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HerbRally | Herbalism | Plant Medicine | Botany | Wildcrafting
Spice Rack Medicine Winter Online Series | Milk & Honey Herbs Enrollment open November 29 to December 13, 2024! This course covers the rich subject of Kitchen Medicine, demystifying herbalism and bringing it back into the home. LEARN MORE & REGISTER In this episode of The Herbalist Hour I'm joined by Sophia Forrester aka Sophia the Herbalist. Sophia is a medical herbalist and a YouTuber who shares ways to incorporate herbs into everyday use and simple health tips. We chat about her herbal origin story, mentors, chamomile water, making a living and growing a YouTube channel, the "junior herbalist club" and a whole lot more! I enjoyed chatting it up with Sophia and I know you're goin' to LOVE this conversation. See you in the next episode! ~Mason LINKS & RESOURCES Sophia the Herbalist | SophiaTheHerbalist.com Sophia on YouTube | @SophiaTheHerbalist Sophia on Instagram | @SophiaTheHerbalist Junior Herbalist Club | LEARN MORE jim mcdonald | HerbCraft.org
HerbRally | Herbalism | Plant Medicine | Botany | Wildcrafting
A huge thank you to our presenting sponsor for The Herbalist Hour, Oshala Farm Oshala Farm is a beautiful and vibrant certified organic herb farm based in southern Oregon where they grow and sell over 80 different plant species. LEARN MORE AND BUY | OshalaFarm.com In this episode of The Herbalist Hour, I'm joined by the one and only jim mcdonald. Amanda and I had the opportunity to sit down with jim at the Great Lakes Herb Faire, one of our all-time favorite events. We chat a bit about the history of the Faire, jim's childhood, developing confidence as a teacher, "gentle does not mean weak", why no one is the "best" herbalist, and a whole lot more! jim even introduces us to an incredibly rare plantain species, stay tuned 'til the end for that one! Also, there's a special guest question from Faire keynote speaker Rosalee de la Forêt. Twas an incredibly fun and heartfelt conversation and I know you're goin' to love this one! Thanks, as always for tuning in to The Herbalist Hour. We'll see you in the next episode, Enjoy, ~Mason PS - shoutout and big thanks to my good buddy JB over at Midwest Digital Ninjas for helping create the prog-rock version of The Herbalist Hour theme song. Before my interview with jim, he joked that the theme song should be a prog-rock version for his episode. So I reached out to JB for help since I knew he has access to an AI music generation app. Technology is gettin' crazy out there! PPS - WATCH THIS INTERVIEW ON YOUTUBE LINKS & RESOURCES jim mcdonald | HerbCraft.org Online Learning | HerbCraft.Podia.com jim on Instagram | @herb.craft Midwest Digital Ninjas | MidwestDigitalNinjas.com
#65 - Join us for a wonderful conversation with Rev. Selena Fox on Nature spirituality and connecting with the magical aspects of herbs long associated with Samhain and Halloween.In this episode, Selena shares beautiful wisdom on plant allies of the season such as Mugwort in experiences of inner vision, Mullein when lighting ceremonial bonfires, and Rosemary for remembrance when honoring those who have passed. She offers insights into age-old Samhain rituals such as Turnip carving, the significance of Apple trees, honoring cycles, and the interconnectedness of all life. Selena also shares her inspiring experience of legacy in prairie restoration and building community across generations as the Circle Sanctuary celebrates its 50th anniversary this coming Samhain. Selena Fox is the Executive Director of Circle Sanctuary, Nature Preserve, a two-hundred acre Nature sanctuary located in the Driftless bioregion of southwestern Wisconsin. An EcoActivist for more than fifty years, Selena was among the organizers of events for the first Earth Day on April 22, 1970 and is the founder of Circle Cemetery, one of the first Green cemeteries in North America. Also known as Reverend Selena Fox, she is Senior Minister of Circle Sanctuary which has been serving Nature Spirituality practitioners worldwide since 1974. Selena writes and speaks on a variety of topics, including Celebrating the Seasons, Herbology, Pagan Ways, and Life Passages. She hosts the monthly podcast, Circle of Nature and shares rituals, chants, and teaching on social media.You can find Selena at: https://www.circlesanctuary.org/IG: https://www.instagram.com/selenafox/Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/SelenaFoxUpdatesTikTok: https://www.tiktok.com/@selenafxcircleYouTube: https://www.youtube.com/c/SelenaFoxFor more info visit Sara's website at: https://www.multidimensionalnature.com/ IG: https://www.instagram.com/multidimensional.nature/Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/saraartemisia.ms/Facebook group: https://www.facebook.com/groups/plantspiritherbalismYoutube: https://www.youtube.com/@saraartemisiaTikTok: https://www.tiktok.com/@multidimensional.naturePinterest: https://www.pinterest.com/multidimensionalnature/Etsy: https://www.plantspiritdesigns.comLearn how to communicate with plant consciousness in the free workshop on How to Learn Plant Language: https://www.learnplantlanguage.com/
During this action-packed interview, jim mcdonald gives a us a mini-tour of his herb cabinet, shares his go-to winter tea recipe, talks about his Lindera herb workshops, and even tells us about his very first herb experience! We'll also learn why jim prefers to spell his name with little-case letters and something about sunbathing in Speedos on the roof?! It's a wild time!jim is a community herbalist, a manic wildcrafter and medicine maker, and has been an ardent student of the most learned teachers of herbcraft… the plants themselves.You can learn more about jim's work at www.herbcraft.org and sign up for his in-persona and online herb workshops at herbcraft.podia.com jim is a co-organizer of the Great Lakes Herb Faire, one of Michigan's finest annual herb conferences. Check it out at https://www.greatlakesherbfaire.org/ During the interview, jim sings the praises of mushrooms for supporting the immune system. Check out our previous interview with Erin Hamilton from The Mushroom Conservatory to learn more about wonderful mushrooms! https://www.smallhousefarm.com/seedsandweedspodcast/lets-chat-w-erin-hamilton-the-mushroom-conservatory/Purchase a kit from Erin to grow mushrooms right at home! https://themushroomconservatory.com/In January 2024, we'll be launching our new Herb Co-op, an exclusive offering for members of our Patreon community! Members will enjoy wholesale prices on bulk organic herbs and spices including black/green teas, flowers, roots & more! As a member of our community, you can enjoy the benefits of buying quality herbs by the ounce at special discount prices! Check it out and sign up at https://www.patreon.com/smallhousefarm and https://www.smallhousefarm.com/herbcoop/Join the Seeds & Weeds Facebook community at https://www.facebook.com/groups/seedsandweedsAnd as always, big thanks to all of our Patreon subscribers.. we appreciate every one of you! Thank you for supporting the show! Remember, you can always support our podcast by joining our Patreon for as little as $3/month at www.patreon.com/smallhousefarmConnect with us!Join our special Seeds & Weeds Facebook Community!IG: @small_house_farmFB: @smallhousefarmYT: @smallhousefarmwww.sSmall House Farm has everything you need for your holiday shopping! Books, herbal products, botanical artwork and so much more. Make it a handmade holiday with Small House Farm. The Seeds and Weeds Podcast is made possible in part by Baker Creek Heirloom Seed Company - America's top source for rare and heirloom varieties from around the world, and publisher of The Whole Seed Catalog. Their 2024 catalog is chock full of heirloom goodness; new varieties, recipes, stories, and gorgeous photographs! Order yours now at www.rareseeds.comSupport the show
This episode of The Herbalist Hour is super special! Erika Galentin and jim mcdonald are answering YOUR questions. A few of them at least. They range from the personal to the practical, but you're sure to have many-a-takeway. I want to say a HUGE thank you to Erika and jim for taking the time to spend the time with all of us to answer these great questions. And a shoutout and thanks to the HerbRally community for providing the questions. Please show your love and support for Erika and jim on their various projects and the socials. Learn more about Erika | SovereigntyHerbs.com Learn more about jim | HerbCraft.org MORE LINKS Erika & Sovereignty Herbs on Instagram | @sovereigntyherbs jim on Instagram | @herb.craft Erika's Herbal Practice Connexion | LEARN MORE Online Learning with jim | LEARN MORE Great Lakes Herb Faire | GreatLakesHerbFaire.org
HerbRally | Herbalism | Plant Medicine | Botany | Wildcrafting
In today's episode I narrate jim mcdonald's wild cherry monograph. If you'd like to read it CLICK HERE Learn more about jim at HerbCraft.org Today's episode is sponsored by our good friends at Mountain Rose Herbs. Get 15% off of your order with coupon code HERBRALLY15 at checkout. Visit MountainRoseHerbs.com for organic herbs, spices, essentail oils, bulk ingredients and more. Thanks for listening! HerbRally www.herbrally.com Follow us on YouTube!
HerbRally | Herbalism | Plant Medicine | Botany | Wildcrafting
The great jim mcdonald answered over EIGHTY herbalism questions for us a few months ago. Although you can listen to the full THREE HOURS, we wanted to split it up into mini-episodes so you can pick and choose which answers you'd like to hear. So here ya go! You can also READ the answers to these questions HERE. Visit jim online at HerbCraft.org Get 7 herbal freebies HERE Thanks for listening! HerbRally.com If you love the HerbRally Podcast, please consider leaving a written review in Apple Podcasts or your player of choice. Simply let us know what your favorite episode is, how HerbRally has helped you, or anything else that may inspire you. We read every single review and we really appreciate it!
HerbRally | Herbalism | Plant Medicine | Botany | Wildcrafting
jim mcdonald answered over 80 herbalism questions for us a while back. We wanted to release each question on its own so you can easily pick and choose which answer you'd like to hear. You can CLICK HERE to listen to the full three hours Visit jim online at HerbCraft.org Read jim's EPIC wild cherry monograph HERE Get 7 herbal freebies HERE Thanks for listening! HerbRally.com If you love the HerbRally, please consider leaving a written review in Apple Podcasts or your player of choice. We really appreciate it!
HerbRally | Herbalism | Plant Medicine | Botany | Wildcrafting
Today's episode is an EPIC three hour long Q&A with herbalist jim mcdonald. A while back we asked the HerbRally audience if you could ask your favorite herbalist just one question, what would it be? Well, jim took the initiative to ask ALL of the questions, both in written and in audio format. Please join me in giving jim a huge THANK YOU for taking the time to share this wisdom, the stories and all of the herbal knowledge in this episode. You can visit jim online at HerbCraft.org Also, be sure to check out his online apprenticeship, Lindera. He is a true master when it comes to energetics, and Lindera goes in depth in this comprehensive herbalism course. LEARN MORE ABOUT LINDERA MORE LINKS jim mcdonald LIVE streams BLOG POST - 80+ Questions with jim mcdonald jim's Calamus article jim on Instagram Thanks again to jim for sharing, and thanks to y'all for listening! Talk to you soon, Mason www.herbrally.com
What can we say about Jim McDonald? He's quirky, funny, talented, knowledgeable, and kind. In this super-fun conversation, I get down and dirty with Jim talking about sustainability and conservation, stewardship, and how teaching has changed in the current, internet-driven world. And Jim shares with us some great stories and knowledge around one of his favorite groups of medicinal plant friends, weeds! You know, the plants that are everywhere because they are helpers no matter where they grow.You can find Jim on Facebook, on Instrgram, and via both his websites, Herbcraft.org & Herbcraft.podia.comIn 1994, Jim McDonald's life changed when he drank tea from a wild plant he harvested from the land he lived upon. Since those first sips of strange tea, his life in the woods and meadows of southeast Michigan has been centered on the plants & ecosystems of that land, and how he might share their virtues to restore wellness with those around him. Jim's approach to herbcraft is deeply rooted in the land he lives upon, and blends traditional European influences with 19th century eclectic and physiomedical vitalism, which he conveys with story, experience, humor, common sense and lore to students, clients, random passersby and readers of his website www.herbcraft.org. Jim is a community herbalist, a manic wildcrafter and medicine maker, and has been an ardent student of the most learned teachers of herbcraft… the plants themselves.Make sure you're nourishing your body and you're taking care of you from the inside out. Remember, different bodies react to herbs in different ways. The information presented is in no way meant to diagnose or remedy any ailment. Find out what works for you with the help of a certified herbalist, naturopathic practitioner, or other health There's a variety of ways to get this plant medicine in your body --tinctures, salves & balms, teas, etc. check out Mountain Mel's herbal products at mountainmels.com.Use code THP15 at checkout to receive 15% off just for listening. Or make your own with bulk herbs from our affiliate partners at Mountain Rose Herbs or Oshala Farms.And if you really like learning about all kinds of herbs and how you can use them together, get a jump on our Wild + Crafty Membership waitlist. Get in early to help shape this fun educational opportunity. And please join me over in our Herbalist's Path Facebook Group .Visit us at theherbalistspath.com to check out upcoming courses, workshops, & events. You can also find us on YouTube on Register For Our FREE 3-Day LIVE Immune Boosting Workshop. Learn why herbalism is the most sustainable way to keep you & your family healthy and well. Begin your path to being the herbalist in your home. Register here today! #spreadlikewildflowersSupport the show (https://www.patreon.com/theherbalistspath/)
On the surface, the phrase "the medium is the message," prophetic as it may have been when Marshall McLuhan coined it, points a now-obvious fact of our wired world, namely that the content of any medium is less important than its form. The advent of email, for instance, has brought about changes in society and culture that are more far-reaching than the content of any particular email. On the other hand, this aphorism of McLuhan's has the ring of an utterance of the Delphic Oracle. As Phil proposes in this episode of Weird Studies, it is an example of what Zen practitioners call a koan, a statement that occludes and illumines in equal measures, a jewel whose shining surface is an invitation to descend into dark depths. Join JF and Phil as they discuss the mystical and cosmic implications of McLuhan's oracular vision. REFERENCES McLuhan, [Understanding Media](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UnderstandingMedia)_ The Playboy interview (https://nextnature.net/2009/12/the-playboy-interview-marshall-mcluhan) McLuhan and Quentin Fiore, [The Medium is the Massage: An Inventory of Effects](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TheMediumIstheMassage) Graham Harman (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graham_Harman), American philosopher Clement Greenberg (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clement_Greenberg), American critic Dale Pendell, [Pharmako/Poeia: Plant Powers, Poisons, and Herbcraft](https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/1556438052/ref=dbsadefrwtbiblvppii2) Brian Eno (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_Eno), British composer Marshall and Eric McLuhan, The Laws of Media: The New Science (https://utorontopress.com/ca/laws-of-media-1) _ Jonathan Sterne, _The Audible Past: Cultural Origins of Sound Reproduction (https://www.dukeupress.edu/the-audible-past) Eric McLuhan and Frank Zingrone (editors), The Essential McLuhan (https://www.amazon.com/Essential-McLuhan-Eric/dp/0465019951) Charles A. Reich, [The Greening of America](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TheGreeningofAmerica)_ David Fincher (director), The Social Network (https://www.imdb.com/title/tt1285016/) _ Gilles Deleuze, _Cinema I (https://www.upress.umn.edu/book-division/books/cinema-1) _and _Cinema II (https://www.upress.umn.edu/book-division/books/cinema-2) Jean Gebser, The Ever-Present Origin (https://www.amazon.com/Ever-Present-Origin-Part-Aperspectival-Manifestations/dp/0821407694) Eric Havelock,_ Preface to Plato (https://www.hup.harvard.edu/catalog.php?isbn=9780674699069)_ Walter J. Ong (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_J._Ong), American theorist Plato, [Republic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic(Plato))_
I met Mauricio after his exquisite lecture at the Modern Witches Confluence last year and immediately wanted to know more, being a scent junkie myself. Believe me, you will too. Scent is such an all-encompassing experience and his pairing of witchcraft to perfuming is just fascinating. He is a wealth of knowledge, and an exemplary Taurus for his complete surrender to the cultivation of beauty and honoring the divine in nature with his commitment to never using materials that are classified as vulnerable threatened or endangered by the IUCN Red List. Mauricio Garcia is a perfumer and certified aromatherapist based in San Francisco, California and a founding member of the Ministry of Scent. His fascination with the botanical world began in his Abuela's small, yet flourishing garden in foggy South San Francisco: the fruit trees and the roses, the yerba buena and other herbs that grew in clay pots, the wall of fragrant Jasminum polyanthum that seemed to always be blooming. Through Herbcraft Perfumery, Mauricio teaches classes and workshops on perfumery, aromatherapy, and witchcraft with an emphasis on sustainability and respect towards the botanical world, as well as formulates bespoke enchantments and fragrances for individuals and indie product lines. --- Support this podcast: https://anchor.fm/adultcandy/support
Purelle, Synthetic Love Dream, Herbcraft, Inez Lightfoot, ASPS, Caloia/Charuest/Fousek, Cop Jokes, Actual Pearls, Bending Spirit, Boreal Network, Euglossine, and Morgan & Dilloway.
Purelle, Synthetic Love Dream, Herbcraft, Inez Lightfoot, ASPS, Caloia/Charuest/Fousek, Cop Jokes, Actual Pearls, Bending Spirit, Boreal Network, Euglossine, and Morgan & Dilloway.
JF and Phil head for Interzone in an attempt to solve the enigma of Naked Lunch, David Cronenberg's 1991 screen adaptation of William S. Burroughs' infamous 1959 novel. A treatise on addiction, a diagnosis of modern ills, a lucid portrait of the artist as cosmic transgressor, and like the book, "a frozen moment when everyone sees what is on the end of every fork," Naked Lunch is here framed in the light Cronenberg's recent speech making the case for the crime of art. Image by Melancholie, Wikimedia Commons (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Gabel.jpg). REFERENCES David Foster Wallace, "Westward the Course of Empire Takes Its Way," (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Girl_with_Curious_Hair) from Girl With Curious Hair Gilles Deleuze and Félix Guattari, Anti-Oedipus (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-Oedipus), and "How Do You Make Yourself a Body Without Organs?" in [A Thousand Plateaus](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AThousandPlateaus) David Cronenberg (writer-director), Naked Lunch (https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0102511/) (the film) William Burroughs, [Naked Lunch](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NakedLunch)_ (the novel) Thomas De Quincey, [Confessions of an Opium-Eater](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ConfessionsofanEnglishOpium-Eater) Dale Pendell, Pharmako/Poeia: Power Plants, Poisons and Herbcraft (https://www.amazon.com/Pharmako-Poeia-Revised-Updated-Herbcraft/dp/1556438052) "David Cronenberg: I would like to make the case for the crime of art," (https://www.theglobeandmail.com/opinion/article-the-crime-of-art/) Globe and Mail June 22 2018 JF Martel, [Reclaiming Art in the Age of Artifice](https://www.amazon.com/Reclaiming-Art-Age-Artifice-Manifesto/dp/1583945784/ref=sr11?s=books&ie=UTF8&qid=1536764053&sr=1-1&keywords=reclaiming+art+in+the+age+of+artifice) Phil Ford, Dig: Sound and Music in Hip Culture (https://www.amazon.com/Dig-Sound-Music-Hip-Culture/dp/0199939918) Derek Bailey (director), [On the Edge: Improvisation in Music](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=edy2QlPjaU)_ Phil Ford, "Good Prose is Written By People Who Are Not Frightened" (https://dialmformusicology.com/2017/08/10/good-prose-is-written-by-people-who-are-not-frightened/) Geroge Orwell, "Inside the Whale" (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inside_the_Whale)
HerbRally | Herbalism | Plant Medicine | Botany | Wildcrafting
On today's episode I narrate jim mcdonald's wild cherry monograph. Here's a sampling from his monograph which you can find here: www.herbrally.com/monographs/wild-cherry When considering wild cherry, most will immediately think of its use in the address of coughs and colds; indeed, such a staple it was that when plant medicine was being replaced by chemical drugs "wild cherry" was retained as the flavor of cough syrups and drops, because, well... that's just what those things were supposed to taste like. The actual bark, though, does much more than provide flavor. Wild cherry is a respiratory relaxant/antispasmodic and, in varying degrees, an astringent tonic. A cooling sedative to lung tissue, it excels when heat and irritability undermine healthy expectoration. Now, here's where I want to paint a little word picture that really sums up wild cherry's respiratory sphere of influence perfectly; that's really what all herb writers want to do when we write these things. But, darnit, Michael Moore did it so well I can't resist quoting him: "Chokecherry or wild cherry bark is a simple sedative for cardiopulmonary excitability. If your child is lying in bed, glowing a dull infrared and breathing rapidly with a dry cough, give him/her chokecherry. That hot, vibratile pulse of blood through the lungs can be counterproductive, not nourishing the membranes as well as needed and maybe even slowing the defensive responses to a viral infection. The hectic breathing can dry out mucous membranes and harden secretions, making them little more than dried blobs adhering to the bronchial membranes---difficult enough for an adult to expectorate, very difficult for a respiratory-impatient child to handle." Yeah, Moore was awesome. For more monographs: www.herbrally.com/monographs You can visit jim online at HerbCraft.org Let us know what you thought of the episode! Thanks so much for listening. jim mcdonald offers a knowledge of herbalism that blends western folk and indigenous views with the Vitalist traditions of the 19th century, presented through story, humor and common sense. He has taught classes throughout the US, hosts the website www.herbcraft.org and has written for Plant Healer Magazine, the Journal of Ontario Herbalist Association and Llewelyn's Herbal Almanac. He is currently writing a "Great Lakes Herbal" and "Foundational Herbcraft". jim is a manic wildcrafter and medicine maker.
7 PM Central - Nature Folk with Selena Fox: Spiritual Herbcraft: Join us for an encore presentation of Circle Craft Studies from July 9, 2013. Tonight's program is a guide to contacting & working with Plant Spirits, developing Plant Ally relationships and working with Sacred Herbs as part of Spiritual Practice. 8 PM Central - Circle Talk: Pagan Authors - Deborah Blake: Join Circle Ministers Jeanet & David Ewing as they continue our series focusing on Pagan Authors. Tonight, they welcome ficton and non-ficton writer Deborah Blake to the program. Deborah's website is: deborahblakeauthor.com ------------------------------ Music for PTRN open and close provided by SJ Tucker, For more music and information, please visit http://sjtucker.com/
Jim McDonald is a self taught herbalist whose approach blends a folk and indigenous perspective of herbcraft with the eclectic/physiomedical approaches of 19th century American herbalism. If you ever spent time on Henriette’s forum or the Herbwifery forum, then you may know Jim. He also gives herb walks at many conferences, including the International Herb Symposium. He has a unique way of teaching people how to connect with plants, and how to learn herbal properties. These are the areas we focus on in this interview, along with some other fun topics. Jim runs programs in Michigan from day long classes to a 9 month intensive. He is a knowledgable and engaging teacher, and I was excited to be able to interview him for HerbMentor Radio. You can visit Jim McDonald at http://HerbCraft.org. His site has many wonderful and extended articles on a number of plants and how to use them for various ailments.
jim mcdonald returns to HerbMentor Radio for a special episode on fevers and herbal energetics. What is a fever, why do they happen, and what are the popular myths? The difference between stimulating and relaxing diaphoretics as well as detailed descriptions of many herbs with diaphoretic properties. Diaphoretics are herbs that direct circulation, open pores, ventilate the body and allow perspiration. This 105 minute lesson is sure to clear up any confusion you may have had about herbs and fevers. You can visit jim mcdonald at http://HerbCraft.org. His site has many wonderful and extended articles on a number of plants and how to use them for various ailments.
PAGANS TONIGHT RADIO NETWORK PRESENTS: 8 PM CST-CIRCLE CRAFT STUDY with Selena FoxTonight's Topic: Spiritual Herbcraft Contacting and working with Plant Spirits. Developing Plant Ally relationships. Working with Sacred Herbs as part of Spiritual Practice. 9 PM CST-PAGAN PRIEST - Topic - PP is a panel discussion with priests from around the nation featuring- Host Rev Terry Power with Torcyr Nix and Rev Rick Keen. Tonight the Priests will be discussing Role Reversal in Ritual.
Dale Pendell, author of Pharmako/Poeia: Plants, Powers, Poisons, and Herbcraft and Pharmako/Dynamis: Stimulating Plants, Potions and Herbcraft, will discuss the history and cultural impacts of coffee, tea, absinthe, and more, with guest host Autumn Summers. The post The Herbal Highway – March 3, 2005 appeared first on KPFA.