It Came From the Sea

BREAKING NEWS FROM TWO WEEKS AGO: Where did all those Alaskan snow crabs go? Some say climate change, others say UFOs, can science ever really know? And what all these eels? We know they end up in European rivers as adults, but no one has ever seen two eels in the wild boning down UNTIL NOW. More at 11. References: https://www.livescience.com/billions-snow-crabs-vanish-from-bering-sea https://twitter.com/Unpop_Science/status/1581660268555251712 https://peer.org/alaska-red-king-crab-dethroned-by-scientific-fraud/ https://www.sciencealert.com/scientists-track-eels-to-their-ocean-breeding-grounds-in-world-first https://www.livescience.com/47333-155-year-old-eel.html https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eel_life_history https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brantevik_Eel https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_eel#Life_history https://www.embrc.eu/newsroom/news/ernst-johannes-schmidt-detective-solved-eel-question-little-bit-help-good-carlsberg https://www.gov.uk/government/news/ancient-mystery-of-european-eel-migration-unravelled-to-help-combat-decline-of-critically-endangered-species

Remember when we talked about deep ocean circulation? Well, today we're going to talk about how one determined nerd with a bachelor's in Astronomy was the first person to figure out what was going on down there. Henry Stommel solved an ocean mystery, using math, decades before data would exist to support this prediction, and he didn't even have a PhD. Sources: https://oceanservice.noaa.gov/facts/oceandepth.html https://oceanservice.noaa.gov/education/tutorial_currents/05conveyor2.html https://stommel100.whoi.edu/background/

Finishing out Ch. 1 of Dr. Naomi Oreskes 'Science on a Mission' we discuss how the petty rivalries and perceived slights of the previous episode would level up from workplace tension to matters of national security for Harald Sverdrup. Also, we find out Roger Revelle was a babe. Resources: Oreskes, Naomi. Science on a Mission: How Military Funding Shaped What We Do and Don't Know About the Ocean. 2021. Chicago University Press. https://svenhedinfoundation.org/biography/sven-hedin-biography/

For humans, gender and sex expression are complicated and intensely personal parts of our identity and understanding of self. For a lot of fish, it's more of a vibe. Happy Pride

In the first chapter of Dr. Naomi Oreskes Science on a Mission we are introduced to some of the most iconic names and places in Ocean Science lore. Today, we're looking at pre-WWII oceanography to get a feel for where we started and how we get to a future that sees the US Navy as the biggest source of funding for ocean research in the middle of the 1900s. We'll also be getting a first look at how all that office drama you hate so much somehow looks even dumber when it's coming from accredited science researchers. References: Oreskes, Naomi. Science on a Mission: How Military Funding Shaped What We Do and Don't Know About the Ocean. 2022. University of Chicago Press. https://scripps.ucsd.edu/about/history https://antarctic-logistics.com/2010/08/28/harald-sverdrup/ https://www.nature.com/articles/s41567-020-0866-0 A link to the slides can be found on our Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/fromtheseapod

With the blessing of its author, Dr. Naomi Oreskes, Sarah and Sam will be spending some time digging into Science on a Mission. We'll be exploring ocean science in the cold war and how military funding (particularly from the US Navy) impacted the science that was being done and the questions that were being asked. Feel free to find a copy and read along with us, or stick around to listen and learn as we dive into future chapters. Buy it here: https://press.uchicago.edu/ucp/books/book/chicago/S/bo59258933.html No slides or notes this week as we're just talking about Dr. Oreskes and going through the intro.

Last time we learned that neuston exist and are grossly under appreciated. Today, we take a closer look at a few of these floating friends and ask that age old question: Can I Lick This? Will I Die? Sources: https://oceanservice.noaa.gov/facts/portuguese-man-o-war.html https://www.nationalgeographic.com/animals/invertebrates/facts/portuguese-man-of-war https://aquarium.org/tag/velella-velella/ https://www.wildlifetrusts.org/wildlife-explorer/marine/colonial-creatures/wind-sailor http://sio-legacy.ucsd.edu/zooplanktonguide/species/velella-velella https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZJGO_bSsR3w https://www.jellywatch.org/velella https://oceanconservancy.org/blog/2020/10/05/paper-nautilus/ https://www.nationalgeographic.com/animals/invertebrates/facts/argonaut https://oceana.org/marine-life/blue-glaucus/ https://www.americanoceans.org/species/blue-glaucus/ https://academic.oup.com/jcb/article/24/4/558/2670390

Sometimes the most interesting and bizarre life is hiding right in front of us. Sam and I are back to learn about the creatures that survive, and dare we say thrive, in the most visible and least studied part of our oceans. Research for this episode by me, Sarah @barnacle_btch Production for this episode by the lovely Sarah @hikkikonormie Sources: https://www.theatlantic.com/science/archive/2019/01/ocean-cleanup-project-could-destroy-neuston/580693/ https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uc1.31822023868631;view=1up;seq=320 https://www.marineinsight.com/environment/what-does-the-term-ocean-biome-means/ https://journals.plos.org/plosbiology/article?id=10.1371/journal.pbio.3001046 H.G. Marshall, M.I. Gladyshev, Neuston in Aquatic Ecosystems, Editor(s): Gene E. Likens,Encyclopedia of Inland Waters,Academic Press,2009,Pages 97-102,ISBN9780123706263,https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-012370626-3.00220-9. https://theoceancleanup.com/

You know how plate tectonics are definitely real and the oceans are full of seamounts and shit? Yeah, well, no one else did until 1959. Josie from A Hill to Die On joins Sarah to talk about Marie Tharp and how she provided pivotal insight into the seafloor morphology and seafloor mapping that allowed scientists to bring their understanding of how the Earth works into the 20th century. Resources: https://www.sciencenews.org/article/marie-tharp-maps-plate-tectonics-seafloor-cartography https://www.whoi.edu/who-we-are/about-us/people/awards-recognition/mary-sears-women-pioneers-in-oceanography-award/award-recipients/marie-tharp-biography/ https://www.science.org/content/article/once-honored-racist-ocean-science-pioneer-now-rejected https://biography.yourdictionary.com/marie-tharp https://theconversation.com/marie-tharp-pioneered-mapping-the-bottom-of-the-ocean-6-decades-ago-scientists-are-still-learning-about-earths-last-frontier-142451 https://www.whoi.edu/news-insights/content/marie-tharp/

Did you miss us? Sarah and Sam are back to take things slow and kick off a new year by talking about sea ice, land ice, fast ice that doesn't actually go anywhere, and also mushrooms a bit. Why not. References: http://nsidc.org/arcticseaicenews/ https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/features/SeaIce https://nsidc.org/cryosphere/seaice/characteristics/formation.html https://www.whoi.edu/know-your-ocean/ocean-topics/polar-research/sea-ice/sea-ice-glossary/ https://oceanservice.noaa.gov/facts/iceberg.html https://www.britannica.com/story/whats-the-difference-between-a-glacier-and-an-ice-floe https://oceanservice.noaa.gov/facts/sea-ice-climate.html https://www.amusingplanet.com/2016/09/frozen-ice-balls-of-lake-michigan-and.html

Continuing our discussion of how we study the sea floor, Sarah and Sam talk about the wonders of SONAR and how sometimes scientists are really dumb for a bunch of smart people. Resources: https://www.history.navy.mil/browse-by-topic/exploration-and-innovation/radar-sonar.html https://oceanexplorer.noaa.gov/explorations/lewis_clark01/background/seafloormapping/seafloormapping.html https://noaacoastsurvey.wordpress.com/2016/09/27/a-monumental-history/ https://www.bluehabitats.org/?page_id=1684 A. C. Veatch P. A. Smith. (Geological Society of America, Special Paper No. 7.) Pp. xvi + 101 + 10 plates. (New York: Geological Society of America, 1939.) £1 10s. net. The Origin of Submarine Canyons: a Critical Review of Hypotheses. https://www.nature.com/articles/148672a0 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multibeam_echosounder https://marietharp.ldeo.columbia.edu/about-marie-tharp https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iZ0OJcRQf0Q (SONAR NOISE) https://www.sciencenews.org/article/marie-tharp-maps-plate-tectonics-seafloor-cartography https://oceanexplorer.noaa.gov/technology/sonar/multibeam.html https://oceanservice.noaa.gov/facts/sonar.html https://www.hydro-international.com/content/article/multi-beam-data-processing https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-mOjsn5UrWM https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-fAAxEIFeLU https://www.popularmechanics.com/science/environment/a22594681/weve-been-wrong-before-expanding-earth-theory/

It turns out ancient seafloor mapping looks a lot like seafloor mapping in the 1990s. We're starting off a short series on ocean bathymetry by talking about how we got started studying the shape of the seafloor. Resources: https://www.arcgis.com/apps/MapJournal/index.html?appid=4718c81ade5e4fada01797fc175c796e https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmars.2019.00283/full http://www.waterencyclopedia.com/Oc-Po/Ocean-Floor-Bathymetry.html https://oceanexplorer.noaa.gov/explorations/03mountains/background/challenger/challenger.html https://divediscover.whoi.edu/history-of-oceanography/the-challenger-expedition/

If latitude is how far you are from the equator, why is longitude how far away we are from a town in the UK? Thumbnail only barely related. Resources https://www.ordnancesurvey.co.uk/newsroom/blog/ordnance-datum-newlyn-100-years-old-today https://www.sea.museum/2016/06/08/where-on-earth-are-you-a-beginners-guide-to-longitude/ https://journal.hautehorlogerie.org/en/the-marine-chronometer-invention-and-rivalry-on-the-high-seas/ https://www.britannica.com/technology/chronometer https://www.rmg.co.uk/stories/topics/greenwich-mean-time-gmt

Took a little time to discus some very good marine mammals. Resources: https://www.fisheries.noaa.gov/species/north-atlantic-right-whale https://www.nationalgeographic.com/animals/article/rare-footage-shows-endangered-north-atlantic-right-whales-hug?fbclid=IwAR0SLVq-I43U9joEiQ-yCydSN-xAW1eP8F_7GRZwC3pHB4rsEm iokYMW-Kk https://www.fisheries.noaa.gov/national/endangered-species-conservation/north-atlantic-right-whale-calving-season-2021#right-whale-reproduction https://ocean.si.edu/ocean-life/marine-mammals/what-largest-whale-cetacea-size-comparison-chart

Have you watched Netflix's documentary Seaspiracy? If you have, I'm sorry but it was bad. If you haven't, thank god, please don't. Resources: These two were the best, I think https://www.inverse.com/science/seaspiracy-fact-check-debunked-interview https://earther.gizmodo.com/dont-watch-netflixs-seaspiracy-1846630338 https://www.newsweek.com/fact-check-seaspiricy-dolphin-safe-labels-guaranteed-1579804 https://www.irishlegal.com/article/settlement-reached-in-high-court-case-on-human-trafficking-in-fishing-industry https://twitter.com/ChristinacHicks/status/1375390177913372673 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine_debris https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2015/07/24/world/the-outlaw-ocean.html https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/seaspiracy-netflix-marines-true-story-b1824038.html https://www.earthisland.org/journal/index.php/page/note-on-netflix-documentary-on-overfishing https://www.newsweek.com/fact-check-seaspiricy-dolphin-safe-labels-guaranteed-1579804 https://www.greenqueen.com.hk/seaspiracy-response-heres-what-ngos-other-organizations-are-saying-about-the-documentary-plus-our-take/ (use the links to statements but the website seems pretty dumb overall) https://earther.gizmodo.com/dont-watch-netflixs-seaspiracy-1846630338 https://www.forbes.com/sites/allenelizabeth/2021/04/10/seaspiracy-a-call-to-action-or-a-vehicle-of-misinformation/?sh=7427e9d7c23a https://inews.co.uk/culture/film/seaspiracy-fact-check-netflix-documentary-what-about-accuracy-explained-935761

Usually corporations and irresponsible governments are the ones to blame for environmental destruction, but sometimes one person can do a lot of damage by themselves. Also, there's birtherism. Slides: https://docs.google.com/presentation/d/1P_QOn7ECurXx4Mqm6vi9fqaG1dsZHc6biEmNha0RshU/edit?usp=sharing Resources: https://www.propublica.org/article/hawaii-officials-promise-changes-to-seawall-policies-that-have-quickened-beach-destruction https://www.ourcampaigns.com/CandidateDetail.html?CandidateID=4526 https://www.staradvertiser.com/2021/01/22/hawaii-news/homeowners-face-stiff-fines-for-illegal-seawalls/ https://law.justia.com/cases/federal/appellate-courts/F2/892/772/72533/ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molokai_Advertiser-News https://www.mtdemocrat.com/letters/thanks-guys/ http://oaoa.hawaii.gov/jud/ica22693mop.htm https://web.archive.org/web/20120119091629/http://www.molokaiadvertiser-news.com/ https://web.archive.org/web/20120607113133/http://www.molokaiadvertiser-news.com/MAN_1-11-12_.pdf https://www.civilbeat.org/2012/08/16975-african-american-groups-in-hawaii-angered-by-latest-birther-request/ https://law.justia.com/cases/hawaii/supreme-court/1996/18386-2.html https://www.lahainanews.com/opinion/letters-to-editor/2020/12/04/letters-for-the-dec-3-issue/

Sarah is joined by Joe Kassabian from The Lions Led by Donkeys podcast to discuss the infuriating reality of coastal construction. Resources: https://toolkit.climate.gov/topics/coastal-flood-risk/coastal-erosion https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/earth-and-planetary-sciences/coastal-development https://explorebeaches.msi.ucsb.edu/beach-health/beach-nourishment https://www.nps.gov/articles/beach-nourishment.htm https://www.americangeosciences.org/education/k5geosource/content/rocks/how-do-you-deal-with-shoreline-erosion https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=e3ZYaL0Q9os https://www.propublica.org/article/the-high-cost-of-preserving-vulnerable-beaches https://static1.squarespace.com/static/58eec8afc534a5631767d450/t/5f6554d363133850a6f6ccff/1600476376632/Porro-2020-final-Waikikierosion.pdf https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-50139900 http://asbpa.org/wpv2/wp-content/uploads/2016/09/HSBPA-2014-Beach-Restoration-White-Paper.pdf https://www.propublica.org/article/oceanfront-property-tied-to-obama-granted-exemption-from-hawaiis-environmental-laws https://www.propublica.org/article/oceanfront-property-tied-to-obama-granted-exemption-from-hawaiis-environmental-laws http://www.beachapedia.org/State_of_the_Beach/State_Reports/WA/Shoreline_Structures https://oceanwealth.org/accounting-for-mangroves-in-flood-protection/ https://www.dezeen.com/2016/10/24/tetrapot-coastal-defence-design-plant-pot-sheng-hung-lee-china/ https://www.propublica.org/article/hawaii-officials-promise-changes-to-seawall-policies-that-have-quickened-beach-destruction https://www.ourcampaigns.com/CandidateDetail.html?CandidateID=4526 https://www.staradvertiser.com/2021/01/22/hawaii-news/homeowners-face-stiff-fines-for-illegal-seawalls/ https://law.justia.com/cases/federal/appellate-courts/F2/892/772/72533/ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molokai_Advertiser-News

Rogue waves are real, and are far more common than you might think. A couple slides but no notes this week because I'm a hack and a fraud: https://docs.google.com/presentation/d/1-A4myncaCJNk5HMt-8nuLeEUau3bBA1C1p3uQuBawZo/edit?usp=sharing

Waves are just math, but don't worry we aren't going to talk about that part (much) Resources: https://www.univie.ac.at/geographie/fachdidaktik/FD/site/external_htmls/imagers.gsfc.nasa.gov/ems/waves.html https://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/waves/Lesson-1/What-is-a-Wave https://oceanservice.noaa.gov/facts/wavesinocean.html https://oceanservice.noaa.gov/education/tutorial_currents/03coastal1.html http://oceanmotion.org/html/background/wind-driven-surface.htm https://manoa.hawaii.edu/sealearning/grade-4-physical-science-topic-1 http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/Waves/watwav2.html http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/watwav.html#c1 https://ci.coastal.edu/~sgilman/770Oceansinmotion.htm https://seymourcenter.ucsc.edu/OOB/076_Big%20waves%20at%20sea.pdf https://www.livescience.com/33624-waves-ocean-sets-seven.html

Tides go in, Tides go out, you can't explain that References: https://oceanservice.noaa.gov/facts/tides.html https://tidesandcurrents.noaa.gov/predhist.html http://galileo.rice.edu/sci/observations/tides.html https://osr.org/blog/astronomy/johannes-kepler/ https://galileoandeinstein.phys.virginia.edu/1995/lectures/morekepl.html https://www.marineinsight.com/maritime-history/how-tide-predicting-machine-worked-in-the-ancient-times/ https://oceanservice.noaa.gov/education/tutorial_tides/tides02_cause.html http://www.physicalgeography.net/fundamentals/8r.html https://oceanservice.noaa.gov/education/tutorial_tides/tides08_othereffects.html https://www.nationalgeographic.org/encyclopedia/tidal-energy/ https://www.eia.gov/energyexplained/hydropower/tidal-power.php https://www.marine.usf.edu/pjocean/packets/sp02/sp02u1p3.pdf https://biol326.wordpress.com/2018/03/11/lifes-a-beach-challenges-of-living-life-in-the-rocky-intertidal-zone/ https://oceanservice.noaa.gov/facts/gltides.html https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/earth-and-planetary-sciences/atmospheric-tides https://ocw.mit.edu/courses/earth-atmospheric-and-planetary-sciences/12-810-dynamics-of-the-atmosphere-spring-2008/lecture-notes/chapter_9.pdf https://cosmosmagazine.com/space/the-galactic-tide-coming-our-way/ .

What's up with all those feet washing up on shores in Washington and British Columbia?

In our final dive into the world of marine algae (for now) Sam and I discuss microalgae, harmful algal blooms, and wastewater treatment. Resources: https://oceanservice.noaa.gov/facts/phyto.html https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/features/Phytoplankton https://www.fondriest.com/environmental-measurements/parameters/water-quality/algae-phytoplankton-chlorophyll/ https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/earth-and-planetary-sciences/microalgae https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-94-007-1038-2_19 https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1319562X12000332 https://ocean.si.edu/ocean-life/invertebrates/seaside-lichens https://www.noaa.gov/what-is-harmful-algal-bloom https://oceanservice.noaa.gov/hazards/hab/ https://www.niehs.nih.gov/health/topics/agents/algal-blooms/index.cfm https://www.cdc.gov/habs/environment.html http://tolweb.org/accessory/algae:_protists_with_chloroplasts?acc_id=52 https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/earth-and-planetary-sciences/endosymbiont https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/21655979.2020.1711626 https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1319562X12000332

Sam takes over this week to teach me about some of the incredible, and fashionable uses for marine algae she has discovered.

Sarah and Sam are back at it talking about Seaweed in the environment and as an environment. We're talking carbon sequestration, biofuels, and how otters help mitigate climate change while being some of the cutest gd things in the ocean. Resources Resources: https://oceana.org/marine-life/marine-science-and-ecosystems/kelp-forest https://www.keapbk.com/blogs/keap/the-great-carbon-sink-in-the-sea-geoengineering-seaweed-and-the-race-to-beat-climate-change https://theconversation.com/how-farming-giant-seaweed-can-feed-fish-and-fix-the-climate-81761 https://wsg.washington.edu/community-outreach/kelp-aquaculture/ https://c-can.info/reference/KelpingtheSeaFinal.pdf https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-020-69258-7 Duarte Carlos M., Wu Jiaping, Xiao Xi, Bruhn Annette, Krause-Jensen Dorte. 2017. Can Seaweed Farming Play a Role in Climate Change Mitigation and Adaptation? Frontiers in Marine Science V. 4 P100. https://www.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fmars.2017.00100 https://microbiologysociety.org/blog/bioremediation-the-pollution-solution.html https://regenerationinternational.org/2018/05/16/what-is-biochar/ https://www.euronews.com/2020/02/17/could-seaweed-be-the-fuel-of-the-future https://cordis.europa.eu/article/id/411734-is-seaweed-the-solution-to-sustainable-biofuel https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/could-our-energy-come-from-giant-seaweed-farms-in-the-ocean/ Aitken, J. B., & Senn, T. L. (1965). Seaweed Products as a Fertilizer and Soil Conditioner for Horticultural Crops. Botanica Marina, 8(1), 144–147. https://doi.org/10.1515/botm.1965.8.1.144 Battacharyya, D., Babgohari, M. Z., Rathor, P., & Prithiviraj, B. (2015). Seaweed extracts as biostimulants in horticulture. In Scientia Horticulturae. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scienta.2015.09.012 Innocenti, R. A., Feagin, R. A., & Huff, T. P. (2018). The role of Sargassum macroalgal wrack in reducing coastal erosion. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, 214, 82–88. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecss.2018.09.021 Hou, X., Feng, Z., Leip, A., Bojie, F., Hui ,Y., Yan ,C., Gao, S., Shang, Z., Ma, L. (2016). Spatial patterns of nitrogen runoff from Chinese paddy fields. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment. Volume 231, Pages 246-254, ISSN 0167-8809, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2016.07.001. Roberts, D. A., Paul, N. A., Cole, A. J., & de Nys, R. (2015). From waste water treatment to land management: Conversion of aquatic biomass to biochar for soil amelioration and the fortification of crops with essential trace elements. Journal of Environmental Management. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2015.04.016 Sangha, Jatinder & Kelloway, Stephen & Critchley, Alan & Prithiviraj, Balakrishnan. (2014). Seaweeds (Macroalgae) and Their Extracts as Contributors of Plant Productivity and Quality: The Current Status of Our Understanding. 10.1016/B978-0-12-408062-1.00007. Sharma, H. S. S., Fleming, C., Selby, C., Rao, J. R., & Martin, T. (2014). Plant biostimulants: A review on the processing of macroalgae and use of extracts for crop management to reduce abiotic and biotic stresses. Journal of Applied Phycology, Vol. 26, pp. 465–490. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10811-013-0101-9 S.W. Mattner, D. Wite, D.A. Riches, I.J. Porter & T. Arioli (2013) The effect of kelp extract on seedling establishment of broccoli on contrasting soil types in southern Victoria, Australia, Biological Agriculture & Horticulture, 29:4, 258-270, DOI:10.1080/01448765.2013.830276

Sarah has her friend from the internet, Alan, on to discuss that time a British Scientist accidentally saved the entire Japanese Nori supply and didn't even know it.

What even is seaweed anyways? Sarah and Sam spend some time musing on what marine algae be, what it do, and some ways it impacts our terrestrial world. Resources https://oceanservice.noaa.gov/facts/seaweed.html https://marinebio.org/creatures/forests/ https://oceanservice.noaa.gov/facts/phyto.html https://www.britannica.com/science/seaweed https://ucmp.berkeley.edu/protista/rhodophyta.html https://www.americanscientist.org/article/the-science-of-seaweeds https://ocean.si.edu/ocean-life/plankton/every-breath-you-take-thank-ocean https://ucmp.berkeley.edu/greenalgae/greenalgae.html https://www.britannica.com/science/green-algae https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/earth-and-planetary-sciences/green-alga https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1319562X12000332 https://www.nature.com/articles/s41559-020-1122-9 https://www.seaweed.ie/algae/phaeophyta.php https://www.britannica.com/science/brown-algae https://www.seaweed.ie/algae/rhodophyta.php https://www.cbc.ca/news/technology/bangiomorpha-fossil-sex-1.4314204 https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2013/02/19/reference/nori/ https://www.webmd.com/diet/health-benefits-seaweed#1 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laverbread https://oceanshalo.com/ https://seaweed.ie/additives/index.php https://www.epda-design.com/the-front-runner-in-edible-packaging-materials/ https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/324993#From-land-to-sea https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6950024/

Took a little break from ocean science to talk about some goofy ass fish who forgot to get good at the one thing fish are supposed to know how to do. Resources: https://www.nationalgeographic.com/animals/fish/o/ocean-sunfish/ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hH4WcF-JQnM https://oceansunfish.org/species-and-distribution/ http://oceansunfish.org/DewarEtAlJEMBE.pdf https://www.seattleaquarium.org/blog/closer-look-what-puts-lump-our-pacific-spiny-lumpsuckers https://blogs.scientificamerican.com/running-ponies/lumpsucker-fish-just-when-you-thought-the-ocean-couldne28099t-get-more-lumpy-and-adhesive/ https://www.britannica.com/animal/batfish https://www.montereybayaquarium.org/animals/animals-a-to-z/leafy-sea-dragon https://www.nationalgeographic.com/animals/fish/l/leafy-sea-dragon/ https://aquarium.ucsd.edu/blog/seahorses-in-myth-legend-art/ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hippocampus_(mythology) http://www.animalplanet.com/pets/boxfishintro/ https://www.britannica.com/animal/boxfish

Dan and I have very different relationships to the American literary classic Moby Dick. Listen to me try to talk about whale facts and Dan read uncomfortably long passages about spermaceti.

Trying something a little different this week. Sarah is joined by Grace for some chill vibes and seal stories. Come learn about Owha and Princess Cloudberry while we all learn together if Sarah is actually capable of competently editing podcast audio. https://www.sealrescueireland.org/

Dan and Sarah take a look at the UN's Blue Paper, a report on organizing crimes in the fisheries sector and get generally very sad about the state of the world. The fish mafia, much like the real mafia, is actually pretty depressing. Sources: Witbooi, E., Ali, K., Santosa, M. A, et al. 2020. Organized Crime in the Fisheries Sector. Washington, DC: World Resources Institute. https://www.fisheries.noaa.gov/insight/understanding-sustainable-seafood https://qz.com/639408/an-illegal-fishing-vessel-wanted-by-13-nations-has-finally-been-destroyed-by-indonesia/ https://oceana.org/marine-life/ocean-fishes/patagonian-toothfish https://www.pbs.org/wnet/nature/blog/featured-creature-vaquita/ https://www.fisheries.noaa.gov/species/vaquita https://www.seafoodwatch.org/

Sarah and Sam try to wrap their heads around what makes the top of the ocean be like that. We're talking Coriolis Forces, Ekman pumping, and more gyres than you can shake a stick at. References https://www.britannica.com/biography/V-Walfrid-Ekman https://oceanservice.noaa.gov/education/tutorial_currents/media/supp_cur04e.html https://www.nationalgeographic.org/encyclopedia/coriolis-effect/ https://www.nap.edu/resource/oneuniverse/motion_32-33.html https://earth.nullschool.net/ https://www.weather.gov/source/zhu/ZHU_Training_Page/winds/Wx_Terms/Flight_Environment.htm https://www.nationalgeographic.org/encyclopedia/great-pacific-garbage-patch/ https://www.nationalgeographic.com/news/2010/3/100302-new-ocean-trash-garbage-patch/ https://oceanservice.noaa.gov/facts/sargassosea.html https://oceanservice.noaa.gov/facts/upwelling.html

Did you know it snows in the sea? It's mostly poop, and always nutritious. Sarah and Sam discuss the incredible importance of marine snow. Along the way, they muse about plankton, whale falls, and of course, bring it all back to climate change. https://oceanservice.noaa.gov/facts/plankton.html https://www.whoi.edu/know-your-ocean/ocean-topics/ocean-life/phytoplankton/ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xFQ_fO2D7f0 https://oceantracks.org/library/general-ecology/energy-and-food-webs https://ocean.si.edu/ecosystems/deep-sea/marine-snow-staple-deep https://usa.oceana.org/blog/exploring-marine-snow-nutritious-and-vital-type-snowfall-deep-sea Vent fauna on whale remains. 1987. Nature. https://allyouneedisbiology.wordpress.com/tag/whale-fall-stages/ https://www.mbari.org/whale-falls-islands-of-abundance-and-diversity-in-the-deep-sea/ https://oceanconservancy.org/blog/2019/10/18/whale-falls/ Pershing, A. J., Christendsen, L. B., Record, N. R., Sherwood, G. D., Stetson, P. B. 2010. The Impact of Whaling on the Ocean Carbon Cycle: Why Bigger Was Better. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0012444

Sarah and Sam round off the intro to ocean science with a discussion of ocean temperature. The ocean is warm, except where it isn't. Hella resources: https://phys.org/news/2019-07-historic-sea-surface-temperature.html https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea_surface_temperature https://os.copernicus.org/articles/9/683/2013/ J. B. R. Matthews Ocean Sci., 9, 683–694, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-9-683-2013, 2013 https://www.nesdis.noaa.gov/content/road-modern-weather-satellites-noaa-and-nasa-celebrate-60-years-america-space https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/news/picture-climate-why-are-buckets-important-climate-science https://interactiveoceans.washington.edu/ https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/news/picture-climate-why-are-buckets-important-climate-science https://argo.ucsd.edu/outreach/multimedia-resources/photos/ https://www.mrvsys.com/products/deepsolo https://www.weather.gov/safety/fog-water https://eos.org/research-spotlights/how-sea-surface-temperatures-affect-an-atmospheric-phenomenon https://oceanservice.noaa.gov/facts/ninonina.html https://www.climate.gov/file/la-ni%C3%B1a-winter-summer-impacts-620px https://oceanservice.noaa.gov/facts/thermocline.html https://www.makai.com/ocean-thermal-energy-conversion/ http://www.energinat.com/dow_cold.shtml https://www.un.org/en/chronicle/article/health-effects-global-warming-developing-countries-are-most-vulnerable https://www.iucn.org/resources/issues-briefs/ocean-warming https://www.nature.com/articles/nature14155 https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/features/Paleoclimatology_OxygenBalance https://icecores.org/sites/default/files/2018-02/WAIS_ICECORE-HR.jpg

Dan and Sarah watched the three hour Ulysses Cut of the 1995 Kevin Costner (K Cos) vehicle Waterworld and then spent over an hour trying to parse their thoughts. This sweet, sweet content is on the main feed this month but movie review episodes will be reserved for Patreon Patrons only henceforth. If you're interested in the absurdity that was our notes, you can find my plot notes and Dan's production scrawls in the following link: https://docs.google.com/document/d/1jXxuehEHaH-MH1s9SkhM5XarCQsLwVLxpiY_uoJX7qM/edit?usp=sharing

Sarah and Sam spend some time talking about how heavy water is, why that is important for ocean circulation, and the abject horror of barotrauma. Resources: https://oceanservice.noaa.gov/facts/pressure.html http://glossary.ametsoc.org/wiki/Decibar http://oceanmotion.org/html/background/ocean-in-motion.htm https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ocean_current#/media/File:Ocean_currents_1943_(borderless)3.png https://adventure.howstuffworks.com/outdoor-activities/water-sports/freediving.htm https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_cj8AtODiHc https://wildlife.ca.gov/Conservation/Marine/Groundfish/Barotrauma https://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/behold-the-blobfish-180956967/ https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/in-defense-of-the-blobfish-why-the-worlds-ugliest-animal-isnt-as-ugly-as-you-think-it-is-6676336/ https://www.health.harvard.edu/a_to_z/decompression-sickness-a-to-z https://www.sciencefriday.com/educational-resources/high-pressure-in-the-deep-ocean/ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byford_Dolphin#Diving_bell_accident

In this first episode of It Came From the Sea, Sarah and Sam discuss salinity; what it means, how we measure, and just how the heck the ocean got to be so salty in the first place. Twitter:https://twitter.com/fromtheseapod Patreon:https://www.patreon.com/fromtheseapod Resources: https://www.britannica.com/science/seawater https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salt_(chemistry) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salinity https://oceanservice.noaa.gov/facts/whysalty.html https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_bodies_of_water_by_salinity https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Uaj722cg9Gk https://www.usgs.gov/special-topic/water-science-school/science/evaporation-and-water-cycle?qt-science_center_objects=0#qt-science_center_objects https://oceanservice.noaa.gov/facts/vents.html https://science.nasa.gov/earth-science/oceanography/physical-ocean/salinity https://phys.org/news/2012-04-rainfall.html Perez, Eduardo; Chebude, Yonas (April 2017). "Chemical Analysis of Gaet'ale, a Hypersaline Pond in Danakil Depression (Ethiopia): New Record for the Most Saline Water Body on Earth". Aquatic Geochemistry. 23 (2): 109–117. doi:10.1007/s10498-017-9312-z. Fox-Skelly, Jasmin (4 August 2017). "In Earth's hottest place, life has been found in pure acid". BBC Future. Retrieved 27 March 2018.