Podcasts about as carolyn

What does "faith" in action look like in our lives? What does it look like to wait on God without wasting time? As Carolyn continues our series, "Fresh" she explores how trusting, believing, and partnering with God will help us to forge new paths into the future.

Dr Greg Hundley: Well listeners, this is Dr Greg Hundley from the VCU Pauley Heart Center in Richmond this week, who is sadly missing his dear friend, Dr Carolyn Lam, who is away for just a week or two. I hope you've experienced a wonderful holiday season and are able to embrace the new year with joy and hope. In our feature article this week, Dr Marcelo Di Carli and colleagues are going to discuss the role of coronary microvascular dysfunction assessed with cardiac stress during PET, as well as left ventricular remodeling assessed with echocardiography and how both of those relate to clinical outcomes in patients with chronic kidney impairment. But first, let's have a coffee and chat about other articles in this issue. We have four original manuscripts, two or more clinical papers, and two from the world of basic science. So let's go to the clinical papers first. And the first emanates from our own associate editor, Dr Sana Al-Khatib from Duke University. Her paper comes from the ARISTOTLE trial, a randomized study of 18,201 participants that compared apixaban with warfarin in patients with atrial fibrillation at increased risk of stroke. And so this sub study included 17,423 patients in ARISTOTLE without severe renal or liver disease. And the authors evaluated the risk of bleeding and major cardiovascular outcomes in patients with atrial fibrillation taking either NSAIDs with therapixaban or warfarin. The authors found that those with NSAID use at baseline, so before starting into the study or incident NSAID use, that is they began an NSAID after initiating this study were more likely, both groups were more likely to have a history of bleeding, nearly a quarter of the patients to a fifth of the patients versus only 15% that had never used NSAIDs either before or after entering the study. In addition, the safety and efficacy of apixaban versus warfarin appeared not to significantly be altered by NSAID use. That is whether you were taking apixaban or whether you're taking warfarin, the impact of NSAID use was not different between either of those anticoagulants. The second original clinical article comes from Dr Audrey Blewer, also from Duke University, and evaluates the variation in bystander cardiopulmonary resuscitation delivery and subsequent survival from out of hospital cardiac arrest based on neighborhood level ethnic characteristics. As background for this research, bystander cardiopulmonary resuscitation delivery and survival from out of hospital cardiac arrest varies at the neighborhood level, was generally lower survival seen in neighborhoods predominantly with individuals from black race. Despite Hispanics being the fastest growing minority population in the United States, few studies have assessed whether the proportion of Hispanics in a neighborhood is also associated with delivery of bystander CPR or subsequent survival for an out of hospital cardiac arrest. Accordingly, the authors in this study assessed whether bystander CPR rates and survival buried by neighborhood level ethnicity. And they hypothesized that neighborhoods with a higher proportion of Hispanics would have lower bystander CPR rates and overall lower survival. This study was a retrospective cohort and use data from the Resuscitations Outcome Consortium, or ROC Epistry across the United States. So in this study, the authors identified 18,900 cardiac arrests. And they excluded pediatric arrests, EMS witnessed arrests, or arrest occurring in a healthcare or an institutional facility. And they found overall that bystander CPR was administered in 37% of these out-of-hospital arrests. Among neighborhoods with less than 25% Hispanic residents, bystander CPR was administered in 39% of the events, while it was administered in only 27% of the events in those neighborhoods with greater than 75% Hispanic residents. Also, lower rates of survival occurred in neighborhoods with greater than 75% Hispanic residents. And so the authors conclude that these findings suggest there's an important need to understand the underlying disparities in CPR delivery and an unmet CPR training need among Hispanic communities. Well now let's shift to our two original articles that come from the world of basic science. And the first is from Dr Ying Shen from Baylor College of Medicine and reports on the critical role of cytosolic DNA and its sensing adapters sting in aortic degeneration, dissection and rupture. So as some background for this study, recent evidence has indicated that cytosolic DNA and abnormal activation of the cytosolic DNA sensing it after sting, a stimulator of interferon genes, plays a critical role in vascular inflammation and destruction. And so in this paper, the authors examine the involvement of this mechanism in aortic degeneration and sporadic aortic aneurysm and dissections. Just like with our other basic science papers, the authors perform both studies in a small animal model, mice, and also in human subjects. So what did they find? The authors found that in human sporadic aortic dissection tissues, they observe the presence of cytosolic DNA in smooth muscle cells and macrophages. And they had significant activation of this sting pathway. In a mouse model, sting deficient mice showed significant reduction in challenged induced aortic enlargement, dissection and rupture in both the thoracic and abdominal aortic regions. Additional single cell transcriptome analyses were performed and provided some mechanistic understanding for the author's findings. So in summary, for this very interesting paper from the world of basic science, the author's findings indicate that the presence of cytosolic DNA and subsequent activation of cytosolic DNA sensing it after, or sting signaling, is a key mechanism in aortic degeneration. And therefore future studies, perhaps targeting sting, may be performed to see if they could prevent sporadic aortic aneurysm dissection development. The second basic original article in this issue is entitled In Vivo CRISPR CAS9-mediated gene editing and how that ameliorates atherosclerosis in familial hypercholesterolemia. It comes to us from Dr Bin Zhou from the Chinese Academy of Sciences. So as background for this study, mutations in the low-density lipoprotein receptor are one of the main causes of familial hypercholesterolemia. The clustered regularly interspace short palindromic repeats of CRISPR and caspase-9 system is an effective tool for gene editing to correct gene mutations and thus ameliorate the disease. So these authors tested whether in vivo sematic cell gene editing through the CRISPR CAS based nine system delivered by adeno associated virus could treat familial hypercholesterolemia caused by the LDLr mutant in a mouse model. Well, the authors ... As Carolyn would ask, so what did they find, Greg? Well, the authors observed some really exciting results. They found that the LDLr mutation was corrected in a subset of hepatocytes after the CRISPR CAS based nine treatment with LDLr protein expression partially restored. Compared with control animals, the CRISPR CAS based nine targeted SGRNA group had significant reductions in total cholesterol, total triglyceride, and LDL cholesterol in the serum while the aorta had smaller atherosclerotic plaques and a lower degree of macrophage infiltration. So this study really implicates perhaps not only a mechanism of disease, but a potential treatment. But with the relatively small numbers in this study, more research is needed to confirm and substantiate the findings from this group. So great original articles in this issue. What else is in the issue? And let's move to those. We have a global rounds feature. Remember, global rounds are investigating how cardiovascular disease is assessed and managed in countries from all over the world. Well, in this global rounds feature Professor Ali Oto from Memorial and Cairo Hospital provides a quick reference to the control and management of cardiovascular disease in Turkey. And the next article, an on my mind piece, Dr Milton Packer explorers whether the conditions of atrial fibrillation and heart failure with preserved ejection fraction are two separate diseases that occur frequently together in patients or alternatively, whether these two adverse clinical syndromes may be parallel manifestations of the same underlying myocardial disease with atrial fibrillation affecting the left atrium and heart failure preserved ejection fraction afflicting the left ventricle. In our what's in the mailbag series, Professor Nicholas Mills from the University of Edinburgh shares in a research letter the relationship between exercise intensity and duration on cardiac troponin release in 10 physically active healthy volunteers averaging 34 years in age. A great read for our readership that is actively exercising. And it looks like in this letter, intensity of exercise matters when evaluating post-exercise serum troponin values. I really encourage everyone to take a look at that letter. And then finally, there's a letter to the editors from Dr Abdallah Fayssoil from the Raymond Poincare Hospital in Garches, France regarding a prior publication related to nutrition and functional tricuspid regurgitation. Well, listeners, that sums up our summary. And I hope you had a great coffee or if you're running on your treadmill, a great run. And let's now move on to our feature discussion with Dr Di Carli. Welcome everyone to our feature discussion and we have Dr Marcelo Di Carli from Brigham and Women's Hospital who's going to be discussing with us a manuscript relating to the measurements of coronary micro circulatory function and how they may impact patients with chronic kidney disease. Also discussing today, we have our own associate editor, Dr Victoria Delgado from Leiden in the Netherlands. Well, welcome Marcelo and Victoria. We're so glad to have the opportunity to speak with you. And Marcelo, could you tell us a little bit about what was the hypothesis and some of the background of why you wanted to perform this study? Dr Marcelo Di Carli: Chronic kidney disease represents a relatively large segment of the population. In the US alone, it's estimated that around 50 million people have the diagnosis of chronic kidney disease. And it's a disease that we all know is associated with a high risk of cardiovascular events. Even in the absence of obstructive coronary disease, it's been shown that the incidents of cardiomyopathy and the absence of obstructive disease, of coronary disease, is pretty high and that associates with a high risk of heart failure and death. The mechanisms related to cardiomyopathy in patients with chronic kidney disease have been debated for a long time. This has been associated with LVH incidents of non-transmittal or non-ST-elevation MIs, also with microvascular disease as a measure of ischemic heart disease, but there's no clear association with how do these features of chronic kidney disease link to each other. And so our objective was to look at the associations between LV remodeling, coronary microvascular disease and adverse events. And we hypothesized that coronary microvascular dysfunction as a more integrative marker of myocardial ischemia and injury would associate with changes in cardiac structure and function and with increased risk of adverse cardiovascular events. Dr Greg Hundley: Very nice. So tell us a little bit, Marcelo, about your study population and your study design. Dr Marcelo Di Carli: Well, this is a cross sectional analysis of a cohort that is well-characterized in our registries. And so it consisted of a consecutive group of patients who underwent both PET scanning for measuring coronary vascular function and echocardiography within 90 days of each other. Could it not have evidence of overt obstructive coronary disease as defined by a history of prior revascularization, prior AMI or an abnormal PET scan indicating presence of obstructive disease. We also excluded patients with severe valvular disease, cancer, severe LV disfunction to try to avoid confounding elements in the associations where we're trying to study. We used echocardiography to assess quantitatively the changes in LV geometry, diastolic function and subclinical systolic dysfunction. Most of our patients have relatively preserved LV function, LV ejection fraction. And so we looked at peak longitudinal strain, global radial strain and circumferential strain as indicators of systolic dysfunction. And of course we also looked at changes in LV mass. Patients were followed a little over four years for the occurrence of death, hospitalization for heart failure or myocardial infarction. And all of these myocardial infarctions were non-ST-elevation MIs, or people might call it type two MIs. Dr Greg Hundley: Tell us a little bit about the results. But before you get to that, how old were these patients and what was their breakdown in terms of race and gender? Dr Marcelo Di Carli: Yeah, so we had a population of 352 patients. The mean age was mid-sixties. not surprisingly, 60% of the patients were female. And this is because we obviously excluded obstructive coronary disease that would be more prevalent in male. They have about a 40% incidence of diabetes, a high percentage of them had hypertension. These are all the features that would typically be associated with chronic kidney disease. The rate of obesity was actually lower in patients with CKD. And we call CKD here as a GFR less than 60. That's the population we're targeting here. And so that's essentially the cohort. Dr Greg Hundley: And what did you find? Dr Marcelo Di Carli: Well, there were essentially three or four main findings. Number one and not very surprisingly, patients with CKD had worse myocardial mechanics that is worse diastolic function and worse systolic strain. In multi-variable models, fully adjusted for a number of clinical covariates as well as ejection fraction, we found that these abnormalities in myocardial mechanics were relatively strongly associated with abnormal coronary microvascular function as defined by PET. So this sort of suggests that the variability that we see in diastolic and systolic function are explained largely by microvascular disease, but not necessarily directly linked to GFR as a mediator. The second finding was that patients with CKD, again, not surprisingly, it showed a higher incidence of MACE, including especially death and heart failure, more than triple the rate of death and doubled the rate of heart failure compared to those without CKD. And in multi-variable analysis, again, MACE was associated with coronary flow reserve as a measure of microvascular dysfunction but not glomerular filtration rate. And there was no interaction between coronary flow reserve and GFR. Interestingly, when we looked at the adverse events subgroup by measures of LV remodeling and we picked three measures. One is changes in LV geometry, diastolic dysfunction, and impaired global longitudinal strain, we found that the incidence of both mace as well as heart failure and myocardial infarction were significantly higher when both abnormal LV mechanics or remodeling were present and the patients also had microvascular disease. So in the absence of either one, the rate of mace was relatively low, indicating that there is a clear interaction between abnormalities in cardiac structure and function and microvascular disease. And then lastly, we looked at mediation analysis to try to investigate a plausible pathway between impaired renal function and events and we hypothesized that coronary microvascular dysfunction might actually mediate at least part of that relationship. And indeed we found that about a third of the relationship was explained by the presence of microvascular disease. Very nice, Dr Greg Hundley: Very nice. Very important work. So now we'll turn to our own associate editor, Victoria Delgado. Victoria, help us put this into perspective for what we know about patients with chronic kidney disease. How does the results of this study really move the field forward? Dr Victoria Delgado: I think that this article brings new evidence on phenotyping of these patients and the factors that influence the cardiac abnormalities that we may see. There are not many studies including patients with chronic kidney disease. These patients are usually underrepresented in randomized control trials. And we know that these patients are associated with an increased mortality and morbidity and mainly heart failure hospitalizations. And I think that this study is showing another piece in the person that can help us understand why these patients are associated with much higher cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. I think that relating the coronary microvascular dysfunction is an important piece and important knowledge because then we may think how to improve the microvascular dysfunction on these patients and see if by improving these microvascular dysfunction, these abnormalities that have been described in terms of a structure and function can be reversed and see how these impacts on the outcome of these patients. Dr Greg Hundley: So Marcelo, just briefly, what do you think is the next study that needs to be performed in this area of science? Dr Marcelo Di Carli: I think that obviously our study has some limitations and the causation. Cause and effect cannot be inferred from our study. So I think the next steps will be to try to demonstrate whether indeed modifying microvascular dysfunction leads to improved outcomes. And I think this will be best done by intervention studies that can be targeted towards improving microvascular dysfunction. We can think of novel therapies as well that have been initially associated with improved renal outcomes. I'm talking about for example, SGLT2 inhibitors that can be potentially of benefit not only on renal outcomes but potentially on cardiovascular outcomes as has been shown in populations largely without CKD. Dr Greg Hundley: Victoria, anything to add in terms of how noninvasive imaging could play a role in some of those next future studies? Dr Victoria Delgado: I think that the point that Marcelo raise on the use of SGLT2 inhibitors is very timely and very appealing because we know that for patients with diabetes who have renal dysfunction and you have EGFR below 35, they may not be eligible for these therapies. But as you can see in this study, the mean EGFR of the patients with renal dysfunction was 41. So there is a wide range of patients that could be eligible for these therapies. How imaging can help to see or to detect the patients that may benefit from these therapies and see how these therapies may improve the structure and the function of the heart. Dr Greg Hundley: Well, listeners, we've had a great discussion today with Dr Marcelo Di Carli from Brigham and Women's Hospital and Dr Victoria Delgado from Leiden. And really trying to understand some noninvasive markers of both micro circulatory dysfunction as well as abnormal echocardiographic assessments of both diastolic function as well as systolic dysfunction and how they forecast adverse events in patients with chronic kidney disease. I want to wish you all a great week and on behalf of Carolyn and myself, I hope to see you next week. Take care now. This program is copyright the American Heart Association 2020.  

This week we will discuss the 5 Commandments of episode 2 of Amazon Prime’s Killing Eve.Inciting IncidentMelanie:When Eve is fired, her computer files are scrubbed and Carolyn discovers that Eve has independently been putting together a file about assassinations conducted by women killers. As Carolyn asks Eve about those files, Eve tells her she used to study criminal psychology and she’s just a fan of those kind of woman, and that’s something that makes Eve such a great and truthful character. Confronted with the question why, Eve says that this new female assassin has style and is not slowing down and that’s what interested Eve. Speech in Praise of the villain - end of last episode:“We think she has been operating for 2 years, highly skilled, across ten countries, and she is starting to show off”.“She’s outsmarted the smartest of us all, and that’s why she deserves to kill whoever the hell she wants to as long as she’s not killing me”.The Inciting Incident happens when Carolyn offers Eve a job, because she is just perfect for leading a secret task force dedicated to finding the unknown assassin.  Eve is perfect because she is deniable. Difference in power is evident here as well, because Eve is very inexperienced and has very small assets to bring to play, and Eve is like the perfect assassin with a lot of experience and training, as well as assets from her higher bosses.This is a Causal Inciting Incident due to the fact that the character Carolyn offers Eve the job.This inciting incident is really powerful because the viewer has already seen the abilities of the Assassin and the instincts of Eve and they are anticipating a confrontation between the two.  This incident places Eve on the direct path to hunt down Villanelle.Progressive Complications/ Turning Point - Episode 2...

*Content Warning. This episode contains discussion of mass murder and suicide*Carolyn Layton had an idyllic childhood. Daughter of a socially progressive Methodist minister father and peace activist mother, she grew up believing passionately in social justice and racial equality. After marrying Larry Layton, a conscientious objector, the two began a new life together, a life founded on their shared principles of equality, freedom and social progress. Then they found an incredible new church, that seemed to share and espouse the values they held most dear: The People's Temple. As Carolyn became progressively more involved with the organisation and its charismatic leader, Jim Jones, she started to change, and it wasn't for the better.Join us as we chat to Laura Elizabeth Woollett, author of Beautiful Revolutionary, about how Carolyn became implicated in the greatest loss of American life until September 11, and the complexities of how we remember the mistress of Jim Jones.If you want more, be sure to pick up a copy of Beautiful Revolutionary wherever you buy good books! We also highly recommend The Love of a Bad Man, her short story collection imagining the lives of the girlfriends, wives and mistresses of history's worst men.If you want to support Deviant Women, follow us on: PatreonTwitter @DeviantWomenFacebook @deviantwomenpodcastInstagram @deviantwomenpodcast See acast.com/privacy for privacy and opt-out information.

Dr Carolyn Lam:                Welcome to Circulation on the Run, your weekly podcast summary and backstage pass to the journal and its editors. We're your co-hosts, I'm Dr Carolyn Lam, associate editor from the National Heart Center and Duke National University of Singapore. Dr Greg Hundley:             I'm Greg Hundley, associated editor from the Pauley Heart Center at VCU Health Sciences in Richmond, Virginia. Dr Carolyn Lam:                A big number of acute ischemic stroke patients receiving endovascular therapy in the United States are receiving this therapy only after inter-hospital transfer. What are the temporal transient outcomes following this inter-hospital transfer? Very important discussion coming right up with our featured paper. But for now, sit back, relax with us. We're going to discuss a couple of papers that we found were interesting in this week's journal. Dr Greg Hundley:             Very good, so thanks Carolyn. I'll start off, and I'm going to talk a little bit about stress induced cardiomyopathy, and we also know it as takotsubo cardiomyopathy, looking at a paper from Dana Dawson from the University of Aberdeen in the United Kingdom. Takotsubo cardiomyopathy can result in a heart failure phenotype with a prognosis comparable to myocardial infarction.                                                 In this study, the investigators hypothesize that inflammation is central to the pathophysiology in natural history of takotsubo cardiomyopathy. They prospectively recruited 55 patients with takotsubo cardiomyopathy, and 51 age, sex, and comorbidity match control subjects.                                                 During the index event, and at five months of follow-up, the patients with takotsubo cardiomyopathy underwent a cardiac MRI study in which they looked at ultra-small, super paramagnetic particles of iron oxide, or USPIOs, enhancement for detection of inflammatory macrophages in the myocardium. What would the studies show? Patients with acute takotsubo cardiomyopathy had macrophage-mediated myocardial inflammation.                                                 They also demonstrated modulation of peripheral monocyte subsets and increased systemic pro-inflammatory cytokines. This systemic inflammation persisted for five months, and then at that five-month time point, the cardiac MRI evidence of the macrophage presence was diminished. Dr Carolyn Lam:                Wow, Greg. So this is right up your wheelhouse, isn't it? Can you explain? What are the clinical implications of these MRI findings? Dr Greg Hundley:             It was really interesting. For the first time, they've linked an ongoing inflammatory process using the USPIO contrast agent with MRI actually going on or operative in the heart, and they associate that with systemic markers in the circulation.                                                 They help us elucidate the mechanisms and the pathogenesis of takotsubo cardiomyopathy, and systemic and myocardial inflammation really may start to now serve as a therapeutic target for patients with acute takotsubo cardiomyopathy. Dr Carolyn Lam:                Very interesting. From stress-induced cardiomyopathy to early onset myocardial infarction. The first paper I chose really answers the question, "What is the relative prevalence and clinical importance of monogenic mutations, that is, a single mutation that significantly increases risk, versus a polygenic score, which really measures the cumulative impact of many common variants, in early onset myocardial infarction?"                                                 The co-corresponding authors were Doctor Amit Khera and Sekar Kathiresan and both from Massachusetts General Hospital, and they performed deep coverage, whole genome sequencing of more than 2,000 patients from four racial subgroups hospitalized in the United States with early onset myocardial infarction defined as myocardial infarction before the age of 55 years, and compared this to 3,761 population base controls.                                                 What they found was that a monogenic mutation related to familial hypercholesterolemia was identified in 1.7% of the patients, and associated with a 3.8-fold increased odd of myocardial infarction. In comparison, the high polygenic score, which was composed of 6.6 million common DNA variants and defined as the top 5% of the control population distribution, now, that was identified in 10 times as many patients, so 17% of patients, and associated with a similar 3.7-fold increased odds of myocardial infarction. Dr Greg Hundley:             Interesting. How do we apply this clinically, Carolyn? Dr Carolyn Lam:                These findings really lay the scientific foundation for the systematic identification of individuals born with a substantially increased risk of myocardial infarction. The important point is both familial hypercholesterol mutations and a high polygenic score are associated with more than three-fold increased odds of an early onset myocardial infarction.                                                 However, the high polygenic score cannot be reliably identified on the basis of elevated LDL cholesterol, and yet has a 10-fold higher prevalence among patients presenting with early onset myocardial infarction. So very intriguing that both groups matter. Dr Greg Hundley:             Very good. My next paper is from Adrian Hobbs at the London School of Medicine, and is looking at the role of endothelial C type natriuretic peptide as a critical regulator of angiogenesis and vascular remodeling. We know that a central pathway coordinating both neovascularization and ischemic extremities in PAD is driven by vascular endothelial growth factor or VEGF-A4.                                                 But preclinical studies and other large scale clinical trials have been disappointing because administering or using VEGF-A to promote angiogenesis or arteriogenesis in PAD really hasn't occurred. This group focused on endothelial-derived CMP. Why? Because it plays a fundamental role in regulating vascular homeostasis. It controls local blood flow and the resistance vasculature, and systemic blood pressure, and reduces the reactivity of leukocytes and platelets.                                                 So, what were the results? Clinical vascular ischemia was associated with reduced levels of CMP and it's cognate NPR-C. Moreover, genetic and pharmacological inhibition of CNP and NPR-C reduced the angiogenic potential of the pulmonary microvascular endothelial cells and the human umbilical vein endothelial, and it isolated vessels ex vivo.                                                 So, the study really defines a central pathophysiological role for endothelium-derived C type natriuretic peptide via activation of cognate natriuretic peptide receptor C in angiogenesis and in vascular remodeling. Moreover, the work demonstrates the therapeutic utility of pharmacologically targeting NPR-C to restore deficits in these processes following ischemia and injury. Dr Carolyn Lam:                Interesting, from new mechanisms and targets to good, old, major risk factors for coronary heart disease. Back to the basics but in a really, I think, nicely done paper from Dr Pencina and colleagues from Duke Clinical Research Institute.                                                 Now, their objective in this next paper was to compare the associations of key, modifiable coronary heart disease risk factors with incident coronary heart disease events based on their prognostic performance, the attributable risk fractions and treatment benefits overall and by age.                                                 And so really aiming at quantifying the importance of these major, modifiable risk factors for coronary heart disease. What they did is they used pool participant level data from four observational cohort studies sponsored by the NHLBI, and they created a cohort of more than 22,600 individuals ages 45 to 84 years old who are initially free of cardiovascular disease.                                                 And these individuals were followed for 10 years from baseline evaluation and followed for incident coronary heart disease. They estimated that age, sex and race captured up to 80% of the prognostic performance of cardiovascular risk models. When we add either systolic blood pressure or non-HDL cholesterol, diabetes or smoking to model with the other risk factors, the prognostic performance, as measured by the C index, increased by only 0.004 to 0.013.                                                 However, if you look at it from the attributable risk and absolute risk reduction standpoint, lowering the systolic blood pressure of all individuals to less than 130, or lowering LDL cholesterol by 30% would be expected to lower a baseline, 10-year coronary heart disease risk of 10% to 7% and 8% respectively. Dr Greg Hundley:             That's a lot of data, Carolyn. Help me synthesize all that. Dr Carolyn Lam:                This is a take-home message. Although the individual modifiable risk factors contribute only modestly to the overall model prognostic performance, when we eliminate or control these risk factors, they would actually lead to a substantial reduction in total population coronary heart disease.                                                 That's because if we look at the attributable fraction and the absolute risk reductions, we see that they actually really matter. The take-home message too from Dr Pencina was that metrics used to judge the importance of these risk factors should therefore be tailored to the question being asked. Dr Greg Hundley:             Very good. That was a very nice summary, Carolyn. Dr Carolyn Lam:                Thanks. Let's move on now to our feature discussion, shall we? Dr Greg Hundley:             Very good. Dr Carolyn Lam:                Trials have established that endovascular thrombectomy dramatically reduces disability after acute ischemic stroke due to intracranial large vessel occlusion. In fact, guidelines almost immediately adopted endovascular thrombectomy as a standard of care. However, that has created some problems.                                                 The main one being that hospitals equipped to carry out this procedure are largely limited to tertiary centers in urban areas. This is, of course, important because that means that patients may need to be transferred from another center to receive such treatment.                                                 Today's feature paper discusses this very issue, a terribly important one, and I'm so pleased to have the author with us, Dr Shreyansh Shah from Duke University Medical Center. We have our editorialist, Dr James Grotta who's director of the Mobile Stroke Unit project at Memorial Herman Hospital.                                                 And we have an associate editor, Dr Graeme Hankey from University of Western Australia. So, such an important topic. I think Shrey, could you just jump right in and tell us what your study showed. Dr Shreyansh Shah:         I'm very excited to present findings of our study, and as a Carolyn mentioned, this study is going to have a very important implication in our country here in US on the creation of systems of stroke. I think the findings are already applicable to other countries also where we are seeing endovascular care getting more and more used.                                                 As Carolyn was talking, endovascular treatment is very important and lifesaving measure. But unfortunately, it is not available at every hospital. Patients are often transferred across different hospital or institution before they can receive this endovascular care.                                                 What we did in our project was we looked at the data from the hospital that's participating in Get With The Guidelines®® Stroke, which is a quality improvement program here in US. It looked at the endovascular thrombectomy used especially in relation to inter-hospital transfer.                                                 What we found was big proportion of patients receiving endovascular care, up to about 43% to 45% of patients, were getting the care after transferring across different hospital. The outcomes in this patient were worse compared to the patient who were receiving endovascular care if they had come directly to the hospital.                                                 While there was no difference in mortality between these two groups, the endovascular care, after inter-hospital transfer, resulted in a higher rate of symptomatic ICH, patients are less likely to be discharged to home, which is the preferred outcome. And patient was also less likely to be able to ambulate independently prior to the hospital discharge.                                                 There was also delay in endovascular care initiation for patient who received this after inter-hospital transfer. I think this particular study highlights the magnitude of this problem, and that's why it's going to be important for people who are studying systems of care. The fact that about 45% of patient had to get inter-hospital transfer before endovascular care tells us that we still need to take significant steps in increasing access to this lifesaving therapy. Dr Carolyn Lam:                Thank you and indeed James, I really love the editorial you wrote that accompanied this. I mean you highlighted its importance, and you also noted that what was unusual about the paper was that even after controlling for the delay in initiating endovascular thrombectomy, there was still worse outcomes in the patients who were transferred. Could you share some thoughts? Dr James Grotta:              It is a very timely issue. Now that we have a very effective treatment, the big challenge we have is getting it to the patients as fast as possible. Right now, our system, as is pointed out, means shuffling patients from one hospital to another.                                                 I think that clearly with stroke treatment, any sort of stroke treatment, the faster we deliver it, the better. Other studies have shown that transferring patients is associated with a delay of treatment, and this study showed the same thing.                                                 There was a substantial delay in getting the patients treated if they required a transfer. And as you pointed out, however, this did not explain the entire or was not at least the entire explanation for the worst outcome. So, it is a little bit of a mystery.                                                 I do know from personal experience that transferring patients from hospital to hospital, it's not exactly a black hole, but you lose control of the patient when they're being transferred. These are patients who have large artery occlusions. That means they have their middle cerebral artery is blocked.                                                 And so, the area of brain that's affected is in a very tenuous shape. So, any drop-in oxygen concentration from breathing problems or of any drop-in blood pressure might further worsen the stroke. So, this could happen in transit. So, it's possible that in the process of transfer, these sorts of things happen.                                                 I do think that we do have to be a little bit careful in that by remembering that this was not a randomized comparison, so patients that were treated directly and those that were transferred were not randomized. And so, although they appear to be balanced in a lot of the important variables like their stroke severity, there may be other things that we can't account for that could explain some of the worst outcomes.                                                 I'd like to ask Dr Shah whether he identified any things in ... well, he and his co-authors think might have contributed to some of the worst outcomes.  Dr Shreyansh Shah:        To answer Dr Grotta's question about what other factors may have played a role in the worst outcome that we saw in patients who were getting inter-hospital transfer, I think as we correctly pointed out, transferring this very sick patient is very tricky. As we know, the hemodynamic instability or variability plays an important role in outcomes of stroke patient.                                                 And it is very likely that during the transfer process, there is not adequate control of their blood pressure variability, their oxygen saturation, and this ends up affecting their brain leading to worst outcome. The other possibilities also, as Dr Grotta was explaining, this is not a randomized control trial.                                                 And although we balance for number of important factors that can affect stroke outcome, there might be a selection bias in transferring patient who are more sicker and also patients who received thrombolysis with TPA but did not improve, while the patient who were directly arriving to the hospitals and getting endovascular care, they received the TPA.                                                 It is possible that they started to improve and still received a thrombectomy at the same time. So that group may have been more favorable in that respect, which could have also played a role in better outcomes with patient who are directly arriving. Dr Carolyn Lam:                Interesting. And, you know, with the mention of TPA, I really have to bring James back. I loved your mention about potential solution using mobile stroke units. And since you direct one of them, could you tell us what you meant there? Dr James Grotta:              Yes, of course, I have to state at the outset that I have a little bit of a bias about mobile strokes, and so I do it every day. What a mobile stroke unit is, for those who don't know, it's basically taking the emergency department to the patient.                                                 It's an ambulance with a CT scanner on board and the ability to treat with TPA in the field. But in addition, it's also the CT scanner. We can do CT angio and identify large vessel occlusions on the mobile stroke unit, not to mention the fact that you have a vascular neurologist either in-person or by telemedicine examining the patient.                                                 So clinically, you can make the determination also much more accurately than any sort of pre-hospital stroke scale, whether the patient has a large artery occlusion. That way, you don't have to take the patient to the nearest hospital. You can bypass the nearest hospital, take them right to the thrombectomy center, therefore, avoiding the transfer process.                                                 We've been implementing this in Houston, and there are now about 30 mobile stroke units around the world. The innovation actually started in Germany by Dr Fassbender about a decade ago in Hamburg, Germany. We are conducting a randomized trial, comparing mobile stroke unit care to standard management to see how much better outcomes occur as a result of this faster treatment.                                                 We obviously can treat patients with TPA faster. For example, a similar study from the Get With The Guidelines® a few years ago showed that only 1% of patients treated with TPA in emergency departments get treated within the first hour after symptom onset simply because it takes an hour in the emergency room itself to do the evaluation of the patient and get them treated.                                                 Whereas on our mobile stroke unit, at least a third and probably 40% of the patients we're treating with TPA, we can get treated within that first hour where there may be an exponential better benefit. But we don't yet know really how much that translates to better benefit, and also, of course, mobile stroke units are more intensive in terms of the amount of facilities on board and costs.                                                 So, we need to look at the cost-effectiveness. If it produces only a marginal reduction in disability but costs a fortune, then it's not worth it. But in fact, in our experience, it's pretty practical. We can cover almost the entire City of Houston, which is the fourth largest city in the country, with one mobile stroke unit. When it's well-integrated, it requires careful integration with the fire department and other hospitals in the city.  Dr Shreyansh Shah:        At those two conferences, I came across a very interesting talk from Dr Grotta's group about rendezvous with the EMS which allows extending their coverage area significantly. I think we definitely need more and more innovative solutions like this where we can identify patients by their origin, whether they have large vessel occlusion or not, and then triage them appropriately at the centers that can perform endovascular therapy. So as a result, we can provide them earlier therapy and hopefully, it will lead to better outcome. Dr Carolyn Lam:                Thank you Shrey and James for these incredible insights. Now, Graeme, I want you to have the last word and reflections from down under. Dr Graeme Hankey:        Firstly, just to congratulate Dr Shrey and colleagues on this terrific study that reports a contemporary United States experience, a very broad one across the country, really highlighting how since 2012, until a year ago, there's been a six-fold increase in the number of patients being transferred for endovascular therapy.                                                 And we're all experiencing that around the world. And moreover, since the DAWN trial and the DEFUSE trial were published just over a year ago, which is when this study stopped, there's been an expansion of the window from six hours out to 24 hours.                                                 So, in the last year, which this study doesn't cover, we've seen an exponential increase in the number of people being transferred from rural and remote areas who have had a stroke up to 24 hours ago being considered for endovascular therapy if their CT angiogram at the base hospital shows a large vessel occlusion.                                                 This is likely to be not only internally valid, but externally valid to all of us around the world. It reflects our experience of this avalanche of cases coming. And it's provided a lot of challenges for those who are trying to deliver the service at the tertiary referral center.                                                 And it highlights that nearly half of the cases who are having endovascular therapy are coming from external sites. As Jim has really highlighted in his editorial, it challenges us to reassess the current practice of inter-hospital transfer. Dr Carolyn Lam:                Thank you so much for publishing this paper with us and the editorial. And listeners, don't forget to tune in again next week. This program is copyright American Heart Association, 2019.  

Dr Carolyn Lam:                Welcome to Circulation on the Run, your weekly podcast summary and backstage pass to the journal and its editors. I'm Dr Carolyn Lam, associate editor from the National Heart Center and Duke National University of Singapore. Dr Greg Hundley:             And I'm Greg Hundley, associate editor and director of the Pauley Heart Center from VCU Health in Richmond, Virginia. Dr Carolyn Lam:                So, Greg, are we any closer to the holy grail of safe ED discharge for acute heart failure based on a risk score? Well, we're going to be discussing that coming right up after Greg and I share about the papers that we'd like to discuss today. Lovely issue, isn't it? Dr Greg Hundley:             Yup, and time to get your coffee and bring it up. My first paper, Carolyn, is from Michael Chu from London Health Sciences Center, and is really investigating the surgical management of thoracic aortic disease, and looking at the impact of gender or sex related differences. Sex related differences have not been thoroughly studied. This group looked at a total of 1653 patients, 30% were women, who underwent thoracic aortic surgery with hypothermic circulatory arrest between the years of 2002 and 2017 across Canada in 10 institutions.                                                 Well, women underwent less aortic root reconstruction, including aortic root replacement, Ross procedures, or valve sparing root operations. But, even with less invasive, the women experienced higher rates of mortality, 11% versus 7%, stroke, and that composite of the thoracic surgeons' adverse events. On multi variable analysis, female sex or women was an independent predictor of overall mortality, stroke, and those comorbidities. Dr Carolyn Lam:                Greg, you know how much I love these papers, so I'm going to repeat that. You're saying the women received less ominous procedures and yet had worse outcomes, and this was independent of the clinical covariances, right? Dr Greg Hundley:             Absolutely. Putting all this together, women underwent thoracic aortic surgery a little bit older, and with larger index aortic aneurysm size than men. Intraoperatively, women undergo fewer concomitant procedures, such as the aortic root repairs, and things that you just mentioned. But nevertheless, women experience significantly worse outcomes identified as an independent predictor of mortality, stroke, and that composite endpoint for mortality, morbidity, after multi variable analysis.                                                 What should we think about this? Well, sex specific considerations are important when considering thoracic aortic surgery and future research should focus on the development of a personalized approach to thoracic aortic surgery with respect to gender. For example, utilization of maybe lower size thresholds for women for aortic aneurysms should be considered, and for earlier interventions, and improved outcomes.                                                 Carolyn, tell me about one of your papers. Dr Carolyn Lam:                All right, so I chose a paper looking at the stroke outcomes in the COMPASS trial. Now, let's remind everybody that the COMPASS trial, where patients with stable coronary artery disease or peripheral artery disease, and randomly assigned to receive aspirin 100 milligrams daily, rivaroxaban five milligrams twice daily, or the combination of rivaroxaban 2.5 milligrams twice daily plus aspirin. Patients requiring anticoagulation with a stroke within a month had a previous lacunar stroke or intracerebral hemorrhage were excluded.                                                 Now, in the current paper, and this is from Dr Sharma from Population Health Research Institute, and their colleagues, basically they looked at a detailed analysis of the stroke by type, predictors, and anti-thrombotic effects in the key subgroups. They found that the combination of low dose rivaroxaban and aspirin prevented stroke and disabling stroke better than aspirin in patients without atrial fibrillation and with stable vascular disease, and without an increasing risk of hemorrhagic stroke; which is really important. This effect was consistent across subgroups of baseline risk, and particularly marked in those with a history of previous stroke. Dr Greg Hundley:             Carolyn, what about that rivaroxaban five milligrams twice daily alone? Dr Carolyn Lam:                There was no significant difference in the occurrence of stroke in the rivaroxaban alone group compared with aspirin. But all of this simply says perhaps low dose rivaroxaban and aspirin may be a really important new anti-thrombotic option for primary and secondary stroke prevention in patients with clinical stable atherosclerosis. Dr Greg Hundley:             Very interesting. I'm going to follow your lead and go into another sort of anticoagulant-related topic on iliofemoral deep vein thrombosis. This paper is by Suresh Vedantham from the Washington University of St. Louis.                                                 Let's talk about just what is the definition? This is a DVT that involves the iliac and/or the common femoral vein with or without involvement of additional veins. It basically obstructs the outflow of the veins. These patients are phenotypically distinct from patients with cath or femoral popliteal DVT because that totally obstructs flow, and they have more frequent recurrence of venous thromboembolic events, and more frequent post-thrombotic syndrome. Well, that's a horrible condition because of that obstruction, it leads to calf muscle dysfunction, edema, subcutaneous fibrosis, tissue hypoxia, and ulceration. Dr Carolyn Lam:                Great background. What did this study show? Dr Greg Hundley:             This is a sub-study of the ATTRACT trial. The ATTRACT trial basically is looking at anticoagulation plus perhaps mechanical intervention, or direct catheter directed thrombolysis therapy versus just anticoagulation alone. This sub-study is 391 patients with acute DVT involving just the iliac or the common femoral veins, and following these individuals for 24 months to compare short and long-term outcomes.                                                 What did the study show? Well, this interventional group did have a reduction in leg pain and swelling, and improvement in quality of life related to that lower extremity. But, no overall difference in overall quality of life, and very importantly, no difference in the occurrence of this post thrombotic syndrome. Dr Carolyn Lam:                That's kind of disappointing. I understand that the ATTRACT study is not the first to look at this, though. That was in an editorial discussing this. Could you tell us about that? Dr Greg Hundley:             Yeah, Carolyn. Jay Giri from University of Pennsylvania just had an incredible editorial. I think if you have an opportunity, listeners, to take a look at that, I highly recommend it. He reminded us of the CaVenT trial, which is basically performed as an open label randomized control trial of 209 patients across 20 hospitals in Norway.                                                 What was different in the CaVenT trial is that at 24 months of follow up, the intervention with thrombolysis and systemic anticoagulation improved iliofemoral patency. It reduced the incidence of this post thrombotic syndrome. In ATTRACT, in this sub-study, it was intravenous thrombolysis, systemic anticoagulation, and mechanical intervention on the vein versus in the other study from Norway, CaVenT, just the inter vein thrombolysis and the systemic anticoagulation.                                                 What Dr Giri points out is that maybe something related to intervention in that vein when you're stripping out thrombus, et cetera, are we damaging the veins in the vessel that prevents reflux, et cetera?                                                 I think really moving forward, you're going to have to personalize this decision in individual patients until we have more data on this subject. Dr Carolyn Lam:                Great learning. I learned a lot from this next paper, too, because I actually chose a basic science paper. This is a paper that uncovers a new fine tuning factor that modulates myocardial infarction induced inflammation. That is a small GTPase called RhoE.                                                 In this study, Drs Chang from Texas A&M University College of Medicine, and Song from Fuwai Hospital in Beijing used three genetic mouse model lines. Those are the global knockout, the cardiomyocyte specific RhoE heterozygous mouse, and the cardiomyocyte specific RhoE over expression mouse. With this combination, they showed that RhoE deficiency causes excessive inflammatory response in infarct animal heart, resulting in enlarged heart, decreased contractility, and increased mortality. The mechanism is that RhoE binds to P65 and P50, which impedes their dimerization and blocks these two proteins from nuclear translocation. Now, over expression of cardiac RhoE inhibits NF-κB, restrains post MI inflammation, and improves cardiac function and survival.                                                 Importantly as you always say, Greg, there is human data. They found that the expression of RhoE was elevated in the infarct patient heart and that patients with a higher expression of RhoE exhibited a better prognosis and better cardiac function recovery. Dr Greg Hundley:             Carolyn, tell me a little bit about the clinical significance of this. Dr Carolyn Lam:                You just wanted to ask me a tough question. I can see it on your face. Basically, I think this is really exciting because RhoE may serve as a new potential biomarker for the assessment of myocardial infarction in patients, and manipulation of RhoE could be a potential therapeutic approach for MI. There. Dr Greg Hundley:             Very good. Dr Carolyn Lam:                That's all the time we have for our little discussion here. Now, let's go onto the feature paper. ...                                                 Over 80% of emergency department patients with acute heart failure are admitted to the hospital. Now, contrast this with the fact that over 80% of all emergency department visits result in discharge. So, why is that many other emergency department based cardiovascular disease processes like for acute coronary syndrome have evolved from high rates of admission to timely and safe discharge whereas decision making in acute heart failure has not experienced a similar evolution. Do we need perhaps a better acute heart failure prognostic score that's validated?                                                 Well, guess what? We're going to talk about this right now in our feature discussion, and a beautiful feature paper that we're so proud to have the corresponding author, Dr Douglas Lee from University of Toronto right here to discuss; along with the managing editor, Dr Justin Ezekowitz, who's associate editor from University of Alberta, and the editorialist, Dr Sean Collins from Vanderbilt University Medical Center. Welcome everyone, and Doug, please, could you just start by telling us about this great paper? Dr Douglas Lee:                 We validated, and it's a tool, decision making tool, for acute heart failure patients in the emergency department. We, in this study, wanted to prospectively validate a decision making prognostic tool called the Emergency Heart Failure Mortality Risk Grade, or EHFMRG for short, to see how well it performed in the real world busy emergency department hospital setting.                                                 We studied just under 2,000 patients who came to emergency departments at multiple centers, and asked physicians to rate their prognostic estimation of what's going to happen to that patient in the next seven days. We compared that with the EHFMRG model, which predicts outcomes of seven days and 30 days. We were very careful to ask physicians to provide their prognostic estimates. This is their intuitive guesstimation of the risk of the patient before calculating the score because we didn't want the physicians to be influenced by the score.                                                 What we found was that when we looked at how well physicians' estimates performed, they actually performed quite well. The c-statistic for physician estimated risk was around .7, which is a reasonable discrimination. However, the physicians' estimates were not as good as the EHFMRG risk score, which had a C greater than .8. The mathematical model seemed to do better in terms of predicting what's going to happen to the patient than physicians' estimates.                                                 Interestingly, when we combined the physicians' estimates with the EHFMRG risk score, the c-statistic improved by another 1%, so there's some additive value of having both factors combined.                                                 The other interesting finding was that patients in the lowest risk groups had 0% mortality at seven days, and 0% mortality at 30 days. We may be able to identify, using the score, patients who have a very low risk of events in that seven to 30 day period after emergency department presentation. Dr Carolyn Lam:                Thanks so much, Doug. I have to tell you, I am a fan of the EHFMRG score. In fact, we're trying to study how well it performs in our local situation even here in Singapore.                                                 Justin, you've been thinking a lot about this. I would love for you to share the reactions that we got when we discussed this among the editors. Dr Justin Ezekowitz:        We had a lot of good discussion about this from a number of different aspects. First, it's an in-practice assessment, a physician-based risk assessment, as we survey hundreds of physicians in the ER, which is a busy environment, and get these types of information. That's a very unique piece of this study where, in addition to the just under 2,000 patients and collecting the other data in a robust way, this really does have a potential to contribute to the literature.                                                 A lot of the discussion was about how data rich this is, and that this is an area where unlike acute cardiovascular disease where there are good risk assessment tools and other therapies, it's a really need of a scoring system that was well validated, can be replicated, and both in clinical practice as well as in selective cohorts. Doug, my congrats to your and the other parts of the team that's helped put this together.                                                 One of the questions that came up when we were discussing it was the risk textiles and buckets were very important for people to think about the very low risk, as you mentioned, 0% all the way up through much higher percents for seven day mortality, but how discrepant the risk was of the physicians versus the mathematical model; and a very good reminder of the inaccuracy of sometimes our assessments of risk in practice, especially in acute care.                                                 I wonder if you could comment on what your fence was from the physicians who participated in the study, and then the data of those, the most striking findings of that piece about where physicians make judgements on risk in for that seven-day mortality. Just any comments you may have? Dr Douglas Lee:                 We didn't know what to expect because there haven’t been many studies of this type before. What we found in our study was that physicians tended to overestimate the risk of lower risk patients. They thought bad things would happen to healthier patients, just to put it very simply. Physicians also underestimated the risk of the highest risk patients. They thought that the highest risk patients would do well.                                                 We were surprised about that finding, but also, we were not surprised in the fact that it seems to explain some of our earlier findings that in our earlier work, we found that low risk patients are hospitalized, and we think it's probably that physicians are admitting those patients because they want to ensure that they're making a safe decision; and no harm will fall in the patient. Maybe physicians are erring on the side of admitting those patients, even though they know they're a little bit low risk.                                                 At the other extreme, physicians underestimated risk in the highest risk patients. We think it might explain the observation that we made previously that sometimes high risk patients are discharged home, and they die at home after discharge. That may be because patients who look well to physicians, I think there's great value in the clinical experience of a seasoned physician looking at a patient and knowing that, that patient is sick or not sick. But in certain cases, patients may look relatively well, but their numbers would indicate that they're actually higher risk. I think it's that group where we found they're higher risk, but physicians thought that they were healthier than they were. It seems physicians' estimations really have great value, but it seems that they can be improved. Dr Carolyn Lam:                Sean, you discussed this beautifully in your editorial. Share with us your thoughts, and especially thoughts on the question you posed: are we any closer to the holy grail of safe emergency department discharge based on acute heart failure risk rules? Dr Sean Collins:                 Doug, kudos to you. Nearly 2,000 patients, nine different hospitals, prospective data collection, as Justin said. I don't think this can be overstated. From a data cleaning perspective, this is truly a labor of love, and to get this done, congratulations to you and your team.                                                 I think the most interesting part of this is this exact disconnect of patients look well who are high risk, and patients may look a little bit unwell who may be low risk, ironically. That's where a risk tool is much needed, as Carolyn said in her introduction to sort of change the dynamic of 80 to 90% of patients are admitted to the hospital. If we even chipped away at 10 to 15% to able to be discharged, it would be a huge win for partly for management for an emergency department perspective.                                                 I think that the importantly, the next steps will be now looking at implementing this in some sort of a randomized manner, somewhat like what you did with asking physicians gestalt about what their level of risk is, but really finding out how does a physician gestalt when it comes to nuance and heart failure. A relative amount of congestion, even when the tool says the patient may be low risk, can they go home? I think that will be the crucial next step to find out how much does this augment and/or detract from physician decision making? We have a long way to go, as Carolyn said. It's just the complete opposite at almost every other disease process, including chest pain, from a discharge perspective. Even a little bit improvement would be great, so I'm looking forward to seeing the next steps, and I'm wondering what your thoughts are about the next steps, Doug. Dr Douglas Lee:                 There's actually great value in physicians' clinical judgment. It's been, I think relatively understudied. I'm hopeful that future studies where decision tools or prognostic tools are validated, we can see more potentially, more comparisons with clinicians because we don't have a real great understanding, I think, of how doctors think, especially in an acute setting. More research in this area, I think would be really helpful, especially as we ... As more and more clinical decision tools being published, it would be great to see how well they hold up against good clinician judgment.                                                 In terms of next steps and implementation, when we talk to our emergency colleagues, they have brought up an issue about it's great that patients are low risk, and that we could potentially discharge them from hospital; but where is the receptor to take that patient and to care for that patient once they've left the hospital? Are they going to get good care once they leave the hospital? Are there structures in place?                                                 We're now embarking on testing this in the clinical trial where we will be comparing two strategies. The first strategy will be using the risk score at a hospital-wide level, and then discharging home patients who are in the lower risk categories, and having them follow up, and receive their care in a rapid ambulatory follow up clinic within two to three days after discharge from the emergency. This will be compared to the control, which is not using the risk score, and having usual follow up care. This trial is called the Comparison of Outcomes and Access to Heart Failure Trial, or the COAHFT trial. It is currently ongoing. Dr Sean Collins:                 Great point, Doug. As Carolyn suggested with chest pain and heart failure as the interesting dichotomy is that unlike chest pain, when we safely rule somebody out and send them home, we're sort of done with that acute episode. Heart failure, it doesn't end. We've found that they're safe enough to go home, but now they need great collaboration and outpatient support with their heart failure provider, which may be as equally heavy lift as externally validating the EHFMRG score. You bring up a great point, which is we need to have outpatient follow up and collaboration for this to be successful. Thanks. Dr Carolyn Lam:                Awesome comments, guys. Could I switch tracks a bit and maybe just ask Justin to round up by sharing? Circulation, we get a lot of papers about risk scores and so on. There's a bit of fatigue, I think, about scores in all kinds of things. Now, could you maybe tell us, Justin, what makes us look at a paper twice, and in fact, feature this one with a good editorial? I mean it's clearly very clinically applicable. Could you share some thoughts there? Dr Justin Ezekowitz:        Yes, that's a great point. The things that make a risk score like this kind of elevated into kind of a circulation level of manuscript is A) the data quality has to be excellent. There has to be lots of completeness of data, but also capture of elements that we think are quite important. Two, the data science about how it's analyzed and put together, and interpreted, it has to be to the bar that we feel would be robust, and be able ... if somebody could repeat it and replicate it without an obvious challenge to the quality.                                                 The third, I think is the clinical applicability. It's okay to write a data model and come up with all these great risk scores, but if they haven't been thought through about how either a patient will be seeing this, or clinicians behave, or the environment that it has to be deployed in that, that isn't necessarily going to be something that is going to be implemented. Then, the question is: why would somebody do the study in the first place?                                                 Now, it's okay if somebody's forward thinking and saying, 'Look, EMRs are coming, or other EHRs around, so this could be implemented if there was enough impetuous and it's a good enough quality.' That's actually okay, but in the reverse where if you try to implement a model that is too complex, and it's in a hand-off to the environment, it just won't work. We just want to make sure people have thought that next knowledge translation and dissemination approach through.                                                 The final part is things that have a very local impact are, that are very unique to the environment they're in, such as it only would work in your hometown or your own country because of some environment, that's okay. But under that, the much more global focus that, that is, it could be picked up and trans located to any major city, providence, state, or country, because vis vises are global. Those things have a much greater impact because the circulation leadership is global. The patients are global. The clinicians who care for them are also global. People are all looking for very similar situations and can adapt to their own environments. Dr Carolyn Lam:                Awesome, Justin. I don't think any of us could have said it better. Those are the reasons that we're so grateful that you publish with us, Doug. Thank you so much, Sean, for your excellent editorial, too.                                                 Thank you, listeners, for joining us today. You've been listening to Circulation on the Run. Don't forget to tune in again next week.                                                 This program is copyright American Heart Association 2019.  

As we close out the month of November, we wanted to replay a show we did a little over a year ago the focused on the practice of gratitude.   Many people spend the holiday season, from mid-November through the end of December, expressing what they are thankful for. But what if you embraced the concept all year long? What would life be like if you adopted a true practice of Gratitude?   This episode features the host, Mark Thorn, Executive and Leadership Coach and Carolyn R. Owens, Career Strategist, Leadership and Life Coach discussing the importance of having a practice of gratitude and steps you can take to being your own practice. Gratitude and appreciation are powerful tools that can enable you to stay focused so you can achieve your dreams and goals. As Carolyn likes to say, to have success on your own terms.  So tune in and learn how gratitude can make a difference in your career, business and life. Just a little bit of thankful can go a long way!   

My guest for episode #168 is Carolyn McCulley, from CityGate Films, and  she is a co-director and producer of the upcoming documentary called "Breaking the Wall of Silence." Through March 31, you can sponsor this project through the Kickstarter website (with a minimum contribution of $15) and I hope you'll join me as a supporter of this important work. Learn more at www.leanblog.org/168. As Carolyn discusses with me, the film does not just focus on the problems of patient safety and poor healthcare quality... it focuses on the positive steps that MedStar Health (a large system in the Washington DC area) is taking to transform its culture to reduce systemic patient harm. This focus is why she calls this a "hopeful film" as opposed to being alarmist. To point others to this, use the simple URL: www.leanblog.org/168. You can find links to posts related to this podcast there, as well. Please leave a comment and join the discussion about the podcast episode. For earlier episodes of the Lean Blog Podcast, visit the main Podcast page at www.leanpodcast.org, which includes information on how to subscribe via RSS or via Apple iTunes. You can also listen to streaming episodes of the podcast via Stitcher: http://landing.stitcher.com/?vurl=leanblog If you have feedback on the podcast, or any questions for me or my guests, you can email me at leanpodcast@gmail.com or you can call and leave a voicemail by calling the "Lean Line" at (817) 776-LEAN (817-776-5326) or contact me via Skype id "mgraban". Please give your location and your first name. Any comments (email or voicemail) might be used in follow ups to the podcast.