Philosophy and Faith

In this episode, the Daniel and Nathan delve into Plato's creation myth and the concept of dualism, discussing how it has influenced both ancient and modern philosophical and theological thought. They explore the role of the Demiurge in shaping the physical world, contrasting it with Christian theology's understanding of creation. The conversation also touches on the effects of dualism in Neoplatonism and its impact on Christian practices, such as asceticism and views on the physical body. Finally, they talk about how Plato and Neo-Platonism have shaped Christian views of heaven and the afterlife.00:00 Introduction to the Creation Myth00:10 Plato's Demiurge and the Realm of Forms02:09 Christian Theology vs. Neoplatonism03:11 The Physical World: A Mistake or a Gift?04:38 Asceticism and Indulgence: Two Roads Diverged06:25 Sexuality and Spirituality11:27 Resurrection vs. Immortality13:36 Conclusion and Final Thoughts

We may be surprised to learn that our concepts of spirituality and the spirit realm (and even Heaven) are formed as much by Plato as by the Bible. In this episode, Nathan and Daniel dive into one of Plato's most significant philosophical ideas, and the idea that has deeply influenced Christian thought: dualism. The discussion centers around understanding what dualism is, how it contrasts with monism, and also how it is similar to yet also very different from the dualism taught in the scriptures.00:00 Introduction: No Script, Just Plato00:37 Plato's Biggest Idea: Dualism01:08 Understanding Dualism: Matter vs. Spirit02:45 Pop Culture Reference: Stranger Things03:41 Monism vs. Dualism05:44 Pluralism?06:52 Plato's Dualism and Christian Theology12:57 Visualizing Plato's Dualism15:03 Exploring the Concept of Value15:13 Understanding the Realm of Forms15:44 Physical vs Non-Physical Realms16:48 Illustrating Plato's Theory with Examples18:36 The Theory of Forms Explained22:42 Ethics and Ideal Forms24:19 Christian Dualism and Plato's Influence28:38 The Interaction Between Realms29:25 Conclusion and Future Discussions

Plato's Influence on Western Thought and Christian TheologyIn this episode, Nathan and Daniel dive into the life and legacy of Plato, one of history's most influential philosophers. They discuss why Plato's ideas have had a profound impact on Western thought and Christian theology, outline the structure of upcoming episodes, and explain concepts like Platonism, Middle Platonism, and Neoplatonism. Additionally, they touch on the intertwining of Greek philosophy with early Christian thought and the role of Plato's Academy in shaping intellectual history. The episode sets the stage for a deeper exploration of Plato's philosophies and their enduring influence.00:00 Introduction and Catching Up00:15 Introducing Plato01:54 Plato's Influence and Importance03:48 Plato's Systematization of Philosophy11:46 Plato's Life and Background13:00 Plato's Academy and Works17:11 Platonism and Its Evolution18:42 Neoplatonism and Its Impact23:25 Conclusion and Teasers for Next Episode

Socrates, Plato, and the Legacy of Greek PhilosophyIn this episode, the Daniel and Nathan return after a brief hiatus to explore the life and philosophy of Socrates and his profound impact on his pupil Plato. They discuss the Socratic method of questioning, its influence on Western thought, and how it shaped Plato's works and ideas, particularly in his early dialogues. The dialogue also delves into the historical context of Socrates' life, his opposition to the Sophists, concepts like absolute truth, justice, and the philosopher king. Additionally, the episode examines Socrates' influence on early Christian theology through Plato and Aristotle, the spread of Hellenistic culture, and its enduring impact on contemporary interpretations of the Bible. 00:00 Introduction and Catching Up01:43 Transition to Socrates Discussion02:36 Socrates: Historical and Literary Figure05:16 Socrates' Influence on Plato07:48 Socratic Method and Dialogues12:43 Socrates' Life and Death16:11 Exploring Plato's Socratic Method16:21 The Immortality and Transmigration of the Soul16:56 Socrates' Dialogue on Justice21:13 Socrates' Intellectual Humility22:15 Plato's Philosophical Contributions25:05 Upcoming Discussions on Plato and Aristotle26:05 The Influence of Greek Thought on Christian Theology

Understanding Sophism: Background, Impact, and CritiquesIn this episode, the discussion focuses on the Sophists, their role in ancient philosophy, and their impact on subsequent thought. We delve into their characteristics, methodologies, and goals, exploring how they served as both a culmination and a reaction to earlier philosophical ideas. Daniel summarizes their teaching under the three headings of: skepticism, relativism, and pragmatism. The conversation ultimately highlights the critical role the Sophists played in setting the stage for the great philosophers Plato and Aristotle. Through an analysis of Sophist principles and the response by Socrates and Plato, the episode offers a comprehensive understanding of this significant yet often misunderstood philosophical movement.00:00 Introduction to the Topic00:36 The Role and Influence of Sophists02:06 Sophists' Business Model and Teaching Methods04:58 Protagoras and His Teachings06:53 Skepticism in Sophist Philosophy11:23 Relativism Explained18:24 Pragmatism in Sophist Thought18:49 The Concept of Enlightened Self-Interest20:00 Pragmatism and Societal Values21:50 Cultural Practices and Moral Relativism23:34 Custom vs. Nature: The Debate25:26 Sophocles' Antigone: A Case Study27:59 Socrates and Plato: Challenging Relativism33:04 The Legacy of the Sophists36:01 Conclusion and Next Steps

Exploring the Fine-Tuning Argument with Physicists and Rabbis Elie Feder and Aaron ZimmerIn this episode of Philosophy and Faith, the hosts welcome Rabbis Elie Feder and Aaron Zimmer, hosts of the podcast Physics to God, to discuss arguments for the existence of God, specifically focusing on the teleological and fine-tuning arguments. Elie, an orthodox rabbi and mathematician, and Aaron, a modern Orthodox rabbi with a background in physics and commodities trading, detail their journeys in faith and academia. They explain the fine-tuning argument, which posits that the constants of nature, such as the fine structure constant and the cosmological constant, are precisely calibrated to allow the universe to support life and complex structures. They argue that this precise tuning suggests an intelligent cause. The discussion also critically evaluates the multiverse theory as an alternative explanation and emphasizes the importance of recognizing when physicists are doing philosophy instead of science. The episode also touches on the importance of understanding philosophy in interpreting scientific data and the potential limitations of atheistic naturalism.00:00 Introduction and Guest Welcome00:30 Ellie's Faith and Academic Journey02:32 Aaron's Faith and Career Path07:47 The Fine Tuning Argument11:43 The Mystery of the Constants19:08 Scientific Discoveries and Fine Tuning28:27 Philosophical Foundations of Intelligence29:13 Fine-Tuning and Intelligent Design30:03 Challenges to Fine-Tuning Argument35:25 The Multiverse Theory38:56 Philosophical Implications of the Multiverse44:50 The Future of Science and Philosophy49:40 Personal Reflections and Future Directions56:57 Conclusion and Final Thoughts

Exploring the Roots of Materialism: The AtomistsIn this episode, Daniel and Nathan delve into the philosophy of materialism by exploring the early atomists, Leucippus and Democritus. They discuss the historical context of these philosophers, their main ideas about atoms and the void, and how these concepts form the basis of materialism. The conversation also touches on the implications of materialistic determinism, the challenges it poses for ethics and rationality, and its lasting impact on modern thought. The episode sets the stage for future discussions about Socrates and his opponents, the sophists.00:00 Introduction 00:50 The Predominant Worldview: Materialism01:26 Introduction to Atomists: Leucippus and Democritus03:16 The Concept of Atoms and the Void06:19 Mechanistic Explanations and Determinism13:09 Challenges and Implications of Materialism20:15 Transition to Socrates and Future Topics

In this episode, Daniel and Nathan dive into the lives and philosophies of Empedocles and Anaxagoras, who serve as stepping stones to understanding Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle. They explore Empedocles' idea that all things are composed of four elements and two forces, love and strife. Meanwhile, Anaxagoras introduces the concept of 'mind' as a guiding force over matter, sparking deeper philosophical questions.The discussion ends by discussing why Socrates and Aristotle were excited but then disappointed in the answers Empedocles and Anaxagoras gave.00:00 Introduction and Overview00:46 Empedocles: The Four Elements05:35 Empedocles' Life and Legends13:30 Anaxagoras: Mind Over Matter18:09 Anaxagoras' Contributions and Critiques24:57 Conclusion and Next Episode Preview

Exploring Parmenides and the Origins of IdealismIn this episode we delve into the philosophical contributions of Parmenides. We examine his impact on idealism, distinguishing between ordinary and philosophical uses of the term. The discussion covers Parmenides' ideas about the nature of reality, including his belief that change and plurality are illusions and that true reality is unchanging and indivisible. We also tackle how Parmenides influenced later philosophers like Plato and the challenges his ideas pose to internal coherence and rational explanation.00:00 Introduction and Greetings00:12 Defining Idealism02:45 Philosophical Context and Examples07:22 Parmenides' Life and Influence09:01 The Way of Truth vs. The Way of Opinion19:45 Evaluating Parmenides' Philosophy27:27 Conclusion and Final Thoughts

In this episode, Nathan and Daniel delve into the life and philosophy of Heraclitus, one of the most influential philosophers of the pre-Socratic era. Known as 'Heraclitus the Obscure' or 'The Riddler', Heraclitus is famous for his notion of the continuous change in the universe, encapsulated in phrases like 'everything is in flux' and 'you cannot step into the same river twice'. His use of the concepts of fire and logos to explain change and order in the universe set the foundations for later philosophical thought, influencing figures like Plato, Aristotle, and even Christian theology. The discussion also touches on how his ideas were interpreted and possibly misrepresented by later philosophers. Heraclitus' legacy is explored in the context of Greek, Roman, and early Christian thought, highlighting his significant but often complex contributions to philosophy.00:00 Introduction to Heraclitus01:21 Heraclitus' Life and Influence02:17 Heraclitus' Writings and Philosophy03:38 Heraclitus' Famous Aphorisms05:03 Heraclitus vs. Plato: Misinterpretations08:07 The Concept of Fire in Heraclitus' Philosophy17:28 The Role of Logos in Heraclitus' Thought23:14 The Deep Meaning of Logos in the Old Testament23:45 John's Use of Logos in the New Testament25:57 Heraclitus and the Concept of Change26:25 The Problem of the One and the Many27:53 Unity and Diversity: Cows and Legos32:56 Heraclitus' Influence on Greek and Roman Thought35:54 Evaluating Heraclitus' Philosophy37:34 The Rationality of the Universe and Human Understanding43:28 Heraclitus and Christian Theology45:25 Final Thoughts on Heraclitus

The Philosophy of Pythagoras: From Music to SoulIn this episode we discuss the teachings of Pythagoras, a major figure in ancient philosophy. The conversation covers his influence, particularly in mathematics, music, and his lasting impact on Western thought and Christian theology. Pythagoras's notion of the soul, especially the concept of the soul's transmigration and its contrast with Hebraic understanding, is explored in depth. The episode delves deeply into the philosophical and religious ideas that shaped Pythagoras's theories and their implications.00:29 Pythagoras and his 1,000 year influence02:21 Historical Context and Influence06:01 Philosophical and Religious Ideas14:24 The Concept of Transmigration of the Soul23:08 The Eternal and the Temporal: A Philosophical Dichotomy23:30 The Soul's Imprisonment in the Body: Pythagoras to Plato23:59 Christian Theology and the Body-Soul Dualism24:34 Translating 'Soul': From Hebrew 'Nephesh' to Greek 'Psyche'25:45 The Evolution of Language and Meaning26:45 Theological Implications of Translation Choices28:23 Understanding 'Nefesh' in the Hebrew Bible31:20 The Greek 'Psyche' and Its Philosophical Baggage34:00 Christianity's Fusion of Greek and Hebrew Thought35:42 Practical Implications of Body-Soul Dualism40:40 Concluding Thoughts on Body and Soul

In this episode, we delve into the life and philosophy of Xenophanes, an early Greek thinker who significantly advanced philosophical thought. Beginning with a review of previous episodes' discussions on early Greek philosophy and the pre-Socratic thinkers like Thales, Anaximander, and Anaximenes, the conversation shifts to focus on Xenophanes' unique contributions. Notably, Xenophanes was the first to reject the traditional portrayal of Greek gods by Homer and Hesiod, arguing instead for a singular, morally superior deity. His work also laid foundational ideas in epistemology, questioning the nature of human knowledge and the possibility of true belief. Also highlighted are Xenophanes' influence on later philosophical discourse, particularly his introduction of distinguishing knowledge from mere belief. 00:00 Introduction and Greetings00:34 Setting the Context: Greek Philosophy03:10 Early Greek Philosophers: Thales, Anaximander, and Anaximenes06:50 Introducing Xenophanes07:59 Xenophanes' Critique of Greek Gods14:50 Xenophanes' Concept of God18:34 Xenophanes and Epistemology23:51 Conclusion and Next Episode Preview

In this episode, we delve into the early history of Greek philosophy, focusing on the Milesian school. The discussion covers Thales, Anaximander, and Anaximenes, examining their metaphysical inquiries about the fundamental nature of reality. We also discuss the broader implications of their thinking, such as assumptions about the eternity of matter, the rational comprehensibility of the universe, and the capacity of the human mind to understand it. These foundational ideas are tied to later philosophical developments and contemporary thought.00:00 Introduction to the Malaysian School of Philosophy01:08 Thales: The First Philosopher03:41 Anaximander and the Concept of the Boundless09:13 Anaximenes: Air as the Fundamental Principle15:49 Early Greek Philosophers: Common Assumptions and Analysis19:39 Metaphysics and Ethics: The Foundational Question20:11 Plato's Creation Story: The Demiurge21:00 Greek Philosophy: Rational Understanding of Reality21:55 The Assumption of Rational Reality22:23 Illustrating Rational Assumptions27:17 Human Mind's Capability to Understand Reality30:15 Philosophical Presuppositions and Worldviews31:56 The Desire for Intellectual Simplicity36:50 Conclusion: Analyzing Ancient and Modern Thought

Exploring the Foundations: The Role of Thales in the Birth of Greek PhilosophyIn this episode, we delve into the history and philosophy, focusing on Thales of Miletus, who is often considered the first philosopher. We review the importance of understanding historical and intellectual contexts and explore Thales' groundbreaking idea that water is the fundamental substance of everything. The discussion touches on critical concepts such as the shapeless stream, fate, and the significance of autonomous human reasoning in the development of philosophy. The episode also examines skepticism and its recurring role in philosophical discourse, setting the stage for future explorations of early Greek philosophers.00:00 Introduction and Recap01:16 The Shapeless Dream: A Fundamental Concept03:26 Greek Philosophy: Rational or Not?04:31 The Dual Nature of Humans06:25 The One and the Many07:22 The First Philosophers10:08 The Presupposition of Autonomous Human Reasoning11:52 Skepticism and Its Implications13:31 Revelation vs. Reason in Greek Philosophy13:55 Philosophy in a Polytheistic Culture14:11 Introduction to Early Philosophers14:28 Thales of Miletus: Background and Contributions15:47 Thales' Philosophical Ideas17:28 The Concept of Arche18:39 Thales' Famous Assertions19:36 Philosophical Implications and Critiques24:19 Concluding Thoughts and Next Episodes

"We study history not to remember the past but to understand the present". That is the reason for this series. In this episode we discuss the intellectual seed-bed of the ancient world, especially that of Greece. We begin in Crete, whose Minoan civilization predated and heavily influenced the Grecian culture on the mainland. More specifically we talk about:Who "counts" as philosophersThe philosophy and thought of the Minoan civilizationThe meaning of monismMysticism in the ancient worldThe mystery religions and their connection with philosophyHow the earliest Greek thought influences our thinking today

What does our notions of right and wrong tell us about the existence of God?In this episode Dr. Justin Gash of Franklin College joins us to tackle this fascinating question. We discuss the moral argument for God's existence, describe how it is usually countered, and then analyze those counter-arguments. In the end we each give our take on how effective this argument is in achieving various goals.

Today we have our first guest: Dr. Justin Gash of Franklin College.Justin is a professor in the math department, and also assistant Dean of the college. He occasionally teaches a class on Reasonable Faith, as well as guiding independent studies of that material.Our conversation is about his own intellectual/spiritual journey, what he has learned from teaching these classes, and what he thinks about the arguments for God's existence.In our next episode, Dr. Gash will walk us through his favorite argument for the existence of God: the moral argument.

Can we prove God's existence by the fact or features of the universe? To tackle this issue we will discuss:The difference between proofs and signsThe meaning of the cosmological argument, and its various formsThe meaning of the argument from design (also known as the teleological argument)The resurrection of the argument from design in the last 50 yearsThe curious case of Anthony Flew

If love is the meaning of creation, then how exactly does that play out in our individual lives? What is MY purpose? What will my future life be like?That is what we tackle in this episode.

The great philosopher Martin Heidegger said the most fundamental question in philosophy is this: Why is there something rather than nothing?Christianity, unlike naturalism, gives an answer to the question, and it is both satisfying and stimulating.

A discussion about the nature of time and of God's eternity, especially about whether God's eternity means simply everlasting duration or atemporality. We also discuss theoretical physics, prayer, and Bruce Almighty.

This episode focuses on the relationship between God and the universe. More specifically we will address:The problem of evilWhy naturalism makes the problem of evil worseWhy the church has sometimes come across as anti-sexTheism vs. naturalism and eastern thought on this questionIs the ultimate nature of reality personal or material, and what difference does this make?Will we have physical bodies after death and resurrection?and more

How can we know the God who transcends human categories and ways of knowing? Some thinkers have said that we can only have "negative" knowledge about God: that the only thing we can say of Him is that He is not like the things of this world.But is it possible to go beyond that, and, if so, how?This episode also includes a discussion of the following:How negative theology paved the way for mysticism, both in the western church but especially in the Eastern (Orthodox) church.The meaning of iconsHow analogical knowledge of God works.How pseudo-Dionysius, Maimonides and Aquinas answered the problem of how we can know God.

How can we know God?He's not a part of this universe of time, space, with its forms of causation, movement, or even being. So how is it possible to know Him?That is what this episode deals with.Note: we did have some technical problems with the audio on this one, so parts of it are a bit muffled (but not too bad).

In this episode we dive into aesthetics, the study of beauty and art. WE have a few digressions here, including one about Van Gogh and another about micro-bears on the moon. Yeah. But we also talk about:Defining beautyWhy Plato didn't appreciate art, and why Aristotle didThe radiance of the formHow beauty relates to GodHow beauty relates to truth and goodnessHow a naturalist would develop a theory of beautyAnd a few things more

Why are we here, and what happens to us after we die?This episode answers those questions through the lens of the four great worldviews (theism, naturalism, paganism, and eastern thought). A resource mentioned in this episode: The Universe Next Door, by James Sire.

Are some things always right or wrong, or is ethics relative? What makes something right or wrong? Last episode we saw how theism and naturalism try to answer those questions. This week paganism and eastern thought get their say.

Are some things always right and wrong? If so, why? Where does the standard of morality come from?Theism and naturalism give distinctly different answer to that important questions, as we will discuss.

Is naturalism (the worldview that that there is no God, and that the physical universe is all that exists) actually a self-defeating idea? That is, is it making a truth claim which undermines the ability to make truth claims? Let's discuss.

Can we actually know the truth? And if so, how?This episode explores how the four great worldviews answer those questions.

How do we deal with our intellectual doubts? In this episode, Daniel gives four practical ways to deal with doubts, based upon his 30 years as a pastor, and on his own life.

This episode covers the topics of faith, doubt, reason and certainty.It reminds us that "faith" is more about trust than belief, and that you can have faith and still doubt. It also reminds us that faith is not opposed to reason, and that, indeed, faith without reason is irrational, and not true religious faith.What is faith opposed to? Certainty.Listen to find out why.

Do we humans have a purpose? Is that purpose given to us, or do we seek to make one for ourselves?Are humans uniquely valuable? More valuable than gorillas and gophers? If so, why?This episode discusses how each of the four great world views would answer those questions.

The history of the world is dominated by four great worldviews -- four families of ideas about the universe and reality. They are theism, atheism, pantheism, and polytheism. In this episode these four worldviews are explained with the help of two illustrations. This will form the foundation for future episodes, where we will examine how each of this worldviews gives different answers to the questions of ethics, human uniqueness and value, how we can know things, what is beauty, and more.

Our first episodes explores the questions:What is philosophy?How do Philosophy and faith fit together?Do non-religious philosophy still utilize faith?How can you decide between competing worldviews.