Podcasts about monozygotic

In this episode, we review the high-yield topic of Monozygotic vs. Dizygotic Twins from the Embryology section. Follow Medbullets on social media: Facebook: www.facebook.com/medbullets Instagram: www.instagram.com/medbulletsofficialx Twitter: www.twitter.com/medbulletsIn this episode --- Send in a voice message: https://anchor.fm/medbulletsstep1/message

There are two main types Types of Twins twins when it comes to pregnancy, dizygotic twins and monozygotic twins.  In this episode, we review these different types. Types of Twins [0:45] There are two types of twins: Monozygotic and Dizygotic. Each has its own subcategories. (Di) means two; (Mono) means one; Zygote is a fertilized egg. Dizygotic means two fertilized eggs, and Monozygotic means one fertilized egg that split into two. Dizygotic is commonly known as fraternal twins, which means non-identical twins. With Monozygotic, it would be identical twins that split into two. [1:50] You can have twins one of two ways. With Dizygotic, you can have a woman ovulate two eggs at the same time, which is uncommon. That means each ovary ovulates an egg, and they both find their way into the uterus and get fertilized, so you have two pregnancies going at the same time. Basically, they're siblings, but instead of carrying two years apart, your body decided that you're just going to carry two at the same time, getting a two for one. The other type of twins, which is less common for every two or three cases, is Monozygotic. This is where one egg gets fertilized for whatever reason. [5:48] With Monozygotic, there's one egg that splits itself and turns into “Monozygotic Twins” or identical twins. If that egg splits very early, then each piece of the egg develops a completely separate pregnancy with a completely separate placenta. Early Conception of Twins [6:55] If the egg splits within the first three days, you have two separate placentas and two separate pregnancies. With twins, there are two separate layers called the Chorion and Amnion. These are the two layers of the placenta. The one that is further inside is the Amnion, and the one that is on the outside is the Chorion. With normal pregnancies, both act as a single layer. But with twins that are completely separate, they will have two of both layers.     [8:34] If the egg separates after the first three days, but not after the first seven days, then each baby will develop its own Amnion even though they will share a placenta. That means each baby has a cord running to the same placenta on different sides of the amniotic separation, which is that wall between them. That wall is a membrane that prevents the twins from entangling their cords. If the baby separates after that seven-day zone, then they not only do share a Chorion, but also an Amnion. This means that both Chorion and Amnion are shared by the twins. Monochorionic and Dyamniotic Twins [10:15] Monochorionic and Diamniotic twins have special considerations and special risks. If it was actually two eggs, and they both get fertilized, then it's Dizygotic. But if it happens to be a Monozygotic twin that developed early, it will act like a Dichorionic. So how do you know what you are dealing with? You got to look early because early on, it's very clear on ultrasound if you got two eggs in there that got fertilized or one egg that split in half. [11:16] Even if you have one egg and one sperm that got fertilized that split into two, if they split early enough, they are going to have their own two pregnancies. It's going to be their separate pregnancies. If there had been two eggs that get fertilized, it would act the same way. They will be genetically identical. [12:12] 7% of Monozygotic twins are Monochorionic or Diamniotic.  But the majority of twins are Dizygotic, which means they come from two separate eggs that are fertilized early in pregnancy. With ultrasound, it's very easy to see early on the two separate sacks that are almost not touching your or very little touching. There's a sack, and there's a baby on this side. Those sacks are going to grow, and they're going to merge. If one placenta isn't attached to each other or they are within two separate locations, then you are dealing with Diamnitoic twins. Managing and Identifying Twin Pregnancies [14:57] To figure out what type of twin pregnancy a woman has, their placenta is looked at using ultrasound. The points that are looked at are if the twins are sharing a placenta or if the placenta is in the same place. Currently, you cannot tell on ultrasound if it's one placenta or two that are just against each other. Sometimes, placentas grow to each other, and there won't be any separation between them. At this point, it's very important to know if it is Dichorionic or Monochorionic because each is managed differently. [16:04] Another way to identify a twin pregnancy is to look at the twin membrane. You then magnify that, and then you measure it. If it's above point two millimeters, then it's a sign that it's a Dichorionic. But if it's less than .12, then it's a sign that it is a Mono. [17:12] Once you have techniques, you don't get rid of them. Even if a better technology comes along, you will learn to accept it. But sometimes you can't see it that well. If the patient's hard to scan or the memory is not in line well, the best way is to scan the membrane, and you zoom in on it. You count the layers, and if you see two layers, that means that the baby has one outer sac and two inter sac. But if the baby has two outer sacs and two inter sacs. Twin Transfusion Syndrome [18:08] When you have a Monozygotic twin, there is a possibility that one twin can thrive more in the uterine environment than the other twin. With Monochorionic twins, there is a 15% chance of something called Twin Transfusion Syndrome. This is where one baby is getting too much blood back from the placenta, and the other baby is getting too little. The continuous pump where one baby continuously gets more and the other one gets less makes the other baby struggle. One baby cannot keep up with the volume and is overloaded, while the other one is struggling because it's not getting enough blood. [20:32] If the twins are identified as Monozygotic and Monochorionic, then one of them is going to be given more blood. When blood goes to the placenta, it is shared equally between the twins. But if the arterial supply of the placenta is a bit different than the return, then both babies don't get the same amount of blood. Instead of each baby having the same amount of return channels, both get different supplies of blood. One is automatically going to get less and the other one a little more. Then the sequence of Twin Transfusion begins. One baby's getting overloaded, the other one's not getting enough. [24:05] The earlier Twin Transfusion happens, the bigger the problem. If it happens late in the game, then you deliver the babies. But if it happens early in the game, you can't deliver because they're too premature, and they can't survive. So if it happens early, you have to stop this vicious cycle from continuing. Most of the time, people will lose a baby because of the twin transfusion sequence if it's left untreated because the fluid is so great. The excessive fluid will cause pre-term labor, and the patient will just lose the pregnancy because they go into labor early. Even if they carry long enough to get into viability, one baby will get heart failure because it can't handle all the fluid. [25:00] **of note The correct term is reverse in this episode. The correct information is as follows: The fetus with more blood flow is called the recipient twin, and the fetus with less is called the donor twin     Velamentous Cord Insertion [29:06] Velamentous Cord Insertion is when the umbilical cord hits the placenta and branches into a spiderweb-like structure, and they drop into the placenta at different points. And that's how all the blood is getting everywhere. But if that separation happens, then it can become a major problem. It's a common complication in any pregnancy because you don't want those vessels exposed, especially if they're in front of the cervix. With twin pregnancies, Velamentous Cord Insertion is a more common phenomenon where you have that cord insertion. Often, it is tied to a twin transfusion sequence. Treating Velamentous Cord Insertion [30:33] You can go in with a scope, and you can identify the vessels. It mainly involves a lot of ultrasound and targeting. Then you either ablate with a laser or radio waves. Oblate means you are sealing or coagulating them off. You are taking the vessels that run from A to B or B to A, and you are dividing the placenta, so it's going to function like two separate placentas instead of one. If you overdo it, then you end up with the reverse where the other baby is getting too much. This is because you go in with instruments, and therefore there's a risk of pre-term labor or amniotic fluid membrane rupture. Monoamnionic Twins [35:04 Twin Transfusion doesn't happen with Mono twins because there's only one membrane on one side. The problem is that the cords are tangled, which happens early on. As soon as locomotion happens within 12 weeks, babies start swimming. This is the rarest and highest risk type of twin. What happens with those twins is you don't do anything until 24 weeks because you can't do anything. You just hope for the best. Once you get viable, you basically put them in a hospital and watch them, and you monitor them several times a day. Once you start seeing fetal heart rate decelerations, you get everything ready and get them delivered. If nothing bad happens, depending on how conservative you are in 34 weeks, just go in by C-Section and deliver them. Conjoined Twins [37:21] The egg doesn't split until day 11 or 12. If it doesn't split within that period, you will get conjoined twins. That is a really big deal because now you have a team of surgeons figuring out if you could separate them and depending on where they're separated. Sometimes they share vital organs, and you can't separate them. But these conjoined twins happen very rarely. Managing Risks for Twin Pregnancies [39:02] If you have monozygotic twins, but they're Monochorionic and Diamniotic, then they have two separate rooms. In this case, you just have to monitor them every week.  You monitor them every other week because even the simplest, least complicated twins are high risk because there's growth discordance where one baby grows better than the other. There is a risk of pre-term labor, which is much more common with twins. There's also the risk of placenta abnormality, where the placenta is in the wrong place. There are all kinds of risks that go up, so you need to get ready for double risks. Twins with Different Birthdays [42:23] Every once in a while, you might find twins that have different birthdays. These types of twin pregnancies are always C-Section. So whenever you encounter twins with different birthdays, it is assured that they were delivered through C-Section. Least Popular Calendar days to deliver at Hackensack [46:06] The first date is September 11, the second is October 31, and the last one is a leap year, which is February 29. www.truebirthpodcast.com Maternal Resources Social Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/maternalresourceshackensack |nstagram: @maternalresources Subscribe to the podcast on Apple Podcasts, Spotify, Google Podcasts, & Stitcher and leave a review!

In this podcast we talk to Dr. Lynnea Myers about her JCPP Advances paper on Behavioural and Biological Divergence in Monozygotic Twin Pairs Discordant for Autism Phenotypes (https://doi.org/10.1111/jcv2.12017). Dr. Myers is an Associate Professor of Nursing at Gustavus Adolphus College in Minnesota. She has a double PhD in Nursing Science and Developmental Neuroscience. There is a dearth of studies examining monozygotic ASD discordant twins, and Lynnea explains why this group is so important for inclusion in research to advance the science into non-shared environmental effects, and explains the implications of the findings for professionals working in child and adolescent mental health.

Learn about the science of sourdough starters; and why identical twins aren’t so identical after all. Then, play along at home as we test your podcast knowledge with this month’s Curiosity Challenge trivia game.  Study of sourdough from around the world shows location doesn't matter for its microbes by Cameron Duke Intercontinental study sheds light on the microbial life of sourdough. (2021). EurekAlert! https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2021-01/ncsu-iss012621.php Kiniry, L. (2020). Why San Francisco does sourdough best. Bbc.com.  http://www.bbc.com/travel/story/20200402-why-san-francisco-does-sourdough-best Landis, E. A., Oliverio, A. M., McKenney, E. A., Nichols, L. M., Kfoury, N., Biango-Daniels, M., Shell, L. K., Madden, A. A., Shapiro, L., Shravya Sakunala, Kinsey Drake, Robbat, A., Booker, M., Dunn, R. R., Fierer, N., & Wolfe, B. E. (2021, January 26). The diversity and function of sourdough starter microbiomes. ELife; eLife Sciences Publications, Ltd. https://elifesciences.org/articles/61644 Identical twins aren't so identical after all by Steffie Drucker Jarry, J. (2021, January 24). Identical Twins Are Not Identical. Office for Science and Society. McGill University. https://www.mcgill.ca/oss/article/general-science/identical-twins-are-not-identical  Guardian staff reporter. (2021, January 8). Identical twins are not so identical, study suggests. The Guardian; The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/science/2021/jan/08/identical-twins-are-not-so-identical-study-suggests  Machemer, T. (2021, January 13). Many Identical Twins Actually Have Slightly Different DNA. Smithsonian Magazine; Smithsonian Magazine. https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/identical-twins-can-have-slightly-different-dna-180976736/  ‌Nicoletta Lanese. (2021, January 7). Identical twins don’t share 100% of their DNA. Livescience.com; Live Science. https://www.livescience.com/identical-twins-dont-share-all-dna.html  Jonsson, H., Magnusdottir, E., et. al. (2021). Differences between germline genomes of monozygotic twins. Nature Genetics, 53(1), 27–34. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41588-020-00755-1  Episodes referenced in Curiosity Challenge Trivia game: Chronotypes: https://www.curiositydaily.com/why-does-february-have-28-days/  Ants on stilts: https://www.curiositydaily.com/why-scientists-made-ants-walk-on-stilts/  Smellicopter: https://www.curiositydaily.com/the-dark-ages-werent-really-dark/ Subscribe to Curiosity Daily to learn something new every day with Cody Gough and Ashley Hamer. You can also listen to our podcast as part of your Alexa Flash Briefing; Amazon smart speakers users, click/tap “enable” here: https://www.amazon.com/Curiosity-com-Curiosity-Daily-from/dp/B07CP17DJY  See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

Link to bioRxiv paper: http://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.11.19.390492v1?rss=1 Authors: Tang, R., Etzel, J. A., Kizhner, A., Braver, T. S. Abstract: The ability to flexibly adapt thoughts and actions in a goal-directed manner appears to rely on cognitive control mechanisms that are strongly impacted by individual differences. A powerful research strategy for investigating the nature of individual variation is to study monozygotic (identical) twins. Clear evidence of twin similarity effects have been observed in prior behavioral and neuroimaging studies, yet within the domain of cognitive control, the specificity and neural underpinnings of this similarity remains elusive. Here, we utilize a multi-task, within-subjects event-related neuroimaging design (with fMRI) to investigate twin effects through multivariate pattern similarity analyses. We focus on a set of fronto-parietal brain parcels exhibiting consistently increased activation associated with cognitive control demands across four task domains: selective attention, context processing, multi-tasking, and working memory. In these parcels, healthy young adult male and female monozygotic twin pairs had similar activation patterns, reliably in all tasks, a finding not observed in unrelated pairs. Twin activation pattern similarity effects were clearest under high control demands, were not present in a set of task-unrelated parcels, and were primarily observed during the within-trial timepoints in which the control demands peaked. Together, these results indicate that twin similarity in the neural representation of cognitive control may be domain-general but also functionally and temporally specific in relation to the level of control demand. The findings suggest a genetic and/or environmental basis for individual variation in cognitive control function, and highlight the potential of twin-based neuroimaging designs for exploring heritability questions within this domain. Copy rights belong to original authors. Visit the link for more info

Ross and Carrie revel in a universe that has presented them with their dearest wish: an identical twin for Wim Hof. They review the studies that this absolute angel of a brother took part in, to see if Wim is special because of his habits, or his genetics… And then review the app version of this whole Wim Hof Method deal. Plus, it’s Ross’ birthday and the last day of MaxFunDrive 2020!For pics and videos, follow us on Facebook or Twitter!You can add our RSS feed here.

How do you welcome multiplies into your life?  What kind of pregnancy is it? What does it mean when siblings want to be born together? What's the difference between IVF twins and natural twins? 

Monozygotic twins are genetically nearly identical and they are always the same sex unless there has been a mutation during development. The children of monozygotic twins test genetically as half-siblings (or full siblings, if a pair of monozygotic twins reproduces with another pair or with the same person), rather than first cousins. Identical twins do not have the same fingerprints however, because even within the confines of the womb, the fetuses touch different parts of their environment, giving rise to small variations in their corresponding prints and thus making them unique. Monozygotic twins always have the same phenotype. Normally due to an environmental factor or the deactivation of different X chromosomes in female monozygotic twins, and in some extremely rare cases, due to aneuploidy, twins may express different sexual phenotypes, normally from an XXY Klinefelter syndrome zygote splitting unevenly.Monozygotic twins, although genetically very similar, are not genetically exactly the same. The DNA in white blood cells of 66 pairs of monozygotic twins was analyzed for 506,786 single-nucleotide polymorphisms known to occur in human populations. Polymorphisms appeared in 2 of the 33 million comparisons, leading the researchers to extrapolate that the blood cells of monozygotic twins may have on the order of one DNA-sequence difference for every 1.2 x 107 nucleotides, which would imply hundreds of differences across the entire genome. The mutations producing the differences detected in this study would have occurred during embryonic cell-division (after the point of fertilization). If they occur early in fetal development, they will be present in a very large proportion of body cells. Another cause of difference between monozygotic twins is epigenetic modification, caused by differing environmental influences throughout their lives. Epigenetics refers to the level of activity of any particular gene. A gene may become switched on, switched off, or could become partially switched on or off in an individual. This epigenetic modification is triggered by environmental events. Monozygotic twins can have markedly different epigenetic profiles. A study of 80 pairs of monozygotic twins ranging in age from three to 74 showed that the youngest twins have relatively few epigenetic differences. The number of epigenetic differences increases with age. Fifty-year-old twins had over three times the epigenetic difference of three-year-old twins. Twins who had spent their lives apart (such as those adopted by two different sets of parents at birth) had the greatest difference. However, certain characteristics become more alike as twins age, such as IQ and personality.

Monozygotic twins are genetically nearly identical and they are always the same sex unless there has been a mutation during development. The children of monozygotic twins test genetically as half-siblings (or full siblings, if a pair of monozygotic twins reproduces with another pair or with the same person), rather than first cousins. Identical twins do not have the same fingerprints however, because even within the confines of the womb, the fetuses touch different parts of their environment, giving rise to small variations in their corresponding prints and thus making them unique. Monozygotic twins always have the same phenotype. Normally due to an environmental factor or the deactivation of different X chromosomes in female monozygotic twins, and in some extremely rare cases, due to aneuploidy, twins may express different sexual phenotypes, normally from an XXY Klinefelter syndrome zygote splitting unevenly.Monozygotic twins, although genetically very similar, are not genetically exactly the same. The DNA in white blood cells of 66 pairs of monozygotic twins was analyzed for 506,786 single-nucleotide polymorphisms known to occur in human populations. Polymorphisms appeared in 2 of the 33 million comparisons, leading the researchers to extrapolate that the blood cells of monozygotic twins may have on the order of one DNA-sequence difference for every 1.2 x 107 nucleotides, which would imply hundreds of differences across the entire genome. The mutations producing the differences detected in this study would have occurred during embryonic cell-division (after the point of fertilization). If they occur early in fetal development, they will be present in a very large proportion of body cells. Another cause of difference between monozygotic twins is epigenetic modification, caused by differing environmental influences throughout their lives. Epigenetics refers to the level of activity of any particular gene. A gene may become switched on, switched off, or could become partially switched on or off in an individual. This epigenetic modification is triggered by environmental events. Monozygotic twins can have markedly different epigenetic profiles. A study of 80 pairs of monozygotic twins ranging in age from three to 74 showed that the youngest twins have relatively few epigenetic differences. The number of epigenetic differences increases with age. Fifty-year-old twins had over three times the epigenetic difference of three-year-old twins. Twins who had spent their lives apart (such as those adopted by two different sets of parents at birth) had the greatest difference. However, certain characteristics become more alike as twins age, such as IQ and personality.

Order your pre-launch copy of the book DOUBLE HAPPINESS MULTIPLIED - What you need to know about having Twins, Triplets, & Quads HERE:  https://www.doublehappinessmultiplied.com/twins-triplets-quads-book/ Welcome to Season One of Double Happiness Multiplied. On Episode One, Part One, we get clear on what type of multiple you’re carrying and what that means for your pregnancy. We hear from Maternal-Fetal Medicine Specialist Associate Professor Craig Pennell who clears up some of the misconceptions surrounding whether your babies are identical or not, and how oftentimes your sonographer or obstetrician might give you a misdiagnosis. Rebecca Perrie shares her story of going through her twin pregnancy thinking she was carrying fraternal, or non-identical twins, to only find out later on that her girls are in fact identical. Jodie Wiren takes us on her journey with one of the rarest types of multiples – Monochorionic Monoamniotic twins or MoMos. Also, Hypnobirthing Practitioner and Doula Elyse Jamieson tell us how when she found out she was expecting fraternal twins, she was determined to learn everything she could in order to make confident decisions that were specific to her situation. And, I share my story about the shock of learning that I was carrying identical twins and that there were serious complications. On part two of this episode, we’ll focus on Higher Order Multiples. Laura Sarubin tells us about her journey with identical triplet girls and Jannelle Snaddon explains how she had to grow a uterus to have a baby and ended up with quadruplets. By the end of Episode One, you’ll be quite familiar with terms like Zygosity, Chorionicity, and Placentation so you’ll have the knowledge you’ll need to be proactive when attending your medical appointments. Key Points: A zygote is a fertilised egg. Fraternal twins are Dizygotic, which means two eggs have been fertilised by two sperm. Monozygotic twins are where one egg is fertilised by one sperm and then that egg divides at some stage in the first two weeks after fertilisation. You can get Dichorionic Diamniotic twins where some are identical and some are...

This week on MIA Radio we interview Dr Jay Joseph. Dr Joseph is a clinical psychologist and author who brings a critical perspective to claims in the media and the academic literature that disordered genes underlie psychiatric disorders. His most recent books are The Trouble with Twin Studies: A Reassessment of Twin Research in the Social and Behavioral Sciences and the 2017 e-book Schizophrenia and Genetics: The End of an Illusion. In this interview, we discuss the evidence that psychiatry puts forward in support of the claim that mental disorders have an important genetic basis and the reasons why psychiatry is still searching after many decades of failed attempts. In the episode we discuss: How Dr Joseph, as a clinical psychologist, came to be interested in the validity of the diagnosis of schizophrenia. How he then became interested in the assertions by psychiatry that diagnoses such as schizophrenia had a genetic basis. That he discovered that the evidence for genetic factors underlying major psychiatric disorders is very weak and based mainly on twin and adoption studies. That, despite decades of work, there have been few if any discoveries of disordered genes that cause the major psychiatric disorders. How twin and adoption studies are used to try and demonstrate the relationship between genetics and mental disorders. That people are being told that their mental illness is genetically based which is not supported by evidence and it is rather like the chemical imbalance myth in this regard. That a disorder or condition ‘running in the family’ means that it is ‘genetic’ is also a common misconception. That psychiatry seems to be focused on finding the ‘cause’ of mental disorders within the body, rather than acknowledging that social and environmental factors are the main causes of trauma, distress, and psychological dysfunction. Relevant links: Dr Jay Joseph Schizophrenia and Genetics: The End of an Illusion Bias and Deception in Behavioral Research Schizophrenia Genetic Research – Running on Empty To get in touch with us email: podcasts@madinamerica.com © Mad in America 2017

Background: The capacity of patient's Natural Killer cells (NKs) to be activated for cytolysis is an important prerequisite for the success of antibody-derived agents such as single-chain triplebodies (triplebodies) in cancer therapy. NKs recovered from AML patients at diagnosis are often found to be reduced in peripheral blood titers and cytolytic activity. Here, we had the unique opportunity to compare blood titers and cytolytic function of NKs from an AML patient with those of a healthy monozygotic twin. The sibling's NKs were compared with the patient's drawn either at diagnosis or in remission after chemotherapy. The cytolytic activities of NKs from these different sources for the patient's autologous AML blasts and other leukemic target cells in conjunction with triplebody SPM-2, targeting the surface antigens CD33 and CD123 on the AML cells, were compared. Methods: Patient NKs drawn at diagnosis were compared to NKs drawn in remission after chemotherapy and a sibling's NKs, all prepared from PBMCs by immunomagnetic beads (MACS). Redirected lysis (RDL) assays using SPM-2 and antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) assays using the therapeutic antibody Rituximab (TM) were performed with the enriched NKs. In addition, MACS-sorted NKs were analyzed for NK cell activating receptors (NCRs) by flow cytometry, and the release of TNF-alpha and IFN-gamma from blood samples of both siblings after the addition of the triplebody were measured in ELISA-assays. Results: Patient NKs isolated from peripheral blood drawn in remission produced comparable lysis as NKs from the healthy twin against the patient's autologous bone marrow (BM) blasts, mediated by SPM-2. The NCR receptor expression profiles on NKs from patient and twin were similar, but NK cell titers in peripheral blood were lower for samples drawn at diagnosis than in remission. Conclusions: Peripheral blood NK titers and ex vivo cytolytic activities mediated by triplebody SPM-2 were comparable for cells drawn from an AML patient in remission and a healthy twin. If these results can be generalized, then NKs from AML patients in remission are sufficient in numbers and cytolytic activity to make triplebodies promising new agents for the treatment of AML.

Every pregnancy is different, but it can be VERY different for women carrying multiples. Weʼll explore some of these differences including the changes that will be happening to your body and how to manage those changes. What is the difference between Monozygotic and Dizygotic? What are some signals of preterm labor? What are the risks associated with having twins, and what's the importance of an Amniocentesis? Dr. Sean Daneshmand, Perinatologist at Sharp Mary Birch is this week's expert.