! Allen Hughes Warrior Way Life Defense #lifedefense #neutralize #allenhughes # --- Send in a voice message: https://anchor.fm/allen-hughes/message

Scholars Shir Alon and Joseph Farag join co-hosts Whitney Terrell and V.V. Ganeshananthan to discuss how Palestinian and Israeli writers have written about the occupation of the West Bank and Gaza. Farag talks about the evolution of the portrayal of the Palestinian self in literature throughout history, as well as some of the themes and writers discussed in his book, Palestinian Literature in Exile: Gender, Aesthetics and Resistance in the Short Story. Alon explains how the unprocessed trauma of the history of massacre and expulsion of Palestinians seems to stage an appearance in Israeli literature every decade. She also talks about Dolly City by Orly Castel-Bloom, Minor Detail by Adania Shibli, and Funeral at Noon by Yeshayahu Koren. To hear the full episode, subscribe through iTunes, Google Play, Stitcher, Spotify, or your favorite podcast app (include the forward slashes when searching). You can also listen by streaming from the player below. Check out video excerpts from our interviews at LitHub's Virtual Book Channel and Fiction/Non/Fiction's YouTube Channel, and don't miss our brand-new website: https://www.fnfpodcast.net/ This podcast is produced by Andrea Tudhope. Selected readings: Shir Alon Static: Labor, Temporality, and Literary Form in Middle Eastern Modernisms (forthcoming book) “The Ongoing Nakba and the Grammar of History,” LA Review of Books “No One to See Here: Genres of Neutralization and the Ongoing Nakba” “Gendering the Arab-Jew: Feminism and Jewish Studies After Ella Shohat”   Joseph Farag Palestinian Literature in Exile Gender, Aesthetics and Resistance in the Short Story Teaching with Arabic Literature in Translation: ‘Palestinian Literature and Film'   Others: Amos Oz  David Grossman Facing the Forests by A. B. Yehoshua Khirbet Khizeh by S. Yizhar The Old New Land (Altneuland) by Theodor Herzl Men in the Sun, Palestine's Children: Returning to Haifa and Other Stories, and All That's Left to You: A Novella and Other Stories by Ghassan Kanafani  "A Lover from Palestine," "ID Card," and many others by Mahmoud Darwish The Ship by Jabra Ibrahim Jabra Wild Thorns and Passage to the Plaza by Sahar Khalifeh Eye of the Mirror and A Balcony Over the Fakihani by Liana Badr Nathan Alterman Funeral at Noon by Yeshayahu Koren Minor Detail by Adania Shibli Dolly City by Orly Castel-Bloom The Sound of Our Steps by Ronit Matalon Waltz with Bashir (film) by Ari Folman The Pessoptimist by Emile Habibi  Divine Intervention, The Time that Remains, and It Must Be Heaven (films) by Elia Suleiman Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

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The following topics were addressed by the Venerable during this episode, • How to react to negativities from others? • Volunteering in a hospital • The Buddha and Jesus Christ • How to keep an open heart and mind to the opposite? • Differences between responding and reacting • Neutralization of Karma For more resources on Buddhist teachings, visit our website at buddhisttemple.ca

The following topics were addressed by the Venerable during this episode, • How to react to negativities from others? • Volunteering in a hospital • The Buddha and Jesus Christ • How to keep an open heart and mind to the opposite? • Differences between responding and reacting • Neutralization of Karma For more resources on Buddhist teachings, visit our website at buddhisttemple.ca

Thank you so much for listening to today's PODCAST EPISODE

We’d love to hear from you (feedback@breakingbadscience.com)Look us up on social media Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/groups/385282925919540Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/breakingbadsciencepodcast/Website: http://www.breakingbadscience.com/Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/breakingbadscienceSo many of our discussions to date have revolved around the Pandemic, and it makes sense. This has been the most relevant subject since the start of this podcast. Conversations laced with misinformation, conspiracy theorists pushing their agendas and using the virus as a stepping stool. It's truly been what we started this podcast for. With that being said, let's take one more look at the virus, the pandemic, and the vaccine. Join hosts Shanti and Danny as we talk one more time with Dr. Bryan Simons about the COVID-19 Vaccine and look into the future of how its development may change the scientific community forever. ReferencesCenter for Disease Control and Prevention, COVID-19 Vaccinations in the United States. Accessed 08-Jan-2021. https://covid.cdc.gov/covid-data-tracker/#vaccinationsWeintrab, K.; Death of Florida Doctor After Receiving COVID-19 Vaccine Under Investigation. USA Today. 06-Jan-2021. https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/health/2021/01/06/death-florida-doctor-following-pfizer-covid-19-vaccine-under-investigation-gregory-michael/6574414002/Pfizer and BioNTech; Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 Vaccine. FDA Briefing Document. 10-Dec-2020. https://www.fda.gov/media/144245/downloadModernaTX, Inc.; Moderna COVID-19 Vaccine. FDA Briefing Document. 17-Dec-2021. https://www.fda.gov/media/144434/downloadCDC COVID-19 Response Team; Allergic Reactions Including Anaphylaxis After Receipt of the First Dose of Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 Vaccine - United States December 14-23, 2020. CDC. 06-Jan-2021. https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/70/wr/mm7002e1.htmCarter, S.; COVID Vaccines “might not” Work As Well on South African Strain Scientists Warn. CBSNews. 04-Jan-2021. https://www.cbsnews.com/news/covid-vaccine-new-strain-south-africa/Xie, X., et. al.; Neutralization of N501Y Mutant SARS-CoV-2 by BNT162b2 Vaccine-Elicited Sera. bioRxiv (preprint). 07-Jan-2021. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.01.07.425740

F. Mansilla - Avidity Elisa provides a good correlate with the virus neutralization by European Commission for the Control of FMD

My fam! Let’s talk about keeping focused! Keep Grinding

Link to bioRxiv paper: http://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.09.21.307074v1?rss=1 Authors: Cristian, G. I. Abstract: Studying viral antibody neutralization data is a complex task and knowledge relating to the effectiveness of a particular antibody to particular strains of viruses cannot easily be extrapolated to other new, related strains. We have developed ANNAVP, a software that uses neural networks to model viral protein data. ANNAVP uses supervised or unsupervised learning and viral protein sequence data to form correlations between different strains and to predict the effectiveness of neutralizing agents against them. Copy rights belong to original authors. Visit the link for more info

เรื่องของการ "Neutralization" หรือการหยุดเกมส์การแข่งขัน พบกันได้ทั้งในเกมส์การแข่งขัน รวมถึงเชื่อมโยงกัยการปั่นที่เราพบกันทั่วไป

NEUTRALIZATION in Life Defense is actually more likely to save your life than self-defense. That's right, the likelihood of being killed by an assailant, terrorist, or war is about 10Xs less likely than heart issues. Said a different way, it takes 10 years of conflicts like, war, assault and terrorism to amount to one year of deaths caused by heart conditions. The principle of NEUTRALIZE used in Life Defense then actually has a better chance of saving your life than self-defense! Allen Hughes talks about his favorite subject of Life Defense and how just NEUTRALIZING simple things like computers and media, sleep depravation or triggers can save your life! --- Send in a voice message: https://anchor.fm/allen-hughes/message

This podcast will definitely help us pay our rent. That's why people start podcasts right? Just kidding! This week, Jada & Kurtie discuss the assassinations of Marilyn Monroe & the Neutralization plan for John Lennon. Tune in next week to switch which store was a fake.  Sources:  Neutralization of John Lennon:  “John Lennon: The Life” by Philip Norman  Uncovering The 'Truth' Behind Lennon's FBI Files - NPR Interview with Jon Wiener, author of “Gimmie Some Truth” and ‘Fresh Air' stand in host David Bianculli https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=130401193 (https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=130401193) Assassination of Marilyn Monroe: LA Times, BBC, Wikapedia

Find out more about the guest:Dr. Tom Holt is a Professor in the School of Criminal Justice at Michigan State University. https://cj.msu.edu/directory/holt-thomas.html~~~~Texts Mentioned in this show:Holt, T. J., & Bossler, A. M. (2015). Cybercrime in progress: Theory and prevention of technology-enabled offenses. Routledge.https://www.routledge.com/Cybercrime-in-Progress-Theory-and-prevention-of-technology-enabled-offenses/Holt-Bossler/p/book/9781138024168~~~~~~~Deterrence Theory https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/computer-science/deterrence-theoryGeneral Theory - Self control https://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/view/document/obo-9780195396607/obo-9780195396607-0004.xml?Social Learning Theory https://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/view/document/obo-9780195396607/obo-9780195396607-0002.xml?Sub-Cultures of Crime https://soztheo.de/theories-of-crime/learning-subculture/subcultural-theory-cohen/?lang=enTechniques of Neutralization and Drifthttps://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/view/document/obo-9780195396607/obo-9780195396607-0140.xmlActor Network Theoryhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Actor%E2%80%93network_theoryDrake presents a story of moving from the bottom to here, not sure where here is though.    https://youtu.be/RubBzkZzpUA Gauthier and Forsyth provide an analysis of "Bug-Chasing". K. Gauthier, D., & J. Forsyth, C. (1999). Bareback sex, bug chasers, and the gift of death. Deviant Behavior, 20(1), 85-100.https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/016396299266605If you are curious about the rules of the internet, bear in mind that these have always been very dynamic.  The link below shows a list.  Keep in mind that a lot of this is a joke, and there was never any real process for deciding on this rules, apart from they should be funny.  Rumour is that rule 34 was the first rule.  If you have no idea what this is all about then take care in researching as it is all 'fringe' internet culture, mostly NSFW and some things cannot be unseen.   The link below is picture free, apart from some ascii graphics. https://web.archive.org/web/20160217040548/http://rulesoftheinternet.com/index.php?title=Main_Page The introduction from this show was extracted from an educational show about the value of science. Check out the Prelinger archives for public domain videos containing interesting history. A wonderful resource.  https://archive.org/details/prelinger

Vincent speaks with Félix Rey about his career and his work on solving structures of a variety of viruses and the insights learned about viral membrane fusion and antibody-mediated neutralization. Subscribe (free): iTunes, Google Podcasts, RSS, email Become a patron of TWiV! Links for this episode Unité de Virologie Structurale Tick-borne encephalitis glycoprotein structure (Nature) HCV RNA polymerase structure (PNAS) Flavivirus structural heterogeneity (Curr Op Viral) Antibody responses to flaviviruses (EMBO Rep) Covalently linked dengue envelope dimers (Nat Comm) Timestamps by Jolene. Thanks! Intro music is by Ronald Jenkees. Send your virology questions and comments to twiv@microbe.tv

Vincent speaks with Félix Rey about his career and his work on solving structures of a variety of viruses and the insights learned about viral membrane fusion and antibody-mediated neutralization. Subscribe (free): iTunes, Google Podcasts, RSS, email Become a patron of TWiV! Links for this episode Unité de Virologie Structurale Tick-borne encephalitis glycoprotein structure (Nature) HCV RNA polymerase structure (PNAS) Flavivirus structural heterogeneity (Curr Op Viral) Antibody responses to flaviviruses (EMBO Rep) Covalently linked dengue envelope dimers (Nat Comm) Timestamps by Jolene. Thanks! Intro music is by Ronald Jenkees. Send your virology questions and comments to twiv@microbe.tv

In this episode of the Ignite Podcast, we sit down with Matt Borowiak ’19 about his company Workers First LLC. He has worked with the Shipley Center and Dr. Richard Partch to create a new generation of chemical suits and protective clothing. We discuss the challenges of refining ideas, the slow process of creating IP, … Continue reading Ep. 9: From Forcefields To Acid Neutralization →

Host: Vincent Racaniello Guests: Seth Bordenstein, James Crowe, and Mark Denison Vincent visits Vanderbilt University and meets up with Seth, Jim, and Mark to talk about their work on a virus of Wolbachia, anti-viral antibodies, and coronaviruses.   Links for this episode SARS-CoV error correction (PLoS Path) 19:00 Marburg virus neutralization by a human antibody (Cell one and two) 56:35 Phage WO, Wolbachia and Drosophila (Peer J) 1:02:00 Seth's blog Symbionticism 1:31:30 Seth on Twitter Video of this episode: view at YouTube Timestamps by Jennifer. Thank you! Send your virology questions and comments (email or mp3 file) to twiv@twiv.tv

Hosts: Vincent Racaniello, Dickson Despommier, Alan Dove, Rich Condit, and Kathy Spindler The TWiVers review the outcomes of two recent phase 3 clinical trials of a quadrivalent dengue virus vaccine in Asia and Latin America.   Links for this episode Efficacy of dengue vaccine (NEJM) Preventing dengue (NEJM) Dengue viruses (Scitable) Intention to treat (Wikipedia) Image credit: Jean-Yves Sgro Letters read on TWiV 319 Weekly Science Picks Alan - The Toaster Project by Thomas ThwaitesRich - SpaceX reusable rocket (SpaceX)Kathy - Antarctica: A Year on IceDickson - NHL Mumps outbreak and Hubble Andromeda imageVincent - We the Microbiologist Listener Pick of the Week Neva - Mosquito earringsBasel - Flu vaccine selection meeting Send your virology questions and comments (email or mp3 file) to twiv@twiv.tv

The Science of Joy Series

The Science of Joy Series

Waltz. Sisko and Dukat have one of the most dynamic relationships of any hero/enemy combination in Star Trek. It transcends even the obvious Starfleet-Cardassian conflict and extends into the spiritual realm. It's enough to be men on opposite sides of galactic politics—who have each commanded DS9 (or Terok Nor)—but as emissaries to opposing sides of Bajoran religion they represent the timeless battle between good and evil. Being Deep Space Nine, however, who is on which side is not always entirely clear. In this episode of The Orb hosts Christopher Jones and Matthew Rushing are joined by John Tenuto to discuss this relationship, how it comes to a head in the sixth-season episode "Waltz," and how the writers used the moment to wash away the grey and plant Sisko and Dukat firmly on opposing sides of the ethical, moral, and spiritual plains. 

Hosts: Vincent Racaniello, Dickson Despommier, Alan Dove, Rich Condit, and Kathy Spindler The complete TWiV crew reviews work on MERS-coronavirus, including serological studies in camels, production of an infectious DNA clone, and identification of an interferon antagonist. Links for this episode: Stephan Chron dies (NY Times) Philip Marcus dies (NY Times) Philip Marcus on TWiV #197 Ellen Fanning dies (news@Vanderbilt) Donald Low dies (CBC News) MERS timeline MERS-CoV seroepidemiology (Eurosurveillance) MERS-CoV neutralizing antibodies in camels (Lancet Inf Dis) MERS-CoV vaccine candidate (mBio) MERS-CoV infectious DNA (PNAS) MERS-CoV protein 4a is IFN antagonist (J Virol) Letters read on TWiV 251 Weekly Science Picks Dickson - Scharf PhotoKathy - Blaschka glass models (NY Times, Cornell)Alan - Digital Public Library of AmericaRich - Dengue virus life cycle animationVincent - Creative Live Listener Pick of the Week John - Last person to get smallpox (NPR)Peter - SARS documentary (BBC) Send your virology questions and comments (email or mp3 file) to twiv@twiv.tv

Calculate the pH as the result of a neutralization of HCl with ammonia in equal molar ratios. First predict an acidic solution, then calculate the pH.

Calculate the pH of the resulting solution when equimolar weak acid strong base are mixed.

Calculation of the pH as the result of mixing excess strong acid with strong base.

Nuclear Hotseat Exclusive: Special panel discussion on The Roy Process for Neutralization and Elimination of Nuclear Waste. Is this the missing technology for ultimately getting rid of the radioactive byproducts of the nuclear industry? Can it work? What will it take to find out? Learn about the process, the doubts, the tantalizing possibilities, and what stands in the way of this potentially game-changing nuclear technology from Dennis Nester, agent for The Roy Process; engineer and physicist Ernest Goitein; veteran anti-nuclear activist Ace Hoffman; and a surprise "deus ex machina" appearance by environmental attorney Susan Shapiro. Be sure to listen through to the end, then visit www.NuclearHotseat.com/blog for June 5, 2012, to access the information referenced in the call. HOT STUFF!

Nuclear Hotseat Exclusive: Special panel discussion on The Roy Process for Neutralization and Elimination of Nuclear Waste.  Is this the missing technology for ultimately getting rid of the radioactive byproducts of the nuclear industry? Learn about the process, the doubts, the tantalizing possibilities, and what stands in the way of this potentially game-changing nuclear technology. ...

Long time activist Elise Longhi shared how to get radiation out of the soil using mushrooms and hemp, out of water using nano technology that already exists, along with information on long-suppressed research by physicist Dr. Roy that actually neutralized radioactive cesium and strontium! Why is no one grabbing onto these technologies to solve the radiation threat? Plus Koodankulam protests in India being taken to National Human Rights Commission, French election may sink British nukes, Iowa legislature too smart to fall for nuclear Ponzi scheme, radioactive black dust all over Tokyo, cesium spike in Tokyo Bay "no IMMEDIATE health risk" (note that adjective!), and radioactive mice found just outside Fukushima evacuation zone.

Long time activist Elise Longhi shared how to get radiation out of the soil using mushrooms and hemp, out of water using nano technology that already exists, along with information on long-suppressed research by physicist Dr. Roy that actually neutralized radioactive cesium and strontium! Why is no one grabbing onto these technologies to solve the radiation threat? Plus Koodankulam protests in India being taken to National Human Rights Commission, French election may sink British nukes, Iowa legislature too smart to fall for nuclear Ponzi scheme, radioactive black dust all over Tokyo, cesium spike in Tokyo Bay "no IMMEDIATE health risk" (note that adjective!), and radioactive mice found just outside Fukushima evacuation zone.

KEY CONCEPTS:-special type of double displacement reactionacid + base --> salt + waterREACTANTSacids - either binary acids or oxy-acids (contain H)bases - contain hydroxide (OH)PRODUCTSsalt - ionic compound (ANY metal and non-metal)water - we know what that is

Wed, 29 Jun 2011 12:00:00 +0100 https://edoc.ub.uni-muenchen.de/14185/ https://edoc.ub.uni-muenchen.de/14185/1/Kleber_Felicitas.pdf Kleber, Felicitas ddc:410, ddc:400, Fakultät für Spra

Homeopath, Gabrielle Traub interviews chiropractor, Dr. Rachel Richards on a technique that's helping patients get relief from pain.

Effect of B-cell activating factor of the tumor necrosis factor family (BAFF) on the expression of pro- and anti-apoptotic bcl-2 family members in chicken B cells The recently discovered chicken cytokine BAFF (B-cell activating factor of the tumor necrosis factor family) was characterised as an important regulator of chicken B-cell homeostasis. Besides regulating B-cells in secondary lymphatic organs BAFF seems to have a significant impact on chicken B-cell development in the Bursa of Fabricius, too. Past studies already showed that chicken BAFF plays a vital role in the survival of B-cells both in vitro and in vivo. Yet molecular correlation for this effect has still to be established in the chicken. In mouse and man, the antiapoptotic effect of BAFF was linked to a regulation of certain bcl-2 family members. Thus this study focused on the identification of bcl-2 family members in the chicken and their regulation by BAFF at transcriptional level. By means of RT-PCR the expression of both anti-apoptotic (e.g. bcl-2, bcl-xL and Nr13) as well as pro-apoptotic (e.g. bak, bid, bim and bok) transcripts was shown in bursa, spleen and heart muscle at various developmental stages. To enable further studies quantitative RT-PCR assays were established for both anti-apoptotic (e.g. bcl-2, bcl-xL and Nr13) and pro-apoptotic (e.g. bak, bid, bim and bok) bcl-2 family members as well as for the B-cell specific marker chB6 and chBAFF. During bursal development, transcripts for pro-apoptotic bok and anti-apoptotic bcl-xL are increased while the level of bcl-2 mRNA is decreased. Considering the vast raise in B-cell number within the developing bursa, a means of correlating this with characterised changes in transcription levels had to be established. This was done based on expression levels of the B-cell marker chB6. Thus it could be shown that transcription of both anti-apoptotic genes like bcl-2 and Nr13 and pro-apoptotic genes such as bak and bim were decreased based on the amount of B-cell. In contrast, levels of bok transcript remained unchanged in B-cells during bursal development. Isolated lymphocytes taken from the spleen were used for inital studies on the impact of BAFF in vitro. In agreement with published data, the anti-apoptotic effect of BAFF could be demonstrated in this study, too. At transcriptional level, this was linked to a decrease in the transcription of pro-apoptotic bim. In contrast, incubation of spleen cells with chicken CD40-ligand resulted in the vast proliferation of B-cells from both juvenile and mature birds. However, age-related differences in the survival of lymphocytes were observed in this study, which correlated with a lower increase of anti-apoptotic bcl-xL in mature cells than in juvenile in response to CD40-ligand stimulation. To further analyse the effect of BAFF on bursal B-cell development in vivo a previously published retroviral vector system (RCAS) was utilized. Both the effect of overexpression of BAFF as well as its neutralization using a soluble decoy receptor (BCMA) were characterised at transcriptional level. Overexpressing BAFF led to insignificant changes during the development of the bursa. Since BAFF is expressed at high levels during all stages of bursal development, gene overexpression may not exert additional effects. Neutralization of BAFF on the other hand caused distinct changes among bcl-2 family members at the transcriptional level. It again proofed necessary to correlate these changes with B-cell numbers represented by the level of chB6 transcription. By this method genes highly expressed within the remaining B-cell population were characterised. Anti-apoptotic bcl-2 along with Nr13 was shown to be significantly increased in comparison to control cells.

Interferon gamma (IFN) represents an essential cytokine involved in murine cytomegalovirus (MCMV) clearance from the salivary gland and the control of horizontal transmission. Because IFN cannot be responsible for all cytokine effects during recovery from MCMV infection we have now tested the potential participation of tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF) in the antiviral defence. Neutralization of endogenous TNF abolished the antiviral activity of CD4 T cells in immunocompetent as well as in CD8 subset-deficient mice. These data suggest that the antiviral effect of the CD4 subset requires the presence of at least two cytokines, namely IFN and TNF. Depletion of endogenous TNF in adoptive cell transfer recipients diminished the antiviral function of CD8 T lymphocytes suggesting that TNF also participates in CD8 T cell effector functions. Furthermore, endogenous cytokines were found to be required for survival after infection with lethal doses of MCMV, whereas immunotherapy with recombinant TNF and IFN could not limit virus replication in vivo. The results suggest that, similar to IFN, TNF is an integral part of the protective mechanisms involved in cytomegalovirus clearance.

Cytomegalovirus (CMV), similar to other members of the Herpesviridae family, can establish both persistent and latent infections. Each of the CMVs that are found in many animal species replicates in the salivary gland, and oral secretion represents a source of horizontal transmission. Locally restricted replication characterizes the immunocompetent individual, whereas in the immunocompromised host, protean disease manifestations occur due to virus dissemination. The virus is cleared by immune surveillance, and CD8+ T lymphocytes play a major role. Remarkably, certain cell types of salivary gland tissues are exempt from CD8+ T-lymphocyte control of murine CMV infection and require the activity of CD4+ T lymphocytes. The results presented here suggest that this activity is a function of Th1 cells. Neutralization of endogenous gamma interferon abrogated the antiviral activity of Th1 cells but not that of CD8+ T lymphocytes in other tissues. Neutralization of endogenous gamma interferon did not interfere with the induction of the cellular and humoral immune response but acted during the effector phase. Recombinant gamma interferon could not replace the function of Th1 cells in vivo and had limited direct antiviral activity in vitro. The results therefore suggest that gamma interferon represents one, but not the only, essential factor involved in salivary gland clearance, establishment of CMV latency, and, eventually, the control of horizontal transmission.