Podcasts about Anaximander

Met dr. Bert van den Berg van de Universiteit Leiden duiken we in de wilde jaren van het denken! In deze aflevering spreken we uitgebreid over de vroeg Griekse filosofen, die je ook zou kunnen kennen als de "presocraten". Van Thales tot Anaximander, Heraclitus tot Parmenides - wie waren deze denkers uit het verre verleden? Hoe kennen we ze, waar kennen we ze van en in welke (Griekse) wereld bewogen ze zich?Shownotes

Subscriber-only episodeHere I'm joined with @AncPhi to briefly discuss the invaluable importance of Heidegger. At issue is the significance of language, translation, and etymology for his thought on time and being; and, more broadly, the revolution in postmodern philosophy that issued from his thought from the perspective of his essay on Anaximander.

Anaximander of Miletus (c. 610 – c. 546 BCE), a pre-Socratic philosopher and student of Thales, was a pioneer of cosmology, astronomy, and natural philosophy. He introduced the concept of the apeiron (infinite) as the origin of all things, developed early theories on evolution, and created one of the first world maps. His revolutionary ideas laid the groundwork for scientific thinking and inspired generations of philosophers and scientists.

When it's time to check back in with Captain William Boimler, he's lost his love for hunting quantum fissures and he's fed up with derivative multiverse characters. But when a two-pip Harry Kim shows up on board the Anaximander, it's an alternate Mustard Mariner with the engineering skills to save the day. Who enjoyed colonoscopy prep more? When did movie trailers change forever? What's the name of Starfleet's official support garment? It's the episode that's blowing minds and blowing assholes!Support the production of Greatest TrekGet a thing at podshop.biz!Sign up for our mailing list!Greatest Trek is produced by Wynde PriddySocial media is managed by Rob Adler and Bill TilleyMusic by Adam RaguseaFriends of DeSoto for: Labor | Democracy | JusticeDiscuss the show using the hashtag #GreatestTrek and find us on social media:YouTube | Facebook | X | Instagram | TikTok | Mastodon | Bluesky | ThreadsAnd check out these online communities run by FODs: Reddit | USS Hood Discord | Facebook group | Wikia | FriendsOfDeSoto.social

Exploring 'Star Trek: Lower Decks' and Multiverse Madness - Special Cameos and Series Reflections In our latest episode of 'Make It So,' the Star Trek Legacy podcast on the Film Stories Podcast Network, we delve into 'Star Trek: Lower Decks' final season with a deep dive into the episode 'Fissure Quest.' Joined by Kurt North, who takes the captain's chair, and Geoff Owen, We discuss the intriguing cameos, including Lily Sloane, and multiple Harry Kims. We reflect on the season's nostalgic elements, the handling of the multiverse concept, and the ship Anaximander. T Tune in as we also mark a significant change in our journey, with Kurt North stepping down and Geoff Owen taking over the captaincy. 00:00 Welcome to Make It So: Star Trek Legacy Podcast 01:19 Episode Overview and Initial Thoughts 01:42 Cameos and Fan Service 02:51 Season Reflection and Critique 04:45 Nostalgia and Multiverse Discussion 20:33 Cameos Breakdown and Analysis 32:04 Final Thoughts and Farewell to Kurt Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

The party find a new friend, and prepare for battle, as Anaximander finds his way out of Limbo by a curious method.

In klarer Nacht sind etwa 3000 Sterne am Himmel zu erkennen. Einst galten sie als Götter am Himmel. Als Erster versuchte der Philosoph Anaximander im 6. Jahrhundert vor unserer Zeitrechnung, das Leuchten der Sterne physikalisch zu erklären. Lorenzen, Dirk www.deutschlandfunk.de, Sternzeit

The Book Club has taken a short summer break and will return in September with new episodes. Until then, here's an episode from the archives with the theoretical physicist Carlo Rovelli. Carlo joined Sam in March 2023 to discuss his book Anaximander and the Nature of Science and explain how a radical thinker two and a half centuries ago was the first human to intuit that the earth is floating in space. He tells Sam how Anaximander's way of thinking still informs the work of scientists everywhere, how politics shapes scientific progress and how we can navigate the twin threats of religious dogma and postmodern relativism in search of truth. 

The Book Club has taken a short summer break and will return in September with new episodes. Until then, here's an episode from the archives with the theoretical physicist Carlo Rovelli. Carlo joined Sam in March 2023 to discuss his book Anaximander and the Nature of Science and explain how a radical thinker two and a half centuries ago was the first human to intuit that the earth is floating in space. He tells Sam how Anaximander's way of thinking still informs the work of scientists everywhere, how politics shapes scientific progress and how we can navigate the twin threats of religious dogma and postmodern relativism in search of truth. 

This lecture discusses key ideas from the ancient philosopher and statesman Marcus Tullius Cicero's work, On The Nature Of The Gods, which critically examines Epicurean, Stoic, and Skeptic perspectives on matters of theology and cosmology Specifically it the Epicurean Velleius' criticisms of various ancient philosophers viewpoints on the divine. These include a number of pre-Socratics, such as: Thales, Anaximander, Anaximenes, Anaxagoras, Alcmæo of Croton, Pythagoras, Xenophanes, Parmenides, Empedocles, Protagoras, Democritus, and Diogenes of Apollonia. He also criticises the views of post-Socratics like Plato, Xenophon, Antisthenes, Speusippus, Aristotle, Xenocrates, Heraclides of Pontus, and Theophrastus To support my ongoing work, go to my Patreon site - www.patreon.com/sadler If you'd like to make a direct contribution, you can do so here - www.paypal.me/ReasonIO - or at BuyMeACoffee - www.buymeacoffee.com/A4quYdWoM You can find over 3,000 philosophy videos in my main YouTube channel - www.youtube.com/user/gbisadler Purchase Cicero's On The Nature Of Gods - https://amzn.to/3JITSZc

In this episode, we delve into the life and philosophy of Xenophanes, an early Greek thinker who significantly advanced philosophical thought. Beginning with a review of previous episodes' discussions on early Greek philosophy and the pre-Socratic thinkers like Thales, Anaximander, and Anaximenes, the conversation shifts to focus on Xenophanes' unique contributions. Notably, Xenophanes was the first to reject the traditional portrayal of Greek gods by Homer and Hesiod, arguing instead for a singular, morally superior deity. His work also laid foundational ideas in epistemology, questioning the nature of human knowledge and the possibility of true belief. Also highlighted are Xenophanes' influence on later philosophical discourse, particularly his introduction of distinguishing knowledge from mere belief. 00:00 Introduction and Greetings00:34 Setting the Context: Greek Philosophy03:10 Early Greek Philosophers: Thales, Anaximander, and Anaximenes06:50 Introducing Xenophanes07:59 Xenophanes' Critique of Greek Gods14:50 Xenophanes' Concept of God18:34 Xenophanes and Epistemology23:51 Conclusion and Next Episode Preview

In this episode, we delve into the early history of Greek philosophy, focusing on the Milesian school. The discussion covers Thales, Anaximander, and Anaximenes, examining their metaphysical inquiries about the fundamental nature of reality. We also discuss the broader implications of their thinking, such as assumptions about the eternity of matter, the rational comprehensibility of the universe, and the capacity of the human mind to understand it. These foundational ideas are tied to later philosophical developments and contemporary thought.00:00 Introduction to the Malaysian School of Philosophy01:08 Thales: The First Philosopher03:41 Anaximander and the Concept of the Boundless09:13 Anaximenes: Air as the Fundamental Principle15:49 Early Greek Philosophers: Common Assumptions and Analysis19:39 Metaphysics and Ethics: The Foundational Question20:11 Plato's Creation Story: The Demiurge21:00 Greek Philosophy: Rational Understanding of Reality21:55 The Assumption of Rational Reality22:23 Illustrating Rational Assumptions27:17 Human Mind's Capability to Understand Reality30:15 Philosophical Presuppositions and Worldviews31:56 The Desire for Intellectual Simplicity36:50 Conclusion: Analyzing Ancient and Modern Thought

Welcome to Episode 229 of Lucretius Today. This is a podcast dedicated to the poet Lucretius, who wrote "On The Nature of Things," the most complete presentation of Epicurean philosophy left to us from the ancient world.Each week we walk you through the Epicurean texts, and we discuss how Epicurean philosophy can apply to you today. If you find the Epicurean worldview attractive, we invite you to join us in the study of Epicurus at EpicureanFriends.com. Be aware that none of us are professional philosophers, and everyone here is a a self-taught Epicurean.For our new listeners, let me remind you of several ground rules for both our podcast and our forum.First: Our aim is to bring you an accurate presentation of classical Epicurean philosophy as the ancient Epicureans understood it, which is often not the same as presented by many modern commentators. We encourage you to study Epicurus for yourself, and one of the best places to start is the book, "Epicurus and His Philosophy" by Canadian professor Norman DeWitt.Second: We won't be talking about modern political issues in this podcast. How you apply Epicurus in your own life is of course entirely up to you. We call this approach "Not Neo-Epicurean, But Epicurean." Epicurean philosophy is a philosophy of its own, it's not Stoicism, Humanism, Buddhism, Taoism, Atheism, Libertarianism or Marxism - it is unique and must be understood on its own, not in terms of any conventional modern morality.Third: One of the most important things to keep in mind is that the Epicureans often used words very differently than we do today. To the Epicureans, Gods were not omnipotent or omniscient, so Epicurean references to "Gods" do not mean at all the same thing as in major religions today. In Epicurean ethics, "Pleasure" refers not ONLY to sensory stimulation, but also to every experience of life which is not felt to be painful. The classical texts show that Epicurus was not focused on luxury, like some people say, but neither did he teach minimalism, as other people say. Epicurus taught that all experiences of life fall under one of two feelings - pleasure and pain - and those feelings -- and not gods, idealism, or virtue - are the guides that Nature gave us by which to live. More than anything else, Epicurus taught that the universe is not supernatural in any way, and that means there's no life after death, and any happiness we'll ever have comes in THIS life, which is why it is so important not to waste time in confusion.Today we are continuing to review the Epicurean sections of Cicero's "On the Nature of The Gods," as presented by the Epicurean spokesman Velleius, beginning at the end of Section 10.Today's TextThese are your doctrines, Lucilius; but what those of others are I will endeavor to ascertain by tracing them back from the earliest of ancient philosophers. Thales the Milesian, who first inquired after such subjects, asserted water to be the origin of things, and that God was that mind which formed all things from water. If the Gods can exist without corporeal sense, and if there can be a mind without a body, why did he annex a mind to water?It was Anaximander's opinion that the Gods were born; that after a great length of time they died; and that they are innumerable worlds. But what conception can we possibly have of a Deity who is not eternal?Anaximenes, after him, taught that the air is God, and that he was generated, and that he is immense, infinite, and always in motion; as if air, which has no form, could possibly be God; for the Deity must necessarily be not only of some form or other, but of the most beautiful form. Besides, is not everything that had a beginning subject to mortality?XI. Anaxagoras, who received his learning from Anaximenes, was the first who affirmed the system and disposition of all things to be contrived and perfected by the power and reason of an infinite mind; in which infinity he did not perceive that there could be no conjunction of sense and motion, nor any sense in the least degree, where nature herself could feel no impulse. If he would have this mind to be a sort of animal, then there must be some more internal principle from whence that animal should receive its appellation. But what can be more internal than the mind? Let it, therefore, be clothed with an external body. But this is not agreeable to his doctrine; but we are utterly unable to conceive how a pure simple mind can exist without any substance annexed to it.Alcmæon of Crotona, in attributing a divinity to the sun, the moon, and the rest of the stars, and also to the mind, did not perceive that he was ascribing immortality to mortal beings.Pythagoras, who supposed the Deity to be one soul, mixing with and pervading all nature, from which our souls are taken, did not consider that the Deity himself must, in consequence of this doctrine, be maimed and torn with the rending every human soul from it; nor that, when the human mind is afflicted (as is the case in many instances), that part of the Deity must likewise be afflicted, which cannot be. If the human mind were a Deity, how could it be ignorant of any thing? Besides, how could that Deity, if it is nothing but soul, be mixed with, or infused into, the world?Then Xenophanes, who said that everything in the world which had any existence, with the addition of intellect, was God, is as liable to exception as the rest, especially in relation to the infinity of it, in which there can be nothing sentient, nothing composite.Parmenides formed a conceit to himself of something circular like a crown. (He names it Stephane.) It is an orb of constant light and heat around the heavens; this he calls God; in which there is no room to imagine any divine form or sense. And he uttered many other absurdities on the same subject; for he ascribed a divinity to war, to discord, to lust, and other passions of the same kind, which are destroyed by disease, or sleep, or oblivion, or age. The same honor he gives to the stars; but I shall forbear making any objections to his system here, having already done it in another place.

Philosophy in the Tragic Age of the Greeks is one of the more obscure texts in Friedrich Nietzsche's corpus. There are many good reasons for this: it is unfinished, and ends abruptly; it was never published; and it concerns subject matter that is not as immediately accessible as Nietzsche's more popular writings. You will not find his major concepts in this work – such as the will to power, or the critique of metaphysics - except insofar as those ideas appear in the background, inchoate, unnamed… not yet fully formed. In Nietzsche's interpretation of the Pre-Platonic philosophers of Ancient Greece, we find the starting place for his later philosophical career. The inspiration for many of those great ideas, can arguably be found in his exegesis of these extraordinary figures from the Hellenic world, from the 6th to the 4th century BC. In today's episode, I'll introduce the text, then we'll cover the first three figures who I've classed as "the first cosmologists": Thales, Anaximander, and Heraclitus. While I'm mostly sticking to the text of the essay, I fill in some details using Nietzsche's lectures on the Pre-Platonics, on which this essay was based. Episode art: photo of the Temple of Poseidon

In this episode of “Voices with Vervaeke,” John Vervaeke and Guy Sengstock engage in a discussion about relationality, grief, and the sacred. Highlighting their upcoming Circling into Dialogos workshop, they delve into practices for realizing our interconnected nature, inspired by philosopher James Filler's views on relationality as the essence of being. The duo explores how grief exposes our lives as interwoven relational worlds, leading to a deeper comprehension of non-substantiality and connection. Their transformative workshop aims to cultivate better relationships with self, others, and ultimate reality, addressing the sacred amidst the meaning crisis and moving beyond adversarial thinking. This relational perspective, both transcendent and intimate, offers insights into a more responsive and holistic way of living. Listeners will gain an enriched understanding of how relational thinking can reshape our approach to life's challenges, opening doors to new meanings and deeper connections.   Guy Sengstock, the founder of the Circling method, is a renowned facilitator and innovator in the field of authentic communication and personal development. His method blends philosophical rigor with a deep understanding of relational dynamics, offering transformative experiences that foster genuine connection and self-awareness.    Glossary of Terms   Relationality: The quality of being relational, emphasizing the importance of relationships in understanding beings and the world. Heidegger: A German philosopher known for his existential and phenomenological explorations. Neoplatonism: A philosophical system that posits the existence of an ultimate reality or "One" from which everything emanates.   John Vervaeke Website: https://johnvervaeke.com/ YouTube: https://www.youtube.com/@johnvervaeke  Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/johnvervaeke   X: https://twitter.com/vervaeke_john   Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/VervaekeJohn/   Guy Sengstock Website: https://circlinginstitute.com/ Email: guysengstock@gmail.com Join our new Patreon https://www.patreon.com/johnvervaeke   The Vervaeke Foundation - https://vervaekefoundation.org/   Awaken to Meaning - https://awakentomeaning.com/   Workshop:  Circling & Dialogos: The After Socrates Wisdom Intensive February 10-11, 2024 https://circlinginstitute.mykajabi.com/dialogos-and-circling-registration   Books, Articles, and Publications   Heidegger, Neoplatonism, and the History of Being: Relation as Ontological Ground - James Filler  https://www.amazon.com/dp/3031309065 Relationality as the Ground of Being: The One as Pure Relation in Plotinus - Filler, James (2019). International Journal of the Platonic Tradition https://brill.com/view/journals/jpt/13/1/article-p1_1.xml The Relational Ontology of Anaximander and Heraclitus - Filler, James (2022). Review of Metaphysics https://muse.jhu.edu/article/872706 Heidegger, Neoplatonism, and the History of Being: Relation as Ontological Ground - Filler, James (2023). Springer Nature Switzerland. https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-3-031-30907-6 Religion and Nothingness - Keiji Nishitani https://www.amazon.com/Religion-Nothingness-Nanzan-Studies-Culture/dp/0520049462 Supernatural Selection: How Religion Evolved - Matt Rossano https://www.amazon.com/Supernatural-Selection-How-Religion-Evolved/dp/0195385810/ Indeterminacy and Intelligibility - Brian John Martine https://www.amazon.com/Indeterminacy-Intelligibility-SUNY-Systematic-Philosophy/dp/0791411745/   Quotes   "There's a sacred dimension to this that is trying to be born right now, because we need to be born beyond the meaning crisis, and the sacred needs to be born." - John Vervaeke [00:45:26]   "That's what grief is. There's a hole in reality because relationality has been lost." - John Vervaeke [00:47:38]   "The ongoing practice involves continually reaching into, and being reached by this process. This relationality that is also an emptiness is so important. It just seems like it's the most important thing." - Guy Sengstock [00:58:10] Chapters    [00:00:00] - Introduction to Guy Sengstock and the upcoming workshop.  [00:02:00] - Discussing James Filler's book and relationality.  [00:14:00] - Exploring the significance of grief.  [00:29:00] - The relational nature of being and wisdom.  [00:42:00] - Delving into Zen philosophy and Neoplatonism.  [00:54:00] - The transformative power of grief and loss.  [01:10:00] - Concluding thoughts and reflections on relational ontology.

Anaximander, Apeiron, Heidegger, Derrida, Logocentrism. It's a mouthful. Get all of our full episodes by becoming a patron at https://www.patreon.com/plasticpills

Our smartphones rule our lives. We love them, we hate them. Somewhere deep down inside, we hope they never go away. But, if recent sales data is to be believed, we are also incredibly bored with smartphones—so bored in fact that we're buying far fewer of them than we used to. This week, we talk about what the future looks like for smartphones. They'll likely get more foldable, their voice features could grow chattier, and they might even come with a chip to recognize AI-generated nonsense and block it like spam. WIRED senior editor and noted techno-grouser Jason Kehe joins our conversation about the future of the phone and the future of our souls. Note: This episode originally aired March 16, 2023. Read the full transcript. Show Notes Read Lauren's interviews with five prominent technologists as they predict the phone's future. The story is part of our WIRED 30 package celebrating our 30th anniversary as a publication. Recommendations Jason recommends Anaximander and the Birth of Science by Carlo Rovelli. Lauren recommends swimming and not podcasting. Mike recommends Why Buddhism Is True by Robert Wright. Jason Kehe can be found on Twitter @jkehe. Lauren Goode is @LaurenGoode. Michael Calore is @snackfight. Bling the main hotline at @GadgetLab. The show is produced by Boone Ashworth (@booneashworth). Our theme music is by Solar Keys. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices

*Anaksimandros kimdir? Ne gibi ilk eleştirileri vardır? Geleceği nasıl şekillendirmiştir? Ne gibi teoriler vardır?*Thales kimdir? Ne gibi teoriler vardır? Geleceği nasıl şekillendirmiştir? *Milet okulu nedir?* Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/oradanburadanbilgi/Twitter: @oradanburadanb*Reklam ve İş birlikleri için: oradanburadan7@gmail.com*Kaynak:*Classen, 1977 Anaximander and Anaximenes :The  Earlist  Greek  Theories of Change? Phronesis 22,89-102*Geschichte der Antike und mittelalterliche Philosophie Erns Von Aster* The Natural Connotation of Common Life: The Methodological Meaning of David Hume's Moral Philosophy*Anaximander- World History Encyclopedia* POPPER, Karl. Açık Toplum ve Düşmanları,*POPPER, Karl. Tarihselciliğin Sefaleti,.

Prof. Dr. Serhan Yarkan ve Bahadır Yalın'ın yer aldığı, TapirCast'in "Bilim Tarihi" serisinin bu bölümünde, Anaximander'i anlatmaya devam ediyoruz. Bölümümüze, Anaximander'in ilk kısmında konuşmaya başladığımız Anaximander ve Thales arasındaki arkhe ilişkisine değinerek başlıyoruz. Sonrasında, sonsuzluk ve hiçlik kavramının filozoflar gözündeki yerinden yola çıkarak, kendilerinin "neden buradayız?" sorusuna aradıkları yanıtlar üzerinde duruyoruz. Bu yanıtları ararken, üzerinde durulan problemlerin farklı filozoflar tarafından nasıl ifade edildiğini tartışarak, bir fikrin nasıl geliştirilerek bir sonraki nesile bırakıldığı üzerinde duruyoruz. Günümüzde bilime olan yaklaşımın teknolojiyle birlikte nasıl değiştiğinden ve insanların öğrenmeye olan ihtiyaç duygusunun nasıl evrildiğinden bahsederek, izlemek ve okumak arasındaki fark üzerine fikirlerimizi beyan ediyoruz. Son olarak, bilmek eyleminin farklı çevrelerce nasıl yorumlandığını ve bu yorumlamanın sonucunun kişiyi nereye götürdüğü üzerine konuşarak bölümümüzü sonlandırıyoruz. Keyifli dinlemeler!

Prof. Dr. Serhan Yarkan ve Bahadır Yalın'ın yer aldığı, TapirCast'in "Bilim Tarihi" serisinin bu bölümünde, iki kısımda konuşacağımız Miletli Anaximander'in ilk kısmını konuşuyoruz. Anaximander'in, günümüze yazılı eseri ulaşan ilk filozof olması üzerinden, yazılı bir esere sahip olmanın önemini konuşarak bölümümüze başlıyoruz. Sonrasında, çapraz okumalar aracılığıyla elde edilen, Thales ve Anaximander'in "arkhe" fikirlerinden bahsederek, Anaximander'in kendisinden önceki filozof olduğu bilinen Thales'in suyu arkhe olarak kabul etmesini nasıl eleştirdiğini konuşuyoruz. Bunun üzerine, Anaximander'in su üzerine gözlemlerinden yola çıkarak evrim teorisinin temellerini attığı anlatısını değerlendiriyor ve Milet Okulu'nda bir arada bulunduğu bilinen Thales ve Anaximander'in gözleme verdiği önemden söz ediyoruz. Anaximander'in "apeiron" olarak ortaya attığı bilinen ve günümüze kadar farklı bilim insanları tarafından farklı alanlarda anlaşılmaya ve anlatılmaya çalışılan sonsuzluk kavramının bilimsel açıdan önemini tartışıyoruz. Bu kavramın astronomideki karşılığı üzerine de konuşarak, bölümümüzü sonlandırıyoruz. Keyifli dinlemeler!

In this special episode, Schuyler Brooks talks to Phil about Carlo Rovelli's Anaximander. You can snag your copy here or here --- Support this podcast: https://podcasters.spotify.com/pod/show/sara-putman/support

Carlo Rovelli is one of the world's best-known scientists. A theoretical physicist, his books have sold over two million copies around the world. He recently came to Intelligence Squared to talk about his favourite scientist, the little-known Greek philosopher Anaximander, whose ideas, articulated over two millennia ago, lay the foundations for cosmology, physics, geography, meteorology, and biology. It's the subject of Rovelli's book, Anaximander: And the Nature of Science, now being published in English for the first time. In conversation with the award-winning historian Tom Holland, Rovelli shows how Anaximander opened up a path that we are still on today: one that requires us to accept the provisional nature of our knowledge and allows us to challenge, rebel against and create new images of our world.  We'd love to hear your feedback and what you think we should talk about next, who we should have on and what our future debates should be about. Send us an email or voice note with your thoughts to podcasts@intelligencesquared.com.  At Intelligence Squared we've got our own online streaming platform, Intelligence Squared+ and we'd love you to give it a go. It's packed with more than 20 years' worth of video debates and conversations on the world's most important topics as well as exclusive podcast content. Tune in to live events, ask your questions or watch on-demand, totally ad-free with hours of discussion to dive into. Visit intelligencesquaredplus.com to start watching today. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

Prof. Dr. Serhan Yarkan ve Bahadır Yalın'ın yer aldığı TapirCast'in Bilim Tarihi Serisi'nin bu bölümünde, bir çok kaynakta tarihteki ilk filozof olarak atfedilen Thales ile Yunan Ekolü'ne giriş yapıyoruz. Bölümümüze öncelikle çeşitli anlatılarda bahsedilen, Thales ile Anaximander'un eleştiri üzerine konuşmalarına değiniyoruz. Bu kavramdan yola çıkarak Thales'in, dönemdaşlarının bir çoğu aksine, doğayı yorumlamak için bir çok kaynakta kullandığı aktarılan bakış açısına değiniyoruz. Aktarılan bu bakış açısıyla Heredotus ve Aristotle gibi yazılı kaynakları günümüze aktarılan bir çok filozofun gözünden, matematik, astronomi; metafizik ve felsefe alanlarında yaptığı çalışmalardan ve kullandığı yöntemlerden bahsediyoruz. Düşünceleri, gözlemleri ve yorumlamaları ile kendisinden sonraki filozofları nasıl etkilediğini ve İyonya Aydınlanması'na nasıl öncü olduğunu konuşuyoruz. Farklı kaynakların doğrulayıp, farklı kaynakların da yalanladığı, Mısır'a gittiği iddiasını kendi perspektifimizden değerlendiriyoruz. Günümüz toplumunun bilime bakış açısıyla ilgili yorumlarımızı da dile getirip, bölümümüzü sonlandırıyoruz. Keyifli dinlemeler!

Our smartphones rule our lives. We love them, we hate them. Somewhere deep down inside, we hope they never go away. But, if recent sales data is to be believed, we are also incredibly bored with smartphones—so bored in fact that we're buying far fewer of them than we used to. This week, we talk about what the future looks like for smartphones. They'll likely get more foldable, their voice features could grow chattier, and they might even come with a chip to recognize AI-generated nonsense and block it like spam. WIRED senior editor and noted techno-grouser Jason Kehe joins our conversation about the future of the phone and the future of our souls. Show Notes: Read Lauren's interviews with five prominent technologists as they predict the phone's future. The story is part of our WIRED 30 package celebrating our 30th anniversary as a publication. Recommendations: Jason recommends Anaximander and the Birth of Science by Carlo Rovelli. Lauren recommends swimming and not podcasting. Mike recommends Why Buddhism Is True by Robert Wright. Jason Kehe can be found on Twitter @jkehe. Lauren Goode is @LaurenGoode. Michael Calore is @snackfight. Bling the main hotline at @GadgetLab. The show is produced by Boone Ashworth (@booneashworth). Our theme music is by Solar Keys. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices

This week on the Penguin Podcast, Nihal is joined by writer, science populariser and theoretical, Carlo Rovelli. He joins us to talk about the new English translation of his first book, Anaximander.They all also discuss the singular genius of the philosophers of the past, the importance of questioning our reality, the significance of a typewriter in his writing career, and his admiration for the theoretical physicist John Wheeler. Don't forget to subscribe so you never miss an episode, and please do leave us a review – it really does help us. And finally, to find out more about the #PenguinPodcast, visit https://www.penguin.co.uk/podcasts. Hosted on Acast. See acast.com/privacy for more information.

On this week's Book Club, I'm joined by the theoretical physicist Carlo Rovelli to talk about his new book Anaximander and the Nature of Science, in which he explains how a radical thinker two and a half centuries ago was the first human to intuit that the earth is floating in space. He tells me how Anaximander's way of thinking still informs the work scientists do everywhere, how politics shapes scientific progress and how we can navigate the twin threats of religious dogma and postmodern relativism in search of truth.

On this week's Book Club, I'm joined by the theoretical physicist Carlo Rovelli to talk about his new book Anaximander and the Nature of Science, in which he explains how a radical thinker two and a half centuries ago was the first human to intuit that the earth is floating in space. He tells me how Anaximander's way of thinking still informs the work scientists do everywhere, how politics shapes scientific progress and how we can navigate the twin threats of religious dogma and postmodern relativism in search of truth.

Jojo Moyes joins Nikki Bedi and Richard Coles. The bestselling author has sold over 50 million novels and Me Before You was adapted into a film starring Sam Claflin and Emilia Clarke. Jojo talks about the inspirational for her new book Someone Else's Shoes, rebooting her life, and her unusual painting collection. Henry Naylor is an award-winning playwright but before that he wrote comedy satire for Spitting Image and Smith and Jones. His latest show Afghanistan is Not Funny looks back at a trip he made to Kabul in 2002. Aaron Horn's life changed forever after a tragic accident involving his mother, when he was in his early 20s. Coming from a musical family, performing took on increased significance in helping Aaron deal with the resulting trauma. Carlo Rovelli chooses his Inheritance Tracks: Nothing Shines Unless It Burns by Belladonna and Fratres by Arvo Pärt. Anaximander and the Nature of Science is out now. Crime writer CJ Daugherty talks about her latest novel The Chase which is written under the pseudonym Ava Glass. With a female British spy at its centre, Ava talks about the real life experiences that inspired her. Producer: Claire Bartleet

There is a myth that science and religion are locked in conflicted.  And it's a battle that science must win.The physicist, Carlo Rovelli, is an eloquent purveyor of the myth and uses the Ancient Greek philosopher, Anaximander, to perpetuate the confrontation.However, Rovelli has a problem. His case rests on a set of assumptions that look increasingly untenable and untrue, and even undesirable.In fact, Anaximander can help us understand where modern science, for all its genius, goes wrong.

The theoretical physicist Carlo Rovelli celebrates the life of an ancient Greek philosopher, in Anaximander And The Nature Of Science (translated by Marion Lignana Rosenberg). He tells Adam Rutherford that this little known figure spearheaded the first great scientific revolution and understood that progress is made by the endless search for knowledge. Anaximander challenged conventions by proposing that the Earth floats in space, animals evolve and storms are natural, not supernatural. The travel writer Kapka Kassabova has gone searching for ancient knowledge about the natural world in her latest book, Elixir: In the Valley at the End of Time. The Mesta River, in her native Bulgaria, is one of the oldest inhabited rivers in Europe, and a mecca for wild plant gatherers, healers and mystics. In Dvořák's lyric opera the eponymous hero Rusalka is a water spirit who sacrifices her voice and leaves her home for the love of a Prince. In a new contemporary staging at the Royal Opera House (21 February–7 March 2023) the co-directors Ann Yee and Natalie Abrahami foreground the uneasy relationship between nature and humanity, and the latter's destruction of what it fails to heed. Producer: Katy Hickman Image credit: Asmik Grigorian in Natalie Abrahami and Ann Yee's Rusalka, The Royal Opera ©2023 Laura Stevens

Kindly use this link for your donations: https://flutterwave.com/pay/xenoniteslimitedjv74 --- Send in a voice message: https://anchor.fm/best-home-tutors/message

The third and final member of the Milesian school, once considered the weak little sister of the philosphers, now appreciated in all his Air-udite glory. This is his story, as we have it, which may or may not correlate roughly to some things he actually said or did. As a synthesizer of the works of Thales and Anaximander, he held onto the best and abandoned the worst of their ideas, and in so doing became a father of empirical science.   

All is Number. Chris helps Kayla square her understanding of a well known but little understood historical character.   --- *Search Categories* New Religious Movement; Science/Pseudoscience; Anthropological --- *Topic Spoiler* Pythagoreanism --- *Further Reading* https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pythagoras https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pythagoreanism https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/pythagoras/ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anaximander https://classicalwisdom.com/philosophy/cult-of-pythagoras/ https://www.theosociety.org/pasadena/path/v02n11p340_the-beans-of-pythagoras.htm https://medium.com/swlh/pythagoreanism-the-story-of-pythagoras-and-his-irrational-cult-4111ece047ea https://www.ranker.com/list/inside-cult-of-pythagoras/nicky-benson https://owlcation.com/humanities/The-Ancient-Greek-Philosopher-Pythagoras-and-the-Cult-of-the-Pythagoreans https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/1996/03/13/pythagoras-the-cult-of-personality-and-the-mystical-power-of-numbers/92ef23a9-fad2-4c12-8089-ddd0aaf8c4a7/ http://www.massline.org/PhilosDog/P/Pythagoras.htm https://www.ancient-origins.net/history-ancient-traditions/fart-gods-farting-out-one-s-soul-historic-ritualization-farts-009699 https://theapeiron.co.uk/the-philosophy-of-farting-fcd15dd8f3ed https://sententiaeantiquae.com/2015/08/31/be-smart-dont-fart-the-pythagorean-prohibition-of-beans/ https://blogs.scientificamerican.com/guest-blog/fava-the-magic-bean/   --- *Patreon Credits* Michaela Evans, Heather Aunspach, Alyssa Ottum, David Whiteside, Jade A, amy sarah marshall, Martina Dobson, Eillie Anzilotti, Patrick St-Onge, Lewis Brown Jenny Lamb, Matthew Walden, Rebecca Kirsch, Pam Westergard, Ryan Quinn, Paul Sweeney, Erin Bratu, Liz T, Lianne Cole, Samantha Bayliff, Katie Larimer, Fio H, Jessica Senk, Proper Gander, Kelly Smith Upton, Nancy Carlson, Carly Westergard-Dobson, banana, Megan Blackburn, Instantly Joy, Athena of CaveSystem, John Grelish, Rose Kerchinske, Annika Ramen, Alicia Smith

Today we take a long, hard look at the great Anaximander, the second member of the Milesian School, and possibly one of the most influential thinkers of all time.  The first metaphysician, the greatest astronomer of his age, the teller of time and builder of colonies, the man who dared disagree with his teacher and mentor and ended up transcending his theories, is here presented to you in all his glory. Such as it is.    

In unserem Staffelfinale schauen wir zurück auf 42 Folgen, in denen wir den Sinn des Lebens wenn nicht entschlüsselt, so doch umzingelt und in die Ecke gedrängt haben. Dann blicken wir nach vorne und arbeiten unsere touristische Bucket List durch – nicht ohne zu fragen, ob man am Reisen wachsen kann, oder ob nur der Geldbeutel schrumpft. Und dann sagen wir ciao und bis bald: Im August kommt die generalüberholte zweite Ernstfall-Staffel! Themen: Highlights der ersten Staffel +++ Ethik des Reisens +++ Kann man sich unterwegs selbst finden? +++ wo wir waren, wo wir hinwollen +++ die ionische Philosophenreise Links:  Die Reiseroute durch die Westürkei: https://goo.gl/maps/dGFU4D4nyr2L8zsY6 — Xenophanes von Kolophon — Anaxagoras von Klazomenai — Heraklit von Ephesos — Thales, Anaximander und Anaximenes von Milet — Hippokrates von Kos Die gesamte „Ancient Greek Philosophy Map“: https://www.google.com/maps/d/viewer?mid=1ywkzeT72SpewJUZs_ivWa8eDnXo&usp=sharing Sternstunde Philosophie zum Thema Reisen: https://www.srf.ch/kultur/gesellschaft-religion/wochenende-gesellschaft/die-philosophie-des-reisens-warum-wir-so-gerne-in-die-ferne-schweifen

Smart Passive Income PodcastWeekly interviews, strategy, and advice for building your online business the smart way.Listen on: Apple Podcasts Spotify Reality Life with Kate CaseyThree times a week I interview directors, producers, and stars from unscripted television.Listen on: Apple Podcasts Spotify The Short Box: A Comic Book Podcast Join four lifelong friends for entertaining discussions about comics and culture.Listen on: Apple Podcasts SpotifySupport the show

In this episode I look at the beginning of the question of Being in Martin Heidegger's The Beginning of Western Philosophy. I spend the most time in the middle section of the book, which provides a condensed and comprehensible overview of Heidegger's project and his search for the origins of Western philosophy in the pre-Socratic Greek thinkers such as Anaximander.

In this episode I look at Nietzsche's early examination of the Pre-Socratic philosophers, with a focus on Anaximander, Heraclitus, and Parmenides. The concepts of being and becoming, and the differences among philosophers regarding these concepts, are addressed.

After the Median invasion, the Ionian philosopher Xenophanes, a student of the Anaximander, was forced to flee to Elea in Magna Graecia and brought the philosophy of the Ionians to the Eleans. His student, Parmenides, then founded the Eleatic School, which was skeptical of the senses, and argued that despite its appearance to the contrary, the Earth was round. Parmenides's student, Zeno, in turn developed his famous paradoxes to prove his teacher's assertion that motion was an illusion.

Miletus became a wealthy Greek city during the Archaic Period and developed a thriving intellectual culture which included many of the most important pre-Socratic astronomers. We looked at Thales in the last episode and now we try to understand the astronomy of other members of the Ionian School --- Anaximander, Anaximenes, and Heraclitus. What did their astronomy have in common with each other and what are the connections between their ideas and the ideas of modern physics?

Welcome to Episode 6 of "The Art and Science of Success."Today's guest is Elizabet Sahtouris, evolutionary biologist and ecological campaigner. Elisabet combines an extraordinarily deep appreciation for the environment with practical ideas for forming a better relationship with it – i.e., one based on respect rather than plunder. This is particularly useful as we come to terms with the recently published IPCC report.She may seem to be a strange addition to talks run by a stress specialist but some challenging ideas aside, she's extremely relevant as I have found that stress is mostly a relational issue – it's something that happens between us- it just happens to come through individuals so we blame them instead of looking at how we are all interacting together. She's been in the field for over 65 years collaborating with people like James Lovelock and Willis Harmon. She's also spent many years building links between the different types of science in the world. She says things that I don't agree with or rather I don't know I agree with her. But that's one of the things I find so rewarding interacting with her work – she makes me think and gives my foundations a shake. AND her work is also immensely practical. Here's the summary of the topics we cover. 0000 Introduction and shock warning. Listen only if you want to give your beliefs a shake. 4.50 Nature as a dance with reality and how she developed her ideas on evolutionary biology8.50 - Importance of agency and co-creation12.00 The different sciences around the world and Elisabet's keyboard metaphor for describing consciousness. 16.00 Exploring the creative process in consciousness and entrepreneurship (and reincarnation?!!)21.00- Challenging your perspective: Nature, holarchy, the donkey and the rose.28.00 The role viruses play in our evolution – virus as information. 33.00 What can I do to boost my immune system?37.00 How to focus on contribution – on making a difference. 43.00 How does Elisabet regain her perspective and her optimism when she loses it? 48.00 Imagining an economy where you recycle everything – Anaximander's wisdom. 54.30 Closing wisdom. Really hope you find it stimulating.

Creedence to Anaximander and Heraclitus on their views about existence and why we suffer. Nietzsche has praise of Greek culture as a fine philosophical society.

Whether with chisel, cast shadow, plumb bob, or the tow-line of a kite, Erdim’s practice investigates the intersection of projection, place, and materiality to question axioms of architectural imagination. His work has been exhibited recently at the Constance Gallery at Graceland University (IA, USA), Yellow Door Gallery (IA, USA), the Spartanburg Art Museum (SC, USA), the Museo dell’Altro e dell’Altrove di Metropoliz (Rome, Italy), Windor (Madrid, Spain), and the Royal Danish Academy of Fine Arts (Copenhagen, Denmark). He was the co-founder of Flash Atölye, an experimental project space for art and architecture in İzmir, Turkey. This work has been supported by the Daniel J. Huberty Fellowship and the Center for Excellence in Arts and Humanities at Iowa State University, and by residencies at I-Park (CT, USA), Vermont Studio Center (USA), Babayan Culture House (Turkey), the Bernheim Arboretum and Research Forest (KY, USA), and Heima (Iceland). Awards include the 2014 Founders Rome Prize in Architecture from the American Academy in Rome, and a 2016 Santo Foundation Award for Individual Artists. He has a Bachelor of Architecture Degree from the Cooper Union, and a Master of Architecture Degree from the University of Virginia. Erdim is currently an Assistant Professor of Architecture at Iowa State University. The book mentioned in the interview: Carlo Rovelli, Anaximander (2007) and Rovelli’s The Order of Time (2019). Kite Choir Sounding: December 25, 2020. Waterworks Park, Des Moines. from Firat Erdim on Vimeo.

گپ و گفت شاهین نجفی و وریا امیری درباره‌ی فلسفه پیشاسقراطی‌ها؛ ملطی‌ها، تالس ،آناکسیماندر و آناکسیمنس این برنامه را در یوتیوب ببینید: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9h0_VKdLupk&feature=youtu.be ........................... Sophia is wisdom and who has Sophia is Sophist. Sophia is collection of discussions between Shahin Najafi and experts in various majors. These discussions are conceptual encounters with different topics from sport and art to the history of philosophy and politic. Sophia, produce and broadcast by DYALOGE MEDIA. https://www.dyaloge.com https://www.instagram.com/dyaloge/?hl=en https://twitter.com/dyalogemedia --- Support this podcast: https://anchor.fm/dyalogemedia/support

In this episode, Mark and Adam break down the first chapter of Anthony Kenney's "A New History of Western Philosophy." From the founding father of Greek philosophy, Thales of Miletus, to the ego of Heraclitus and the convoluted mess of Plato's "Republic," the beginnings of Greek philosophy are broken down in great detail. As expected, there are more references to Tolkien and linguistics!

Science in antiquity was at times devised to be useful and at other times to prove to the people that the gods looked favorably on the ruling class. Greek philosophers tell us a lot about how the ancient world developed. Or at least, they tell us a Western history of antiquity. Humanity began working with bronze some 7,000 years ago and the Bronze Age came in force in the centuries leading up to 3,000 BCE. By then there were city-states and empires. The Mesopotamians brought us the wheel in around 3500 BCE, and the chariot by 3200 BCE. Writing formed in Sumeria, a city state of Mesopotamia, in 3000 BCE. Urbanization required larger cities and walls to keep out invaders. King Gilgamesh built huge walls. They used a base 60 system to track time, giving us the 60 seconds and 60 minutes to get to an hour. That sexagesimal system also gave us the 360 degrees in a circle. They plowed fields and sailed. And sailing led to maps, which they had by 2300 BCE. And they gave us the Epic, with the Epic of Gilgamesh which could be old as 2100 BCE. At this point, the Egyptian empire had grown to 150,000 square kilometers and the Sumerians controlled around 20,000 square kilometers. Throughout, they grew a great trading empire. They traded with China, India and Egypt with some routes dating back to the fourth millennia BCE. And commerce and trade means the spread of not only goods but also ideas and knowledge. The earliest known writing of complete sentences in Egypt came to Egypt a few hundred years after it did in Mesopotamia, as the Early Dynastic period ended and the Old Kingdom, or the Age of the Pyramids. Perhaps over a trade route.  The ancient Egyptians used numerals, multiplications, fractions, geometry, architecture, algebra, and even quadratic equations. Even having a documented base 10 numbering system on a tomb from 3200 BCE. We also have the Moscow Mathematical Papyrus, which includes geometry problems, the Egyptian Mathematical Leather Roll, which covers how to add fractions, the Berlin Papyrus with geometry, the Lahun Papyri with arithmetical progressions to calculate the volume of granaries, the Akhmim tablets, the Reisner Papyrus, and the Rhind Mathematical Papyrus, which covers algebra and geometry. And there's the Cairo Calendar, an ancient Egyptian papyrus from around 1200 BCE with detailed astronomical observations. Because the Nile flooded, bringing critical crops to Egypt. The Mesopotamians traded with China as well. As the Shang dynasty from the 16th to 11th centuries BCE gave way to the Zhou Dynasty, which went from the 11th to 3rd centuries BCE and the Bronze Age gave way to the Iron Age, science was spreading throughout the world. The I Ching is one of the oldest Chinese works showing math, dating back to the Zhou Dynasty, possibly as old as 1000 BCE. This was also when the Hundred Schools of Thought began, which Conscious inherited around the 5th century BCE. Along the way the Chinese gave us the sundial, abacus, and crossbow. And again, the Bronze Age signaled trade empires that were spreading ideas and texts from the Near East to Asia to Europe and Africa and back again. For a couple thousand years the transfer of spices, textiles and precious metals fueled the Bronze Age empires.  Along the way the Minoan civilization in modern Greece had been slowly rising out of the Cycladic culture. Minoan artifacts have been found in Canaanite palaces and as they grew they colonized and traded. They began a decline around 1500 BCE, likely due to a combination of raiders and volcanic eruptions. The crash of the Minoan civilization gave way to the Myceneaen civilization of early Greece.  Competition for resources and land in these growing empires helped to trigger wars.  Those in turn caused violence over those resources. Around 1250 BCE, Thebes burned and attacks against city states cities increased, sometimes by emerging empires of previously disassociated tribes (as would happen later with the Vikings) and sometimes by other city-states.  This triggered the collapse of Mycenaen Greece, the splintering of the Hittites, the fall of Troy, the absorption of the Sumerian culture into Babylon, and attacks that weakened the Egyptian New Kingdom. Weakened and disintegrating empires leave room for new players. The Iranian tribes emerged to form the Median empire in today's Iran. The Assyrians and Scythians rose to power and the world moved into the Iron age. And the Greeks fell into the Greek Dark Ages until they slowly clawed their way out of it in the 8th century BCE. Around this time Babylonian astronomers, in the capital of Mesopomania, were making astronomical diaries, some of which are now stored in the British Museum.  Greek and Mesopotamian societies weren't the only ones flourishing. The Indus Valley Civilization had blossomed from 2500 to 1800 BCE only to go into a dark age of its own. Boasting 5 million people across 1,500 cities, with some of the larger cities reaching 40,000 people - about the same size as Mesopotamian cities. About two thirds are in modern day India and a third in modern Pakistan, an empire that stretched across 120,000 square kilometers. As the Babylonian control of the Mesopotamian city states broke up, the Assyrians began their own campaigns and conquered Persia, parts of Ancient Greece, down to Ethiopia, Israel, the Ethiopia, and Babylon. As their empire grew, they followed into the Indus Valley, which Mesopotamians had been trading with for centuries.  What we think of as modern Pakistan and India is where Medhatithi Gautama founded the anviksiki school of logic in the 6th century BCE. And so the modern sciences of philosophy and logic were born. As mentioned, we'd had math in the Bronze Age. The Egyptians couldn't have built pyramids and mapped the stars without it. Hammurabi and Nebuchadnezzar couldn't have built the Mesopotamian cities and walls and laws without it. But something new was coming as the Bronze Age began to give way to the Iron Age. The Indians brought us the first origin of logic, which would morph into an almost Boolean logic as Pāṇini codified Sanskrit grammar linguistics and syntax. Almost like a nearly 4,000 verse manual on programming languages. Panini even mentions Greeks in his writings. Because they apparently had contact going back to the sixth century BCE, when Greek philosophy was about to get started. The Neo-Assyrian empire grew to 1.4 million square kilometers of control and the Achaeminid empire grew to control nearly 5 million square miles.  The Phoenicians arose out of the crash of the Late Bronze Age, becoming important traders between the former Mesopotamian city states and Egyptians. As her people settled lands and Greek city states colonized lands, one became the Greek philosopher Thales, who documented the use of loadstones going back to 600 BCE when they were able to use magnetite which gets its name from the Magnesia region of Thessaly, Greece. He is known as the first philosopher and in the time of Socrates even had become one of the Seven Sages which included according to Socrates. “Thales of Miletus, and Pittacus of Mytilene, and Bias of Priene, and our own Solon, and Cleobulus of Lindus, and Myson of Chenae, and the seventh of them was said to be Chilon of Sparta.”  Many of the fifth and sixth century Greek philosophers were actually born in colonies on the western coast of what is now Turkey. Thales's theorum is said to have originated in India or Babylon. But as we see a lot in the times that followed, it is credited to Thales. Given the trading empires they were all a part of though, they certainly could have brought these ideas back from previous generations of unnamed thinkers. I like to think of him as the synthesizers that Daniel Pink refers to so often in his book A Whole New Mind.  Thales studied in Babylon and Egypt, bringing thoughts, ideas, and perhaps intermingled them with those coming in from other areas as the Greeks settled colonies in other lands. Given how critical astrology was to the agricultural societies, this meant bringing astronomy, math to help with the architecture of the Pharoes, new ways to use calendars, likely adopted through the Sumerians, coinage through trade with the Lydians and then Persians when they conquered the Lydians, Babylon, and the Median. So Thales taught Anaximander who taught Pythagoras of Samos, born a few decades later in 570 BCE. He studied in Egypt as well. Most of us would know the Pythagorean theorem which he's credited for, although there is evidence that predated him from Egypt. Whether new to the emerging Greek world or new to the world writ large, his contributions were far beyond that, though. They included a new student oriented way of life, numerology, the idea that the world is round, numerology, applying math to music and applying music to lifestyle, and an entire school of philosophers emerged from his teachings to spread Pythagoreanism. And the generations of philosophers that followed devised both important philosophical contributions and practical applications of new ideas in engineering. The ensuing schools of philosophy that rose out of those early Greeks spread. By 508 BCE, the Greeks gave us Democracy. And oligarchy, defined as a government where a small group of people have control over a country. Many of these words, in fact, come from Greek forms. As does the month of May, names for symbols and theories in much of the math we use, and many a constellation. That tradition began with the sages but grew, being spread by trade, by need, and by religious houses seeking to use engineering as a form of subjugation.  Philosophy wasn't exclusive to the Greeks or Indians, or to Assyria and then Persia through conquering the lands and establishing trade. Buddha came out of modern India in the 5th to 4th century BCE around the same time Confucianism was born from Confucious in China. And Mohism from Mo Di. Again, trade and the spread of ideas. However, there's no indication that they knew of each other or that Confucious could have competed with the other 100 schools of thought alive and thriving in China. Nor that Buddhism would begin spreading out of the region for awhile. But some cultures were spreading rapidly. The spread of Greek philosophy reached a zenith in Athens. Thales' pupil Anaximander also taught Anaximenes, the third philosopher of the Milesian school which is often included with the Ionians. The thing I love about those three, beginning with Thales is that they were able to evolve the school of thought without rejecting the philosophies before them. Because ultimately they knew they were simply devising theories as yet to be proven. Another Ionian was Anaxagoras, who after serving in the Persian army, which ultimately conquered Ionia in 547 BCE. As a Greek citizen living in what was then Persia, Anaxagoras moved to Athens in 480 BCE, teaching Archelaus and either directly or indirectly through him Socrates. This provides a link, albeit not a direct link, from the philosophy and science of the Phoenicians, Babylonians, and Egyptians through Thales and others, to Socrates.   Socrates was born in 470 BCE and mentions several influences including Anaxagoras. Socrates spawned a level of intellectualism that would go on to have as large an impact on what we now call Western philosophy as anyone in the world ever has. And given that we have no writings from him, we have to take the word of his students to know his works. He gave us the Socratic method and his own spin on satire, which ultimately got him executed for effectively being critical of the ruling elite in Athens and for calling democracy into question, corrupting young Athenian students in the process.  You see, in his life, the Athenians lost the Peloponnesian War to Sparta - and as societies often do when they hit a speed bump, they started to listen to those who call intellectuals or scientists into question. That would be Socrates for questioning Democracy, and many an Athenian for using Socrates as a scape goat.  One student of Socrates, Critias, would go on to lead a group called the Thirty Tyrants, who would terrorize Athenians and take over the government for awhile. They would establish an oligarchy and appoint their own ruling class. As with many coups against democracy over the millennia they were ultimately found corrupt and removed from power. But the end of that democratic experiment in Greece was coming. Socrates also taught other great philosophers, including Xenophon, Antisthenes, Aristippus, and Alcibiades. But the greatest of his pupils was Plato. Plato was as much a scientist as a philosopher. He had works of Pythagoras, studied the Libyan Theodorus. He codified a theory of Ideas, in Forms. He used as examples, the Pythagorean theorem and geometry. He wrote a lot of the dialogues with Socrates and codified ethics, and wrote of a working, protective, and governing class, looking to produce philosopher kings. He wrote about the dialectic, using questions, reasoning and intuition. He wrote of art and poetry and epistemology. His impact was vast. He would teach mathemetics to Eudoxus, who in turn taught Euclid. But one of his greatest contributions the evolution of philosophy, science, and technology was in teaching Aristotle.  Aristotle was born in 384 BCE and founded a school of philosophy called the Lyceum. He wrote about rhetoric, music, poetry, and theater - as one would expect given the connection to Socrates, but also expanded far past Plato, getting into physics, biology, and metaphysics. But he had a direct impact on the world at the time with his writings on economics politics,  He inherited a confluence of great achievements, describing motion, defining the five elements, writing about a camera obscure and researching optics. He wrote about astronomy and geology, observing both theory and fact, such as ways to predict volcanic eruptions. He made observations that would be proven (or sometimes disproven) such as with modern genomics. He began a classification of living things. His work “On the Soul” is one of the earliest looks at psychology. His study of ethics wasn't as theoretical as Socrates' but practical, teaching virtue and how that leads to wisdom to become a greater thinker.  He wrote of economics. He writes of taxes, managing cities, and property. And this is where he's speaking almost directly to one of his most impressive students, Alexander the Great. Philip the second of Macedon hired Plato to tutor Alexander starting in 343. Nine years later, when Alexander inherited his throne, he was armed with arguably the best education in the world combined with one of the best trained armies in history. This allowed him to defeat Darius in 334 BCE, the first of 10 years worth of campaigns that finally gave him control in 323 BCE. In that time, he conquered Egypt, which had been under Persian rule on and off and founded Alexandria. And so what the Egyptians had given to Greece had come home. Alexander died in 323 BCE. He followed the path set out by philosophers before him. Like Thales, he visited Babylon and Egypt. But he went a step further and conquered them. This gave the Greeks more ancient texts to learn from but also more people who could become philosophers and more people with time to think through problems.  By the time he was done, the Greeks controlled nearly 5 million square miles of territory. This would be the largest empire until after the Romans. But Alexander never truly ruled. He conquered. Some of his generals and other Greek aristocrats, now referred to as the Diadochi, split up the young, new empire. You see, while teaching Alexander, Aristotle had taught two other future kings : Ptolemy I Soter and Cassander.  Cassander would rule Macedonia and Ptolemy ruled Egypt from Alexandria, who with other Greek philosophers founded the Library of Alexandria. Ptolemy and his son amassed 100s of thousands of scrolls in the Library from 331 BC and on. The Library was part of a great campus of the Musaeum where they also supported great minds starting with Ptolemy I's patronage of Euclid, the father of geometry, and later including Archimedes, the father of engineering, Hipparchus, the founder of trigonometry, Her, the father of math, and Herophilus, who codified the scientific method and countless other great hellenistic thinkers.  The Roman Empire had begin in the 6th century BCE. By the third century BCE they were expanding out of the Italian peninsula. This was the end of Greek expansion and as Rome conquered the Greek colonies signified the waning of Greek philosophy. Philosophy that helped build Rome both from a period of colonization and then spreading Democracy to the young republic with the kings, or rex, being elected by the senate and by 509 BCE the rise of the consuls.  After studying at the Library of Alexandria, Archimedes returned home to start his great works, full of ideas having been exposed to so many works. He did rudimentary calculus, proved geometrical theories, approximated pi, explained levers, founded statics and hydrostatics. And his work extended into the practical. He built machines, pulleys, the infamous Archimedes' screw pump, and supposedly even a deathly heat ray of lenses that could burn ships in seconds. He was sadly killed by Roman soldiers when Syracuse was taken. But, and this is indicative of how Romans pulled in Greek know-how, the Roman general Marcus Claudius Marcellus was angry that he lost an asset, who could have benefited his war campaigns. In fact, Cicero, who was born in the first century BCE mentioned Archimedes built mechanical devices that could show the motions of the planetary bodies. He claimed Thales had designed these and that Marcellus had taken one as his only personal loot from Syracuse and donated it to the Temple of Virtue in Rome.  The math, astronomy, and physics that go into building a machine like that was the culmination of hundreds, if not thousands of years of building knowledge of the Cosmos, machinery, mathematics, and philosophy. Machines like that would have been the first known computers. Machines like the first or second century Antikythera mechanism, discovered in 1902 in a shipwreck in Greece. Initially thought to be a one-off, the device is more likely to represent the culmination of generations of great thinkers and doers. Generations that came to look to the Library of Alexandria as almost a Mecca. Until they didn't.  The splintering of the lands Alexander conquered, the cost of the campaigns, the attacks from other empires, and the rise of the Roman Empire ended the age of Greek Enlightenment. As is often the case when there is political turmoil and those seeking power hate being challenged by the intellectuals, as had happened with Socrates and philosophers in Athens at the time, Ptolemy VIII caused The Library of Alexandria to enter into a slow decline that began with the expulsion of intellectuals from Alexandria in 145BC. This began a slow decline of the library until it burned, first with a small fire accidentally set by Caesar in 48 BCE and then for good in the 270s.  But before the great library was gone for good, it would produce even more great engineers. Heron of Alexandria is one of the greatest. He created vending machines that would dispense holy water when you dropped a coin in it. He made small mechanical archers, models of dancers, and even a statue of a horse that could supposedly drink water. He gave us early steam engines two thousand years before the industrial revolution and ran experiments in optics. He gave us Heron's forumula and an entire book on mechanics, codifying the known works on automation at the time. In fact, he designed a programmable cart using strings wrapped around an axle, powered by falling weights.  Claudius Ptolemy came to the empire from their holdings in Egypt, living in the first century. He wrote about harmonics, math, astronomy, computed the distance of the sun to the earth and also computed positions of the planets and eclipses, summarizing them into more simplistic tables. He revolutionized map making and the properties of light. By then, Romans had emerged as the first true world power and so the Classical Age. To research this section, I read and took copious notes from the following and apologize that each passage is not credited specifically but it would just look like a regular expressions if I tried: The Evolution of Technology by George Basalla. Civilizations by Filipe Fernández-Armesto, A Short History of Technology: From The Earliest Times to AD 1900 from TK Derry and Trevor I Williams, Communication in History Technology, Culture, Leonardo da vinci by Walter Isaacson, Society from David Crowley and Paul Heyer, Timelines in Science, by the Smithsonian, Wheels, Clocks, and Rockets: A History of Technology by Donald Cardwell, a few PhD dissertations and post-doctoral studies from journals, and then I got to the point where I wanted the information from as close to the sources as I could get so I went through Dialogues Concerning Two New Sciences from Galileo Galilei, Mediations from Marcus Aurelius, Pneumatics from Philo of Byzantium, The Laws of Thought by George Boole, Natural History from Pliny The Elder, Cassius Dio's Roman History, Annals from Tacitus, Orations by Cicero, Ethics, Rhetoric, Metaphysics, and Politics by Aristotle, Plato's Symposium and The Trial & Execution of Socrates.

What do Thales, Heraclitus, Pythagoras, Parmenides, Plato, Stoicism and Plotinus have in Common? Were they all Pantheist? Maybe. Pantheism Between the One and the Many. Exploring the attempts of the Ionians (Anaximenes, Thales, Anaximander, Heraclitus and Anaxagoras), the Eleatics (Xenophanes and Parmenides), Pythagoras, Plato, Stoicism and Neoplatonism, To Mend the Broken Relationship between Being and Becoming, the Absolute and the Relative, the Ideal and the Actual, the Infinite-Unchanging with the Finite and Transient. What we call God and the World. --- This episode is sponsored by · Anchor: The easiest way to make a podcast. https://anchor.fm/app

Learn why Anaximander’s first map of the world was so revolutionary, and how this Greek philosopher’s thinking shaped our modern conception of the Earth and of space.  The post Anaximander: The First Map of the World appeared first on Joseph Kerski, Ph.D. - Geographer.

This episode continues Part 1's discussion of the first Greek philosophers with Anaximander ("father of cosmology") and Anaximenes (sadly, no catchy title) of Miletus.

More great books at LoyalBooks.com

We continue season four of the British Society for Phenomenology Podcast with a keynote presentation from Babette Babich (Fordham University and University of Winchester). This recording comes from the ‘JBSP 50th Anniversary Conference: On the History of Being – After the Black Notebooks’ (2019) which was held in celebration of fifty years of the ‘Journal of the British Society for Phenomenology’.   ABSTRACT: One of the outcomes of the publication of the Black Notebooks has been to invite scholars to rethink their understanding of Heidegger’s thinking, including what is named Heidegger’s ‘world-historical anti-Semitism’, his relation to war and politics, via Schmitt and Jünger, as well as Heidegger’s thinking on machination/motorisation/calculation. Other possibilities include the university (education) in addition to Heidegger’s anxieties regarding the reception of Being and Time in the framework of the history of Beyng/Seyn. Echoing Heidegger’s lecture courses, we read that Nietzsche adumbrates “the end of metaphysics” yet remains nonetheless entangled in metaphysics. Heidegger’s reflections on the beginning of Western thought with Anaximander, Heraclitus, and Parmenides are matched here with his insistence that it is a “fable that Nietzsche rediscovered ‘pre-Platonic philosophy’”, destined one day “to be revealed in all its fabulosity [Fabelhaftigkeit]”. For Heidegger, “Nietzsche thinks purely in the Roman way” whereby Nietzsche’s “own metaphysics could never grasp the Greek beginning of Western thinking”. Inasmuch as Nietzsche “plays out the essence of being to a combat of power positions and power relations”, as Heidegger invokes typically bellicose interpretations of will to power, this powerplay consummates the “abandonment of beings by being, the abandonment that gained sovereignty in the history of metaphysics”. Given the contrast between historiology and history in Nietzsche’s meditation on history (apt and inapt) for life, as this bears on Machenschaft and the whole of Nietzsche’s philosophy, Heidegger’s opposition to Nietzsche’s putative ‘re-discovery of Pre-platonic philosophy’ yields a further question: “in what single sense is Nietzsche a transition, i.e., a preparation for another beginning of the history of beyng?”   ‘Journal of the British Society for Phenomenology: Special Issue – Heidegger and the Black Notebooks’ (Volume 51, Issue 2, 2020). Babich’s paper, as well as others presented at JBSP 50th Anniversary Conference, has been reworked and published as an essay in this special edition: https://www.britishphenomenology.org.uk/jbsp-volume-51-issue-two-2020-heidegger-special-issue/   The ‘JBSP 50th Anniversary Conference: On the History of Being – After the Black Notebooks’ (2019) celebrated 50 years of the journal. The British Society for Phenomenology held a three-day conference at the International Anthony Burgess Foundation, Manchester, UK from 31 May to 2 June, 2019. The aim of the event was to examine the contribution of Heidegger’s Schwarze Hefte (Black Notebooks) to an understanding of the question of the history of being: https://www.britishphenomenology.org.uk/anniversary-conference-2019/   The British Society for Phenomenology is a not-for-profit organisation set up with the intention of promoting research and awareness in the field of Phenomenology and other cognate arms of philosophical thought. Currently, the society accomplishes these aims through its journal, events, and podcast. Why not find out more, join the society, and subscribe to our journal the JBSP? https://www.britishphenomenology.org.uk/

The study of the natural and physical world from a scientific viewpoint began in Greek cities on the western coast of Turkey around Miletus in about 600 BCE. The first scientists were known as physiologoi, or men who discoursed about nature (physis). Each tried to put his various observations together in a way that constituted a coherent, unified model. This lecture discusses the pioneering physical theories of Thales, Anaximander, Anaximenes, Anaxagoras and Democritus.A lecture by Edith Hall, Visiting Professor of Classics 28 NovemberThe transcript and downloadable versions of the lecture are available from the Gresham College website: https://www.gresham.ac.uk/lectures-and-events/birth-of-physicsGresham College has been giving free public lectures since 1597. This tradition continues today with all of our five or so public lectures a week being made available for free download from our website. There are currently over 2,000 lectures free to access or download from the website.Website: http://www.gresham.ac.uk Twitter: http://twitter.com/GreshamCollege Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/greshamcollege Instagram: http://www.instagram.com/greshamcollege

We head at last to Ancient Greece, and look at the attempts of Thales to challenge the miasma of his time. We also discuss how he agreed with (or perhaps even originated the ideas of) Genesis in a way that modern Christians generally don't.

The Greeks are credited to be the first ones to ever draw a map. Anaximander, back in the 6th century BC, drew a map of what the world was thought to look like: a cylinder. Since then, millions of maps have been created to navigate the seas, study the skies and, of course, to camp, […]

Rob and Chris learn about two of the earliest known western philosophers in the first chapter of a BRAND NEW BOOK. Thales gets stuck in a hole and can't get out. Anaximander digs deep and builds a cool diorama. Also, humans might've begun life by sucking on fish tits. TLDR: Case closed, Hail Thales!

The apeiron is central to the cosmological theory created by Anaximander, a 6th-century BC pre-Socratic Greek philosopher whose work is mostly lost. From the few existing fragments, we learn that he believed the beginning or ultimate reality (arche) is eternal and infinite, or boundless (apeiron), subject to neither old age nor decay, which perpetually yields fresh materials from which everything we can perceive is derived.[4] Apeiron generated the opposites (hot–cold, wet–dry, etc.) which acted on the creation of the world (cf. Heraclitus). Everything is generated from apeiron and then it is destroyed by going back to apeiron, according to necessity.[5] He believed that infinite worlds are generated from apeiron and then they are destroyed there again.[6] His ideas were influenced by the Greek mythical tradition and by his teacher Thales (7th to 6th century BC). Searching for some universal principle, Anaximander retained the traditional religious assumption that there was a cosmic order and tried to explain it rationally, using the old mythical language which ascribed divine control on various spheres of reality. This language was more suitable for a society which could see gods everywhere; therefore the first glimmerings of laws of nature were themselves derived from divine laws.[7] The Greeks believed that the universal principles could also be applied to human societies. The word nomos (law) may originally have meant natural law and used later to mean man-made law.[8] Greek philosophy entered a high level of abstraction. It adopted apeiron as the origin of all things, because it is completely indefinite. This is a further transition from the previous existing mythical way of thought to the newer rational way of thought which is the main characteristic of the archaic period (8th to 6th century BC). This shift in thought is correlated with the new political conditions in the Greek city states during the 6th century BC.[9] 6:06 three failed starts 10:57 ANYTIME YOU HEAR THE BELLS OF NOTRE DAME IVE SAVED YOU FROM A 5 MINUTE ANIME CHUNK 20:28 complicit jobs 25:56 insta live cooking for 2020 29:26 year in review: when was it? 37:54 year in review: FL or not FL? 44:53 year in review: who said/posted it? 58:30 year in review: lightning round music by ALiCKZ

The Order of Time by Carlo Rovelli Written by Leigh Martinuzzi In this book, the author takes us on a journey into the exploration of time. Asking questions about time that physicists, scientists and philosophers alike continue to struggle to understand. Rovelli disrupts the assumptions and beliefs we have about time. Our lives revolve around the order of time however as revealed in this book, time is not as ordered as we may think it to be. Do we exist in time or does time exist within us? Born in Italy, Carlo Rovelli is involved in the philosophy of science and theoretical physics. He has written several books including Quantum Gravity, Anaximander and Seven Brief Lessons on Physics. Enjoy this week's book reflection @ The Hidden Why

 I fire programmer sætter den2radios Thor Eiken Mulvad og Lasse Nyeng Hemicke, sammen med Kristian Larsen fra Københavns Universitet, fokus på de metafysiske forestillinger man kan finde hos Anaximander, Heraklit, Parmenides, Platon og Aristoteles.  Citaterne er indtalt af Karsten Pharao og musikken i programmet er fragmenter, som er blevet overleveret fra det antikke Grækenland.    

Joe and Taylor are back to think about the ancient world: the birth of philosophy from mythology; Nietzsche's portraits of the pre-Socratics; the primal matters of water and fire; Job and Anaximander. Support Theory Talk: patreon.com/theorytalk Follow us on Twitter: twitter.com/theory_talk

Greater Boston is written and produced by Alexander Danner and Jeff Van Dreason. You can support Greater Boston on Patreon at https://www.patreon.com/GreaterBoston. If you’d like to continue supporting Greater Boston through our season hiatus, you can visit our shop, which features official Greater Boston posters, postcards, and mugs. Find it at www.greaterbostonshow.com. CAST In order of appearance, this episode featured: Jesse Hall as Clark (he/him) Iri Alexander as Mouse (they/them) Jake Song as Fox Fossil (he/him) Mischa Stanton as Particle Physics (they/them) Jack Pevyhouse as Anaximander (he/him) Julia Schifini as 23 Skidoo (she/her) Jack has asked us to give a special shoutout to his mom and dad, saying “Thank you so much for encouraging me to do what I wanna do!” And we want to thank all of our guest stars for helping us out with this episode. You can find them in more audio dramas including Tales of Thattown, Jim Robbie and the Wanderers, arsParadoxica, and the drunken folklore podcast Spirits. Transcripts are posted at GreaterBostonShow.com.

Of Earth, Wind and Water.

Of Earth, Wind and Water. --- Send in a voice message: https://anchor.fm/josiah-meyer/message

We began looking at individual principles as found in the published works of Charles and Myrtle Fillmore. We looked at the Principle of Benevolence. Afterward, we romped with Lothar Schafer in Chapter 4 of Infinite Potential on "Perennial Philosophy as a Special Form of Synchronicity." We explored the ancient philosopher Anaximander's apeiron (unlimited,  indeterminate and indefinite, grand origin, or primal principle of all matter). We then explored “spanda,” the divine throb or vibration from which everything arises and finally, that our potential is “the creative tension, the primordial urge, the impelling force." One way or another we related some of this to teachings found in Unity writings. The Absolute Word was from Sunday, September 4, 2016—"Faith." The entire text of the Absolute Word can be found at paulhasselbeck.com. Remember to check out bit.ly/metaromp for new information and to post your thoughts.

In this episode, we describe the new schools of thought that began to percolate in the 6th century BC about our existence and role in this universe absent from the gods, and we detail the lives, influences, and various theories put forth by the earliest of these so-called "Pre-Socratic" philosophers; included among them are Thales, Anaximander, Anaximenes, Pherecydes, Pythagoras, Xenophanes, and Heraclitus Show Notes: http://www.thehistoryofancientgreece.com/2016/08/020-intellectual-revolution.html

SynTalk thinks about the past, present and the future of water, and its dialectical relationship with Earth and life. We enter the worlds of rain, snow, ocean, monsoon, subterranean & surface rivers, dams, volcanoes, canals, lakes, estuaries, mountains, polar regions, and drains. What exactly is a river? Is water the same everywhere? The concepts are derived off / from Thales, Anaximander, Pierre Perrault, & Edme Mariotte, among others. We think of water both as an element and a compound. What would water be as a ‘ground’ of design and thinking, given that we are so wedded to the fixed dimensions of terra firma? How water is open, fluid (in space & time), and relative, and always retains its identity (?). Why are maps blue only somewhere, when water is everywhere? Do we privilege one moment in time (as rivers) in the hydrological cycle? Can we challenge ourselves to live in moments of (say) the rain or evaporation? Is there a need to include soil moisture in our imagination? How the sun is the essential driver of the water cycle, even though sunlight penetrates only till about ~100 metres in the sea. Do rivers also need water? How water is a lot more than H2O, with dissolved & suspended loads, nutrients, isotopic content, and microbial life. How & why rivers keep changing their dendritic courses? Are rivers fundamentally a series of holding & overflow systems, rather than systems with a source and a destination? How the ‘main stream’ of certain rivers may have been fallaciously justified historically by the surveyors? How stagnant water can be anti life. Have we (contextually) subjugated and privileged water, and told it: ‘be there, don’t come here’? Are floods a problem? Why do we channelize rivers, when water finds its own level? Is the earth losing water? When did it first rain on earth, and did rains come much before the rivers? The links between ~11 days, Cameroon’s Lake Nyos disaster, Catcher in the Rye, stream orders, The Big Muddy, photolysis, fair weather, Nile floods, run-offs, Sun, ecological cycles, electricity, Avogadro’s number, gravity, & independence. How water acts as Earth’s thermostat, & also helps the planet self sustain. Why doesn’t water vapour heat the earth up despite being a powerful greenhouse gas? Are there some water molecules that have never left the deep oceans or the atmosphere? How variation (a feature, & not a bug) is the life of water flow. What would happen if 100% of the rivers were dammed; could nature strike back? Can/should we simulate nature? Should dams be undone? Can future be a place of liberated water, with dissolved lines between land and water? The SynTalkrs are: Prof. Dilip da Cunha (architecture, design, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia), Shripad Dharmadhikary (social & environmental activism, Manthan Adhyayan Kendra, Pune), & Prof. Ramesh Rengaswamy (paleoclimatology, oceanography, PRL, Ahmedabad).

Anaximander has set his sinister stage . . . but for what exactly?

Axioms and self-evidence.  Euclid's fifth postulate.  Non-Euclidean geometry and the difference between infinite and unbounded space.  Anaximander and Parmenides, and the principle of sufficient reason.

Eine neue Folge - endlich, möchte ich fast sagen. Wir sind noch immer in Milet und begegnen dem Schüler des Thales: Anaximander. Spannend. Ein völlig neuer Urstoff, kosmische Kämpfe und Torten. Die meisten Informationen gibt es, wie gewohnt, im Podcast, aber ich stelle euch hier selbstverständlich noch zusätzliche Informationen zur Verfügung. Hier ist erst einmal der besagte Auszug: Und darein, woraus die Dinge entstehen, vergehen sie auch wieder, wie es bestimmt ist, denn sie gewähren einander Ersatz und Buße für ihre Ungerechtigkeit entsprechend der festgesetzten Zeit.

Transcript: Evolution is perhaps the essential attribute of life. It’s evolution that's allowed life on Earth to propagate, diversify, and endure for billions of years. The first ideas of evolution occur very early in the history of science at the time of the ancient Greek philosophers. In the sixth century B.C. Anaximander speculated that life arose in water and evolved from simple to more complex organisms. One century later, Empedocles even speculated that poorly adapted creatures would die and not persist. This is a precursor of the idea of natural selection. All of this speculation, however, was put on hold by the vast influence of Aristotle who held that species were fixed, did not evolve, and were independent of each other. Aristotle also got cosmology wrong too, but Aristotelian thought was so powerful that over the next millennium it became merged with Christian theology and the idea of static life that could not change or evolve. In theology this was called the chain of being.

Transcript: Anaximenes was a student of Anaximander and also from Aletes in Turkey.  He believed that the source of all things was air and that the diversity arose from changes in the primordial substance, that the universe had an underlying homogeneity.  That is also a strikingly modern idea because we believe that the universe today had all of its structure emerge from an initially uniform, hot state. Anaximenes believed that the Earth was flat and that it floated on air.  This is not a very modern idea, but it was consistent with what he knew and could observe.  He believed that the stars were like nails in the celestial vault, hammered through and allowing light to leak through.

Transcript: The oldest surviving fragment of philosophy dates back to Anaximander in the sixth century BC. Anaximander wrote that the universe was made of a primordial substance and that this primordial substance was infinite in extent.  This is the first known use of the concept of infinity in science.  He also supposed that the primordial substance had no intrinsic color, odor, or weight, that these were all secondary attributes, another strikingly modern idea.  He also wrote about how the universe was subject to the warring opposites of order and chaos.  These words come down to us today.  The Greek word cosmos comes from the word for order, and the word chaos comes from the Greek word meaning disorder or disharmony. To the earliest Greek philosophers the universe was a balance between the forces of order and disorder.

Two early Pre-Socratics claim that the world is made of air, and the infinite