Podcasts about buzzards

This week on Headline Highlights: new updates have surfaced in the Bryan Kohberger case as he tries to weasel out of paying restitution to the victims' families. A French woman who was held captive by a couple for five years has finally escaped, shocking investigators with the details of her confinement. Police are investigating the murder of 25-year-old Chloe Henry, whose body was found dumped in a ditch just ten miles from her hometown of Moeres, New York. In a bizarre case out of Texas, a woman was arrested after running over her husband with an SUV, claiming she “tried to hit him, not kill him.” And the search intensifies for 9-year-old Melodee Buzzard, while her mother refuses to cooperate with investigators. If you're new here, don't forget to follow the show for weekly deep dives into the darkest true crime cases! To watch the video version of this episode, head over to youtube.com/@annieelise  Where is Madalina Cojocari? | Little Girl Vanishes and Parents Point The Finger At Each Other: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PtZb0vbrHGw

The search for 9-year-old Melodee Buzzard continues, as her mother, Ashlee, still will not cooperate with authorities. Plus, Margot Wood gives an emotional impact statement at Bionca Ellis' sentencing.#CourtTV - What do YOU think?Binge all episodes of #ClosingArguments here: https://www.courttv.com/trials/closing-arguments-with-vinnie-politan/Watch the full video episode here: https://youtu.be/eLTv0sNq9m0Watch 24/7 Court TV LIVE Stream Today https://www.courttv.com/Join the Investigation Newsletter https://www.courttv.com/email/Court TV Podcast https://www.courttv.com/podcast/Join the Court TV Community to get access to perks:https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCo5E9pEhK_9kWG7-5HHcyRg/joinFOLLOW THE CASE:Facebook https://www.facebook.com/courttvTwitter/X https://twitter.com/CourtTVInstagram https://www.instagram.com/courttvnetwork/TikTok https://www.tiktok.com/@courttvliveYouTube https://www.youtube.com/c/COURTTVWATCH +140 FREE TRIALS IN THE COURT TV ARCHIVEhttps://www.courttv.com/trials/HOW TO FIND COURT TVhttps://www.courttv.com/where-to-watch/This episode of Closing Arguments Podcast was hosted by Vinnie Politan, produced by Kerry O'Connor and Robynn Love, and edited by Autumn Sewell. Hosted by Simplecast, an AdsWizz company. See pcm.adswizz.com for information about our collection and use of personal data for advertising.

This isn't just a missing-child case. It's a mirror held up to a system that looked the other way. Melodee Buzzard's home was reportedly in squalor. No food. No schooling. Prior CPS visits. Still, she remained. Then came the disguise — a wig, a hoodie, a rental car — and a cross-country drive that ended in silence. On Hidden Killers, Tony Brueski and retired FBI Special Agent Jennifer Coffindaffer strip away the excuses and bureaucracy that let it happen. How does a child go unaccounted for months while everyone knew something was wrong? How does a mother stay free when the child she left with never returns? They examine the intersection of law enforcement failure, family neglect, and bureaucratic paralysis — and what it says about the way America protects its most vulnerable. This episode is empathy for the child, outrage for the system, and an unflinching call for accountability. Because Melodee Buzzard didn't vanish overnight. She disappeared over years of warning signs ignored. Hashtags: #MelodeeBuzzard #SystemFailure #HiddenKillers #TrueCrimeToday #TonyBrueski #JenniferCoffindaffer #MissingChild #JusticeForMelodee Want to comment and watch this podcast as a video? Check out our YouTube Channel. https://www.youtube.com/@hiddenkillerspod Instagram https://www.instagram.com/hiddenkillerspod/ Facebook https://www.facebook.com/hiddenkillerspod/ Tik-Tok https://www.tiktok.com/@hiddenkillerspod X Twitter https://x.com/tonybpod Listen Ad-Free On Apple Podcasts Here: https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/true-crime-today-premium-plus-ad-free-advance-episode/id1705422872

Nine-year-old Melodee Buzzard should have been in a classroom in Lompoc, California. Instead, she's missing—and the story unfolding around her disappearance is hauntingly familiar to anyone who followed the Harmony Montgomery case. Former FBI agent and expert witness Jennifer Coffindaffer returns to Break the Case to dissect every known detail of this developing investigation, from the last verified sightings to the eerie gaps that have law enforcement scrambling for answers. Coffindaffer recounts how the case began not with a frantic 911 call, but with a report from the Lompoc Unified School District after Melodee hadn't attended school for months. The child's father died in a motorcycle crash when she was only six months old, and her mother, Ashley, appeared to have spiraled since. A chilling interview with Melodee's grandmother revealed a home in squalor, unfit for a child, and a family paralyzed by distance and dysfunction. By the time Child Protective Services intervened, it was already too late—Melodee had vanished. Law enforcement has released a crucial timeline. Melodee was last seen on October 7, 2025, at a California rental car agency, traveling with her mother, who reportedly planned a cross-country trip to Nebraska. Surveillance footage shows the child heavily clothed, possibly wearing a wig—a potential attempt to disguise her identity. As Coffindaffer points out, these details suggest intention, preparation, and deep secrecy. The FBI and Santa Barbara authorities have since executed search warrants, but so far, no confirmed trace of Melodee has been found. Through methodical breakdowns, Coffindaffer urges the public to share Melodee's image widely, drawing parallels to how social media once led to the discovery of Gabby Petito. Every share, every view, could be the one that brings a missing child home—or finally reveals the truth about what happened to her. #MelodeeBuzzard #MissingChild #TrueCrime #JenniferCoffindaffer #BreakTheCase #FBIInvestigation #HarmonyMontgomery #CPSFailure #GabbyPetito #TrueCrimeCommunity Want to comment and watch this podcast as a video? Check out our YouTube Channel. https://www.youtube.com/@hiddenkillerspod Instagram https://www.instagram.com/hiddenkillerspod/ Facebook https://www.facebook.com/hiddenkillerspod/ Tik-Tok https://www.tiktok.com/@hiddenkillerspod X Twitter https://x.com/tonybpod Listen Ad-Free On Apple Podcasts Here: https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/true-crime-today-premium-plus-ad-free-advance-episode/id1705422872

Nine-year-old Melodee Buzzard should have been in a classroom in Lompoc, California. Instead, she's missing—and the story unfolding around her disappearance is hauntingly familiar to anyone who followed the Harmony Montgomery case. Former FBI agent and expert witness Jennifer Coffindaffer returns to Break the Case to dissect every known detail of this developing investigation, from the last verified sightings to the eerie gaps that have law enforcement scrambling for answers. Coffindaffer recounts how the case began not with a frantic 911 call, but with a report from the Lompoc Unified School District after Melodee hadn't attended school for months. The child's father died in a motorcycle crash when she was only six months old, and her mother, Ashley, appeared to have spiraled since. A chilling interview with Melodee's grandmother revealed a home in squalor, unfit for a child, and a family paralyzed by distance and dysfunction. By the time Child Protective Services intervened, it was already too late—Melodee had vanished. Law enforcement has released a crucial timeline. Melodee was last seen on October 7, 2025, at a California rental car agency, traveling with her mother, who reportedly planned a cross-country trip to Nebraska. Surveillance footage shows the child heavily clothed, possibly wearing a wig—a potential attempt to disguise her identity. As Coffindaffer points out, these details suggest intention, preparation, and deep secrecy. The FBI and Santa Barbara authorities have since executed search warrants, but so far, no confirmed trace of Melodee has been found. Through methodical breakdowns, Coffindaffer urges the public to share Melodee's image widely, drawing parallels to how social media once led to the discovery of Gabby Petito. Every share, every view, could be the one that brings a missing child home—or finally reveals the truth about what happened to her. #MelodeeBuzzard #MissingChild #TrueCrime #JenniferCoffindaffer #BreakTheCase #FBIInvestigation #HarmonyMontgomery #CPSFailure #GabbyPetito #TrueCrimeCommunity Want to comment and watch this podcast as a video? Check out our YouTube Channel. https://www.youtube.com/@hiddenkillerspod Instagram https://www.instagram.com/hiddenkillerspod/ Facebook https://www.facebook.com/hiddenkillerspod/ Tik-Tok https://www.tiktok.com/@hiddenkillerspod X Twitter https://x.com/tonybpod Listen Ad-Free On Apple Podcasts Here: https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/true-crime-today-premium-plus-ad-free-advance-episode/id1705422872

This isn't just a missing-child case. It's a mirror held up to a system that looked the other way. Melodee Buzzard's home was reportedly in squalor. No food. No schooling. Prior CPS visits. Still, she remained. Then came the disguise — a wig, a hoodie, a rental car — and a cross-country drive that ended in silence. On Hidden Killers, Tony Brueski and retired FBI Special Agent Jennifer Coffindaffer strip away the excuses and bureaucracy that let it happen. How does a child go unaccounted for months while everyone knew something was wrong? How does a mother stay free when the child she left with never returns? They examine the intersection of law enforcement failure, family neglect, and bureaucratic paralysis — and what it says about the way America protects its most vulnerable. This episode is empathy for the child, outrage for the system, and an unflinching call for accountability. Because Melodee Buzzard didn't vanish overnight. She disappeared over years of warning signs ignored. Hashtags: #MelodeeBuzzard #SystemFailure #HiddenKillers #TrueCrimeToday #TonyBrueski #JenniferCoffindaffer #MissingChild #JusticeForMelodee Want to comment and watch this podcast as a video? Check out our YouTube Channel. https://www.youtube.com/@hiddenkillerspod Instagram https://www.instagram.com/hiddenkillerspod/ Facebook https://www.facebook.com/hiddenkillerspod/ Tik-Tok https://www.tiktok.com/@hiddenkillerspod X Twitter https://x.com/tonybpod Listen Ad-Free On Apple Podcasts Here: https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/true-crime-today-premium-plus-ad-free-advance-episode/id1705422872

Nine-year-old Melodee Buzzard should have been in a classroom in Lompoc, California. Instead, she's missing—and the story unfolding around her disappearance is hauntingly familiar to anyone who followed the Harmony Montgomery case. Former FBI agent and expert witness Jennifer Coffindaffer returns to Break the Case to dissect every known detail of this developing investigation, from the last verified sightings to the eerie gaps that have law enforcement scrambling for answers. Coffindaffer recounts how the case began not with a frantic 911 call, but with a report from the Lompoc Unified School District after Melodee hadn't attended school for months. The child's father died in a motorcycle crash when she was only six months old, and her mother, Ashley, appeared to have spiraled since. A chilling interview with Melodee's grandmother revealed a home in squalor, unfit for a child, and a family paralyzed by distance and dysfunction. By the time Child Protective Services intervened, it was already too late—Melodee had vanished. Law enforcement has released a crucial timeline. Melodee was last seen on October 7, 2025, at a California rental car agency, traveling with her mother, who reportedly planned a cross-country trip to Nebraska. Surveillance footage shows the child heavily clothed, possibly wearing a wig—a potential attempt to disguise her identity. As Coffindaffer points out, these details suggest intention, preparation, and deep secrecy. The FBI and Santa Barbara authorities have since executed search warrants, but so far, no confirmed trace of Melodee has been found. Through methodical breakdowns, Coffindaffer urges the public to share Melodee's image widely, drawing parallels to how social media once led to the discovery of Gabby Petito. Every share, every view, could be the one that brings a missing child home—or finally reveals the truth about what happened to her. #MelodeeBuzzard #MissingChild #TrueCrime #JenniferCoffindaffer #BreakTheCase #FBIInvestigation #HarmonyMontgomery #CPSFailure #GabbyPetito #TrueCrimeCommunity Want to comment and watch this podcast as a video? Check out our YouTube Channel. https://www.youtube.com/@hiddenkillerspod Instagram https://www.instagram.com/hiddenkillerspod/ Facebook https://www.facebook.com/hiddenkillerspod/ Tik-Tok https://www.tiktok.com/@hiddenkillerspod X Twitter https://x.com/tonybpod Listen Ad-Free On Apple Podcasts Here: https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/true-crime-today-premium-plus-ad-free-advance-episode/id1705422872

The sheriff's office release new images appearing to be missing 9-year-old Melodee Buzzard, have been released. Melodee Buzzard was reported missing on Oct. 14, 2025. Authorities allege a widespread criminal enterprise tied to the NBA/Mafia gambling scandal. #CourtTV - What do YOU think?Binge all episodes of #OpeningStatements here: https://www.courttv.com/trials/opening-statements-with-julie-grant/Watch the full video episode here: https://youtu.be/Bb8wYL3U3PwWatch 24/7 Court TV LIVE Stream Today https://www.courttv.com/Join the Investigation Newsletter https://www.courttv.com/email/Court TV Podcast https://www.courttv.com/podcast/Join the Court TV Community to get access to perks:https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCo5E9pEhK_9kWG7-5HHcyRg/joinFOLLOW THE CASE:Facebook https://www.facebook.com/courttvTwitter/X https://twitter.com/CourtTVInstagram https://www.instagram.com/courttvnetwork/TikTok https://www.tiktok.com/@courttvliveYouTube https://www.youtube.com/c/COURTTVWATCH +140 FREE TRIALS IN THE COURT TV ARCHIVEhttps://www.courttv.com/trials/HOW TO FIND COURT TVhttps://www.courttv.com/where-to-watch/This episode of the Opening Statements Podcast is hosted by Julie Grant, produced by Eric Goldson, and edited by Autumn Sewell. Hosted by Simplecast, an AdsWizz company. See pcm.adswizz.com for information about our collection and use of personal data for advertising.

Nine-year-old Melodee Buzzard vanished after a mysterious three-day road trip with her mother, Ashlee Buzzard, in early October 2025. Surveillance footage shows Melodee wearing a dark wig and hoodie at a California car-rental counter on October 7. Ashlee rented a white Chevy Malibu (plate CA 9MNG101), drove more than 1,500 miles to Nebraska, and returned alone on October 10. Four days later, on October 14, the Lompoc Unified School District reported the child's prolonged absence. Deputies found Ashlee Buzzard at her home — but no Melodee. Officials say she has not provided a verifiable explanation and remains uncooperative. The FBI has joined the Santa Barbara County Sheriff's Office, classifying Melodee as an “at-risk missing child.” In this episode of Hidden Killers with Tony Brueski, Tony examines the mounting evidence, the haunting disguise footage, and the public's growing frustration that no arrest has been made. How can a mother drive across state lines with her child, return alone, and face no charges? Why hasn't an AMBER Alert been issued? What does her silence tell investigators — and what does it hide? Join Tony for a raw, in-depth breakdown of a case that exposes the gaps in our missing-child system. Hear how the FBI is tracing license-plate readers, cell-site data, and rental-car GPS logs to piece together Melodee's final known route. This story isn't about custody disputes — it's about accountability, and a little girl who deserves to be found. If you have information about Melodee Buzzard or Ashlee Buzzard's travel between October 7 and 10, contact the Santa Barbara County Sheriff's Office (805-681-4150) or the FBI (1-800-CALL-FBI / tips.fbi.gov). #MelodeeBuzzard #MissingChild #AshleeBuzzard #FBI #HiddenKillers #TonyBrueski #TrueCrime #Lompoc #SantaBarbara #AtRiskChild #Investigation If you saw anything—any sighting of Ashlee Buzzard or a young girl between October 7 and October 10—call the Santa Barbara County Sheriff's Office at (805) 681-4150, or their anonymous line at (805) 681-4171, or the FBI at 1-800-CALL-FBI. Because the truth is simple: silence protects no one. And until the silence breaks, Melodee Buzzard is still missing. And that should haunt every single one of us. Want to comment and watch this podcast as a video? Check out our YouTube Channel. https://www.youtube.com/@hiddenkillerspod Instagram https://www.instagram.com/hiddenkillerspod/ Facebook https://www.facebook.com/hiddenkillerspod/ Tik-Tok https://www.tiktok.com/@hiddenkillerspod X Twitter https://x.com/tonybpod Listen Ad-Free On Apple Podcasts Here: https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/true-crime-today-premium-plus-ad-free-advance-episode/id1705422872

Nine-year-old Melodee Buzzard vanished after a mysterious three-day road trip with her mother, Ashlee Buzzard, in early October 2025. Surveillance footage shows Melodee wearing a dark wig and hoodie at a California car-rental counter on October 7. Ashlee rented a white Chevy Malibu (plate CA 9MNG101), drove more than 1,500 miles to Nebraska, and returned alone on October 10. Four days later, on October 14, the Lompoc Unified School District reported the child's prolonged absence. Deputies found Ashlee Buzzard at her home — but no Melodee. Officials say she has not provided a verifiable explanation and remains uncooperative. The FBI has joined the Santa Barbara County Sheriff's Office, classifying Melodee as an “at-risk missing child.” In this episode of Hidden Killers with Tony Brueski, Tony examines the mounting evidence, the haunting disguise footage, and the public's growing frustration that no arrest has been made. How can a mother drive across state lines with her child, return alone, and face no charges? Why hasn't an AMBER Alert been issued? What does her silence tell investigators — and what does it hide? Join Tony for a raw, in-depth breakdown of a case that exposes the gaps in our missing-child system. Hear how the FBI is tracing license-plate readers, cell-site data, and rental-car GPS logs to piece together Melodee's final known route. This story isn't about custody disputes — it's about accountability, and a little girl who deserves to be found. If you have information about Melodee Buzzard or Ashlee Buzzard's travel between October 7 and 10, contact the Santa Barbara County Sheriff's Office (805-681-4150) or the FBI (1-800-CALL-FBI / tips.fbi.gov). #MelodeeBuzzard #MissingChild #AshleeBuzzard #FBI #HiddenKillers #TonyBrueski #TrueCrime #Lompoc #SantaBarbara #AtRiskChild #Investigation If you saw anything—any sighting of Ashlee Buzzard or a young girl between October 7 and October 10—call the Santa Barbara County Sheriff's Office at (805) 681-4150, or their anonymous line at (805) 681-4171, or the FBI at 1-800-CALL-FBI. Because the truth is simple: silence protects no one. And until the silence breaks, Melodee Buzzard is still missing. And that should haunt every single one of us. Want to comment and watch this podcast as a video? Check out our YouTube Channel. https://www.youtube.com/@hiddenkillerspod Instagram https://www.instagram.com/hiddenkillerspod/ Facebook https://www.facebook.com/hiddenkillerspod/ Tik-Tok https://www.tiktok.com/@hiddenkillerspod X Twitter https://x.com/tonybpod Listen Ad-Free On Apple Podcasts Here: https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/true-crime-today-premium-plus-ad-free-advance-episode/id1705422872

On “Banfield,” a 9-year-old girl is still missing after her mother took her on a road trip and came home without her. "Banfield" brings you the latest on the search for Melodee Buzzard. Also, Ashleigh Banfield talks with Colby Ryan, the son of convicted killer Lori Vallow. He knows what it's like when your siblings disappear and your family comes under fire. Plus, forget about UFOs — now, there are USOs, or unidentified submersible objects. See what may be lurking under the sea and what dangers they may bring. And, we have a new mystery at the Louvre. An unidentified man appears right in front of the police, but is he even real?Ashleigh Banfield is *the* definitive authority on the nation`s biggest true crime stories. A veteran award-winning journalist, Ashleigh brings a sharp focus to the crime stories gripping America, distilling facts and analyzing context in a way which captures viewers` interests and imaginations. No one knows the prosecution and the defendants` cases better than BANFIELD, all the while keeping the victim at the heart of every story we tell just another reason NewsNation is truly News for All Americans.Weeknights at 10p/9C. #BanfieldNewsNation is your source for fact-based, unbiased news for all Americans. More from NewsNation: https://www.newsnationnow.com/Get our app: https://trib.al/TBXgYppFind us on cable: https://trib.al/YDOpGyGHow to watch on TV or streaming: https://trib.al/Vu0Ikij

Across the South, the word witch has been used to explain what people fear and cannot control. For generations, healers, midwives, conjurers and root workers carried knowledge their communities needed, yet often faced suspicion when tragedy struck. In this episode of Southern Mysteries, we explore the real lives and southern legends behind those branded as witches. From colonial courts to mountain cabins and coastal swamps, these stories reveal how the line between healing and haunting has always been thin and how fear can turn ordinary people into figures of folklore. Join the Community on Patreon: Want more Southern Mysteries? You can hear the Southern Mysteries show archive of 60+ episodes along with Patron exclusive podcast, Audacious: Tales of American Crime and more when you become a patron of the show. You can immediately access exclusive content now at patreon.com/southernmysteries

A troubling case out of California has authorities searching for a missing 9-year-old girl — Melodee Buzzard — who hasn’t been seen in weeks.See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

Melodee, of Lompoc, California, has not been seen for more than two weeks, and her mom, Ashlee Buzzard, is not cooperating with investigators, according to the Santa Barbara County Sheriff's Office. See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

Melodee, of Lompoc, California, has not been seen for more than two weeks, and her mom, Ashlee Buzzard, is not cooperating with investigators, according to the Santa Barbara County Sheriff's Office. See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

Here's an update to a story that has sparked outrage in Oklahoma and across the country. 'Banfield' has been covering the case of Jesse Butler, the teenager convicted of brutally raping and strangling two ex-girlfriends, whose 78-year prison sentence was later vacated. Now, there's another similar case from the same county, the same court and even the same judge. We have the latest.Plus, breaking news in the investigation into a missing 9-year-old California girl. Police have released a new surveillance photo of Melodee Buzzard, who was spotted at a California car rental agency just a few weeks ago. We have the latest from police, and Ashleigh speaks with Melodee's aunt. All that tonight on "Banfield."Ashleigh Banfield is *the* definitive authority on the nation's biggest true crime stories. A veteran award-winning journalist, Ashleigh brings a sharp focus to the crime stories gripping America, distilling facts and analyzing context in a way which captures viewers' interests and imaginations. No one knows the prosecution and the defendants' cases better than BANFIELD, all the while keeping the victim at the heart of every story we tell – just another reason NewsNation is truly News for All Americans.Weeknights at 10p/9C. #BanfieldNewsNation is your source for fact-based, unbiased news for all Americans. More from NewsNation: https://www.newsnationnow.com/Get our app: https://trib.al/TBXgYppFind us on cable: https://trib.al/YDOpGyGHow to watch on TV or streaming: https://trib.al/Vu0Ikij

Authorities estimate that 9-year-old Melodee Buzzard has been missing from Vandenberg Village, California, since October 7, 2025. She was last seen with her mother, Ashlee Buzzard, when she was driving a rented white Chevy Malibu, license plate number 9MNG101, from California to Nebraska between October 7th, 2025, and October 14th, 2025. She is no longer in possession of that vehicle, but investigators have asked the public to report any information they may have about Ashlee, Melodee, or the vehicle between those dates to the Santa Barbara County Sheriff's Office at 805-681-4150. You can also submit a tip anonymously at 805-681-4171, online at SBSheriff.org, or at Tips.FBI.Gov. For more information about the podcast and the cases discussed, visit VoicesforJusticePodcast.com Don't forget to follow me on social media under Voices for Justice Podcast & SarahETurney Join the Patreon family to get instant access to a library of extra content, support the show, and support these cases https://www.patreon.com/VoicesforJustice For more information about the cases discussed, visit ⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠VoicesforJusticePodcast.com⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠ For even more content or if you just want to support our show, you can join our Patreon at ⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠Patreon.com/voicesforjustice⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠ Follow us on social media: Twitter: ⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠@VFJPod⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠ Instagram: ⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠@VoicesforJusticePodcast⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠ TikTok: ⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠@VoicesforJusticePodcast⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠ Facebook: ⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠@VoicesforJusticePodcast⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠   Voices for Justice is hosted by Sarah Turney Twitter: ⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠@SarahETurney⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠ Instagram: ⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠@SarahETurney⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠ TikTok: ⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠@SarahETurney⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠ Facebook: ⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠@SarahETurney⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠ YouTube: ⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠@SarahTurney⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠ The introduction music used in Voices for Justice is Thread of Clouds by Blue Dot Sessions. Outro music is Melancholic Ending by Soft and Furious. The track used for ad transitions is Pinky by Blue Dot Sessions. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices

Nine-year-old Melodee Buzzard vanishes, and her mother, Ashlee, won't talk. Investigators believe Ashlee Buzzard drove her daughter from California to Nebraska before returning alone. Plus, Vinnie Politan and his guests break down Terence Crosbie's testimony in his defense.#CourtTV - What do YOU think?Binge all episodes of #ClosingArguments here: https://www.courttv.com/trials/closing-arguments-with-vinnie-politan/Watch the full video episode here: https://youtu.be/YlrWXNJ3J2wWatch 24/7 Court TV LIVE Stream Today https://www.courttv.com/Join the Investigation Newsletter https://www.courttv.com/email/Court TV Podcast https://www.courttv.com/podcast/Join the Court TV Community to get access to perks:https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCo5E9pEhK_9kWG7-5HHcyRg/joinFOLLOW THE CASE:Facebook https://www.facebook.com/courttvTwitter/X https://twitter.com/CourtTVInstagram https://www.instagram.com/courttvnetwork/TikTok https://www.tiktok.com/@courttvliveYouTube https://www.youtube.com/c/COURTTVWATCH +140 FREE TRIALS IN THE COURT TV ARCHIVEhttps://www.courttv.com/trials/HOW TO FIND COURT TVhttps://www.courttv.com/where-to-watch/This episode of Closing Arguments Podcast was hosted by Vinnie Politan, produced by Kerry O'Connor and Robynn Love, and edited by Autumn Sewell. Hosted by Simplecast, an AdsWizz company. See pcm.adswizz.com for information about our collection and use of personal data for advertising.

In this episode of Aussie Bourbon Lovers, we open a bottle of Buzzard's Roost Toasted French Oak Bourbon — a whiskey that shows how innovation can live inside tradition. We dive into the details behind Buzzard's Roost's unique toasting and finishing methods, share our tasting notes (think butterscotch, vanilla and warm baking spices), and talk about what makes this brand one of the most exciting in modern bourbon. Whether you're a fan of finishes or just curious about how toasted French oak changes a whiskey, this episode is worth a listen.   Chapters: 00:00 Introduction to Buzzard's Roost Bourbon 03:22 Exploring the Flavour Profile 06:21 Understanding Sourced Bourbon 09:11 The Experience at Buzzard's Roost Distillery

CASE 1: WHERE IS MELODEE BUZZARD? Nine-year-old Melodee Buzzard vanished from Vandenberg Village, California, and her mother refuses to tell investigators where she is. We explore the troubling circumstances surrounding her disappearance, including a mysterious 1,500-mile road trip to Nebraska, years of systematic family isolation, and the lack of educational oversight. Evidence suggests Melodee was last seen on October 7th, 2025. The FBI has joined the search, but her mother, Ashlee Buzzard, remains completely uncooperative. Why won't she tell authorities where her daughter is? What happened during that cross-country trip? And most importantly, is Melodee safe? CASE 2: THE DEATH OF JACQUELINE "MIMI" TORRES-GARCIAIn October 2025, the body of 11-year-old Jacqueline Torres-Garcia was found in a storage bin outside an abandoned house in New Britain, Connecticut. Her mother and her mother's boyfriend admitted to police that they starved the child, restrained her with zip ties, and left her to die while other family members watched.These are stories of systemic failures, community activism, and the urgent need for better protections for vulnerable children. Resources:Santa Barbara County Sheriff's Office: 805-681-4150Anonymous Tip Line: 805-681-4171Online Tips: SBSheriff.orgKeywords: Melodee Buzzard, Jacqueline Torres-Garcia, Mimi Torres-Garcia, missing child, California missing person, New Britain Connecticut, child abuse case, true crime podcast, FBI investigation, child welfare failures, homeschooling regulations, family isolation, child neglect, systemic failures, DCF investigation, child protection, mandatory reporters, Vandenberg Village, Santa Barbara County, Karla Garcia, Ashlee Buzzard, child safety awareness, invisible children, active investigations, current cases, child starvation, uncooperative parent, community activism, child cruelty.Become a supporter of this podcast: https://www.spreaker.com/podcast/we-saw-the-devil-a-true-crime-podcast--4433638/support.Website: http://www.wesawthedevil.comPatreon: http://www.patreon.com/wesawthedevilDiscord: https://discord.gg/X2qYXdB4Twitter: http://www.twitter.com/WeSawtheDevilInstagram: http://www.instagram.com/wesawthedevilpodcast.

A medium sized raptor (bird of prey) with broad wings, a compact body, short neck and medium-length tail. Has a short hooked bill suitable for eating meat.

Steve, Miss Beka Sue, Ryan “The Billionaire” Thompson, Justine Mays and Lenny talk about Buzzard's Roost haunted tour. TBD music by Kevin MacLeod (incompetech.com).   Important Links: Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/theabvnetwork Our Events Page: bourbonpalooza.com Check us out at: abvnetwork.com. The ABV Barrel Shop: abvbarrelshop.com   Join the revolution by adding #ABVNetworkCrew to your profile on social media.

Josh Gates takes on the Indian Ocean's punishing waters as he chases the lost treasure of Olivier Levasseur, aka "The Buzzard," rumored to be worth more than a billion dollars. Hosted on Acast. See acast.com/privacy for more information.

We packed up the studio and took The Dorrigo Podcast on the road — live from The Rec! With the doors open to the public, we were joined by some brilliant local voices: Rohan from the Bielsdown River Walk crew, young Finn Moffatt on the revival of cricket in Dorrigo with the Buzzards, and the “golden tonsils of Bellingen” Kye Ruigrok on the drama surrounding Dorrigo's radio tower. Plus, we cover all the latest local events and sports, and tackle the controversial Question of the Week: Do you enjoy the crust slices in a loaf of bread? All that, and the usual rubbish, in Episode 49 of TDP.

Jim and Todd are back together in the Bourbon Road bar for a tasting flight of five unique whiskeys, along with a roundup of the latest bourbon industry news. They kick off the night with the Brothers Bond Regenerative Grain Bourbon. This 92-proof, four-year-old expression is a four-grain blend of wheated and high-rye bourbons from 70 barrels hand-selected by founders Ian Somerhalder and Paul Wesley. The hosts find a pleasant nose of sweet cornbread that opens up on the palate to honey-glazed fruits like peach and pear with a nice oaky spice on the finish. Next up is the first-ever Cigar Blend Bourbon from Buzzard's Roost. The hosts discuss what defines a "cigar blend"—typically a rich, complex, and intense whiskey that can stand up to a cigar. This 105-proof, double-oaked expression delivers, with an intriguing nose of new leather and cinnamon toast. The palate reveals notes of toasted marshmallow, a wisp of smoke, sarsaparilla, and even black licorice, making for a whiskey with a broad spectrum of flavors perfect for pairing. The third pour is the highly anticipated Bardstown Discovery Series #13. This complex, 110.8-proof release is Bardstown's first double-barreled expression—a blend of four Kentucky bourbons aged 8 to 15 years, which was then split and finished for four months in both new American white oak and Hungarian oak before being married back together. The result is a masterfully balanced whiskey with a nose of toasty vanilla and crème brûlée that leads to a palate of honeycomb cereal, cherry, and an extra-long, slightly drying finish. For the fourth glass, they travel to Iowa for the Cedar Ridge Barrel Proof Bourbon. At 116 proof and an approachable price, this bourbon is crafted from a unique mash bill that includes 14% malted rye. This special grain shines through, softening the spirit and creating a surprisingly sweet profile with prominent notes of peaches and sweet tea. The tasting concludes with a "dark horse": Silver Spring Sweet Rye from J.W. Kelly in Tennessee. This single-barrel, 122-proof Kentucky rye drinks nothing like a typical rye. The hosts are amazed by its unique profile, which starts with a nose of fig and an effervescent lemon-lime quality. The palate is a delightful surprise, full of fruity notes like cherry and strawberry, along with cotton candy, cacao, and a hint of white pepper on the finish. Bourbon on the Banks 2025 Smokeys Lifestyle Cigars Be sure to check out our private Facebook group, “The Bourbon Roadies” for a great group of bourbon loving people. You will be welcomed with open arms!

John Moore joins the podcast to discuss his recent Viewpoint article responding to Siegert et al.'s paper on polar geoengineering. While Siegert and colleagues argue that proposed interventions are infeasible, environmentally dangerous, and a distraction from decarbonization, Moore contrasts the prevailing “consequences-based paradigm” (raising alarms to spur actions) with a new “compassionate harm reduction paradigm” that calls for exploring all potential tools including geoengineering rather than rejecting them outright, so humanity has options to reduce harm if warming overshoots.The conversation covers the risks of melting glaciers and sea-level rise, and specific concepts such as stratospheric aerosol injection. Moore also stresses the importance of Arctic Indigenous leadership, pointing to Saami Council-led review processes as a model for rights-based and knowledge co-produced governance.The discussion also highlights the sharp divides in the climate community over polar geoengineering and raises fundamental questions about the responsibilities of scientists in an era of accelerating climate risk.Papers:Lead Article: Siegert, M., Sevestre, H., Bentley, M. J., Brigham-Grette, J., Burgess, H., Buzzard, S., ... & Truffer, M. (2025). Safeguarding the polar regions from dangerous geoengineering: a critical assessment of proposed concepts and future prospects. Frontiers in Science, 3, 1527393. https://doi.org/10.3389/fsci.2025.1527393Viewpoint: Moore, J. C., Macias-Fauria, M., & Wolovick, M. (2025). A new paradigm from the Arctic. Frontiers in Science, 3, 1657323. https://doi.org/10.3389/fsci.2025.1657323

Cancer starts very small. Ignore it and it will kill you. Rebellion is as the sin of witchcraft. I bet if your child came in all dressed in back and with a pendgram around their neck you'd be concerned. It's when they lie to you are rebell against you ---you better be concerned. Look how far we have rebelled in fashion, respecting authority and the list goes on and on.

When we talk about chasing buzzards many parents do not think about the buzzards teaching children today in our schools! In far too many cases these schools are indoctrination camps who have our children 6 hours a day, 5 days a week, 30 hours a week for 13 years! Beware. Beware. Beware!

The moment you decide to do something for zgog or that a step forward in your Christian life Satan says "oh no your not" and the battle begins. Satan knows your weakness and fights to stop you.  

Satan is going to try everything he can to disrupt your life---your family and God's call on your life. You've got to chase him from your home, your children, your marriage and your whole life!

Steve, Justine, Matt & Jason check-in with Jason about how his daughter is doing at Buzzard's Roost.   TBD music by Kevin MacLeod (incompetech.com).   Important Links: Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/theabvnetwork Our Events Page: bourbonpalooza.com Check us out at: abvnetwork.com. The ABV Barrel Shop: abvbarrelshop.com   Join the revolution by adding #ABVNetworkCrew to your profile on social media.

In this Episode of The Bourbon Life Podcast, Matt and Mark spend some time hanging out with Jason Brauner, Co-Founder & Master Blender, of Buzzard's Roost Sippin' Whiskeys. They talk with Jason about his background in the restaurant world and how that led him into the world of Bourbon, how the Buzzard's Roost brand was created and their unique double oaking technique, as well as what the future looks like for the brand. They also taste and review their Double Oak Bourbon, their brand new Double Oak Cigar Blend Bourbon, and Single Barrel Founder's Select Bourbon. This Episode of The Bourbon Life Podcast is sponsored by Three Chord Bourbon and The Kitchen Table at James B. Beam Distilling Co. Check out all of our amazing sponsors online at:  www.threechordbourbon.com www.visitthekitchentable.com  

The Trombone Corner Podcast is brought to you by Bob Reeves Brass and The Brass Ark.  Join hosts Noah and John as they interview Tom "Bones" Malone.   About Tom : Tom “Bones” Malone, trombonist, multi-instrumentalist, arranger & producer is best known for his work with The Blues Brothers, David Letterman Show and Saturday Night Live. Tom has played on 4,400+ television shows, 3,500+ radio & television commercials, over 1,500 recordings and thousands of live performances throughout the world. Tom has done 3,000 arrangements for television.   Tom plays trombone, tuba, bass trombone, contrabass trombone, euphonium, bass trumpet, trumpet, flugelhorn, piccolo trumpet, alto sax, tenor sax, baritone sax, flute, piccolo, alto flute and bass flute.   “Tom Bones Malone, a multi-instrumentalist, is perhaps the most successful musician in the history of film, live television and sound recording production.” - Ray Hair, president, American Federation of Musicians   Tom has performed, recorded and/or arranged for Ray Charles, James Brown, Stevie Wonder, Paul McCartney, Gil Evans, Yes, Miles Davis, Beck, Aretha Franklin, Spyro Gyra, Jimmy Cliff, Frank Zappa, Stuff, The Temptations, The Supremes, Sting, Elton John, James Taylor, J Giels Band, Blood Sweat & Tears, The Band, Levon Helm, Phil Collins, Wilson Pickett, Sam & Dave, Ben E. King, The BeeGees, Meco, The Coasters, Bon Jovie, Carly Simon, Dr. John, Olivia Newton-John, Joe Cocker, The Meters, The Neville Brothers, Leo Sayer, Boz Skaggs, Chuck Berry, Robert Plant, Jeff Beck, Jimmy Page, Gypsy Kings, Willie Nelson, Clint Black, Dolly Parton, George Benson, B B King, Vince Gill, John Mayer, Steve Winwood, The Killers, Blues Traveler, The Stylistics, Busta Rhymes, Bonnie Raitt, Bruce Springsteen, Al Green, Gloria Estefan, Garth Brooks, Faith Hill, Eddie Harris, Cyndi Lauper, David Bowie, ‘N Sync, Coolio, Snoop Dog, 50 Cent, Solomon Burke, Steely Dan, Aerosmith, Tony Bennett, Mary J. Blige, Peter Frampton, Lyle Lovett, Etta James, Jon Secada, Joe Cocker, Sinead O'Conner, Toni Braxton, Harry Connick, Jr., Randy Newman, Little Richard, Pointer Sisters, Eric Clapton, Billy Preston, Marvin Gaye, Whitney Houston, Chaka Kahn, Four Tops, Elephant's Memory, Eddie Floyd, Count Basie, The Spinners, The Stylistics, Barry Manilow, Jose Feliciano, Woody Herman, Tom Petty, Macy Grey, Van Morrison, Frankie Valli, Hanson, Peggy Lee, Brenda Lee, Liza Minelli, Cab Calloway, The O'Jay's, Nancy Wilson, Shirley Bassey, Billy Joel, Bonnie Tyler, Lou Reed, Baja Men, Dr. Buzzard's Savannah Band, Joss Stone, Dionne Warwick, Meatloaf, Ashford & Simpson, Pat Metheny, David Sanborn, Luther Vandross, Teddy Pendergrass, Glen Campbell, Malo, Vicki Sue Robinson, Mandrill, Gladys Knight & The Pips, Diana Ross, Average White Band, Dreamgirls, Van McCoy, Mongo Santamaria, Instant Funk, Stephanie Mills, Herbie Mann, Paul Simon, Gloria Gayner, Plácido Domingo, Village People, Bobby Blue Bland, Pink Floyd, Hubert Laws, Tina Turner, Joe Jackson, Chuck Mangione, Lou Rawls, David Byrne, Phil Woods, James Ingram, Hank Crawford, Carmen McRae, Bette Midler, Phoebe Snow, Rupert Holmes, BJ Thomas, Samantha Sang, Al Jarreau, Sheena Easton, Johnny Taylor, Little Milton, Stanley Clark, Little Anthony & The Imperials, Joe Pesche, Ron Carter, Buddy Rich, Les Elgart, Larry Elgart, Billy Cobham, Louis Bellson, Stanley Turrentine, Gato Barbieri, Ringo Starr, Lady Gaga, Bob Geldoff, Debbie Harry, Run DMC, Ricky Martin, John Mellencamp, Eurythmics, Rufus Thomas, Debby Harry, Run DMC, Ricky Martin, Shaggy, John Mellencamp, Chris Montez, Joey Dee, Dusty Springfield, The Blues Brothers, Hanson and many others.

Frank sets the FFAA time machine back to the decadent and "dancetastic" 1970s as comedian-author Frank DeCaro ("Disco: Music, Movies and Mania Under the Mirror Ball") and Grammy-nominated singer Cory Daye (Dr. Buzzard's Original Savannah Band, Kid Creole and the Coconuts) celebrate the songs, artists, movies, nightclubs and cultural impact of the disco era. In this episode: Dr. Buzzard meets James Bond, Ethel Merman records a camp classic, Frank weighs in on Disco Demolition Night and Cory recalls the heyday of the legendary Studio 54. PLUS: Mike Douglas! ABBA trading cards! The genius of Paul Jabara! "Playboy's Roller Disco & Pajama Party"! Frank interviews the Queen of Disco! And Cory hangs with RuPaul, Grace Jones and Cab Calloway! Subscribe now on  Apple ⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/fun-for-all-ages-with-frank-santopadre/id1824012922⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠ Spotify ⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠https://open.spotify.com/show/18EQJNDwlYMUSh2uXD6Mu6?si=97966f6f8c474bc9⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠ Amazon ⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠https://music.amazon.com/podcasts/13b5ed88-d28d-4f0c-a65e-8b32eecd80f6/fun-for-all-ages-with-frank-santopadre⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠ YouTube ⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLgvlbF41NLLPvsrcZ9XIsYKkH_HvUXHSG⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠ iHeart ⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠https://www.iheart.com/podcast/269-fun-for-all-ages-with-fran-283612643/⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠ TuneIn ⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠http://tun.in/pxOWO Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

Steve, McNew, Jeff, Matt and Goeken talk about the new Cigar bourbon release from Buzzard's Roost.   TBD music by Kevin MacLeod (incompetech.com).   Important Links: Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/theabvnetwork Our Events Page: bourbonpalooza.com Check us out at: abvnetwork.com. The ABV Barrel Shop: abvbarrelshop.com   Join the revolution by adding #ABVNetworkCrew to your profile on social media.

It's This Week in Bourbon for August 22th 2025. Four Roses Distillery is releasing its 2025 Limited Edition Small Batch Bourbon, Old Forester is releasing its most anticipated annual whisky: Birthday Bourbon, and The James B. Beam Distilling Co. is releasing a limited-edition Beam Pin Bottle.Show Notes: Evan Williams Bourbon expands its college partnerships with three new schools and ESPN reporter Molly McGrath as its new brand ambassador. The Kentucky Distillers' Association will host its second annual World Bourbon Toast live from the Bourbon & Beyond Festival. Knob Creek is teaming up with Eli Manning for the return of its Bold Picks campaign, along with a limited-edition single barrel cask strength bourbon. Buzzard's Roost Distillery is releasing a new 6-year-old, 105-proof Cigar Blend Bourbon just in time for the Kentucky Bourbon Festival. Four Roses Distillery is releasing its 2025 Limited Edition Small Batch Bourbon, a blend of four recipes aged up to 19 years. Single Cask Nation is releasing three new American whiskey expressions from New York Distilling, Balcones, and Cedar Ridge. Woodford Reserve is introducing a new 12-Year-Old American Single Malt Whiskey as part of its limited Distillery Series. Old Forester is releasing its 2025 Birthday Bourbon, a 12-year-old expression created with a sweet mash process for the first time. Chicken Cock Whiskey is launching Miller's Reserve American Whiskey, a limited-edition blend of four 8-10-year-old whiskeys. Larrikin Bourbon Co. will debut its new “Cigar Lounge” 9-year-old bourbon finished in five different barrels at the Kentucky Bourbon Festival. Old Dominick Distillery is launching its 8-Year Reserve Bourbon, an expression as old as the distillery itself. James B. Beam Distilling Co. is celebrating its 230th Anniversary with a new limited-edition Beam Pin Bottle. Remus Bourbon is releasing Repeal Reserve Series IX, a rare blend of bourbons aged between 10 and 18 years, at the series' highest-ever proof. Blue Run Spirits is releasing Glimmer, a limited-edition Kentucky Straight Bourbon Whiskey finished in gin barrels. Michter's will release its US*1 Toasted Barrel Finish Sour Mash Whiskey, continuing its series of toasted barrel whiskeys. Maker's Mark announces the 2025 release of Cellar Aged, blending 11-, 13-, and 14-year-old bourbon aged to taste. Support this podcast on Patreon Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

How should we understand the words, “in him all things were created” in Col 1.16? Although commonly taken to mean Christ created the universe, this view has contextual, structural, and exegetical problems. In what follows I’ll name six problems with old-creation readings before laying out why a new creation approach makes sense. I presented this talk at the 2025 Unitarian Christian Alliance (UCA) conference in Uxbridge, England. Scroll down to see the full-length paper. For those listening to the audio, here’s a quick reference to Colossians 1.15-20 Strophe 1 (Col 1.15-18a) 15a      who is (the) image of the invisible God, 15b      firstborn of all creation 16a      for in him were created all things 16b                  in the heavens and upon the earth, 16c                  the visible and the invisible, 16d                  whether thrones or dominions or rulers or authorities 16e      all things have been created through him and for him 17a      and he is before all things 17b      and all things hold together in him 18a      and he is the head of the body of the Church,[12] Strophe 2 (Col 1.18b-20) 18b      who is (the) beginning, 18c      firstborn from the dead, 18d                  in order that he may be first in all things, 19        for in him was pleased all the fulness to dwell 20a      and through him to reconcile all things in him, 20b      making peace through the blood of his cross 20c                  whether the things upon the earth 20d                  or the things in the heavens Here’s Randy Leedy’s New Testament Diagram Here are the slides in the original PowerPoint format Download [13.82 MB] Here are the slides converted to PDF Loading... Taking too long? Reload document | Open in new tab Download [3.16 MB] To read the paper, simply scroll down or read it on Academia.edu.   Listen on Spotify   Listen on Apple Podcasts —— Links —— Check out these other papers by Sean Finnegan Support Restitutio by donating here Join our Restitutio Facebook Group and follow Finnegan on X @RestitutioSF Leave a voice message via SpeakPipe with questions or comments and we may play it out on the air Who is Sean Finnegan?  Read his bio here Get Finnegan’s book, Kingdom Journey to learn about God’s kingdom coming on earth as well as the story of how Christianity lost this pearl of great price. Get the transcript of this episode Intro music: Good Vibes by MBB Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported (CC BY-SA 3.0) Free Download / Stream: Music promoted by Audio Library. Below is the paper presented on July 25, 2025 in Uxbridge, England at the 2nd annual UCA UK Conference. Access this paper on Academia.edu to get the pdf. Full text is below, including bibliography and end notes. Colossians 1.16: Old Creation or New Creation? by Sean P. Finnegan Abstract  How should we understand the words, “in him all things were created” in Col 1.16? Although commonly taken to mean Christ created the universe, this view has contextual, structural, and exegetical problems. In what follows, I will explain the difficulties with the various old creation readings of Col 1.16 along with five reasons for a new creation approach. Then I'll provide a new creation reading of Col 1.16 before summarizing my findings in the conclusion. Introduction  Colossians 1.15-20 is a fascinating text of great importance for Christology. Commonly understood to be a hymn, it is fascinating in its cosmic scope and elevated Christology. Although many commentators interpret Paul[1] to say that Christ created the universe in his pre-existent state in Col 1.16, not all scholars see it that way. For example, Edward Schillebeeckx writes, “There is no mention in this text of pre-existence in the Trinitarian sense.”[2] Rather he sees “an eschatological pre-existence, characteristic of wisdom and apocalyptic.”[3] G. B. Caird agreed that Paul's focus in Col. 1.15-20 was not pre-existence (contra Lightfoot), rather, “The main thread of Paul's thought, then, is the manhood of Christ.”[4] In other words, “All that has been said in vv. 15-18 can be said of the historical Jesus.”[5] James Dunn also denied that Paul saw Christ as God's agent in creation in Col 1.15-20, claiming that such an interpretation was “to read imaginative metaphor in a pedantically literal way.”[6] James McGrath argued that “Jesus is the one through whom God's new creation takes place.” [7] Andrew Perriman likewise noted, “There is no reference to the creation of heaven and earth, light and darkness, sea and dry land, lights in the heavens, vegetation, or living creatures,”[8] also preferring a new creation approach.[9] To understand why such a broad range of scholars diverge from the old creation interpretation of Col 1.16, we will examine several contextual, structural, and exegetical problems. While explaining these, I'll also put forward four reasons to interpret Col 1.16 as new creation. Then I'll provide a fifth before giving a new creation reading of Col 1.15-20. But before going any further, let's familiarize ourselves with the text and structure. The Form of Col 1.15-20  To get our bearings, let me begin by providing a translation,[10] carefully structured to show the two strophes.[11] Strophe 1 (Col 1.15-18a) 15a      who is (the) image of the invisible God, 15b      firstborn of all creation 16a      for in him were created all things 16b                  in the heavens and upon the earth, 16c                  the visible and the invisible, 16d                  whether thrones or dominions or rulers or authorities 16e      all things have been created through him and for him 17a      and he is before all things 17b      and all things hold together in him 18a      and he is the head of the body of the Church,[12] Strophe 2 (Col 1.18b-20) 18b      who is (the) beginning, 18c      firstborn from the dead, 18d                  in order that he may be first in all things, 19        for in him was pleased all the fulness to dwell 20a      and through him to reconcile all things in him, 20b      making peace through the blood of his cross 20c                  whether the things upon the earth 20d                  or the things in the heavens Here I've followed the two-strophe structure (1.15-18a and 18b-20) noted more than a century ago by the classical philologist Eduard Norden[13] and repeated by James Robinson,[14] Edward Lohse,[15] Edward Schweizer,[16] James Dunn,[17] Ben Witherington III,[18] and William Lane[19] among others. By lining up the parallel lines of the two strophes, we can clearly see the poetic form. Strophe 1 15a who is (the) image… 15b firstborn of all creation 16a for in him were created all things… 16e  all things have been created through him… Strophe 2 18b who is (the) beginning, 18c firstborn from the dead … 19 for in him was pleased all… 20a and through him to reconcile all things in him… Such striking repeated language between the two strophes means that we should be careful to maintain the parallels between them and not take a grammatical or exegetical position on a word or phrase that would disconnect it from the parallel line in the other strophe. Some scholars, including F. F. Bruce,[20] Michael Bird,[21] David Pao,[22] among others proposed vv. 17-18a as an independent transitional link between the two strophes. Lohse explained the motivation for this unlikely innovation as follows. Above all, it is curious that at the end of the first, cosmologically oriented strophe, Christ is suddenly referred to as the “head of the body, the church” (1:18a κεφαλή τοῦ σώματος τῆς ἐκκλησίας). Considering its content, this statement would have to be connected with the second strophe which is characterized by soteriological statements. The structure of the hymn, however, places it in the first strophe.[23] For interpreters who prefer to think of the first strophe as cosmogony and the second as soteriology, a line about Christ's headship over the church doesn't fit very well. They restructure the form based on their interpretation of the content. Such a policy reverses the order of operations. One should determine the form and then interpret the content in light of structure. Lohse was right to reject the addition of a new transitional bridge between the two strophes. He called it “out of the question” since vv. 17-18a underscore “all things” and “serve as a summary that brings the first strophe to a conclusion.”[24] Now that we've oriented ourselves to some degree, let's consider old creation readings of Col 1.16 and the problems that arise when reading it that way. Old Creation Readings  Within the old creation paradigm for Col 1.16 we can discern three groups: those who see (A) Christ as the agent by whom God created, (B) Wisdom as the agent, and (C) Christ as the purpose of creation. Although space won't allow me to interact with each of these in detail, I will offer a brief critique of these three approaches. As a reminder, here is our text in both Greek and English. Colossians 1.16 16a      ὅτι ἐν αὐτῷ ἐκτίσθη τὰ πάντα 16b                  ἐν τοῖς οὐρανοῖς καὶ ἐπὶ τῆς γῆς, 16c                  τὰ ὁρατὰ καὶ τὰ ἀόρατα, 16d                  εἴτε θρόνοι εἴτε κυριότητες εἴτε ἀρχαὶ εἴτε ἐξουσίαι· 16e      τὰ πάντα δι' αὐτοῦ καὶ εἰς αὐτὸν ἔκτισται· 16a      for in him were created all things 16b                  in the heavens and upon the earth, 16c                  the visible and the invisible, 16d                  whether thrones or dominions or rulers or authorities 16e      all things have been created through him and for him 1. Christ as the Agent of Creation Scot McKnight is representative in his claim that “The emphasis of the first stanza is Christ as the agent of creation … and the second is Christ as the agent of redemption.”[25] This view sees the phrase “in him were created all things” as Christ creating the universe in the beginning. However, this position has six problems with it. Firstly, the context of the poem—both before (vv. 13-14) and after (vv. 21-22)—is clearly soteriological not cosmogonical.[26] By inserting vv. 15-20 into the text after vv. 13-14, Paul connected the two together.[27] V. 15 begins with ὅς ἐστιν (who is), which makes it grammatically dependent on vv. 13-14. “It is widely accepted,” wrote Dunn, “that this passage is a pre-Pauline hymn interpolated and interpreted to greater or less extent by Paul.”[28] By placing the poem into a redemptive frame, Paul indicated how he interpreted it. The fact that God “rescued us from the authority of darkness and transferred (us) into the kingdom of his beloved son” is the controlling context (v. 13).[29] As I will show below, I believe vv. 15-20 are ecclesiology not protology, since ecclesiology naturally flows from soteriology. Rather than remaining in the old domain of darkness, vulnerable to malevolent spiritual powers of this age, Colossian Christians are transferred into the new domain of Christ. The context makes it more natural to interpret the creation language of vv. 15-16 in light of Christ's redemptive work—as references to new creation rather than old creation. Doing so retains the contextual frame rather than jumping back to the beginning of time. A second problem arises when we consider the phrase “image of the invisible God” in v. 15. Although some see a Stoic or Wisdom reference here, I agree with F. F. Bruce who said, “No reader conversant with the OT scriptures, on reading these words of Paul, could fail to be reminded of the statement in Gen. 1:26f., that man was created by God ‘in his own image.'”[30] Immediately after making humanity in his own image, God blessed us with dominion over the earth. Philo also connected humanity's image of God with “the rulership over the earthly realms.”[31] But if the Christ of v. 15 is the pre-existent son prior to his incarnation, as the old creation model posits, “How can he be the ‘image of God,'” asked Eduard Schweizer, since “the one who is thus described here is not the earthly Jesus?”[32] It is precisely by virtue of his humanity that Jesus is the image of God not his pre-existence.[33] Thus, image-of-God language points us to the creation of a new humanity. A third problem is that “firstborn of all creation” prima facia implies that Christ is a member of creation (a partitive genitive). This is how Paul thought about Christ as firstborn in Rom 8.29 when he called Christ “firstborn among many brothers and sisters.” Clearly he saw Christ as a member of the “ἀδελφοῖς” (brothers and sisters). Furthermore, “πρωτότοκος πάσης κτίσεως” (firstborn of all creation) in v. 15 parallels “πρωτότοκος ἐκ τῶν νεκρῶν” (firstborn from the dead) v. 18. Although the former (v. 15) can be taken as a genitive of subordination (firstborn over creation) or as a partitive genitive (firstborn of creation), the latter (v. 18) is unambiguously partitive. Because v. 18 includes the word ἐκ (from/out of), instead of a multivalent genitive, it must mean that Jesus was himself a member of the dead prior to his resurrection. Likewise, he was the firstborn member of creation. To take v. 15 as a genitive of subordination and v. 18 in a partitive sense allows theology to drive exegesis over against the clear structural link between v. 15b and v. 18c. In fact, as the BDAG noted, Christ is “the firstborn of a new humanity.”[34] He is chronologically born first and, by virtue of that, also preeminent.[35] Fourthly, the phrase, “ἐν αὐτῷ” (in him), implies soteriology not protology as it does throughout the Pauline corpus. The prepositional phrases “in Christ,” “in the Lord,” “in him,” and others that are similar occur more than a hundred times in Paul's epistles. McKnight elucidated the sense nicely: “This expression, then, is the inaugurated eschatological reality into which the Christian has been placed, and it also evokes the new-creation realities that a person discovers.”[36] Creation in Christ is not likely to refer to Genesis creation. In fact, apart from Col 1.16, there is no text within Paul or the rest of the Bible that speaks of the origin of the universe as something created “in Christ.”[37] Sadly translators routinely obscure this fact by translating “ἐν αὐτῷ” as “by him.”[38] Amazingly, the NASB and ESV render “ἐν αὐτῷ” as “in him” in every other usage apart from Col 1.16![39] For the sake of consistency, it makes better sense to render “ἐν αὐτῷ” as “in him” and let the reader decide how to interpret it. Fifthly, the line, “and he is the head of the body, the Church” (v. 18a) clearly roots the first strophe in redemptive history not creation. Our English translations follow Robert Estienne's verse divisions, which confusingly combine the last line of the first strophe (v. 18a) and the first line of the second (v. 18b), obscuring the native poetic structure. As I made the case above, the structure of the text breaks into two strophes with v. 18a included in the first one. As I mentioned earlier, vv. 15-20 are a pre-existing poem that Paul has modified and incorporated into the text of Colossians. Ralph Martin pointed out that the poem contains “no less than five hapax legomena” and “about ten non-Pauline expressions.”[40] Additionally, there appear to be awkward additions that disrupt the symmetry. These additions are the most explicitly Christian material. It is likely that the original said, “and he is the head of the body” to which Paul appended “the church.” Edward Schillebeeckx commented on this. In Hellenistic terms this must primarily mean that he gives life and existence to the cosmos. Here, however, Colossians drastically corrects the ideas … The correction made by Colossians is to understand ‘body' as a reference to the church, and not the cosmos. This alters the whole perspective of the cultural and religious setting … The cosmic background is reinterpreted in terms of salvation history and ecclesiology. In fact Christ is already exercising his lordship over the world now … however, he is doing this only as the head of the church, his body, to which he gives life and strength. Thus Colossians claims that the church alone, rather than the cosmos, is the body of Christ.[41] If this is true, it shows Paul's careful concern to disallow a strictly old creation or protological reading of the first strophe. For by inserting “of the church,” he has limited the context of the first strophe to the Christ event. “The addition of ‘the church,'” wrote Dunn, “indicates that for Paul at any rate the two strophes were not dealing with two clearly distinct subjects (cosmology and soteriology).”[42] Karl-Joseph Kuschel wrote, “The answer would seem to be he wanted to ‘disturb' a possible cosmological-protological fancy in the confession of Christ … to prevent Christ from becoming a purely mythical heavenly being.”[43] Thus Paul's addition shows us he interpreted the creation of v16 as new creation. Lastly, theological concerns arise when taking Col 1.16 as old creation. The most obvious is that given the partitive genitive of v. 15, we are left affirming the so-called Arian position that God created Christ as the firstborn who, in turn, created everything else. Another thorn in the side of this view is God's insistence elsewhere to be the solo creator (Isa 44.24; cf. 45.18). On the strength of this fact, modalism comes forward to save the day while leaving new problems in its wake. However, recognizing Col 1.15-20 as new creation avoids such theological conundrums. 2. Wisdom as the Agent of Creation Dustin Smith noted, “The christological hymn contains no less than nine characteristics of the wisdom of God (e.g., “image,” “firstborn,” agent of creation, preceding all things, holding all things together) that are reapplied to the figure of Jesus.”[44] Some suggest that Col 1.15-20 is actually a hymn to Wisdom that Paul Christianized.[45] The idea is that God created the universe through his divine Wisdom, which is now embodied or incarnate in Christ. Dunn explained it as follows. If then Christ is what God's power/wisdom came to be recognized as, of Christ it can be said what was said first of wisdom—that ‘in him (the divine wisdom now embodied in Christ) were created all things.' In other words the language may be used here to indicate the continuity between God's creative power and Christ without the implication being intended that Christ himself was active in creation.[46] Before pointing out some problems, I must admit much of this perspective is quite noncontroversial. That Jewish literature identified Wisdom as God's creative agent, that there are linguistic parallels between Col 1.15-20 and Wisdom, and that the historical Jesus uniquely embodied Wisdom to an unprecedented degree are not up for debate. Did Paul expect his readers to pick up on the linguistic parallels? Afterall, he could have just said “in her were created all things” in v. 16, clearly making the connection with the grammatically feminine σοφία (Wisdom). Better yet, he could have said, “in Wisdom were created all things.” Even if the poem was originally to Wisdom, Paul has thoroughly Christianized it, applying to Christ what had been said of Wisdom. However, the most significant defeater for this view is that applying Wisdom vocabulary to Christ only works one way. Wisdom has found her home in Christ. This doesn't mean we can attribute to Christ what Wisdom did before she indwelt him any more than we can attribute to the living descendants of Nazis the horrific deeds of their ancestors. Perriman's critique is correct: “The point is not that the act of creation was Christlike, rather the reverse: recent events have been creation-like. The death and resurrection of Jesus are represented as the profoundly creative event in which the wisdom of God is again dynamically engaged, by which a new world order has come about.”[47] Once again a new creation approach makes better sense of the text. 3. Christ as the Purpose of Creation Another approach is to take ἐν αὐτῷ (in him) in a telic sense. Martha King, a linguist with SIL, said the phrase can mean “in association with Christ everything was created” or “in connection with Christ all things were created.”[48] Lexicographer, Joseph Thayer, sharpened the sense with the translation, “[I]n him resides the cause why all things were originally created.”[49] William MacDonald's translation brought this out even more with the phrase, “because for him everything … was created.”[50] The idea is that God's act of creation in the beginning was with Christ in view. As Eric Chang noted, “Christ is the reason God created all things.”[51] G. B. Caird said, “He is the embodiment of that purpose of God which underlies the whole creation.”[52] The idea is one of predestination not agency.[53] Christ was the goal for which God created all things. A weakness of this view is that purpose is better expressed using εἰς or δία with an accusative than ἐν. Secondly, the parallel line in the second strophe (v. 19) employs “ἐν αὐτῷ” in a clearly locative sense: “in him all the fullness was pleased to dwell.” So even though “ἐν αὐτῷ” could imply purpose, in this context it much more likely refers to location. Lastly, Paul mentioned the sense of purpose at the end of v. 16 with “εἰς αὐτὸν ἔκτισται” (for him has been created), so it would be repetitive to take “ἐν αὐτῷ” that way as well. To sum up, the three positions that see Col 1.16 as a reference to old creation all have significant problems. With these in mind, let us turn our attention to consider a fourth possibility: that Paul has in mind new creation. Reasons for a New Creation Reading I've already provided four reasons why Col 1.15-20 refers to new creation: (1) calling Christ the image of God points to the new humanity begun in Christ as the last Adam;[54] (2) since the firstborn of the old creation was Adam (or, perhaps, Seth), Jesus must be the firstborn of the new creation; (3) saying Jesus is the head of the church, limits the focus for the first strophe to the time following the Christ event; (4) the context of the poem, both before (vv. 13-14) and after (vv. 21-22) is soteriological, making an old creation paradigm awkward, while a new creation view fits perfectly. The Catholic priest and professor, Franz Zeilinger, summarized the situation nicely: “Christ is (through his resurrection from the realm of death) Lord over the possession granted to him, of which he is the ἀρχή (beginning) and archetype, … and head and beginning of the eschatological new creation!”[55] Additionally, a new creation paradigm fits best with Paul's elaboration of what visible and invisible things in heaven and on earth he has in mind. Once again, here's our text. 16a      for in him were created all things 16b                  in the heavens and upon the earth, 16c                  the visible and the invisible, 16d                  whether thrones or dominions or rulers or authorities 16e      all things have been created through him and for him By specifying thrones, dominions, rulers, and authorities, we discern Paul's train of thought. Form critics are quick to point out that v. 16d is Paul's addition to the poem. Without it, the reader may have thought of sky, land, and animals—old creation. However, with v. 16d present, we direct our attention to political realities not God's creative power or engineering genius. Martha King noted the two possible meanings for εἴτε: (1) specifying the “invisible things” or (2) giving examples of “all things.” Taking the second view, we read “in him were created all things, including thrones, dominions, rulers, and authorities.”[56] Randy Leedy also presented this position in his sentence diagrams, identifying v. 16d as equivalent to v. 16c and v. 16b, all of which modify τὰ πάντα (all things) at the end of v. 16a. (See Appendix for Leedy's diagram.) Perriman pressed home the point when he wrote: The fact is that any interpretation that takes verse 16 to be a reference to the original creation has to account for the narrow range of created things explicitly listed. … The Colossians verse mentions only the creation of political entities—thrones, lordships, rulers and authorities, visible and invisible—either in the already existing heaven or on the already existing and, presumably, populated earth. What this speaks of is a new governmental order consisting of both invisible-heavenly and visibly-earthly entities.”[57] Understanding v. 16d as equivalent to “all things” in v. 16a nicely coheres with a new-creation paradigm. However, taken the other way—as an elaboration of only the invisible created realities—v. 16d introduces an asymmetrical and clumsy appendix. A New Creation Reading of Col 1.16 Now that we've considered some problems with old creation views and some reasons to read Col 1.16 from a new creation perspective, let's consider how a new creation reading works. New creation is all about the new breaking into the old, the future into the present. G. F. Wessels said, “Paul made clear that there is a present realized aspect of salvation, as well as a future, still outstanding aspect, which will only be realized at the eschaton.”[58] New creation, likewise, has future and present realities. Exiting Old Creation Before becoming part of the new creation, one must exit the old creation. “Our old humanity was co-crucified“ (Rom 6.6). “With Christ you died to the elemental principles of the world” (Col 2.20). “As many as were baptized into Christ Jesus, were baptized into his death” (Rom 6.3). We were “co-buried with him through baptism into the death … having been united with the likeness of his death” (Rom 6.4-5). Our death with him through baptism kills our allegiance and submission to the old powers and the old way of life “in which you formerly walked according to the zeitgeist of this world, according to the rule of the authority of the air, the spirit which now works in the children of disobedience” (Eph 2.2). Entering New Creation As death is the only way out of the old creation, so resurrection is the only way into the new creation. “You have been co-raised with Christ” (Col 3.1). God “co-made-alive us together with him” (Col 2.13).[59] By virtue of our union with Christ, we ourselves are already “co-raised and co-seated us in the heavenlies in Christ Jesus” (Eph 2.6). The result of this is that “we also may walk in newness of life” (Rom 6.4). For those who are “in Christ, (there is) a new creation; the old has passed away, behold (the) new has come into existence” (2 Cor 5.17). “They have been ‘transported,'” wrote Schillebeeckx, “they already dwell above in Christ's heavenly sphere of influence (Col 1.13)—the soma Christou … that is the church!”[60] Community For the people of God, “neither circumcision is anything nor uncircumcision but a new creation” is what matters (Gal 6.15). Those who “are clothed with the new” are “being renewed in knowledge according to the image of him who created, where there is no Greek and Jew, circumcision and uncircumcision, barbarian, Scythian, slave, (or) free, but Christ (is) all and in all” (Col 3.10-11). Through Christ God has nullified the law “in order that he might create the two into one new humanity in him” (Eph 2.14-15). Thus, within new creation, ethnic identity still exists, but it is relativized, our identity in Christ taking priority ahead of other affiliations and duties. Lifestyle When the lost become saved through faith, they become his creation (ποίημα), “created in Christ Jesus for good works” (Eph 2.10). This means we are to “lay aside the former way of life, the old humanity corrupted according to deceitful desires” and instead be clothed with “the new humanity created according to God in righteousness and holiness of the truth” (Eph 4.22-24). Rather than lying to one another, we must “strip off the old humanity with its way of acting” and “be clothed with the new (humanity), renewed in knowledge according to the image of the one who created it” (Col 3.9-10). “The ones who are Christ's have crucified the flesh with the passions and the lusts” and instead “walk by the spirit” (Gal 5.24-25). Ultimately, All Creation Although new creation is currently limited to those who voluntarily recognize Jesus as Lord, all “creation is waiting with eager expectation for the unveiling of the children of God” (Rom 8.19). Because of the Christ event, the created order eagerly awaits the day when it will escape “the enslavement of corruption” and gain “the freedom of the glory of the children of God” (v. 21). Like a bone out of joint, creation does not function properly. Once Christ sets it right, it will return to its proper order and operation under humanity's wise and capable rulership in the eschaton. Eschatology God predetermined that those who believe will be “conformed to the image of his son, that he be firstborn among many brothers and sisters” (Rom 8.29). Thus, the resurrected Christ is the prototype, “the first fruits of those who have fallen asleep” (1 Cor 15.20). Whereas “in Adam all die, so also in Christ all will be made alive” (v. 22). We await Christ's return to “transform the body of our humble station (that it be) shaped to his glorious body according to the energy which makes him able to also to subject all things to himself.” (Phil 3.21). This is the end goal of new creation: resurrected subjects of God's kingdom joyfully living in a renewed world without mourning, crying, and pain forevermore (Isa 65.17-25; Rev 21-22). The Powers Taking Col 1.16 as a new creation text adds key information about the present governing powers to this richly textured picture. In Christ God created thrones, dominions, rulers, and authorities. He made these through Christ and for Christ with the result that Christ himself is before all things, and in Christ all things hold together (Col 1.17). He is the head of the body, the Church (Col 1.18). We find very similar language repeated in Ephesians in the context of Christ's exaltation.[61] Ephesians 1.20-23 20 Which [power] he energized in Christ having raised him from the dead and seated (him) on his right (hand) in the heavenlies 21 far above all rule and authority and power and dominion and every name named, not only in this age but also in the one to come; 22 and he subjected all things under his feet and gave him (as) head over all things in the Church, 23 which is his body, the fullness of the one who fills all things in all. The parallels are striking. Both speak of Christ's resurrection, Christ's exalted position of authority over all the powers, Christ's role as head of the church, and both mention the fullness. It's easy to miss the connection between these two passages since most think of Eph 1.20-22 as ascension theology and Col 1.15-20 as creation theology. But, if we adjust our thinking to regard Col 1.16 as new creation, we see how the two fit together. In Ephesians we see Christ's ascension to God's right hand as the reason for a cosmic reordering of authorities with the result that all rule, authority, power, and dominion are subjected to him. (Though we may be accustomed to reading these powers in Eph 1.21 as only malevolent owing to Eph 2.2 and 6.12, the list here must be mixed, since only benevolent powers will survive the final judgement and continue into the age to come.) Instead of exaltation, in Colossians Paul employed the language of creation to describe Christ's relation to the powers. Perhaps lesser terms like reassign, reorder, or establish were just too small to adequately express the magnitude of how the Christ event has changed the world—both in heaven and on earth. The only term big enough to convey the new situation was “creation”—the very same word he routinely used elsewhere with the meaning of new creation.[62] We can gain more insight by considering what the powers of Eph 1.21 and Col 1.16 mean. McKnight saw them “as earthly, systemic manifestations of (perhaps fallen) angelic powers—hence, the systemic worldly, sociopolitical manifestations of cosmic/angelic rebellion against God.”[63] I partially agree with McKnight here. He's right to see the powers as both heavenly and earthly, or better, as the heavenly component of the earthly sociopolitical realities, but he has not made room for the new authority structures created in Christ. John Schoenheit helpfully explained it this way: Not only did Jesus create his Church out of Jew and Gentile, he had to create the structure and positions that would allow it to function, both in the spiritual world (positions for the angels that would minister to the Church—see Rev. 1:1, “his angel”) and in the physical world (positions and ministries here on earth—see Rom. 12:4-8; Eph. 4:7-11).[64] We must never forget that Paul has an apocalyptic worldview—a perspective that seeks to unveil the heavenly reality behind the earthly. He believed in powers of darkness and powers of light. In Christ were created thrones, dominions, rulers, and authorities (Col 1.16). He is “the head of all rule and authority” (Col 2.10). These new creation realities make progress against the old powers that still hold sway in the world outside the Church. Although the old powers are still at work, those who are in Christ enjoy his protection. With respect to the Church, he has already “disarmed the rulers and authorities” (Col 2.15). We can don “the armor of God that we be able to stand against the methods of the devil” (Eph 6.11) and “subduing everything, to stand” (v. 13). We find glimpses of this heavenly reality scattered in other places in the Bible. Peter mentioned how Christ “is on the right hand of God, having gone into heaven, angels and authorities and power having been subjected to him” (1 Pet 3.22). In John's Revelation, he addressed each of the seven letters to the angels of their respective churches.[65] Although it's hard for us to get details on precisely what happened at Christ's ascension, something major occurred, not just on earth, but also in the spiritual realm. Jesus's last recorded words in Matthew are: “all authority in heaven and upon earth was given to me” (Mat 28.18-20). Presumably such a statement implies that prior to his resurrection Jesus did not have all authority in heaven and earth. It didn't exist until it was created. Similarly, because of his death, resurrection, and ascension, Christ has “become so much better than the angels as the name he has inherited is superior to them” (Heb 1.4). Once again, the text implies that Christ was not already superior to the angels, but “after making purification of the sins, he sat on the right hand of the majesty on high” at which time he became preeminent (Heb 1.3). Perhaps this also explains something about why Christ “proclaimed to the spirits in prison” (1 Pet 3.19). Another possibility is that Christ's ascension (Rev 12.5) triggered a war in heaven (v. 7) with the result that the dragon and his angels suffered defeat (v. 8) and were thrown out of heaven down to the earth (v. 9). Sadly, for most of the history of the church we have missed this Jewish apocalyptic approach that was obvious to Paul, limiting salvation to individual sins and improved morality.[66] Only in the twentieth century did interpreters begin to see the cosmic aspect of new creation. Margaret Thrall wrote the following. The Christ-event is the turning-point of the whole world … This Christ ‘in whom' the believer lives is the last Adam, the inaugurator of the new eschatological humanity. … Paul is saying that if anyone exists ‘in Christ', that person is a newly-created being. … In principle, through the Christ-event and in the person of Christ, the new world and the new age are already objective realities.[67] New creation is, in the words of J. Louis Martyn “categorically cosmic and emphatically apocalyptic.”[68] In fact, “The advent of the Son and of his Spirit is thus the cosmic apocalyptic event.”[69] In Christ is the beginning of a whole new creation, an intersecting community of angelic and human beings spanning heaven and earth. The interlocking of earthly (visible) and heavenly (invisible) authority structures points to Paul's apocalyptic holism. The Church was not on her own to face the ravages of Rome's mad love affair with violence and power. In Christ, people were no longer susceptible to the whims of the gods that have wreaked so much havoc from time immemorial.[70] No, the Church is Christ's body under his direct supervision and protection. As a result, the Church is the eschatological cosmic community. It is not merely a social club; it has prophetic and cosmic dimensions. Prophetically, the Church points to the eschaton when all of humanity will behave then how the Church already strives to live now—by the spirit instead of the flesh (Gal 5.16-25). Cosmically, the Church is not confined to the earth. There is a heavenly dimension with authority structures instantiated under Christ to partner with the earthly assemblies. God's “plan for the fulness of the times” is “to head up all thing in the Christ, the things upon the heavens and the things upon the earth in him” (Eph 1.10). Although this is his eschatological vision, Zeilinger pointed out that it is already happening. [T]he eschatological world given in Christ is realized within the still-existing earthly creation through the inclusion of the human being in Christ, the exalted one, by means of the proclamation of salvation and baptism. The eschaton spreads throughout the world in the kerygma and becomes reality, in that the human being, through baptism, becomes part of Christ—that is, in unity with him, dies to the claim of the στοιχεῖα τοῦ κόσμου (2.20) and is raised with him to receive his eschatological life. The people thus incorporated into the exalted Christ thereby form, in him and with him, the new creation of the eschaton within the old! The body of Christ is thus recognizable as the expanding Church. In it, heavenly and earthly space form, in a certain sense, a unity.[71] The Church is a counter society, and embassy of the future kingdom shining the light of the age to come into the present in the power of the spirit with the protection of Christ and his heavenly powers over against the powers of darkness, who/which are still quite active—especially in the political realities of our present evil age (Gal 1.4). We bend the knee to the cosmic Christ now in anticipation of the day when “every knee may bend: heavenly and earthly and subterranean” (Phil 2.10) and “every tongue may confess that Jesus Christ (is) Lord” (v. 11). Christ's destiny is to fulfil the original Adamic mandate to multiply, fill, and have dominion over the earth (Gen 1.28). He has already received all authority in heaven and earth (Mat 28.18). God has given him “dominion over the works of your hands and put all things under his feet” as the quintessential man (Ps 8.6). Even so, “Now we do not yet see all things subjected to him” (Heb 2.8), but when he comes “he will reign into the ages of the ages” (Rev 11.15). Until then, he calls the Church to recognize his preeminence and give him total allegiance both in word and deed. Conclusion We began by establishing that the structure of the poetic unit in Col 1.15-20 breaks into two strophes (15-18a and 18b-20). We noted that Paul likely incorporated pre-existing material into Colossians, editing it as he saw fit. Then we considered the problems with the three old creation readings: (A) Christ as the agent of creation, (B) Wisdom as the agent of creation, and (C) Christ as the purpose of creation. In the course of critiquing (A), which is by far most popular, we observed several reasons to think Col 1.16 pertained to new creation, including (1) the image of God language in v. 15a, (2) the firstborn of all creation language in v. 15b, (3) the head of the Church language in v. 18a, and (4) the soteriological context (frame) of the poem (vv. 13-14, 21-22). To this I added a fifth syntactical reason that 16d as an elaboration of “τἀ πάντα” (all things) of 16a. Next, we explored the idea of new creation, especially within Paul's epistles, to find a deep and richly textured paradigm for interpreting God's redemptive and expanding sphere of influence (in Christ) breaking into the hostile world. We saw that new Christians die and rise with Christ, ending their association with the old and beginning again as a part of the new—a community where old racial, legal, and status divisions no longer matter, where members put off the old way of living and instead become clothed with the new humanity, where people look forward to and live in light of the ultimate transformation to be brought about at the coming of Christ. Rather than limiting new creation to the salvation of individuals, or even the sanctifying experience of the community, we saw that it also includes spiritual powers both “in the heavens and upon the earth, the visible and the invisible, whether thrones or dominions or rulers or authorities” (Col 1.16). Reading Col 1.15-20 along with Eph 1.20-23 we connected God's creation of the powers in Christ with his exaltation of Christ to his right hand “far above all rule and authority and power and dominion and every name named, not only in this age but also in the one to come” (Eph 1.21). The point from both texts is clear: as “the head of the body, the Church” (Col 1.18; Eph 1.22), Christ is “before all things” (Col 1.17), “first in all things” (Col 1.18), and “far above all” (Eph 1.21), since God has “subjected all things under his feet” (Eph 1.22). Christ is preeminent as the firstborn of all new creation, “the new Adam … the starting point where new creation took place.”[72] Although the old powers still hold sway in the world, those in the interlocked heaven-and-earth new creation domain where Christ is the head, enjoy his protection if they remain “in the faith established and steadfast and not shifting away from the hope of the gospel” (Col 1.23). This interpretation has several significant advantages. It fits into Paul's apocalyptic way of thinking about Christ's advent and exaltation. It also holds together the first strophe of the poem as a unit. Additionally, it makes better sense of the context. (The ecclesiology of Col 1.15-18a follows logically from the soteriological context of vv. 13-14.) Lastly, it is compatible with a wide range of Christological options. Appendix Here is Col 1.16 from Leedy's sentence diagrams.[73] Of note is how he equates the τὰ πάντα of 16a with 16c and 16d rather than seeing 16d as an elaboration of τά ὁρατά. Bibliography Bauer, Walter, Frederick William  Danker, William F. Arndt, F. Gingrich, Kurt Aland, Barbara Aland, and Viktor Reichmann. A Greek-English Lexicon of the New Testament and Other Early Christian Literature. 3rd ed. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 2000. Bird, Michael F. Colossians and Philemon. A New Covenant Commentary. Cambridge, England: The Lutterworth Press, 2009. Brown, Anna Shoffner. “Nothing ‘Mere’ About a Man in the Image of God.” Paper presented at the Unitarian Christian Alliance, Springfield, OH, Oct 14, 2022. Bruce, E. K. Simpson and F. F. The Epistles to the Ephesians and the Colossians. The New International Commentary on the New Testament, edited by Ned B. Stonehouse. Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans, 1957. Buzzard, Anthony F. Jesus Was Not a Trinitarian. Morrow, GA: Restoration Fellowship, 2007. Caird, G. B. New Testament Theology. Edited by L. D. Hurst. Oxford, England: Clarendon Press, 2002. Caird, G. B. Paul’s Letters from Prison. New Clarendon Bible, edited by H. F. D. Sparks. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press, 1976. Carden, Robert. One God: The Unfinished Reformation. Revised ed. Naperville, IL: Grace Christian Press, 2016. Chang, Eric H. H. The Only Perfect Man. Edited by Bentley C. F. Chang. 2nd ed. Montreal, QC: Christian Disciples Church Publishers, 2017. Deuble, Jeff. Christ before Creeds. Latham, NY: Living Hope International Ministries, 2021. Dunn, James D. G. Christology in the Making. 2nd ed. Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans, 1996. Dunn, James D. G. The Epistles to the Colossians and to Philemon. New International Greek Testament Commentary, edited by Gasque Marshall, Hagner. Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans, 1996. Heiser, Michael S. The Unseen Realm: Recovering the Supernatural Worldview of the Bible. Bellingham, WA: Lexham Press, 2019. King, Martha. An Exegetical Summary of Colossians. Dallas, TX: SIL International, 1992. Kuschel, Karl-Joseph. Born before All Time? Translated by John Bowden. New York, NY: Crossroad, 1992. Originally published as Beforen vor aller Zeit? Lane, William L. The New Testament Page by Page. Open Your Bible Commentary, edited by Martin Manser. Bath, UK: Creative 4 International, 2013. Leedy, Randy A. The Greek New Testament Sentence Diagrams. Norfolk, VA: Bible Works, 2006. Lohse, Edward. Colossians and Philemon. Hermeneia. Minneapolis, MN: Fortress Press, 1971. MacDonald, William Graham. The Idiomatic Translation of the New Testament. Norfolk, VA: Bibleworks, 2012. Mark H. Graeser, John A. Lynn, John W. Schoenheit. One God & One Lord. 4th ed. Martinsville, IN: Spirit & Truth Fellowship International, 2010. Martin, Ralph. “An Early Christian Hymn (Col. 1:15-20).” The Evangelical Quarterly 36, no. 4 (1964): 195–205. Martyn, J. Louis. Theological Issues in the Letters of Paul. Nashville, TN: Abingdon Press, 1997. McGrath, James F. The Only True God: Early Christian Monotheism in Its Jewish Context. Urbana, IL: University of Illinois Press, 2009. McKnight, Scot. The Letter to the Colossians. New International Commentary on the New Testament, edited by Joel B. Green. Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans, 2018. Norden, Eduard. Agnostos Theos: Untersuchungen Zur Formengeschichte Religiöser Rede. 4th ed. Stuttgart, Germany: B. G. Teubner, 1956. Originally published as 1913. Pao, David. Colossians and Philemon. Zondervan Exegetical Commentary of the New Testament, edited by Clinton E. Arnold. Grand Rapid, MI: Zondervan, 2012. Perriman, Andrew. In the Form of a God. Studies in Early Christology, edited by David Capes Michael Bird, and Scott Harrower. Eugene, OR: Cascade Books, 2022. Philo. The Works of Philo. The Norwegian Philo Concordance Project. Edited by Kåre Fuglseth Peder Borgen, Roald Skarsten. Piscataway, NJ: Gorgias Press, 2005. Robinson, James M. “A Formal Analysis of Colossians 1:15-20.” Journal of Biblical Literature 76, no. 4 (1957): 270–87. Schillebeeckx, Eduard. Christ: The Experience of Jesus as Lord. Translated by John Bowden. New York, NY: The Seabury Press, 1977. Schoberg, Gerry. Perspectives of Jesus in the Writings of Paul. Eugene, OR: Pickwick Publications, 2013. Schweizer, Eduard. The Letter to the Colossians. Translated by Andrew Chester. Minneapolis, MN: Augsburg Publishing House, 1982. Smith, Dustin R. Wisdom Christology in the Gospel of John. Eugene, OR: Wipf & Stock, 2024. Snedeker, Donald R. Our Heavenly Father Has No Equals. Bethesda, MD: International Scholars Publications, 1998. Thayer, Joseph Henry. A Greek-English Lexicon of the New Testament. Peabody, MA: Hendrickson, 1996. Thrall, Margaret. The Second Epistle to the Corinthians. Vol. 1. The International Critical Commentary, edited by C. E. B. Cranfield J. A. Emerton, G. N. Stanton. Edinburgh, Scotland: T&T Clark, 1994. Wachtel, William M. “Colossians 1:15-20–Preexistence or Preeminence?” Paper presented at the 14th Theological Conference, McDonough, GA, 2005. Wessels, G. F. “The Eschatology of Colossians and Ephesians.” Neotestamentica 21, no. 2 (1987): 183–202. Witherington III, Ben The Letters to Philemon, the Colossians, and the Ephesians: A Socio-Rhetorical Commentary of the Captivity Epistles. Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans, 2007. Yates, Roy. The Epistle to the Colossians. London: Epworth Press, 1993. Zeilinger, Franz. Der Erstgeborene Der Schöpfung. Wien, Österreich: Herder, 1974. Footnotes [1] Since the nineteenth century biblical scholars have been divided over whether Paul wrote Colossians. One of the major reasons for thinking Paul didn't write Colossians is his exalted Christology—the very conclusion this paper seeks to undermine. A second major factor to argue against Pauline authorship is the difference in vocabulary, but this is explainable if Paul used a different amanuensis. The theologically more cosmic emphasis (also evident in Ephesians) is likely due to Paul's time in prison to reflect and expand his understanding of the Christ event. Lastly, the proto-Gnostic hints in Colossians do not require dating the epistle outside of Paul's time. Although Gnosticism flourished at the beginning of the second century, it was likely already beginning to incubate in Paul's time. [2] Eduard Schillebeeckx, Christ: The Experience of Jesus as Lord, trans. John Bowden (New York, NY: The Seabury Press, 1977), 185. [3] Schillebeeckx, 185. [4] G. B. Caird, Paul’s Letters from Prison, New Clarendon Bible, ed. H. F. D. Sparks (Oxford, England: Oxford University Press, 1976), 177. [5] Caird, 181. [6] James D. G. Dunn, The Epistles to the Colossians and to Philemon, New International Greek Testament Commentary, ed. Gasque Marshall, Hagner (Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans, 1996), 91. “[W]hat at first reads as a straightforward assertion of Christ's pre-existenct activity in creation becomes on closer analysis an assertion which is rather more profound—not of Christ as such present with God in the beginning, nor of Christ as identified with a pre-existent hypostasis or divine being (Wisdom) beside God, but of Christ as embodying and expressing (and defining) that power of God which is the manifestation of God in and to his creation.” (Italics in original.) James D. G. Dunn, Christology in the Making, 2nd ed. (Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans, 1996), 194. [7] James F. McGrath, The Only True God: Early Christian Monotheism in Its Jewish Context (Urbana, IL: University of Illinois Press, 2009), 46. [8] Andrew Perriman, In the Form of a God, Studies in Early Christology, ed. David Capes Michael Bird, and Scott Harrower (Eugene, OR: Cascade Books, 2022), 200. [9] In addition, biblical unitarians routinely interpret Col 1.16 as new creation. See Anthony F. Buzzard, Jesus Was Not a Trinitarian (Morrow, GA: Restoration Fellowship, 2007), 189–90, Robert Carden, One God: The Unfinished Reformation, Revised ed. (Naperville, IL: Grace Christian Press, 2016), 197–200, Eric H. H. Chang, The Only Perfect Man, ed. Bentley C. F. Chang, 2nd ed. (Montreal, QC: Christian Disciples Church Publishers, 2017), 151–52, Jeff Deuble, Christ before Creeds (Latham, NY: Living Hope International Ministries, 2021), 163–66, John A. Lynn Mark H. Graeser, John W. Schoenheit, One God & One Lord, 4th ed. (Martinsville, IN: Spirit & Truth Fellowship International, 2010), 493–94, Donald R. Snedeker, Our Heavenly Father Has No Equals (Bethesda, MD: International Scholars Publications, 1998), 291–92, William M. Wachtel, “Colossians 1:15-20–Preexistence or Preeminence?” (paper presented at the 14th Theological Conference, McDonough, GA, 2005), 4. [10] All translations are my own. [11] Stophes are structural divisions drawn from Greek odes akin to stanzas in poetry or verses in music. [12] Throughout I will capitalize Church since that reflects the idea of all Christians collectively not just those in a particular local assembly. [13] Eduard Norden, Agnostos Theos: Untersuchungen Zur Formengeschichte Religiöser Rede, 4th ed. (Stuttgart, Germany: B. G. Teubner, 1956), 250–54. [14] James M. Robinson, “A Formal Analysis of Colossians 1:15-20,” Journal of Biblical Literature 76, no. 4 (1957): 272–73. [15] Edward Lohse, Colossians and Philemon, Hermeneia (Minneapolis, MN: Fortress Press, 1971), 44. [16] Eduard Schweizer, The Letter to the Colossians, trans. Andrew Chester (Minneapolis, MN: Augsburg Publishing House, 1982), 57. [17] Dunn, The Epistles to the Colossians and to Philemon, 84. [18] Ben  Witherington III, The Letters to Philemon, the Colossians, and the Ephesians: A Socio-Rhetorical Commentary of the Captivity Epistles (Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans, 2007), 129. [19] William L. Lane, The New Testament Page by Page, Open Your Bible Commentary, ed. Martin Manser (Bath, UK: Creative 4 International, 2013), 765. [20] E. K. Simpson and F. F. Bruce, The Epistles to the Ephesians and the Colossians, The New International Commentary on the New Testament, ed. Ned B. Stonehouse (Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans, 1957), 65. [21] Michael F. Bird, Colossians and Philemon, A New Covenant Commentary (Cambridge, England: The Lutterworth Press, 2009), 50. [22] David Pao, Colossians and Philemon, Zondervan Exegetical Commentary of the New Testament, ed. Clinton E. Arnold (Grand Rapid, MI: Zondervan, 2012), 87. [23] Lohse, 42. [24] Lohse, 43–44. [25] Scot McKnight, The Letter to the Colossians, New International Commentary on the New Testament, ed. Joel B. Green (Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans, 2018), 144. [26] Col 1.13-14: “who rescued us from the authority of darkness and transferred (us) into the kingdom of his beloved son in whom we have the redemption, the forgiveness of the sins.” Col 1.21-22: “And you being formerly alienated and hostile in thought in the evil deeds, but now he reconciled (you) in his body of the flesh through the death to present you holy and blameless and irreproachable before him.” [27] In fact, we can easily skip from vv. 13-14 to vv. 21-22. [28] Dunn, Christology in the Making, 187–88. [29] Sadly, most translations erroneously insert a paragraph between vv. 14 and 15. This produces the visual effect that v. 15 is a new thought unit. [30] Bruce, 193. [31] Moses 2.65: “τὴν ἡγεμονίαν τῶν περιγείων” in Philo, The Works of Philo, The Norwegian Philo Concordance Project (Piscataway, NJ: Gorgias Press, 2005). See also Sirach 17.3. [32] Schweizer, 64. [33] For a helpful treatment of how the image of God relates to Christology, see Anna Shoffner Brown, “Nothing ‘Mere’ About a Man in the Image of God” (paper presented at the Unitarian Christian Alliance, Springfield, OH, Oct 14, 2022). [34] Walter Bauer et al., A Greek-English Lexicon of the New Testament and Other Early Christian Literature, 3rd ed. (Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 2000), s.v. “πρωτότοκος,” 2.a. [35] Franz Zeilnger wrote, “Christ is temporally the first of a series that essentially proceeds from him, and at the same time its lord and head.” Franz Zeilinger, Der Erstgeborene Der Schöpfung (Wien, Österreich: Herder, 1974), 182. Original: “als “Wurzel” ist Christus zeitlich der erste einer Reihe, die wesentlich aus ihm hervorgeht, und zugleich ihr Herr und Haupt.” [36] McKnight, 85–86. [37] The closest parallels are 1 Cor 8.6; Heb 1.2; and John 1.3, which employ the preposition δια (through). Upon close examination these three don't teach Christ created the universe either. [38] ESV, CSB, NASB, etc. Notably the NET diverges from the other evangelical translations. Roman Catholic, mainline, and unitarian translations all tend to straightforwardly render “ἐν αὐτῷ” as “in him” in Col 1.16; cf. NABRE, NRSVUE, OGFOMMT, etc. [39] Chang, 150. [40] Ralph Martin, “An Early Christian Hymn (Col. 1:15-20),” The Evangelical Quarterly 36, no. 4 (1964): 198. [41] Schillebeeckx, 186. [42] Dunn, Christology in the Making, 191. [43] Karl-Joseph Kuschel, Born before All Time?, trans. John Bowden (New York, NY: Crossroad, 1992), 336. [44] Dustin R. Smith, Wisdom Christology in the Gospel of John (Eugene, OR: Wipf & Stock, 2024), 5–6. For more on wisdom Christology in Col 1.16 see Dunn, The Epistles to the Colossians and to Philemon, 89, Roy Yates, The Epistle to the Colossians (London: Epworth Press, 1993), 18–19, 23, G. B. Caird, New Testament Theology, ed. L. D. Hurst (Oxford, England: Clarendon Press, 2002), 46, McGrath, 44, 46. [45] See Dunn, The Epistles to the Colossians and to Philemon, 89. See also Yates, 18–19, 23. [46] Dunn, Christology in the Making, 190. [47] Perriman, 199. [48] Martha King, An Exegetical Summary of Colossians (Dallas, TX: SIL International, 1992), 53. [49] Joseph Henry Thayer, A Greek-English Lexicon of the New Testament (Peabody, MA: Hendrickson, 1996), s.v. “ἐν,” 1722. He recognized the cause was both instrumental and final. [50] William Graham MacDonald, The Idiomatic Translation of the New Testament (Norfolk, VA: Bibleworks, 2012). [51] Chang, 147. Similarly James McGrath wrote, “[I]f all things were intended by God to find their fulfillment in Christ, then they must have been created “in him” in the very beginning in some undefined sense, since it was axiomatic that the eschatological climax of history would be a restoration of its perfect, original state.” McGrath, 46. [52] Caird, Paul’s Letters from Prison, 172. [53] “God so designed the universe that it was to achieve its proper meaning and unity only under the authority of man (Gen. 128; Ps. 86). But this purpose was not to be implemented at once; it was ‘to be put into effect when the time was ripe' (Eph. 110), when Christ had lived a human life as God intended it, and had become God's image in a measure which was never true of Adam. Only in unity with ‘the proper man' could the universe be brought to its destined coherence. For one who believes in predestination it is but a small step from this to saying that the universe was created in him.” Caird, Paul’s Letters from Prison, 178. [54] See also Paul's Adam Christology in Rom 5.12-21; 1 Cor 15.21-22, 45-49. [55] “Christus ist (durch seine Auferstehung aus dem Todesbereich) Herr über den ihm verliehenen Besitz, dessen ἀρχή und Urbild er ist, … und Haupt und Anfang der eschatologischen Neuschöpfung!” Zeilinger, 188. [56] King, 54. [57] Perriman, 200. [58] G. F. Wessels, “The Eschatology of Colossians and Ephesians,” Neotestamentica 21, no. 2 (1987): 187. [59] I realize my translation is awkward, but I prioritized closely mirroring the Greek over presenting smooth English. The original reads, “συνεζωοποίησεν ὑμᾶς σὺν αὐτῷ.” [60] Schillebeeckx, 187. [61] Scholars who make this connection include Caird, New Testament Theology, 216, Caird, Paul’s Letters from Prison, 177, McGrath, 44, Perriman, 201. [62] In fact, only two of the texts I cited above explicitly say “new creation” (2 Cor 5.17 and Gal 6.15). In all the others, Paul blithely employed creation language, expecting his readers to understand that he was not talking about the creation of the universe, but the creation of the new humanity in Christ—the Church. [63] McKnight, 152. [64] Mark H. Graeser, 493. [65] Rev 2.1, 8, 12, 18; 3.1, 7, 14. [66] See Gerry Schoberg, Perspectives of Jesus in the Writings of Paul (Eugene, OR: Pickwick Publications, 2013), 280–81, 83. [67] Margaret Thrall, The Second Epistle to the Corinthians, vol. 1, The International Critical Commentary, ed. C. E. B. Cranfield J. A. Emerton, G. N. Stanton (Edinburgh, Scotland: T&T Clark, 1994), 423, 26–28. [68] J. Louis Martyn, Theological Issues in the Letters of Paul (Nashville, TN: Abingdon Press, 1997), 122. [69] Martyn, 121. [70] Whether the old gods actually existed or not is a topic beyond the scope of this paper. Interested readers should consult Michael S. Heiser, The Unseen Realm: Recovering the Supernatural Worldview of the Bible (Bellingham, WA: Lexham Press, 2019). [71] “[D]ie in Christus gegebene echatologische Welt verwirkliche sich innerhalb der weiterhin existenten irdischen Schöpfung durch die Einbeziehung des Menschen in Christus, den Erhöhten, mittles Heilsverkündigung und Taufe. Das Eschaton setzt sic him Kerygma wetweit durch und wird Wirklichkeit, indem der Mensch durch die Taufe Christi Teil wird, d. h. in Einheit mit ihm dem Anspruch der στοιχεῖα τοῦ κόσμου stirbt (2, 20) und mit ihm auferweckt sein eschatologisches Leben erhält. Die so dem erhöhten Christus eingegliederten Menschen bilden somit in ihm und mit ihm die neue Schöpfung der Eschata innerhalb der alten! Der Christusleib ist somit als sich weitende Kirche erkennbar. In ihr bildet himmlischer und irdischer Raum gewissermaßen eine Einheit.” Zeilinger, 179. [72] “Der neue Adam … Ausgangsort, in dem sich Neuschöpfung ereignete,” Zeilinger, 199. [73] Randy A. Leedy, The Greek New Testament Sentence Diagrams (Norfolk, VA: Bible Works, 2006). This is now available in Logos Bible Software.

In this special episode of The Lou Review, host Rosa Hart sits down with two trailblazing women of Kentucky bourbon: Judy Hollis Jones, CEO of Buzzard's Roost, and Melissa Rift, Master Taster at Old Forester. Together they hint at whats to come during the premium experience at the KBF 2025, “A Celebration of Women Leaders in Kentucky Bourbon,” a dynamic evening spotlighting the powerhouse women shaping the future of whiskey.The 2025 Kentucky Bourbon Festival will be held September 5-7 in Bardstown, KY. There will be 65 particpating distilleries. There are a growing number of women in the bourbon industry, and their panel will provide a dedicated time for networking with others of like-minds.This all-ladies mix-and-mingle event invites bourbon lovers and curious newcomers alike to meet the women behind the barrel—from CEOs to distillers and master tasters. Guests will enjoy cocktails, tasty bites, and plenty of opportunities for selfies, signatures, and stories you'll want to sip on.

After that you'll be right as rain!

Recording from Botswana, Rob Long figured he was as far as he could get from the chaos of showbiz. But it turns out that the wild African plain is a lot like Hollywood. Directors? They're the Cape buffalo: loud, bossy and always wearing a headset (he'll explain). Buzzards are akin to agents (no disrespect to either). And writers are rhinos — kind of prehistoric, not always strategic and endangered. Hey, even the sound of relief when Superman pulled in a $217 million opening weekend has a safari counterpart. But on the savanna, respite doesn't last. It's always back to getting stalked and eaten. Kind of like Hollywood. And the old lions better watch out.  Transcript here. For more entertainment news, subscribe to The Ankler. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

Original Air Date: June 05, 1953Host: Andrew RhynesShow: Adventures of Wild Bill HickokPhone: (707) 98 OTRDW (6-8739) Stars:• Guy Madison (Hickok)• Andy Devine (Jingles) Special Guests:• Ken Christy• Howard McNear• Frank Gerstle• Dusty Walker Producer:• Paul Pierce Music:• Dick Aurandt Exit music from: Roundup on the Prairie by Aaron Kenny https://bit.ly/3kTj0kK

Pastor Josh Griffith preaching live from Still Water Baptist Church on 6/22/25 a.m.

It's This Week in Bourbon for June 13th 2025. The Kentucky Bourbon Hall of Fame announced new inductees, Bardstown Bourbon announces their new club program, and Stitzel-Weller Distillery is launching Stitzel Reserve.Show Notes: Rare Pappy Van Winkle 15-Year single barrel sells for $800,000, benefiting California wildfire relief. ASW Distillery expands with new bourbon releases, awards, and a new bar at Hartsfield-Jackson Airport. Kentucky Distillers' Association announces 2025 Bourbon Hall of Fame inductees and Chris Morris's lifetime achievement award. University of Kentucky launches "Estate Whiskey Certified" program for locally-sourced, estate-produced whiskeys. Bardstown Bourbon Co. introduces "The Reserve," an exclusive whiskey club with curated allocations. Cannella Media DTC launches Wine, Watches & Whiskey, a new FAST channel for luxury lifestyle content. Remus Bourbon releases the ultra-limited 2025 Remus Babe Ruth Reserve at $149.99. Buzzard's Roost Distillery unveils "Ambuzzadors Select," a new 115-proof, five-year-old single-barrel rye for $85. Buffalo Trace Distillery introduces Eagle Rare 12, a 12-year-old, 95-proof bourbon at $49.99. Mugen Spirit releases the second barrel in its limited Yokai Series, a 141.8-proof expression called Tengu Series. Stitzel-Weller Distillery launches Stitzel Reserve, a new series of rare aged Kentucky Straight Bourbon, with a 24-Year-Old available on-site. Support this podcast on Patreon Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

Steve, Jeremy and Renee talk about Jason Brauner's daughter Tatum joining the Buzzard's Roost team. The Bourbon Show music (Whiskey on the Mississippi) is by Kevin MacLeod (incompetech.com). Important Links: ABV Network Shop: https://shop.abvnetwork.com/ YouTube: https://bit.ly/3kAJZQz Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/theabvnetwork Check us out at: abvnetwork.com. Join the revolution by adding #ABVNetworkCrew to your profile on social media.

The 'Dive Bombing' Buzzard. Chatty Catty. And good ole' Home Cookin'! That's what Paul Layendecker is BuZzin' about today on The Daily BuZz!!See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

The Doomed & Stoned Show Season 11 Episode 4 This episode focuses on our favorite releases from April's DOOM CHARTS. Nearly four hours of rock and talk about the rock featuring Billy Goate (Editor, Doomed & Stoned), John Gist (Vegas Rock Revolution), and Bucky Brown (Doom Charts), featuring new music from Melvins, Conan, Lo-Pan and more! PLAYLIST: INTRO (00:00) 1. Miss Lava (#12) - "The Bends" (00:31) HOST SEGMENT I (06:56) 2. Mountain of Misery (#24) - "Mystify" (26:59) 3. Buzzard (#30) - "Gadarene Swine" (32:21) 4. Melvins (#21) - "Venus Blood" (37:33) HOST SEGMENT II (45:43) 5. Pigs x7 (#14) - "Stiches" (1:03:43) 6. This Summit Fever (#28) - "Hooks" (1:09:10) 7. Fomies (#15) - "Reflections" (1:12:52) HOST SEGMENT III (1:15:55) 8. Conan (#10) - "Foeman's Flesh" (1:45:05) 9. Earl of Hell (#9)- "The Infernal Dream" (1:54:21) 10. Håndgemeng (#8) - "Down Below" (1:58:41) 11. Grey Czar (#7) - "Eschaton" (2:02:53) 12. Komatsu (#6) - "Savage" (2:06:58) HOST SEGMENT IV (2:11:03) 13. Lo-Pan (#5) - "Ozymandias" (2:55:36) 14. The Elven (#4) - "Far Beyond" (3:04:27) 15. Dead Shrine (#3) - "Illumination of Knowledge" (3:08:03) 16. Messa (#2) - "Fire on the Roof" (3:15:55) 17. Temple Fang (#1) - "The Radiant" (3:20:28) Bonus Tracks: 18. Demonic Death Judge (#19) - "I Realize That...Now" (3:29:01) 19. Quintana (#22) - "Lost at Sea" (3:22:25) 20. Jerky Dirt (#39) - "Know Your Enemy" (3:33:20) 21. Hot Spring Water (not ranked) - "Like The Water Runs" (3:36:48) 22. Blackwater Holylight (#36) - "Wandering Lost" (3:40:48)

fromatoarbitration.com

A Long Way Back to Zion. Yesterday's Dead. Chapter 4, The Buzzard.

It's This Week in Bourbon for March 21st, 2025. A brand new auction record hits with a Van Winkle Private selection, Heaven Hill launches the Connoisseur Club, and Booker's releases the first batch of 2025.Show Notes: Holladay Distillery breaks ground on Rickhouse D, ironclad bourbon aging. Old Rip Van Winkle bottle sells for record $125,000 at Sotheby's. Heaven Hill launches Connesuir Club, exclusive bourbon access. Lux Row Distillers releases Blood Oath Pact 11, Tequila barrel finish, $129.99. Michter's releases 10 Year Bourbon, 94.4 proof, $195. Buzzard's Roost releases Signature Double Oak Bourbon, 100 proof, $45. Booker's Batch "Barry's Batch" 2025 released, 125.7 proof, $99.99. New Riff releases Silver Grove Bourbon and Rye, 110.3 and 110.2 proof, $55.99. Support this podcast on Patreon Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

It's This Week in Bourbon for March 7th, 2025. Willett Artist Series Vol. II goes on sale, there's a new british bourbon, and Woodford Reserve releases the Derby 151 bottle.Show Notes: Willett art-bourbon series launches, charity focused, King Saladeen designs. Trump tariffs impact Mexico, Canada; retaliatory tariffs follow. MGP sales decline 16%, refocusing on branded spirits. Lofted Spirits merges distilleries, emphasizes Kentucky bourbon. Southern Distilling rebrands contract division, Statesville Contract Distilling. Old Carter Whiskey sells for $20.5M+ in global auction. British distillery launches "grain to bottle" bourbon, defying tariffs. High West Bourye 2025: Rye, bourbon blend, 10-year, $124.99 SRP. Penelope Rio: Honey, Amburana oak finish, 98 proof, "carnival in a bottle." Orphan Barrel Fanged Pursuit: 17-year Kentucky bourbon, non-chill filtered, $200 SRP. Buzzard's Roost French Oak Batch 2: Precision-toasted stave finish, $85 SRP. Woodford Reserve 2025 Derby Bottle: Lahera art, Kentucky Derby tribute, $49.99 SRP. Support this podcast on Patreon Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices