Podcast appearances and mentions of franita tolson

What are the risks to a peaceful transition of power once all the votes have been cast? What can we learn from history and from other democracies about our moment of democratic peril? How worried should we be about the risks of political violence? On Season 6, Episode 3 of the ELB Podcast we speak with Republican election lawyer Ben Ginsberg, the Hoover Institution's Larry Diamond, the Carnegie Endowment's Rachel Kleinfeld, and USC law dean Franita Tolson.

Guests: Ian Bassin, Franita Tolson, Charlie Warzel, Jacob Soboroff, Errol MorrisA slow motion insurrection in plain sight. Tonight: the emerging details of the Trump effort to overturn the 2024 election. Then, the Republican nominee ramps up his rhetoric on raising prices. And with 25 days left before Election Day, what you should know about the high stakes saber-rattling from Trumpworld.  Want more of Chris? Download and subscribe to his podcast, “Why Is This Happening? The Chris Hayes podcast” wherever you get your podcasts.

The Breakdown is live w/ guest Franita TolsonWhat the hell is going on with the Voting Rights legislation in Congress? Franita Tolson, Professor of Law and Vice Dean for Faculty and Academic Affairs at University of Southern California, is here to break it down with hosts Tara Setmayer and Rick Wilson. Professor Tolson was called on to provide testimony regarding voting rights in a Senate subcommittee hearing where she challenged Ted Cruz on his states issues with voting access. She discusses this experience as well as her book titled "In Congress We Trust?: Enforcing Voting Rights from the Founding to the Jim Crow Era,” which will be released in 2023. From Subpoenas to the Trump/DeSantis rivalry, we are covering all the craziness of this past week in the Republican party. Join us now and share on social media! MENTIONED IN THIS EPISODEFranita Tolson's book: "In Congress We Trust?: Enforcing Voting Rights from the Founding to the Jim Crow Era" – coming out 2023FOLLOW Franita TolsonTWITTER: @ProfTolsonFOLLOW LINCOLN PROJECTTWITTER: https://bit.ly/3zwZFva INSTAGRAM: https://bit.ly/31yyrHR FACEBOOK: https://bit.ly/3zCBHhT PODCAST: https://apple.co/3G7zr4L

The Breakdown is LIVE at 9pm ET with Professor Franita Tolson, Stuart Stevens, Reed Galen and Michael Steele

The Breakdown is LIVE at 9pm ET with Professor Franita Tolson

What is the “independent state legislature theory,” and does a potential Supreme Court embrace threaten American democracy? Will use of the doctrine raise the risk of election subversion or stolen elections? How far could the theory go in insulating legislative voting rules from state constitutional review? On Season 4, Episode 2 of the ELB Podcast, we hear a recent conversation that I moderated with Vik Amar, Derek Muller, Rick Pildes, Carolyn Shapiro, and Franita Tolson.

This week I continue my series on the National Constitution Center's Restoring the Guardrails of Democracy project. While most commentators are glued to the political horse race – obsessing over the 2024 midterms or the latest twist in the Trump saga – my show remains a place to discuss ideas and principles rather then ideology and personalities.Part 1 featured Ilya Somin representing Team Libertarian, who proposed foot voting (among other things) as a simple way to make American government more accountable to the people.Part 2 will feature Professor Edward B. Foley – Ebersold Chair in Constitutional Law at Ohio State University – presenting the progressive team's ideas for safeguarding our democracy. Their report is worth reading in its entirety, regardless of your political persuasion. Foley and his co-author, USC law professor Franita Tolson, make a compelling case for reforming the way we elect our representatives to ensure that they actually represent the will of the majority. What a concept!While Foley is on the record saying he'd like to replace the Electoral College with a national popular vote, the report takes a more modest aim of electoral reform – looking only to what Congress could accomplish through mere legislation, short of a constitutional amendment.Foley is particularly concerned with electoral procedures that allow more extreme minority factions to hold power. We've recently seen primaries in which the Democratic Party funds a far-right candidate who they believe will be easier to defeat in the general election. Foley criticizes this cynical ploy in part because it undermines the selection of “Condorcet Winners.” If you're unfamiliar with the Condorcet method, pioneered by the Marquis de Condorcet, be sure to tune in live this Sunday.The basic idea, summarized in Team Progressive's report, is that the winner of an election should be the candidate “preferred by a majority of voters when compared individually against each of the other alternatives.”One way to achieve this is through ranked-choice voting, which we recently saw in an Alaskan primary in which Sarah Palin advanced to the general. Dr. Robert Malone offers a valuable explainer on how ranked choice voting works on his Substack.Join Ned and me this Sunday at 8am PACIFIC, or subscribe to the podcast, to expand your civic numeracy.

In June, the Supreme Court agreed to hear a case that could deliver a huge blow to voting rights. The case, Moore v. Harper, could affirm the little-known “independent state legislature doctrine”— and could have dire consequences for democracy. Franita Tolson, a constitutional law professor at USC and an election law expert, is working to make it easier for people to vote. She and Preet break down the threat of voter suppression, and what to expect for the midterms.  Plus, Preet breaks down the many considerations that DOJ would need to weigh before indicting Donald Trump. In the bonus for CAFE Insiders, they discuss felony disenfranchisement, the prospect of mandatory voting, and teaching constitutional law in the age of this particularly politicized Supreme Court. To listen, try the membership for just $1 for one month: cafe.com/insider.  For show notes and a transcript of the episode, head to: https://cafe.com/stay-tuned/battle-for-the-ballot-with-franita-tolson/ Tweet your questions to @PreetBharara with hashtag #askpreet, email us at staytuned@cafe.com, or call 669-247-7338 to leave a voicemail. Stay Tuned with Preet is brought to you by CAFE and the Vox Media Podcast Network. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices

On July 6th, the National Constitution Center hosted a panel to present the reports of teams participating in the Center's Restoring the Guardrails of Democracy project. The project brings together three teams of leading experts— conservative, libertarian, and progressive—to identify institutional, legal, and technological reforms that might address current threats to American democracy.  Team conservative is comprised of Sarah Isgur, Jonah Goldberg, and David French—all of The Dispatch. Team libertarian includes Clark Neily and Walter Olson of the Cato Institute, and Ilya Somin of the Antonin Scalia Law School at George Mason University. Team progressive is comprised of Edward Foley of The Ohio State University and Franita Tolson of USC Gould School of Law.  The three team leaders—Sarah Isgur, Clark Neily, and Ned Foley—presented their reports and discussed their various suggested reforms, including those on which they agree and disagree about. Jeffrey Rosen, president and CEO of the National Constitution Center, moderated.   Learn more about the Restoring the Guardrails of Democracy initiative and read the full reports on the National Constitution Center's website. Read the reports: Sarah Isgur, David French, and Jonah Goldberg, Restoring the Guardrails of Democracy: Team Conservative Clark Neily, Walter Olson, and Ilya Somin, Restoring the Guardrails of Democracy: Team Libertarian Edward B. Foley and Franita Tolson, Restoring the Guardrails of Democracy: Team Progressive The National Constitution Center relies on support from listeners like you to provide nonpartisan constitutional education to Americans of all ages. Visit www.constitutioncenter.org/we-the-people to donate, and thank you for your crucial support. Questions or comments about the show? Email us at podcast@constitutioncenter.org. Continue today's conversation on Facebook and Twitter using @ConstitutionCtr. Sign up to receive Constitution Weekly, our email roundup of constitutional news and debate, at bit.ly/constitutionweekly.

As January 6 hearings proceed on Capitol Hill, join the National Constitution Center for the launch of the Restoring the Guardrails of Democracy team reports. The project brings together three teams of leading experts— libertarian, progressive, and conservative—to identify institutional, legal, and technological reforms that might address current threats to American democracy. Team leaders Edward B. Foley, Sarah Isgur, and Clark Neily discuss their proposals. Jeffrey Rosen, president and CEO of the National Constitution Center, moderates.  Read the reports: Sarah Isgur, David French, and Jonah Goldberg, Restoring the Guardrails of Democracy: Team Conservative Edward B. Foley and Franita Tolson, Restoring the Guardrails of Democracy: Team Progressive Clark Neily, Walter Olson, and Ilya Somin, Restoring the Guardrails of Democracy: Team Libertarian   Stay Connected and Learn More Continue the conversation on Facebook and Twitter using @ConstitutionCtr. Sign up to receive Constitution Weekly, our email roundup of constitutional news and debate, at bit.ly/constitutionweekly. Please subscribe to Live at the National Constitution Center and our companion podcast We the People on Apple Podcasts, Stitcher, or your favorite podcast app. To watch National Constitution Center Town Hall programs live, check out our schedule of upcoming programs. Register through Zoom to ask your constitutional questions in the Q&A or watch live on YouTube.

In this episode, we kick off our Road to Confirmation series. “On the Issues” will be following the nomination and confirmation process of President Biden's nominee to replace Justice Stephen Breyer on the U.S. Supreme Court. The Road to Confirmation series will take you through each step of the confirmation process as it happens in real time, with commentary and analysis from experts.   We launch the series with this robust discussion about what Justice Breyer's retirement means for the Supreme Court.  And, we dig deep on President Biden's promise to nominate a Black woman on the Supreme Court.  Who are the most likely candidates?  What credentials and experience would they bring to the role? What distinguishes the speculated short-list candidates from each other? If confirmed would a Biden nominee have power to influence the Supreme Court?    Joining us to tackle these questions and more are very special guests:Zinelle October, executive vice president of the American Constitution Society, the country's foremost progressive legal organization. Franita Tolson, vice dean for faculty and academic affairs, and professor of law at the University of Southern California Gould School of Law. She is a nationally recognized expert in election law, and has testified before congress on voting rights issues, and has written for or appeared as a commentator for outlets including The New York Times, the Wall Street Journal and more.  Steve Vladeck. a nationally recognized expert on the federal courts, constitutional law, national security law and military justice and the Charles Alan Wright chair in federal courts at the University of Texas School of Law. Vladeck has argued multiple cases before the U.S. Supreme Court, the Texas Supreme Court and the lower federal courts. He is also the co-host of the award-winning National Security Law Podcast. Danielle Holley-Walker, dean and a professor of law of Howard Law School, and a former clerk for Chief Judge Carl E. Stewart on the Fifth Circuit Court of Appeals. Her research focuses on the governance of public schools, and diversity in the legal profession. Rate and review “On the Issues with Michele Goodwin" to let us know what you think of the show! Let's show the power of independent feminist media. Check out this episode's landing page at MsMagazine.com for a full transcript, links to articles referenced in this episode, further reading and ways to take action.Tips, suggestions, pitches? Get in touch with us at ontheissues@msmagazine.com. Support the show (http://msmagazine.com)

Hillary and Tina speak to Vice Dean for Faculty and Academic Affairs and Professor of Law at University of Southern California Gould School of Law, Franita Tolson Franita Tolson is Vice Dean for Faculty and Academic Affairs and Professor of Law at University of Southern California Gould School of Law, where she also holds a courtesy appointment in the Political Science and International Relations Department. Her scholarship and teaching focus on the areas of election law, constitutional law, and legal history. Her research has appeared in leading law reviews and focus on a wide range of topics including partisan gerrymandering, political parties, the Elections Clause, the Voting Rights Act of 1965, and the Fourteenth and Fifteenth Amendments. Vice Dean Tolson is one of the coauthors of the leading election law casebook, The Law of Democracy (Foundation Press, 6th ed., forthcoming 2022). Her forthcoming book, In Congress We Trust?: Enforcing Voting Rights from the Founding to the Jim Crow Era, will be published in 2022 by Cambridge University Press. For show notes and links to our sources, please click here (https://themuckpodcast.fireside.fm/articles/lmep37notes). Special Guest: Franita Tolson.

How many years does the American experiment have remaining? Support Woke AF Daily at Patreon.com/WokeAF to hear Danielle's full conversation with Franita Tolson, who went viral last week for her confrontation with Senator Ted Cruz. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

New York Times tech columnist Kevin Roose explains why Mark Zuckerberg and Facebook just can't seem to let its high-performing conservative talking heads go, NBC News Reporter John Allen breaks down President Biden's infrastructure plan for normal people, and USC law professor Franita Tolson retells how she avoided a Ted Cruz “gotcha” moment.If you haven't heard, every single week The New Abnormal does a special bonus episode for Beast Inside, the Daily Beast's membership program. where Sometimes we interview Senators like Cory Booker or the folks who explain our world in media like Jim Acosta or Soledad O'Brien. Sometimes we just have fun and talk to our favorite comedians and actors like Busy Phillips or Billy Eichner and sometimes its just discussing the fuckery. You can get all of our episodes in your favorite podcast app of choice by becoming a Beast Inside member where you'll support The Beast's fearless journalism. Plus! You'll also get full access to podcasts and articles. To become a member head to newabnormal.thedailybeast.com  See acast.com/privacy for privacy and opt-out information.

Months after the national election and despite numerous judicial decisions to the contrary, many Americans still believe the election was stolen from Donald Trump. In recent weeks various state legislatures have used the claim of voter fraud to propose new bills to change voting procedures, launching a new chapter in the long battle over the franchise in the United States. In this episode of "Then & Now," we discuss the history of voter suppression and the current state of play with election law expert, Professor Franita Tolson, Vice Dean for Academic Affairs at the USC Gould School of Law and author of the forthcoming book In Congress We Trust: Enforcing Voting Rights From the Founding Fathers to the Jim Crow Era.Then & Now is taking a summer break in July and August, and will return with a new season in September. Please enjoy a look back at some of our favorite episodes over the last year!

For a further break down of the opinion that is definitely not necessary to enforce the Voting Rights Act (Brnovich v. DNC), Leah is joined by two voting rights experts, Professors Nick Stephanopoulos and Franita Tolson, who offer their thoughts on (among other things) what music Justice Alito was listening to while writing Brnovich and who he was talking to as well.

Months after the national election and despite numerous judicial decisions to the contrary, many Americans still believe the election was stolen from Donald Trump. In recent weeks various state legislatures have used the claim of voter fraud to propose new bills to change voting procedures, launching a new chapter in the long battle over the franchise in the United States. In this episode of "Then & Now," we discuss the history of voter suppression and the current state of play with election law expert, Professor Franita Tolson, Vice Dean for Academic Affairs at the USC Gould School of Law and author of the forthcoming book In Congress We Trust: Enforcing Voting Rights From the Founding Fathers to the Jim Crow Era.

Professor Franita Tolson joins Supreme Myths to discuss impeachment and other current events, election law, and voter suppression among other timely issues.

https://news.gsu.edu/podcast/episode-21-franita-tolson/ () Professor Franita Tolson joins Supreme Myths to discuss impeachment and other current events, election law, and voter suppression among other timely issues.

This week Ken takes the reins of the show while Josh is away. Special guest Franita Tolson of USC’s Gould School of Law joins the conversation to delve into what’s left of the Trump campaign’s lawsuits contesting Joe Biden’s win. Republican election officials in Michigan refused to certify the votes in Democratic-heavy Wayne County...and then they reversed themselves after an outcry from voters. The Trump campaign has had a dismal track record so far in its legal fight, so is the media spending too much time covering these baseless lawsuits? Franita Tolson argues that if the media paid less attention, what might fill the void could be worse. Even Republicans like Mick Mulvaney concede Trump lawyer Rudy Giuliani did not have a stellar day in court yesterday in Pennsylvania. His poor performance came after Giuliani allegedly requested $20,000 per day to continue arguing on behalf of the president to overturn the results of the election. Giuliani isn’t an expert in election law, so is his performance just spectacle or is there some other master plan? Tolson says it may not matter that the legal claims are bogus: what matters to Trump’s base is that he continues to fight. And, of course, there’s the matter of fundraising for paying off Trump’s legal debt or a possible run in 2024.

With voting underway around the country, Franita Tolson, law professor at USC specializing in election law, talks about some of the early challenges, from long lines to too few or unauthorized drop-boxes.

It's a pretty atypical election year, which means that things won't look like they usually do when you cast your ballot. But how can we spot voter suppression this pandemic election? On Today's Show:With voting underway around the country, Franita Tolson, law professor at USC specializing in election law, talks about some of the early challenges, from long lines to too few or unauthorized drop-boxes.

The 2020 election is seeing unprecedented volatility leading up to November 3. Will this volatility make a difference, helping or hurting the system’s capacity to serve its purpose? This is the first of many questions about the 2020 election that this group of election law experts will tackle.

USC Gould School of Law Vice Dean Franita Tolson talks with Jon about the historic nature of Kamala Harris's spot on the Democratic Party ticket and on the many ongoing fights related to voting rights across the U.S.

On this episode of On the Issues with Michele Goodwin, we review the 2019-2020 Supreme Court term. Since 1790, of the 113 individuals who have served on the Supreme Court, only four have been women. Similarly, in over 230 years, only three justices have been persons of color—two of whom presently serve on the Court. Under Trump, the vast majority of judges confirmed to the nation’s federal courts are white men. Thus, in over two hundred years, very little has changed in terms of the Court’s composition. Where do women fit in? How can the Court evolve in recognizing the rights of women and marginalized groups when it doesn't reflect the actual makeup of the U.S.?On this episode, we review the 2019-2020 Supreme Court term—which has been a roller coaster, leaving many to wonder about the Court’s commitment to equality, inclusion and nondiscrimination—despite decisions that appeared to be wins for vulnerable communities. For example, despite a win in June Medical on abortion rights, the Trump administration has gutted reproductive health policies put in place during the Nixon administration—such as Title X, which provides reproductive healthcare for the poorest Americans. As well, many concerned about racial equality view the Court as slipping in its regard for equal opportunity and the protection of due process for people of color. Joining Dr. Michele Goodwin as we try to understand these issues are: Brigitte Amiri, deputy director at the ACLU's Reproductive Freedom Project. Erwin Chemerinsky, dean and Jesse H. Choper distinguished professor of law, University of California, Berkeley School of Law Leah Litman, assistant professor of law at the University of Michigan Law School and co-host of the "Strict Scrutiny" podcast. Franita Tolson, vice dean for faculty and academic affairs, and professor of law at the University of Southern California Gould School of Law. Support the show (http://msmagazine.com)

What did the original Constitution say about the right to vote? How has that changed over time, and why? In celebration of the 100th anniversary of the 19th Amendment and the 150th anniversary of the 15th Amendment in 2020, the National Constitution Center hosted a program featuring a panel of voting and election law experts who addressed those questions and more. They also reflected on the memory of legendary voting and civil rights advocate Congressman John Lewis, the anniversaries of two landmark suffrage amendments, and other key laws and Supreme Court decisions that changed the scope of suffrage in America. National Constitution Center President and CEO Jeffrey Rosen was joined by Alexander Keyssar of the Harvard Kennedy School, Derek Muller of Iowa Law School, and Franita Tolson of the USC Gould School of Law. This program was part of the Center’s yearlong initiative, Women and the Constitution, celebrating the 100th anniversary of the 19th Amendment, and was made possible through the generous support of SteegeThomson Communications. Questions or comments about the show? Email us at podcast@constitutioncenter.org.

What does it mean to have a free and fair election? Does our system work? Election scholars Ned Foley and Franita Tolson ask the big questions around U.S. voting as the clock counts down to the 2020 presidential election.

Have you ever read every word of The U.S. Constitution? You don't have to, because ol' Dadward here is about to read it into your ears and give little sidenotes to make sure we both understand it. This episode is a follow up to Nomology with law professor Franita Tolson, so start there for the basics and learn why knowing your rights and using your voice can change the future. Follow Franita Tolson at Twitter.com/ProfTolson and read more about her work here. More links at alieward.com/ologies/nomology An additional donation went to the American Civil Liberties Union. Learn more at www.aclu.org Sponsor links: Progressive.com; kiwi.com/ologies; TrueandCo.com/ologies (Code: ologies) Become a patron of Ologies for as little as a buck a month: www.Patreon.com/ologies OlogiesMerch.com has hats, shirts, pins, totes! Follow twitter.com/ologies or instagram.com/ologies Follow twitter.com/AlieWard or instagram.com/AlieWard Sound editing by Jarrett Sleeper of MindJam Media & Steven Ray Morris Theme song by Nick Thorburn Support the show.

If you've never read The Constitution, you're like most of us. What does it even say?! Most Americans aren't law scholars, which is why we sat down with a Dean of USC's Gould School of Law, Professor Franita Tolson, to have her give us the crib sheet on the most important document in the free world. What's up with the amendments? What are the articles? What does it mean to be an American? What rights do we have? How did we get them and how do we keep them? We also discuss what it was like having Barack Obama as her law professor, if she reads the Apple Terms & Conditions, the Civil Rights Movement, Hamilton, whether Trump can be impeached, how to get familiar with the best SCOTUS gossip and Shonda Rhimes. By the end of the episode, you'll be able to wink at the Constitution and say "I get you" and you also might be engaging in more peaceful protests or applying to law school or hanging Professor Tolson's portrait on your wall. Follow Franita Tolson at Twitter.com/ProfTolson and read more about her work here. More links at alieward.com/ologies/nomology A donation went to the American Civil Liberties Union. Learn more at www.aclu.org Sponsor links: Progressive.com; TheGreatCoursesPlus.com/Ologies; WITHCOVE.com/ologies; OhMyGut.info/podcast Become a patron of Ologies for as little as a buck a month: www.Patreon.com/ologies OlogiesMerch.com has hats, shirts, pins, totes! Follow twitter.com/ologies or instagram.com/ologies Follow twitter.com/AlieWard or instagram.com/AlieWard Sound editing by Jarrett Sleeper of MindJam Media & Steven Ray Morris Theme song by Nick Thorburn Support the show.

In this episode, Franita Tolson, Professor of Law and Vice-Dean of Faculty and Academic Affairs at the University of Southern California Gould School of Law, discusses her article "The Spectrum of Congressional Authority Over Elections," which is published in the Boston University Law Review. Tolson begins by explaining how overlapping constitutional authorization for Congressional regulation should affect the scope and strength of Congressional power. Specifically, she observes that the 14th Amendment and the Elections Clause both authorize Congressional regulation of elections, and argues that this overlapping authority should increase Congressional power to act. She criticizes the Supreme Court's decision in Shelby County v. Holder for failing to consider how the Elections Clause affects the constitutionality of Sections 4(b) and 5 of the Voting Rights Act. And she reflects on how her observations about multiple sources of constitutional authority might affect the analysis of the legitimacy of Congressional action in the election law context and elsewhere going forward. Tolson is on Twitter at @ProfTolson.This episode was hosted by Brian L. Frye, Spears-Gilbert Associate Professor of Law at the University of Kentucky College of Law. Frye is on Twitter at @brianlfrye. See acast.com/privacy for privacy and opt-out information.

Section 2 of the 14th Amendment is one of the U.S. Constitution's most important evolutions. While it has never been enforced, this particular section gets to the very heart of voting rights in the United States — and its history constitutes a compelling story all its own. On this episode, Franita Tolson, Professor of Law at the University of Southern California Gould School of Law, joins to tell that story. She breaks down the importance of understanding these critical passages, and she sheds light on how they inform the biggest debates around ballot access issues as America barrels toward 2020.

As Americans prepare to head to the polls next week, We the People partnered with Ballotpedia for a rundown of the election law and voting rights issues most relevant to the 2018 midterms. Ballotpedia’s News Editor Sarah Rosier joins election law scholars Franita Tolson and Michael Morley to break down all sides of the legal arguments surrounding voter ID laws, gerrymandering, “signature matching,” the purging of voter rolls, and felon disenfranchisement. Jeffrey Rosen hosts. 

As Americans prepare to head to the polls next week, We the People partnered with Ballotpedia for a rundown of the election law and voting rights issues most relevant to the 2018 midterms. Ballotpedia’s News Editor Sarah Rosier joins election law scholars Franita Tolson and Michael Morley to break down all sides of the legal arguments surrounding voter ID laws, gerrymandering, “signature matching,” the purging of voter rolls, and felon disenfranchisement. Jeffrey Rosen hosts. 

Constitutional and election law expert Franita Tolson joins us to talk about a little-known section of one of the most well-known parts of the Constitution. The Fourteenth Amendment grants rights enforceable against states, not just against the federal government. And it gives Congress a role in enforcing those rights. But did you know that it also provides an apparently severe and mandatory remedy for abridgments by states of the right to vote? You will. This show’s links: Franita Tolson's faculty profile (http://gould.usc.edu/faculty/?id=73521) and writing (https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/cf_dev/AbsByAuth.cfm?per_id=737594) Franita Tolson, What is Abridgment?: A Critique of Two Section Twos (https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2644320) Luther v. Borden (https://scholar.google.com/scholar_case?case=7884047486442944178) (disclaiming power under the Constitution to identify which of two rival factions was the government of Rhode Island); see also Erwin Chemerinsky, Cases Under the Guarantee Clause Should Be Justiciable (https://scholarship.law.duke.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?referer=https://www.google.com/&httpsredir=1&article=1696&context=faculty_scholarship) Sharrow v. Brown (https://scholar.google.com/scholar_case?case=13060533703812147352) at footnote 9, for an example of a court wrestling with the seemingly mandatory language of section two's reduction formula Shelby County v. Holder (https://scholar.google.com/scholar_case?case=4053797526279899410) Special Guest: Franita Tolson.

Session IV