Podcasts about challenged

Cultural Artifacts is our version of a Top Ten list for the year. G. Tyler Burns and Jemar Tisby are back for part two. This time we've got a few albums, some books, and a variety of movies and television shows you'll want to check out right away! As always, the rules remain the same: these artifacts don't have to be new. They just have to be consumed this year. The things that steadied us. Challenged us. Made us feel more human in a year that demanded a lot. Don't forget to listen to Part 1: https://youtu.be/pFaTdC9-fUQ Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

In the final hour, Matt Spiegel and Laurence Holmes were joined by CHGO host Adam Hoge to break down the Bears' 19-16 loss to the Lions on Sunday and to preview Chicago's game against rival Green Bay in the wild-card round next Saturday. After that, Spiegel and Holmes scouted Bears road trip possibilities for the 2026 season.

Matt Spiegel and Laurence Holmes were joined by CHGO host Adam Hoge to break down the Bears' 19-16 loss to the Lions on Sunday and to preview Chicago's game against rival Green Bay in the wild-card round next Saturday.

Are you graduating from the grind in 2026? You could go it alone and wing it. But here’s what one participant said about our small group coaching program: “It was fantastic! I got to work with other people and share ideas with others on what retirement could be. It gave me clarity and confidence.” New groups are starting on January 22 & 23. Let’s go. Learn more Join us “Challenged me to get out of the starting blocks and far down the path of really thinking about this next phase of my life in very different ways. I now feel like I have a solid road map.” “I wish I'd taken this program earlier.” _____________________________ What if everything you’ve planned for financially in retirement still leaves you feeling completely lost? Today’s guest knows this paradox intimately. Dan Haylett built his career as a financial planner, helping people achieve financial independence. But what he discovered shocked him: when money stops being the problem in retirement, and that’s when the real problems show up. Dan is a retirement transition specialist helping people navigate the psychological side of retirement that no financial plan can solve. He’s learned that people plan meticulously for financial independence but rarely prepare for psychological independence. The result? Three devastating losses hit early: loss of structure, loss of relevance, and loss of identity. In this conversation, Dan shares his framework for retirement well-being built on five human pillars that have nothing to do with your bank account. He challenges what you think you know about retirement as a “reward” and shows you why the most successful retirements aren’t built on bucket lists and endless travel, but on something far simpler and more profound. If you’ve ever wondered who you are when no one needs your output anymore, this episode will change how you see the next chapter of your life. Dan Haylett joins us from the UK. ______________________ Bio Dan Haylett, who's the author of The Retirement You Didn't See Coming: a guide to the human side of retirement nobody warns you about. Dan is a financial planner and head of growth for TFP Financial Planning based in the UK. Dan focuses on financial planning, retirement planning, and life planning for people 50+. He also hosts a podcast called Humans vs. Retirement on the behavioral aspects of retirement. Prior to joining TFP, Dan held a number of positions in asset management. ______________________ For More on Dan Haylett The Retirement You Didn't See Coming TFP Financial Planning Humans vs Retirement ______________________ Podcast Conversations You May Like How to Prepare Mentally for Life After Work – Joseph Maugeri Retiring: Creating a Life That Works for You – Teresa Amabile What Are The Keys To A Successful Retirement? Fritz Gilbert ______________________ About The Retirement Wisdom Podcast There are many podcasts on retirement, often hosted by financial advisors with their own financial motives, that cover the money side of the street. This podcast is different. You'll get smarter about the investment decisions you'll make about the most important asset you'll have in retirement: your time. About Retirement Wisdom I help people who are retiring, but aren't quite done yet, discover what's next and build their custom version of their next life. A meaningful retirement doesn't just happen by accident. Schedule a call today to discuss how the Designing Your Life process created by Bill Burnett & Dave Evans can help you make your life in retirement a great one — on your own terms. About Your Podcast Host Joe Casey is an executive coach who helps people design their next life after their primary career and create their version of The Multipurpose Retirement.™ He created his own next chapter after a 26-year career at Merrill Lynch, where he was Senior Vice President and Head of HR for Global Markets & Investment Banking. Joe has earned Master's degrees from the University of Southern California in Gerontology (at age 60), the University of Pennsylvania, and Middlesex University (UK), a BA in Psychology from the University of Massachusetts at Amherst, and his coaching certification from Columbia University. In addition to his work with clients, Joe hosts The Retirement Wisdom Podcast, ranked in the top 1% globally in popularity by Listen Notes, with over 1.6 million downloads. Business Insider recognized Joe as one of 23 innovative coaches who are making a difference. He's the author of Win the Retirement Game: How to Outsmart the 9 Forces Trying to Steal Your Joy. ___________________________ Wise Quotes On Structure in Retirement “So the biggest surprise for me is this. Money stops being the problem. And that’s when the real problems show up, right? So I think that’s kind of the biggest surprise for me. People expect relief. Instead, they probably feel quite disorientated. They’ve planned for financial independence, but not necessarily psychological independence. And so I think the three big shocks or surprises, I think, tend to hit quite early. You get this loss of structure. So there’s kind of no diary or no default rhythm. People get this loss of relevance. Nobody needs you at 9 a.m. anymore. And this loss of identity that job title that once explained you to the world has quietly disappeared. So I think that to me is probably the three big,money stops being the problem. And then the real problems of loss, particularly structure, relevance and identity, really start to take hold. I think one of the things that I really want to reframe when it comes to structure, structure doesn’t disappear in retirement. I think it just stops being imposed on us. For decades, work has  spoon-fed you your structure to a degree, right? Work gave us a reason to get up, a place to be, people to see, and problems to solve. And I think if you remove that overnight, your brain will just panic. And I think the mistake that people try to make, or sorry, the mistake people make is trying to recreate work this kind of same hours, same busyness, just without the meaning. And instead, what I encourage people to do is to build what I would describe as kind of light scaffolding, I suppose, something like that, not rigid schedules, just kind of what I would describe as anchors.” On Identity “The question is, who are you when no one needs your output? Let that breathe for a second. Who are you when no one needs your output? And then you start widening identity whilst you’re still working, right? Develop interests that don’t pay you. Spend time with people who don’t care what you do. And I think really importantly, notice what gives you energy outside of kind of performance and status. Because I do think if your entire sense of self is wrapped up in your role in your job, retirement will feel less like freedom and kind of more like redundancy, right? It’s that kind of instant, you’ve lost this thing and you didn’t want to lose it. So I do think it’s a massive challenge because it’s been, you know, our identity that we’ve had has given us so much, has given us status, has given us structure, it’s given us a sense of self-worth. It’s given us many things that provide us with joy and happiness. And, you know, for the first time, we’re free probably to explore with a really decent chunk of wisdom who we actually are as a person. I think the first question you ask is, what’s your name? Hopefully, if you want to kind of start building a bit of a rapport and bond with someone. And maybe the second question is, what do you do? And as we’ve just explored, you would typically answer that question with, I am a ___________. Or on a lot of occasions, someone still gives you a business card or now modern day, it’s like a QR code, right? That kind of gives you a little thing. But, if you give a business card and on that business card, it will have your name. And underneath your name, it will have your job title. It’s kind of, here you are. This is what I do. This is who I am. And my challenge I do to people, I say, well, if you didn’t have a business card, what would you give out or what would you say? And actually, let’s create a business card. Let’s think about what your business card would say. And you can be creative, you can be funny, you can be jovial, you can be serious, you can be whatever you want. But what if your business card said free to explore or, you know, just make up something creative? I’ve got a client who on his business card wrote, trying to play the top 100 golf courses in England before I die, right? That kind of thing. It’s kind of like, that was one of his missions. And you can have multiple business cards, multiple things that you want. So it’s just trying to kind of frame this thing where I think people will, because what I do see, Joe, which I think is actually quite sad, is when people hang on to past identities.”

Thank you Marg KJ, M Hope, Bev Ferguson, JEDIforAll, Judy, and many others for tuning into my live video! Join me for my next live video in the app.* Jenna Flanagan: Militarism vs Democracy: Venezuela's Lesson and Mamdani's Momentum: Sanctions devastated Venezuela. Corporate media sold the war. Mamdani shows Democrats a better way forward. [More]* Gabriel Aguirre, a Venez… To hear more, visit egberto.substack.com

From pharaohs' tombs in Ancient Egypt and medieval currency, to priceless royal jewellery and Spandau Ballet songs - gold has been prized for millennia. But it's only really in the last century or so that we've started uncovering its usefulness in less decorative applications.Today, gold is used in masses of electricals; it's also revolutionised part of the manufacturing sector by stopping a dangerous reliance on mercury as a catalyst; and it's vital to space missions. Although there are also some more frivolous modern uses for gold, as Hannah and Dara discover. (Gold-leaf in your cocktail, anyone?)Challenged to find out whether all the world's mined gold would really fit in an Olympic swimming pool, our science-savvy duo discover that this antisocial element might just be the best darn thing on the periodic table... Contributors: - Graham Hutchings, Regius Professor of Chemistry at the University of Cardiff - Frances Wall, Professor of Applied Mineralogy in the Camborne School of Mines at the University of Exeter - Tim Peake, AstronautProducer: Lucy Taylor Executive Producer: Sasha Feachem A BBC Studios Production

Also: my love language, beginning emails with Good Morning & beauty school never went

Are you ready to graduate from the grind in 2026? Then here's your most important project: Future You. Join our small group coaching program and design your new life after work. Learn more “Eye opening and provocative.” “Challenged me to get out of the starting blocks and far down the path of really thinking about this next phase of my life in very different ways. I now feel like I have a solid road map.” “I wish I'd taken this program earlier.” __________________________ Start the new year right with new habits. FREE 3 session program – 3 Fridays in January at Noon Eastern January 2, 9 and 16 Sign up here ____________________________ Thank you for joining us and listening this year. This special year-end Best Of episode is a collection of valuable insights from our recent guests. If you missed Part One, you can find it here ____________________________ Listen in to full conversations: Harry Agress Kerry Burnight Nathalie Martin Ken Stern Joseph Magueri Christine Platt Michael Long Carl Landau Francine Toder Diane Button ________________________ You May Also Like The Very Best of 2024 – Retirement Wisdom Best of 2023 – Part Three _________________________ About The Retirement Wisdom Podcast There are many podcasts on retirement, often hosted by financial advisors with their own financial motives, that cover the money side of the street. This podcast is different. You'll get smarter about the investment decisions you'll make about the most important asset you'll have in retirement: your time. About Retirement Wisdom I help people who are retiring, but aren't quite done yet, discover what's next and build their custom version of their next life. A meaningful retirement doesn't just happen by accident. Schedule a call today to discuss how the Designing Your Life process created by Bill Burnett & Dave Evans can help you make your life in retirement a great one — on your own terms. About Your Podcast Host Joe Casey is an executive coach who helps people design their next life after their primary career and create their version of The Multipurpose Retirement.™ He created his own next chapter after a 26-year career at Merrill Lynch, where he was Senior Vice President and Head of HR for Global Markets & Investment Banking. Joe has earned Master's degrees from the University of Southern California in Gerontology (at age 60), the University of Pennsylvania, and Middlesex University (UK), a BA in Psychology from the University of Massachusetts at Amherst, and his coaching certification from Columbia University. In addition to his work with clients, Joe hosts The Retirement Wisdom Podcast, ranked in the top 1% globally in popularity by Listen Notes, with over 1.6 million downloads. Business Insider recognized Joe as one of 23 innovative coaches who are making a difference. He's the author of Win the Retirement Game: How to Outsmart the 9 Forces Trying to Steal Your Joy.

This week on Tales from the Attitude Era, former WWF writer Tommy Blacha and co-host Rob Pasbani head north to Vancouver for the May 29, 2000, episode of RAW is WAR! It's a Memorial Day classic featuring one of the hottest (and most anti-American) crowds of the year.We break down the massive return of Kane, who interrupts a chaotic lumberjack brawl between The Rock, Undertaker, and the McMahon-Helmsley Faction. Plus, Too Cool shocks the world by defeating Edge & Christian for the Tag Team Titles with help from Kid Rock's hype man, Joe C!We also dive into:- Kurt Angle's legendary nuclear heat promo insulting Ben Johnson, the Grizzlies, and Canadian healthcare.- A discussion on WWE's history with Canadian customs and immigration lawyers.- The "Cold Spot" match that the crowd ignored to chant for "Puppies."- Chris Benoit vs. Hardcore Holly in an incredibly stiff bout.- The mystery of who is attacking Vince McMahon, Road Dogg, and Pat Patterson backstage.- The Kat returns to join The Godfather and Dean Malenko.Join us for a breakdown of a pivotal RAW on the road to King of the Ring 2000! Don't forget to LIKE, SUBSCRIBE, and hit the notification bell!0:00 - Intro 3:40 - Tommy's Story: WWE vs. Canadian Customs6:00 - Writing the King of the Ring Tournament (Pencil vs. Ink)11:00 - Undertaker's "American Badass" Entrance & Theme Music13:15 - McMahon-Helmsley Faction Promo / Undertaker & Rock Interrupt19:00 - Match 1: The Godfather, Dean Malenko & The Kat vs. Perry Saturn, D'Lo Brown & Terri24:44 - Edge & Christian meet Joe C 26:15 - Kurt Angle's Nuclear Heat Promo32:59 - Match 2: Eddie Guerrero vs. Kurt Angle (European Title)34:46 - Mystery Attacker Storyline: Road Dogg taken out35:47 - The "Short" 5-Second Pose36:16 - Match 3: Too Cool vs. Edge & Christian (Tag Team Titles)39:00 - TOO COOL WIN THE TITLES!41:03 - Was Joe C's Involvement "Annoying"? (Meltzer vs. Reality)43:00 - "Belt" vs. "Championship" / Forbidden Words44:30 - Vince McMahon Attacked / "Austin" Chants45:09 - Match 4: Rikishi vs. Shane McMahon (KOTR Qualifier)47:16 - Backstage: Stephanie, T&A, and Val Venis49:35 - Match 5: Chris Jericho & The Hardy Boyz vs. Val Venis, Test & Albert53:33 - Hardcore Holly & Chris Benoit Promo ("US Sucks" Chants)54:41 - Match 6: Chris Benoit vs. Hardcore Holly57:25 - Match 7: Bull Buchanan vs. Steve Blackman (The "Cold Spot")58:40 - The Crowd Ignores the Match for "Puppies"1:00:47 - Pat Patterson Attacked (The Coffee Spill)1:02:54 - Edge & Christian Stuff Joe C in a Trash Can1:03:37 - Main Event Segment: Rock & Undertaker vs. The Regime1:06:51 - KANE RETURNS!1:08:30 - Teasing a Fatal Four-Way?1:10:45 - Final Thoughts & OutroFollow Tales from The Attitude Era on all social mediahttp://youtube.com/@TFTAttitudeEra http://twitter.com/TFTAttitudeErahttp://instagram.com/TFTAttitudeErahttp://tiktok.com/@TFTAttitudeEra Hosted on Acast. See acast.com/privacy for more information.

Has Anyone Ever Challenged You To Something You Are An Expert At Without Them Knowing It??Become a supporter of this podcast: https://www.spreaker.com/podcast/darkest-mysteries-online-the-strange-and-unusual-podcast-2025--5684156/support.Darkest Mysteries Online

Has Anyone Ever Challenged You To Something You Are An Expert At Without Them Knowing It??Become a supporter of this podcast: https://www.spreaker.com/podcast/darkest-mysteries-online-the-strange-and-unusual-podcast-2025--5684156/support.Darkest Mysteries Online

Has Anyone Ever Challenged You To Something You Are An Expert At Without Them Knowing It??Become a supporter of this podcast: https://www.spreaker.com/podcast/darkest-mysteries-online-the-strange-and-unusual-podcast-2025--5684156/support.Darkest Mysteries Online

BEST CHRISTMAS GAME WE HAVE EVER SEEN! GREATEST COMEBACK IN KNICKS HISTORY! Tyler Kolek continues to deliver big time performeance after big time performance. But nothing is bigger than Christmas Day game down 17 points and being one of the main reasons why NY wins the game! But give credit where it's due, we wouldn't be here without Mike Brown who has unlocked multiple players including Kolek. He challenged Kolek after the game against the Wolves and again at halftime but Kolek's response was nothing we expected... it was legendary... Troy Mahabir breaks all of this down! SHOW CHAPTERS: 00:00 - Intro 00:51 - Presented By FanDuel 01:18 - Tyler Kolek Has Arrived! 01:50 - Tyler Kolek Delivers CHRISTMAS DAY Special! 02:24 - Game Winning Block By Kolek! 02:55 - Kolek Highlights V Cavs 03:54 - Tylek Kolek WENT OFF In That Fourth Quarter 07:02 - Mike Brown CHALLENGES Tyler Kolek 09:21 - Kolek Credits Brown For Recent Play & Development 11:58 - FanDuel UPDATED Odds For Winner Of NBA Finals 14:31 - Mike Brown HOLDING PLAYERS Accountable 16:01 - Tyler Kolek Gearing Up To Deliver ANOTHER Impressive Performance LISTEN NOW TO GET YOUR KNICKS FIX! Catch the latest special interviews, shorts, fan interactions, and more by following the show! Don't forget to turn on notifications so you don't miss another episode! Rather Watch the latest Knicks Recap episode? Catch us on YouTube here: https://www.youtube.com/@TheKnicksRecap Follow The Knicks Recap on all social media platforms! Twitter: https://twitter.com/TheKnicksRecap Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/TheKnicksRecap/ Reddit: https://www.reddit.com/u/TheKnicksRecap?utm_source=share&utm_medium=android_app&utm_name=androidcss&utm_term=1&utm_content=share_button Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/TheKnicksRecap/ Rather Listen to The Knicks Recap on a different platform? Catch us on ALL of your favorite streaming platforms: Apple Podcast: https://apple.co/3SKSl8o Spotify: https://spoti.fi/3QrEfr6 iHeart Radio: https://www.iheart.com/podcast/269-the-knicks-recap-a-new-yor-100895112/ Amazon Music: https://amzn.to/3QoZrOd Other Pod Channels: https://anchor.fm/the-knicks-recap Grab our MERCH featuring some of the graphics you've seen us create to take your Knicks fandom to the NEXT LEVEL: MAIN STORE: https://theknicksrecap.myspreadshop.com/ CashApp: $TheKnicksRecap Have a comment about the show, an interview, or a graphic idea? Reach out to The Knicks Recap on ALL SOCIAL MEDIA PLATFORMS! Hosted by Simplecast, an AdsWizz company. See pcm.adswizz.com for information about our collection and use of personal data for advertising.

122525 Honduras Election Challenged, China Rages at US in Venezuela, NORAD and Santa, Epstein Letter by The News with Paul DeRienzo

It's the most wonderful time of the year! No. I'm not talking about Christmas (that's wonderful, too). Cultural Artifacts!!! For longtime PTM listeners, this will feel like slipping into a familiar groove. As always, the rules remain the same: these artifacts don't have to be new. They just have to be consumed this year. The things that steadied us. Challenged us. Made us feel more human in a year that demanded a lot. This is Part 1 of 2, so consider this your invitation to settle in—and start making your own list. We'll be back next Thursday (12/18) for part 2 of Cultural Artifacts. Catch us on Substack Live or on my YouTube page. What's on your cultural artifacts list this year? Let us know in the comments. ------ Join the Founding 50—fifty new/upgraded subscribers who invest in scaling Tisby Media and building a legacy institution. Simply go sign up to be a paid subscriber and select the “Founding Member” level. JemarTisby.Substack.com Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

In this episode of Litigation Nation, co-hosts Danessa Watkins and Jack Sanker dive into two significant legal topics currently shaping the landscape of litigation in the U.S. Jack discusses the Trump administration's reversal of affirmative action programs, diving into the history of affirmative action and DEI programs in the U.S and breaking down the legal implications of their prohibition for the public and private sectors.  Next, Danessa revisits Florida's ban on social media for children under 14 years of age (previously discussed in Episode 46).  Social media industry groups have challenged the law, claiming it is in violation of the First Amendment. Danessa explores this lawsuit and the national conversation surrounding the legal, psychological, and data-privacy implications of social media age-verification laws.  Join us as we discuss the complexities of critical topics and encourage our listeners to stay informed about how these issues may affect their rights and responsibilities in litigation. Don't forget to subscribe to Litigation Nation for more updates on legal news and analysis!

Are you ready to graduate from the grind in 2026? Then here’s your most important project: Future You. Learn more “Eye opening and provocative.” “Challenged me to get out of the starting blocks and far down the path of really thinking about this next phase of my life in very different ways. I now feel like I have a solid road map.” “I wish I’d taken this program earlier.” __________________________ Start the new year right with new habits. FREE 3 session program – 3 Fridays in January at Noon Eastern January 2, 9 and 16 Sign up here __________________________ What if the most creative chapter of your life hasn't happened yet? Today's conversation is about second acts that arrive not quietly—but boldly. Kim Gottlieb-Walker published her debut novel at age 78 after a 50-year career as a photographer. She also leads the Vintage Writers, a lively weekly Zoom group of women authors over 70. Joining her is Roselyn Teukolsky, a former math and computer science educator who retired and now writes fiction. This conversation explores creative courage, identity shifts, the power of starting something new – and the value of community. Kim Gottlieb-Walker and Roselyn Teukolsky join us from California. _________________________ Planning for retirement? Check out our recommended Best Books for Retirement _________________________ Bios Kim Gottlieb-Walker's  career as a photographer covered a wide range of subjects, from classic rock and roll, reggae, and politics in the ‘60s and ‘70s to major motion pictures and television shows. Now in her late 70s, she has reinvented herself as a novelist. While still at UCLA (where she  received a BA in Motion Picture production) and shortly thereafter, she shot for underground LA newspapers and magazines including Crawdaddy, the Staff, and Music World. She  also shot the stills for John Carpenter's Halloween, The Fog, Christine and Escape from New York and worked at Paramount Pictures for nine years as the production photographer for Cheers, and five years for Family Ties. For three decades she  was an elected representative for still photographers on the National Executive Board of IATSE Local 600, the International Cinematographers Guild. Her coffee-table photo books Bob Marley and the Golden Age of Reggae and On Set with John Carpenter were published by Titan Press (UK) distributed by Random House (USA) and both are now in multiple printing. They have editions in Japanese, Russian and French. She's  had gallery shows in London, Los Angeles and New York. Her novels are  Lenswoman in Love – a novel of the 1960s & ‘70s (her debut) and the not-yet published historical novel Caterina by Moonlight, about a girl growing up in renaissance Florence in the late 15th century. Her short story “Summer of Love – 1967” appears in the multi-award-winning anthology Feisty Deeds. Former math and computer science teacher, Roselyn Teukolsky, is the author of A Reluctant Spy, an unconventional spy thriller, and The Fourth Woman, a cautionary tale about online dating. Teukolsky has long been intrigued by the dilemmas faced by smart women in male-dominated settings. Working as a computer science teacher has given her the familiarity to create an authentic female protagonist, a brilliant computer scientist, who, in the latest novel, must ward off a ransomware attack and an online-dating predator. Teukolsky has a B.Sc. in Math and Chemistry from the University of the Witwatersrand in Johannesburg, and an M.S. in Math Education from Cornell. She is the author of the Barron's review book for AP Computer Science, which is currently in its 12th edition. Roselyn's favorite pastime is tournament bridge. She wrote How to Play Bridge with Your Spouse … and Survive (Master Point Press) in 2002. She lives in Pasadena, CA, with her husband, Saul Teukolsky. ________________________ Have a Question You’d Like Answered on the Podcast? Click here to leave a voice message or email me at joec@retirementwisdom.com _________________________ For More on Kim Gottlieb-Walker  Lenswoman in Love www.Lenswoman.com for an overview of her photographic history www.TheRenaissanceWoman.net www.KimGottliebWalker.com – her author website. — For More on Roselyn Teukolsky A Reluctant Spy The Fourth Woman _________________________ Podcast Conversations You May Like Why Retirement Was Just the Beginning – Neal Lipschutz A Creative Pursuit with an Intergenerational Assist – Neil & Michelle McLaughlin Edit Your Life – Elisabeth Sharp McKetta __________________________ About The Retirement Wisdom Podcast There are many podcasts on retirement, often hosted by financial advisors with their own financial motives, that cover the money side of the street. This podcast is different. You'll get smarter about the investment decisions you'll make about the most important asset you'll have in retirement: your time. About Retirement Wisdom I help people who are retiring, but aren't quite done yet, discover what's next and build their custom version of their next life. A meaningful retirement doesn't just happen by accident. Schedule a call today to discuss how the Designing Your Life process created by Bill Burnett & Dave Evans can help you make your life in retirement a great one — on your own terms. About Your Podcast Host Joe Casey is an executive coach who helps people design their next life after their primary career and create their version of The Multipurpose Retirement.™ He created his own next chapter after a 26-year career at Merrill Lynch, where he was Senior Vice President and Head of HR for Global Markets & Investment Banking. Joe has earned Master's degrees from the University of Southern California in Gerontology (at age 60), the University of Pennsylvania, and Middlesex University (UK), a BA in Psychology from the University of Massachusetts at Amherst, and his coaching certification from Columbia University. In addition to his work with clients, Joe hosts The Retirement Wisdom Podcast, ranked in the top 1% globally in popularity by Listen Notes, with over 1.6 million downloads. Business Insider recognized Joe as one of 23 innovative coaches who are making a difference. He's the author of Win the Retirement Game: How to Outsmart the 9 Forces Trying to Steal Your Joy. ___________________________ Wise Quotes On a Writing Community “One of the things I’ve loved best about this recreation of my life is the number of people it’s brought into my life because the writers are a very supportive community. And it keeps your brain alive. There’s so much you have to learn with the learning curve of writing a book that it keeps your brain cells going. It stimulates them. I think there are many people out there who, after having had very active careers that are now retired and are feeling at lost ends. Every person has met interesting people during their lives, has had things happen to them, have had tragedies, have had happiness. Everybody has experiences in them that they might want to communicate. And writing, even though it seems like a very solitary occupation, it gives you a chance to put all of your life experience out into the world and to then connect with other people, other writers, to get the support that you need and to learn all of the different aspects of it. So it’s a very satisfying way to spend your retirement. Oh, well, it’s an amazing group of women. They’re all over 70. They’ve all reinvented themselves as writers. Some were writers beforehand, but most have reinvented themselves. And they cover all different kinds of writing of every genre. There’s self-help, there’s romance, there’s mystery, there’s historical fiction, and they’re all very talented, alert, wonderful women. And we meet every Tuesday on Zoom and commiserate and celebrate and give advice. And it has been the most wonderful support group. So we’re not isolated in retirement. We have interactions with people who have similar goals and similar challenges. It’s a tremendous support group.” – Kim Gottlieb-Walker On Age as an Asset ” It is never too late to reinvent yourself. It’s totally within your reach. You don’t have to depend on anyone else. All you have to do is sit down and let your ideas flow. And I wouldn’t worry about ageism because now that we’re in an age where you can self-publish, it doesn’t matter how old you are. And the fact that we have had such rich lives and so many experiences informs the writing and gives the writing depth and gives it reality because it’s based on our real experiences. No matter what you’re writing, you’re bringing your life experiences into it, which is incredibly valuable. So don’t worry about ageism. Don’t worry about the publisher. Just get it out on paper. Do it yourself.” – Kim Gottlieb-Walker On Starting to Write “A lot of my friends have said to me, Oh, they would love to write a book. They would love to write a book. They’re going to write a book. But the point is, if you don’t sit down every day at the same time, backside in the desk, it doesn’t happen. It just doesn’t. Even if you sit and do nothing. I would ask, what are you going to do in the next 10 years? And I say, I don’t know what I’m going to do. And I say, Well, why not write in the next 10 years?” – Roselyn Teukolsky

Mike Johnson, Beau Morgan, and Ali Mac continue to recap and react to the Atlanta Falcons 26-19 win over the Arizona Cardinals in Arizona, let you hear Atlanta Falcons Head Coach Raheem Morris talk about how the defense shut down Cardinals tight end Trey McBride, react to what Coach Morris had to say, and talk about how Falcons safety Jessie Bates III showed Cardinals tight end Trey McBride why he shouldn't be challenged or tested.

Today, we take a closer look at Gnosticism. We'll explore the dramatic discovery of the Nag Hammadi texts, the unique divine family of the Gnostics, the story of Sophia and Yaldabaoth, and their different perspective on Jesus… Welcome to Religion Camp!

VP JD Vance leans into Democrats' favorite buzzword — “affordability” — during a speech in Pennsylvania, but unlike the talking points, he brings real numbers and real optimism for America's economic future. Pags breaks down what Vance said and why it actually matters. Then, an update on the Seditious Six, as Pags gives his blunt take on where that controversy stands and what comes next. Finally, independent filmmaker Chad O. Jackson joins the show for a provocative, thought-challenging conversation that questions what we think we know about Martin Luther King Jr. Jackson digs into who actually authored some of MLK's most famous words, what's been mythologized over time, and which uncomfortable truths rarely get discussed. A fascinating, news-driven hour that will make you think. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

Director of Strategic Analysis Australia, Michael Shoebridge, joined 3AW Breakfast. See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

The Sacred text of Sikhs begins with the idea that there is one creative force that is the sound of all of creation. That Creative Force is what is! Everything is part of that Oneness. There is no “other.” Listen as Raman Singh presents a religious way of thinking about caring that starts in a different place. If all of creation is one, then what? If there is no other, then what about Caring for the other, for the stranger? Raman Singh starts out this podcast by causing us to reconsider - possibly think in a  profoundly different way - about who is the “other.”

Happy National Regifting Day! We debate whether this holiday is actually placed correctly on the calendar while Mike battles a post Flyers game sickness with some "Immunity Boost" tea. We get a quick update on Dan, who has seemingly cured his post marathon injuries through fasting and is already planning to run Philly again. Mike recaps his very first hockey game experience, he also dives into the high stakes world of sports card collecting.Things get weird when Erin reveals she has been publicly challenged to a race by Summer House star Craig Conover via Instagram. We discuss the diabolical terms of this "6k" challenge and brainstorm ways to make his travel to Pennsylvania as difficult as possible. We also check in on our favorite "fake" podcaster who is somehow charting on Apple with suspicious numbers and discover the electric world of Microsoft Excel Esports, where spreadsheet experts get intro entrances like pro wrestlers. In sports news, we clarify the misleading headlines about the "trailer park" athlete village for the Winter Olympics. Finally, "Tea Time" covers a controversial Turkey Trot prank that left a new girlfriend in tears , and we end with a wholesome clip of a coach's son dancing in the locker room.

PREVIEW — Professor Jonathan Healey — The Junto: 17th-Century Reformist Challenge to Monarchical Authority. Healey discusses the "Junto," a seventeenth-century reformist political faction that systematically challenged King Charles I before the English Civil War, functioning as a proto-political party coordinating between the House of Lordsand House of Commons. Healey explains that the term, derived from the Spanish word "junta" meaning "joint," described this coordinated political movement designed to limit monarchical authority and systematically increase parliamentary power over state governance, establishing constitutional precedent for legislative supremacy over executive royal prerogative. 1825 WINDSOR

Could the Democrats' constant criticism of President Trump actually increase his chances of helping the GOP win the midterms next year? According to sources in D.C. that Mark knows, Americans will notice significant changes in their paychecks starting in January of next year. Mark interviews Boston radio host Howie Carr. Which Democrats are most likely to be winners in the upcoming elections over the next few years? Howie, currently in Palm Beach, Florida, shares his perspective on the holiday season in the area. Department of Homeland Security's Kristi Noem was challenged on Capitol Hill yesterday by Democrats regarding her handling of ICE. Today, we also remember the legendary music icon Frank Sinatra on what would have been his 110th birthday. Mark interviews pollster John McLaughlin. John breaks down the latest behind-the-scenes poll numbers, focusing on the 2026 gubernatorial race in NYC. United States Representative Elise Stefanik is currently trailing Nassau County Executive Bruce Blakeman, while Governor Kathy Hochul could face a serious challenge ahead. There are also concerns that President Trump's approval rating polls may be manipulated against him. See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

Could the Democrats' constant criticism of President Trump actually increase his chances of helping the GOP win the midterms next year? According to sources in D.C. that Mark knows, Americans will notice significant changes in their paychecks starting in January of next year. Mark interviews Boston radio host Howie Carr. Which Democrats are most likely to be winners in the upcoming elections over the next few years? Howie, currently in Palm Beach, Florida, shares his perspective on the holiday season in the area. Department of Homeland Security's Kristi Noem was challenged on Capitol Hill yesterday by Democrats regarding her handling of ICE. Today, we also remember the legendary music icon Frank Sinatra on what would have been his 110th birthday. Mark interviews pollster John McLaughlin. John breaks down the latest behind-the-scenes poll numbers, focusing on the 2026 gubernatorial race in NYC. United States Representative Elise Stefanik is currently trailing Nassau County Executive Bruce Blakeman, while Governor Kathy Hochul could face a serious challenge ahead. There are also concerns that President Trump's approval rating polls may be manipulated against him.

Bobby gets triggered by a clip of Hilaria Baldwin challenging him to a dance off. Then we get into more podcast shade where Sophia Sansone was on Shannon Ford’s podcast, Probably A Podcast, recently, and talked about her toxic past relationship. Amy talked about Australia banning social media for kids and how she scared her son out of wanting it. We talked about how the biggest breakup day of the year is coming, why guys look at other girls, and the Top shows of the year. We also talked about the deadliest sports for kids.See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

Bobby gets triggered by a clip of Hilaria Baldwin challenging him to a dance off. Then we get into more podcast shade where Sophia Sansone was on Shannon Ford’s podcast, Probably A Podcast, recently, and talked about her toxic past relationship with Riley Green. Amy talked about Australia banning social media for kids and how she scared her son out of wanting it. We talked about how the biggest breakup day of the year is coming, why guys look at other girls, and the Top shows of the year. We also talked about the deadliest sports for kids.See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

Presence isn't theory—it shows up in real situations where energy matters more than anything you say. Some environments expose weakness fast, and no amount of talking can cover it.  In this episode, I break down the places where your presence gets tested the most. I explain why mastering presence gives you a huge edge, because almost nobody is focused on it. By the end, you'll know exactly where your energy gets judged instantly and what that means for you. Show Notes: [02:41]#1 Your presence gets tested when you're dealing with women. [07:37]#2 Your presence gets tested in business. [15:46]#3 Your presence gets tested around other men. [20:69]#4 Your presence gets tested in conflict. [23:29] Recap Episodes Mentioned: 3311: How To Be A "High Value Man" [Part 1 of 2] ⚡️ Power Presence Protocol  Command The Room Without Words → http://PowerPresenceProtocol.com 

It was the most defiant protest in Argentine football history. When Estudiantes turned their backs on Rosario Central's Champion's Guard of Honor, they weren't just being unsportsmanlike—they were firing a shot at the heart of the sport's chaotic governance. This episode dissects the explosive controversy: Was Rosario Central's "League Champion" title legitimate, or a consolation prize? We analyze the deep-seated rivalry, the protest's root in AFA's "Frankenstein" league structure, and why this unprecedented act of rebellion has forced a reckoning over club values, title hierarchy, and the future of fútbol in Argentina. Estudiantes Rosario Central protest, AFA title controversy, Argentine football league structure, Juan Sebastián Verón sanction, sport respect debate.

Join us today as we continue through the book of Genesis with Jameson. As we continue to look at the life of Jacob, let us see how we can be devoted. Visit our linktree: https://linktr.ee/scatteredabroadnetwork Visit our website, www.scatteredabroad.org, and subscribe to our email list. "Like" and "share" our Facebook page: https:// www.facebook.com/sapodcastnetwork Follow us on Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/ the_scattered_abroad_network/ Subscribe to our Substack: https://scatteredabroad.substack.com/Subscribe to our YouTube channel: The Scattered Abroad Network Contact us through email at san@msop.org. If you would like to consider supporting us in any way, don't hesitate to contact us through this email.

Challenged to plan and design sustainable and resilient learning spaces that encourage innovation, critical thinking and collaboration, these young designers have broadened the potential of a school by connecting excellence in design with excellence in education. Their rigorous research, exceptional teamwork and eco-friendly solutions not only meet the needs of students, but address the economy and society of the future, enabling them to master the skills they need to take on the challenges of a world defined by change. In this episode, recorded at the LearningSCAPES conference, Better Learning Podcast co-host Matt sits down with several teens from Desert Mirage Elementary School that participated in the SchoolsNEXT Design Challenge. They share challenges they had while designing their school, and the biggest success they found after it was over.      Award of Excellence - High School: Discovery High School: OAS Jasmine Wieringa, An Luu, Zac Tricola, & Ella Tretheway Discovery High School | Camas, WA Learn More     Award of Excellence - Middle School: Lakeview Middle School: E-STEAM High School Learn More     Learn More About Kay-Twelve: Website: https://kay-twelve.com/ LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/company/kay-twelve-com/ Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/kay_twelve/     Episode 275 of the Better Learning Podcast Kevin Stoller is the host of the Better Learning Podcast and Co-Founder of Kay-Twelve, a national leader for educational furniture. Learn more about creating better learning environments at www.Kay-Twelve.com.   For more information on our partners: Association for Learning Environments (A4LE) - https://www.a4le.org/ Education Leaders' Organization - https://www.ed-leaders.org/ Second Class Foundation - https://secondclassfoundation.org/ EDmarket - https://www.edmarket.org/ Catapult @ Penn GSE - https://catapult.gse.upenn.edu/ Want to be a Guest Speaker? Request on our website

Gavin Ortlund responds to Jon Stewart's reflections on belief and explores why the problem of evil raises even harder questions for atheism than for theism.Truth Unites (https://truthunites.org) exists to promote gospel assurance through theological depth. Gavin Ortlund (PhD, Fuller Theological Seminary) is President of Truth Unites, Visiting Professor of Historical Theology at Phoenix Seminary, and Theologian-in-Residence at Immanuel Nashville.SUPPORT:Tax Deductible Support: https://truthunites.org/donate/Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/truthunitesFOLLOW:Website: https://truthunites.org/Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/truth.unites/X: https://x.com/gavinortlundFacebook: https://www.facebook.com/TruthUnitesPage/

The Senators impressed Frankie Corrado with their game to end the road trip, Katarina Witt, and travelling down some “trade trees” in the NHL.

Reigndrops, we’re back from Thanksgiving break, and we hope you aren’t too full to sip this tea, because we have a jam-packed show for you! On the menu today: Potomac, Porsha, and prenups. Joining Carlos to dig into all of it are Dustin and Blue. Get ready!See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

Who was Jeroboam II? Come Bible Study WITH ME through 2 Kings 14 and ask all the questions!

Ruth Wilson MBE has made a habit of tackling psychologically demanding roles. You'll know her from playing a mother grieving the loss of her child in The Affair, a sociopathic research scientist in Luther or even from her acclaimed stage performances in Anna Christie and King Lear. Now, Wilson is back with Apple TV's Down Cemetery Road, based on novels by Mick Herron. She stars opposite Emma Thompson, as an art restorer swept up in a high stakes crime drama. We talk about her getting rejected from Oxford University, her failure to run the London Marathon in the way she envisaged and the power of aging naturally. Plus: how her father's Alzheimer's diagnosis has helped her live in the present. A beautiful and intelligent conversation with a phenomenally talented actor. ✨ IN THIS EPISODE: 00:00 Introduction 02:11 The Power of Art 04:07 Working with Emma Thompson 07:04 Aging Naturally 08:57 Getting Rejected From Oxford 14:04 Grandfather Being a Spy & a Bigamist 20:21 A Very Royal Scandal 23:36: The London Marathon 31:37 Failing to Trust The Creative Process 38:30 The 24-Hour Play

Filmmakers, Reverend Phillip and Delfeen, have come together to produce the darkest, funniest, craziest Youtube web series called "Diabolically Challenged". Check out this episode for more about this dynamic duo and their show. Stay till the end for a lovely off the rails discussion about orgies. Follow @_delfeen and @reverend_phillip for updates.

Exploring How Paul Challenged Artemis and Changed Ephesus | Footsteps of Paul Ep. 3 by Tim Hatch

Matt Spiegel and Anthony Herron discussed how the NFC North-leading Bears' rallying cry these days is that they're "not the same old Bears."

“Authority Challenged” is the latest sermon in our series through the Gospel of Mark (11:27-12:12). This sermon was preached by Rev. Jason Garwood on Sunday, November 23rd, 2025, during the Covenant Renewal Worship Service at Cross & Crown Church in Warrenton, Virginia. Learn more about our church and mission at www.crosscrownchurch.com.

1. In his message about St Francesca Cabrini, Tim shared about Francesca's vow, made very early in her life, to give her life to the service of God. Did you make any “vows” as a child or young person? Were they made to yourself or to someone else? What were they? If not, what kind of vows might you have made? For those who made some sort of vow or commitment: Did you keep them? For how long? To what extent was conscious choice involved? Considering things from this vantage point in your life, how do you feel about the vows you made or, if you didn't, vows you might have made? What vows might you make today in your life for the years ahead? What areas of your life feel most “vow-worthy?” Why? 2. Born as a preemie, and deeply affected (both physically & psychologically) by a near-drowning experience in her youth, a significant feature in mother Francesca Cabrini's life was her lifelong physical vulnerability & infirmity. She was also a woman and, eventually, an Italian immigrant to America, at a time in which neither of those standings offered her any privilege. While no two people share identical life or physical circumstances, we're often tempted to compare ourselves (& others) to those who, like Cabrini, seem unfazed by significant hardship and difficulty. We can allow one's person's success or accomplishments to function as a judgment against or diminishment of ourselves and others whose stories & outcomes seem different. Is this something you struggle with? How a big role does comparison play in your inner (or outer) life? What does that look like for you? Is there a difference between the ways in which you compare yourself to others and the way in which you compare other people to one another? When you hear someone else praised, are there times when you feel inspired? Jealous? Chastised? Challenged? What factors seem to affect the way you respond? The context in which context praise is being delivered? Your similarity (or lack of) to the person being recognized? What else? Consider some of the variables in situations like these; what do you notice about your responses and actions? What surfaces as you reflect? 3. Despite a long list of impressive and large scale accomplishments, Mother Cabrini spent 4 to 6 hours in prayer each day. Setting aside the obvious question of “how!?,” what might you guess about the “why?” Assuming 4-6 hours of prayer isn't a usual part of your daily life, and acknowledging the pressure some of us may feel to try to “win” at prayer-life, take a moment to consider what your current prayer life (or lack of) looks like. Try to set aside judgment of yourself and, instead, focus on Mother Cabrini's idea of standing in for the disciples who fell asleep on Jesus in the garden of Gethsemane. If this principle were to guide your own life in prayer, what impacts would that make? What would change? What might the identifying features of your prayers become? How do you think it would affect you over time?Mother Cabrini is praised for her fearless faith and fortitude, as well as her tireless work on behalf of immigrants and the marginalized. What links do you see between these aspects of her outer life and the realities of her prayer life as we know it? What, in your own practice of prayer (either now or in the past), has impacted your life? Is this conversation causing you to reflect on the nature of prayer in your life today? If so, how so?

Craig Unger discusses Den of Spies, investigating the "October Surprise"—hostages released minutes after Reagan's inauguration. The timing suggests the Reagan campaign made a secret deal with Iran. No facts have been challenged since publication. He views this as a Republican pattern of using adversarial nations to intervene in elections. Guest: Craig Unger. 1866 Retry

Sometimes life throws real challenges at you. Medical issues. Loss. Uncertainty. The kind of stuff that makes anxiety feel completely justified. So how do you move forward when you're genuinely scared AND dealing with actual difficult circumstances?In this episode, we share some of the most powerful "did it anyway" stories we've ever received. From someone facing serious health challenges to a marathon runner dealing with panic attacks, these listeners show us what it really means to engage with life even when things are legitimately hard.We talk about why waiting to "fix yourself" before living your life doesn't work, how to handle the reality that feelings don't always indicate actual danger, and what it means to let both the good and difficult parts of life exist at the same time. You don't have to be fearless. But you can do what matters even while you're afraid.If you're struggling with the gap between how you feel and what you want to do with your life, this episode might help you see that moving forward is possible, even when it feels impossible.---Want to interact with Josh, Drew, and other Disordered listeners?  The Disordered app is nearing release! ⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠Visit our home page and get on our mailing list for more information.⁠.---Struggling with worry and rumination that you feel you can't stop or control? ⁠Check out ⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠Worry and Rumination Explained⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠, a two hour pre-recorded workshop produced by Josh and Drew. The workshop takes a deep dive into the mechanics of worrying and ruminating, offering some helpful ways to approach the seemingly unsolvable problem of trying to solve seemingly unsolvable problems.-----Want to ask us questions, share your wins, or get more information about Josh, Drew, and the Disordered podcast? ⁠Send us an email or leave a voicemail on our website.⁠

Last time we spoke about the Changsha fire. Chiang Kai-shek faced a brutal choice: defend Wuhan to the last man or flood the land to slow the invaders. He chose both, pushing rivers and rallying a fractured army as Japanese forces pressed along the Yangtze. Fortresses at Madang held long, but the cost was high—troops lost, civilians displaced, a city's heart burning in the night. Wuhan fell after months of brutal fighting, yet the battle did not break China's will. Mao Zedong urged strategy over martyrdom, preferring to drain the enemy and buy time for a broader struggle. The Japanese, though victorious tactically, found their strength ebbing, resource strains, supply gaps, and a war that felt endless. In the wake of Wuhan, Changsha stood next in the Japanese crosshairs, its evacuation and a devastating fire leaving ash and memory in its wake. Behind these prices, political currents swirled. Wang Jingwei defected again, seeking power beyond Chiang's grasp, while Chongqing rose as a western bastion of resistance. The war hardened into a protracted stalemate, turning Japan from an aggressive assailant into a wary occupier, and leaving China to endure, persist, and fight on.   #175  The Soviet-Japanese Border Conflicts Welcome to the Fall and Rise of China Podcast, I am your dutiful host Craig Watson. But, before we start I want to also remind you this podcast is only made possible through the efforts of Kings and Generals over at Youtube. Perhaps you want to learn more about the history of Asia? Kings and Generals have an assortment of episodes on history of asia and much more  so go give them a look over on Youtube. So please subscribe to Kings and Generals over at Youtube and to continue helping us produce this content please check out www.patreon.com/kingsandgenerals. If you are still hungry for some more history related content, over on my channel, the Pacific War Channel where I cover the history of China and Japan from the 19th century until the end of the Pacific War. So based on the title of this one, you probably can see we are taking a bit of a detour. For quite some time we have focused on the Japanese campaigns into China proper 1937-1938. Now the way the second sino-japanese war is traditionally broken down is in phases. 1937-1938, 1939-1942 and 1942-1945. However there is actually even more going on in China aside from the war with Japan. In Xinjiang province a large full blown Islamic revolution breaks out in 1937. We will be covering that story at a later date, but another significant event is escalating border skirmishes in Manchukuo. Now these border skirmishes had been raging ever since the USSR consolidated its hold over the far east. We talked about some of those skirmishes prior to the Sino-Soviet war in 1929. However when Japan created the puppet government of Manchukuo, this was a significant escalation in tensions with the reds. Today we are going to talk about the escalating border conflicts between the Soviets and Japan. A tongue of poorly demarcated land extends southeast from Hunchun, hugging the east bank of the Tumen River between Lake Khasan to the east and Korea to the west. Within this tongue stands Changkufeng Hill, one of a long chain of highlands sweeping from upstream along the rivers and moors toward the sea. The twin-peaked hill sits at the confluence area several miles northwest of the point where Manchuria, Korea, and the Russian Far East meet. The hill's shape reminded Koreans of their changgo, which is a long snare drum constricted at the center and tapped with the hands at each end. When the Manchus came to the Tumen, they rendered the phonetic sounds into three ideographic characters meaning "taut drum peaks" or Chang-ku-feng. The Japanese admired the imagery and preserved the Chinese readings, which they pronounce Cho-ko-ho. From their eastern vantage, the Russians called it Zaozernaya, "hill behind the lake." Soviet troops referred to it as a sugar-loaf hill. For many years, natives and a handful of officials in the region cultivated a relaxed attitude toward borders and sovereignty. Even after the Japanese seized Manchuria in 1931, the issue did not immediately come to a head. With the expansion of Manchukuo and the Soviet Far East under Stalin's Five-Year plans, both sides began to attend more closely to frontier delimitation. Whenever either party acted aggressively, force majeure was invoked to justify the unexpected and disruptive events recognized in international law. Most often, these incidents erupted along the eastern Manchurian borders with the USSR or along the 350-mile frontier south of Lake Khanka, each skirmish carrying the seeds of all-out warfare. Now we need to talk a little bit about border history. The borders in question essentially dated to pacts concluded by the Qing dynasty and the Tsardom. Between the first Sino-Russian Treaty of Nerchinsk in 1689 and the Mukden Agreement of 1924, there were over a dozen accords governing the borders. Relevant to Changkufeng were the basic 15-article Convention of Peking, supplementing the Tientsin Treaties of November 1860, some maps made in 1861, and the eight-article Hunchun Border Protocol of 1886. By the 1860 treaty, the Qing ceded to Tsarist Russia the entire maritime province of Siberia, but the meaning of "lands south of Lake Khanka" remained rather vague. Consequently, a further border agreement was negotiated in June 1861 known as "the Lake Khanka Border Pact", by which demarcations were drawn on maps and eight wooden markers erected. The border was to run from Khanka along ridgelines between the Hunchun River and the sea, past Suifenho and Tungning, terminating about 6 miles from the mouth of the Tumen. Then a Russo-Chinese commission established in 1886 drew up the Hunchun Border Pact, proposing new or modified markers along the 1860–1861 lines and arranging a Russian resurvey. However, for the Japanese, in 1938, the Chinese or Manchu texts of the 1886 Hunchun agreement were considered controlling. The Soviets argued the border ran along every summit west of Khasan, thereby granting them jurisdiction over at least the eastern slopes of all elevations, including Changkufeng and Shachaofeng.  Since the Qing dynasty and the house of Romanov were already defunct, the new sovereignties publicly appealed to opposing texts, and the Soviet side would not concede that the Russian-language version had never been deemed binding by the Qing commissioners. Yet, even in 1938, the Japanese knew that only the Chinese text had survived or could be located.    Now both the Chinese and Russian military maps generally drew the frontier along the watershed east of Khasan; this aligned with the 1861 readings based on the Khanka agreement. The Chinese Republican Army conducted new surveys sometime between 1915 and 1920. The latest Chinese military map of the Changkufeng area drew the border considerably closer to the old "red line" of 1886, running west of Khasan but near the shore rather than traversing the highland crests. None of the military delimitations of the border was sanctified by an official agreement. Hence, the Hunchun Protocol, whether well known or not, invaluable or worthless, remained the only government-to-government pact dealing with the frontiers.  Before we jump into it, how about a little summary of what became known as the Soviet-Japanese border conflicts. The first major conflict would obviously be the Russo-Japanese war of 1904-1905. Following years of conflict between the Russian Empire and Japan culminating in the costly Battle of Tsushima, Tsar Nicholas II's government sought peace, recognizing Japan's claims to Korea and agreeing to evacuate Manchuria.  From 1918 to 1920, the Imperial Japanese Army, under Emperor Taishō after the death of Meiji, assisted the White Army and Alexander Kerensky against the Bolshevik Red Army. They also aided the Czechoslovak Legion in Siberia to facilitate its return to Europe after an Austrian-Hungarian armoured train purportedly went astray. By 1920, with Austria-Hungary dissolved and Czechoslovakia established two years earlier, the Czechoslovak Legion reached Europe. Japan withdrew from the Russian Revolution and the Civil War in 1922. Following Japan's 1919-1920 occupations and the Soviet intervention in Mongolia in 1921, the Republic of China also withdrew from Outer Mongolia in 1921. In 1922, after capturing Vladivostok in 1918 to halt Bolshevik advances, Japanese forces retreated to Japan as Bolshevik power grew and the postwar fatigue among combatants increased. After Hirohito's invasion of Manchuria in 1931–1932, following Taishō's death in 1926, border disputes between Manchukuo, the Mongolian People's Republic, and the Soviet Union increased. Many clashes stemmed from poorly defined borders, though some involved espionage. Between 1932 and 1934, the Imperial Japanese Army reported 152 border disputes, largely tied to Soviet intelligence activity in Manchuria, while the Soviets accused Japan of 15 border violations, six air intrusions, and 20 cases of "spy smuggling" in 1933 alone. Numerous additional violations followed in the ensuing years. By the mid-1930s, Soviet-Japanese diplomacy and trust had deteriorated further, with the Japanese being openly labeled "fascist enemies" at the Seventh Comintern Congress in July 1935. Beginning in 1935, conflicts significantly escalated. On 8 January 1935, the first armed clash, known as the Halhamiao incident, took place on the border between Mongolia and Manchukuo. Several dozen cavalrymen of the Mongolian People's Army crossed into Manchuria near disputed fishing grounds and engaged an 11‑man Manchukuo Imperial Army patrol near the Buddhist temple at Halhamiao, led by a Japanese military advisor. The Manchukuo Army sustained 6 wounded and 2 dead, including the Japanese officer; the Mongols suffered no casualties and withdrew after the Japanese sent a punitive expedition to reclaim the area. Two motorized cavalry companies, a machine‑gun company, and a tankette platoon occupied the position for three weeks without resistance. In June 1935, the first direct exchange of fire between the Japanese and Soviets occurred when an 11‑man Japanese patrol west of Lake Khanka was attacked by six Soviet horsemen, reportedly inside Manchukuo territory. In the firefight, one Soviet soldier was killed and two horses were captured. The Japanese requested a joint investigation, but the Soviets rejected the proposal. In October 1935, nine Japanese and 32 Manchukuoan border guards were establishing a post about 20 kilometers north of Suifenho when they were attacked by 50 Soviet soldiers. The Soviets opened fire with rifles and five heavy machine guns. Two Japanese and four Manchukuoan soldiers were killed, and another five were wounded. The Manchukuoan foreign affairs representative lodged a verbal protest with the Soviet consul at Suifenho. The Kwantung Army of Japan also sent an intelligence officer to investigate the clash. On 19 December 1935, a Manchukuoan unit reconnoitering southwest of Buir Lake clashed with a Mongolian party, reportedly capturing 10 soldiers. Five days later, 60 truck‑borne Mongolian troops assaulted the Manchukuoans and were repulsed, at the cost of three Manchukuoan dead. On the same day, at Brunders, Mongolian forces attempted three times to drive out Manchukuoan outposts, and again at night, but all attempts failed. Further small attempts occurred in January, with Mongolians using airplanes for reconnaissance. The arrival of a small Japanese force in three trucks helped foil these attempts; casualties occurred on both sides, though Mongolian casualties are unknown aside from 10 prisoners taken. In February 1936, Lieutenant-Colonel Sugimoto Yasuo was ordered to form a detachment from the 14th Cavalry Regiment to "drive the Outer Mongol intruders from the Olankhuduk region," a directive attributed to Lieutenant-General Kasai Heijuro. Sugimoto's detachment included cavalry guns, heavy machine guns, and tankettes. They faced a force of about 140 Mongolians equipped with heavy machine guns and light artillery. On February 12, Sugimoto's men drove the Mongolians south, at the cost of eight Japanese killed, four wounded, and one tankette destroyed. The Japanese began to withdraw, but were attacked by 5–6 Mongolian armored cars and two bombers, which briefly disrupted the column. The situation was stabilized when the Japanese unit received artillery support, allowing them to destroy or repel the armored cars. In March 1936, the Tauran incident occurred. In this clash, both the Japanese Army and the Mongolian Army deployed a small number of armored fighting vehicles and aircraft. The incident began when 100 Mongolian and six Soviet troops attacked and occupied the disputed village of Tauran, Mongolia, driving off the small Manchurian garrison. They were supported by light bombers and armored cars, though the bombing sorties failed to inflict damage on the Japanese, and three bombers were shot down by Japanese heavy machine guns. Local Japanese forces counter-attacked, conducting dozens of bombing sorties and finally assaulting Tauran with 400 men and 10 tankettes. The result was a Mongolian rout, with 56 Mongolian soldiers killed, including three Soviet advisors, and an unknown number wounded. Japanese losses were 27 killed and 9 wounded. Later in March 1936, another border clash occurred between Japanese and Soviet forces. Reports of border violations prompted the Japanese Korean Army to send ten men by truck to investigate, but the patrol was ambushed by 20 Soviet NKVD soldiers deployed about 300 meters inside territory claimed by Japan. After suffering several casualties, the Japanese patrol withdrew and was reinforced with 100 men, who then drove off the Soviets. Fighting resumed later that day when the NKVD brought reinforcements. By nightfall, the fighting had ceased and both sides had pulled back. The Soviets agreed to return the bodies of two Japanese soldiers who had died in the fighting, a development viewed by the Japanese government as encouraging. In early April 1936, three Japanese soldiers were killed near Suifenho in another minor affray. This incident was notable because the Soviets again returned the bodies of the fallen servicemen. In June 1937, the Kanchazu Island incident occurred on the Amur River along the Soviet–Manchukuo border. Three Soviet gunboats crossed the river's center line, disembarked troops, and occupied Kanchazu Island. Japanese forces from the IJA 1st Division, equipped with two horse-drawn 37 mm artillery pieces, quickly established improvised firing positions and loaded their guns with both high-explosive and armor-piercing shells. They shelled the Soviet vessels, sinking the lead gunboat, crippling the second, and driving off the third. Japanese troops subsequently fired on the swimming crewmen from the sunken ships using machine guns. Thirty-seven Soviet soldiers were killed, while Japanese casualties were zero. The Japanese Ministry of Foreign Affairs protested and demanded the Soviet forces withdraw from the island. The Soviet leadership, apparently shocked by the incident and reluctant to escalate, agreed to evacuate their troops. By 1938 the border situation had deteriorated. The tangled terrain features, mountain, bog, stream, forest, and valley, would have complicated even careful observers' discernment of the old red line drawn in 1886. Fifty years later, the markers themselves had undergone a metamorphosis. Japanese investigators could find, at most, only 14 to 17 markers standing fairly intact between the Tumen estuary and Khanka—roughly one every 25 miles at best. The remainder were missing or ruined; five were found in new locations. Marker "K," for example, was 40 meters deeper inside Manchuria, away from Khanka. Japanese military experts noted that of the 20 markers originally set along the boundaries of Hunchun Prefecture alone, only four could be found by the summer of 1938. The rest had either been wrecked or arbitrarily moved and discarded by Russian or Chinese officials and inhabitants. It is even said that one missing marker could be seen on display in Khabarovsk. The Chinese had generally interpreted the boundary as the road line just west of Khasan, at least in practice. Free road movement, however, had become a problem even 20 years before the Japanese overran Manchuria in 1931–1932 during the so-called Manchurian Incident. The Japanese adopted, or inherited, the Chinese interpretation, which was based on the 1886 agreement on border roads; the key clause held that the frontier west of Khasan would be the road along the lake. Japanese sources emphasize that local residents' anger toward gradual Soviet oppression and penetrations westward into Manchurian territory fueled the conflict. Many natives believed the original boundaries lay east of the lake, but the Soviets adjusted the situation to suit their own convenience. In practice, the Russians were restricting road use just west of Khasan by Manchurian and Korean residents. There was speculation that this was a prelude to taking over the ridgelines, depending on the reaction of the Manchukuoan–Japanese side. Villagers who went to streams or the lake to launder clothing found themselves subjected to sniper fire. Along a 25-mile stretch of road near Shachaofeng, farmers reported coming under fire from new Soviet positions as early as November 1935. Nevertheless, Japanese and Koreans familiar with the Tumen area noted agrarian, seasonal Korean religious rites atop Changkufeng Hill, including fattened pigs sacrificed and changgo drums beaten. Village elders told Japanese visitors in 1938 that, until early the preceding year, no Russians had come as far as Changkufeng Hill. Looking only at the border sector around Changkufeng, the easy days were clearly behind us. In the summer of 1938, Gaimusho "Foreign Ministry" observers described the explosive situation along the Korea–Manchuria–USSR borders as a matter of de facto frontiers. Both sides pressed against each other, and their trigger-happy posture was summed up in the colloquial refrain: "Take another step and we'll let you have it." Near dawn on 13 June 1938, a Manchurian patrol detected a suspicious figure in the fog swirling over Changlingtzu Hill on the Siberian–Manchurian frontier. Challenged at 15 feet, the suspect hurled two pistols to the ground and raised his hands in surrender. At headquarters, the police soon realized this was no routine border-trespassing case. The man was a defector and he was a Russian general, in fact he was the director of all NKVD forces in the Soviet Far East. Beneath a mufti of spring coat and hunting cap, he wore a full uniform with medals. His identification card No. 83 designated him as G. S. Lyushkov, Commissar 3rd Class, countersigned by Nikolai Yezhov, NKVD head in Moscow. Lyushkov was promptly turned over to the Japanese military authorities, who transferred him to Seoul and then to Tokyo under close escort. On 1 July, the Japanese press was permitted to disclose that Lyushkov had sought refuge in Japan. Ten days later, to capitalize on the commissar's notoriety and to confound skeptics, the Japanese produced Lyushkov at a press conference in Tokyo. For the Japanese and foreign correspondents, who met separately with him, Lyushkov described Soviet Far East strength and the turmoil wracking the USSR, because for those of you unfamiliar this was during the Stalinist purges. Clearly, the Japanese had gained a unique reservoir of high-level intelligence and a wealth of materials, including notes scratched in blood by suspects incarcerated at Khabarovsk. A general tightening of Russian frontier security had recently been reported. Natives of Fangchuanting asserted that a Soviet cavalry patrol appeared in June, seemingly for the first time. Contact with Yangkuanping, northwest of Khasan, was severed. More importantly, Japanese Army Signal Corps intelligence detected a surge of Soviet message traffic from the Posyet Bay district. After Lyushkov's defection, a drastic reshuffle in the local Russian command apparently occurred, and responsibility for border surveillance seems to have been reallocated. Japanese records indicate that the Novokievsk security force commander was relieved and the sector garrison replaced by troops from Vladivostok. Gaimusho intelligence also received reports that a border garrison unit had been transferred from Khabarovsk or Chita to the Tumen sector. The Kwantung Army signal monitors also intercepted two significant frontline messages on 6 July from the new Russian local commander in the Posyet region, addressed to Lieutenant General Sokolov in Khabarovsk. Decoded, the messages suggested (1) that ammunition for infantry mortars amounted to less than half the required supply; and  (2) a recommendation that higher headquarters authorize Russian elements to secure certain unoccupied high ground west of Khasan.  The commander noted terrain advantages and the contemplated construction of emplacements that would command Najin and the Korean railway. As a start, at least one Russian platoon should be authorized to dig in on the highest ground (presumably Changkufeng) and deploy four tons of entanglements to stake out the Soviet claim. Korea Army Headquarters received a telegram from the Kwantung Army on 7 July conveying the deciphered messages. On the same day, the 19th Division in North Korea telephoned Seoul that, on 6 July, three or four Soviet horsemen had been observed reconnoitering Manchurian territory from atop a hill called Changkufeng. The alarming intelligence from the Kwantung Army and the front warranted immediate attention by the Korea Army. Some Kwantung Army officers doubted the significance of the developments, with one intelligence official even suggesting the Russian messages might be a deliberate ploy designed to entrap the Japanese at Changkufeng. On 7–8 July, all staff officers in Seoul convened at army headquarters. The name of Changkufeng Hill was not well known, but maps and other data suggested that neither the Japanese nor the Russians had previously stationed border units in the ridge complex west of Khasan. As early as March 1936, Army Commander Koiso Kuniaki had distributed maps to subordinate units, indicating which sectors were in dispute. No patrol was to enter zones lacking definitive demarcation. Until then, the only Japanese element east of the Tumen was a Manchurian policeman at Fangchuanting. Ownership of the high ground emerged as an early issue. A number of other points were raised by  the Kwantung Army: At present, Soviet elements in the area were negligible. The intrusion must not be overlooked. The Russians could be expected to exploit any weakness, and half-measures would not suffice, especially regarding the Japanese defense mission along a 125-mile frontier. In Japanese hands, Changkufeng Hill would be useful, but two excellent observation posts already existed in the neighboring sector of the Manchurian tongue. With dissidence and purges underway, the Russians may have judged it necessary to seal border gaps, particularly after Lyushkov's defection. They may also have sought to control Changkufeng to offset Japanese dominance of the high ground to the north. Soviet seizure of Changkufeng would upset the delicate status quo and could provoke a contest for equivalent observation posts. In broader terms, it mattered little whether the Russians sought a permanent observation post on Changkufeng Hill, which was of relatively minor strategic value. Japan's primary concern lay in the China theater; Changkufeng was peripheral. The Japanese should not expend limited resources or become distracted. The matter required consultation with the high command in Tokyo. In the absence of more comprehensive intelligence, the assembled staff officers concluded that the Korea Army should, at a minimum, ignore or disregard Soviet actions for the time being, while maintaining vigilant observation of the area. The consensus was communicated to Major General Kitano Kenzo, the Korea Army chief of staff, who concurred, and to Koiso. Upon learning that the recommendation advocated a low posture, Koiso inquired only whether the opinion reflected the unanimous view of the staff. Having been assured that it did, he approved the policy. Koiso, then 58, was at the threshold of the routine personnel changes occurring around 15 July. He had just been informed that he would retire and that General Nakamura Kotaro would succeed him. Those acquainted with Koiso perceived him as treating the border difficulties as a minor anticlimax in the course of his command tour. He appeared unemphatic or relaxed as he prepared to depart from a post he had held for twenty-one years. Although neither Koiso nor his staff welcomed the Soviet activities that appeared under way, his reaction likely reflected a reluctance to make decisions that could constrain his soon-to-arrive successor. On 8 July Koiso authorized the dispatch of warnings to the 19th Division at Nanam, to the Hunchun garrison, and to the intelligence branch at Hunchun. These units were instructed to exercise maximum precautions and to tighten frontier security north of Shuiliufeng. In response to the initial appearance of Soviet horsemen at Changkufeng, the Kucheng Border Garrison Unit of the 76th Infantry Regiment maintained close surveillance across the Tumen. By about noon on 9 July, patrols detected approximately a dozen Russian troops commencing construction atop Changkufeng. Between 11 and 13 July, the number of soldiers on the slopes increased to forty; there were also thirty horses and eleven camouflaged tents. Operating in shifts on the western side, thirty meters from the crest, the Russians erected barbed wire and firing trenches; fifty meters forward, they excavated observation trenches. In addition to existing telephone lines between Changkufeng, Lake Khasan, and Kozando, the Russians installed a portable telephone net. Logistical support was provided by three boats on the lake. Approximately twenty kilometers to the east, well within Soviet territory, large forces were being mobilized, and steamship traffic into Posyet Bay intensified. Upon learning of the "intrusion" at Changkufeng on 9 July, Lt. General Suetaka Kamezo, the commander of the 19th Division, dispatched staff officers to the front and prepared to send elements to reinforce border units.  The special significance of Suetaka and his division stemmed from a series of unusual circumstances. Chientao Province, the same zone into which Lyushkov had fled and the sector where Soviet horsemen had appeared, fell within Manchukuo geographically and administratively. Yet, in terms of defense, the configuration of the frontier, the terrain, and the transportation network more closely connected the region with North Korea than with southeastern Manchuria. Approximately 80% of the population was of Korean origin, which implied Japanese rather than Manchukuoan allegiance. Consequently, the Korea Army had been made operationally responsible for the defense of Chientao and controlled not only the three-battalion garrison at Hunchun but also the intelligence detachment located there. In the event of war, the Korea Army's mission was defined as mobilization and execution of subsidiary operational tasks against the USSR, under the control and in support of the Kwantung Army.  The Korea Army ordinarily possessed two infantry divisions, the 19th in North Korea and the 20th stationed at Seoul, but the 20th Division had already departed for China, leaving only the 20th Depot Division in the capital. Beyond sparse ground units, devoid of armor and with weak heavy artillery, there were only two air regiments in Korea, the nearest being the unit at Hoeryong. The Korea Army was designed to maintain public security within Korea as well as fulfill minimal defensive responsibilities. Such an army did not require a full-time operations officer, and none was maintained. When needed, as in mid-1938, the task fell to the senior staff officer, in this case Colonel Iwasaki Tamio. In peacetime, training constituted the primary focus.  Thus, the 19th Division was entrusted with defending northeastern Korea. Its commander, Suetaka, a seasoned infantryman, resented the fact that his elite force had never engaged in combat in China. He intensified training with zeal, emphasizing strict discipline, bravery, aggressiveness, and thorough preparation. Japanese veterans characterized him as severe, bullish, short-tempered, hot-blooded, highly strung, unbending, and stubborn. Nonetheless, there was widespread respect for his realistic training program, maintained under firm, even violent, personal supervision. His men regarded Suetaka as a professional, a modern samurai who forged the division into superb condition. Privately, he was reputed for sensitivity and warmth; a Japanese phrase "yakamashii oyaji" captures the dual sense of stern father and martinet in his character. At the outset, however, Suetaka displayed little aggression. Although not widely known, he did not welcome the orders from army headquarters to deploy to the Tumen. Until late July, he remained somewhat opposed to the notion of dislodging the Soviets from the crest, a proposition arising from neither the division staff nor, initially, Suetaka himself. Colonel Sato noted that, for a week after reports of Soviet excavation at Changkufeng, the division's response was limited to preparations for a possible emergency, as they perceived the matter as a local issue best settled through diplomacy. Korea Army officers acknowledged that, around the time the Soviets consolidated their outpost strength at Changkufeng, an informal and personal telegram arrived in Seoul from a Kwantung Army Intelligence field-grade officer who specialized in Soviet affairs. If the Korea Army hesitated, the Kwantung Army would be obliged to eject the Russians; the matter could not be ignored. While the telegram did not demand a reply and struck several officers as presumptuous and implausible, the message was promptly shown to Koiso. Koiso was driven to immediate action, he wired Tokyo asserting that only the Korea Army could and would handle the incident. One staff officer recalled "We felt we had to act, out of a sense of responsibility. But we resented the Kwantung Army's interference." The Korea Army staff convened shortly after receipt of the unofficial telegram from Hsinking. Based on the latest intelligence from the division dated 13 July, the officers prepared an assessment for submission to the army commander. The hypotheses were distilled into three scenarios: The USSR, or the Far East authorities, desires hostilities. Conclusion: Slightly possible. The USSR seeks to restrain Japan on the eve of the pivotal operations in China: the major Japanese offensive to seize Hankow. Conclusion: Highly probable. The Posyet district commander is new in his post; by occupying the Changkufeng ridges, he would demonstrate loyalty, impress superiors, and seek glory. Conclusion: Possible. Late on 13 July or early on 14 July, Koiso approved the dispatch of a message to the vice minister of war, and the Kwantung Army chief of staff:  "Lake Khasan area lies in troublesome sector USSR has been claiming . . . in accordance with treaties [said Secret Message No. 913], but we interpret it to be Manchukuoan territory, evident even from maps published by Soviet side. Russian actions are patently illegal, but, considering that area does not exert major or immediate influence on operations [Japan] is intending and that China Incident is in full swing, we are not going to conduct counterattack measures immediately. This army is thinking of reasoning with Soviets and requesting pullback, directly on spot. . . . In case Russians do not accede in long run, we have intention to drive Soviet soldiers out of area east of Khasan firmly by use of force."  The message concluded with a request that the Tokyo authorities lodge a formal protest with the USSR, on behalf of Manchukuo and Japan, and guide matters so that the Russians would withdraw quickly. Dominant in Japanese high command thinking in 1938 was the China theater; the Changkufeng episode constituted a mere digression. A sequence of Japanese tactical victories had preceded the summer: Tsingtao fell in January; the Yellow River was reached in March; a "reformed government of the Republic of China" was installed at Nanking several weeks later; Amoy fell in early May; Suchow fell on the 20th. With these gains, northern and central fronts could be linked by the Japanese. Yet Chinese resistance persisted, and while public statements anticipated imminent Chinese dissension, private admissions acknowledged that the partial effects of Suchow's fall were ominous: control might pass from Chiang Kai-shek to the Communists, Chinese defiance might intensify, and Soviet involvement could ensue. A Hankow drive appeared desirable to symbolize the conclusion of the military phase of hostilities. The Japanese and their adversaries were in accord regarding the importance of the summer and autumn campaigns. Even after Suchow's fall, the government discouraged public insinuations that enemy resistance was collapsing; when Chiang addressed the nation on the first anniversary of hostilities, Premier Konoe prophetically proclaimed, "The war has just begun." Colonel Inada Masazum served as the Army General Staff's principal figure for the Changkufeng affair, occupying the position of chief of the 2nd Operations Section within the Operations Bureau in March 1938. A distinguished graduate of the Military Academy, Inada completed the War College program and held a combination of line, instructional, and staff assignments at the War College, the Army General Staff, and the War Ministry. He was recognized as a sharp, highly capable, and driveful personality, though some regarded him as enigmatic. Following the capture of Suchow, Imperial General Headquarters on 18 June ordered field forces to undertake operational preparations for a drive to seize the Wuhan complex. Inada favored a decisive move aimed at achieving a rapid political settlement. He acknowledged that Soviet intervention in 1938, during Japan's involvement in China, would have been critical. Although Japanese forces could still defeat the Chinese, an overextended Japanese Army might be fatally compromised against the Russians. Soviet assistance to China was already pronouncedly unwelcome. The Soviets were reported to possess roughly 20 rifle divisions, four to five cavalry divisions, 1,500 tanks, and 1,560 aircraft, including 300 bombers with a range of approximately 3,000 kilometers, enabling reach from Vladivostok to Tokyo. Soviet manpower in Siberia was likely near 370,000. In response, Japanese central authorities stressed a no-trouble policy toward the USSR while seeking to "wall off" the border and bolster the Kwantung Army as quickly as possible. Nevertheless, the envisaged correction of the strategic imbalance could not occur before 1943, given shortages in ammunition, manpower, and materiel across existing theaters in China. By the end of 1937 Japan had committed 16 of its 24 divisions to China, bringing the standing force to roughly 700,000. Army General Staff planners reallocated three ground divisions, intended for a northern contingency, from north to central China, even as the Kwantung Army operated from a less favorable posture. Attitudes toward the northern problem varied within senior military circles. While concern persisted, it was not universal. As campaigns in China widened, planning at the high command level deteriorated, propagating confusion and anxiety to field armies in China. The Japanese Navy suspected that the Army general staff was invoking the USSR as a pretext for broader strategic aims—namely, to provoke a more consequential confrontation with the USSR while the Navy contended with its own strategic rivalries with the Army, centered on the United States and Britain. Army leaders, however, denied aggressive intent against the USSR at that time. The Hankow plan encountered substantial internal opposition at high levels. Private assessments among army planners suggested that a two-front war would be premature given operational readiness and troop strength. Not only were new War Ministry officials cautious, but many high-ranking Army general staff officers and court circles shared doubts.  Aggressive tendencies, influenced by subordinates and the Kwantung Army, were evident in Inada, who repeatedly pressed Tada Shun, the deputy army chief of staff, to endorse the Wuhan drive as both necessary and feasible, arguing that the USSR would gain from Japan's weakening without incurring substantial losses. Inada contended that Stalin was rational and that time favored the USSR in the Far East, where industrial buildup and military modernization were ongoing. He argued that the Soviet purges impeded opportunistic ventures with Japan. He posited that Nazi Germany posed a growing threat on the western front, and thus the USSR should be avoided by both Japan, due to China and Russia, due to Germany. While most of the army remained engaged in China, Tada did not initially share Inada's views; only after inspecting the Manchurian borders in April 1938 did he finally align with Inada's broader vision, which encompassed both northern and Chinese considerations. During this period, Inada studied daily intelligence from the Kwantung Army, and after Lyushkov's defection in June, reports suggested the Soviets were following their sector commander's recommendations. Russian troops appeared at Changkufeng, seemingly prepared to dig in. Inada recollects his reaction: "That's nice, my chance has come." I would like to take this time to remind you all that this podcast is only made possible through the efforts of Kings and Generals over at Youtube. Please go subscribe to Kings and Generals over at Youtube and to continue helping us produce this content please check out www.patreon.com/kingsandgenerals. If you are still hungry after that, give my personal channel a look over at The Pacific War Channel at Youtube, it would mean a lot to me. The simmering Soviet–Japanese border clashes centered on Changkufeng Hill near Lake Khanka, set within a broader history of contested frontiers dating to Qing and Tsarist treaties. Japan, prioritizing China, considered Changkufeng peripheral but ready to confront Soviet encroachment; Moscow aimed to consolidate border gains, with high-level war planning overlaying regional skirmishes. Conflict loomed over Manchuria.

Brian Windhorst is joined by ESPN's Tim Bontemps and Tim MacMahon to talk Victor Wembanyama looking to bounce back in a big matchup with the Lakers, LA's surprising start despite injuries, the Cavs getting healthier, the Rockets high powered offense, the latest on Ja Morant's future in Memphis and the surprising start to the season for the Jazz. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices

#253: My top 10 takeaways from a retreat for high-net-worth investors, which will cover investing, managing risk, investing in your health, building meaningful relationships, parenting with purpose, and defining success in a way that goes far beyond money. Tad Fallows is the co-founder of Long Angle, a private community for investors with more than $2.2 million in assets. He previously co-founded iLab Solutions, a global leader in cloud-based lab management software, which was acquired by Agilent Technologies. Link to Full Show Notes: https://chrishutchins.com/10-lessons-wealth-health-happiness Partner Deals LMNT: Free sample pack of my favorite electrolyte drink mix Vuori: 20% off the most comfortable performance apparel I've ever worn Gelt: Skip the waitlist on personalized tax guidance to maximize your wealth Fabric: Affordable term life insurance for you and your family MasterClass: Learn from the world's best with 15% off For all the deals, discounts and promo codes from our partners, go to: chrishutchins.com/deals Resources Mentioned Long Angle: Join a free private community for high net worth investors What Is BRCA2? Sober Founders ATH Podcast Ep #248: How to Stop Over-Optimizing and Focus on What Matters with Tim Ferriss Leave a review: Apple Podcasts | Spotify Email for questions, hacks, deals, and feedback: podcast@chrishutchins.com Full Show Notes (00:00) Introduction (02:01) Why Health Is Your Most Important Asset (04:13) How to Become Your Own Health Advocate (08:14) Different Ways to Invest in Fitness and Accountability (12:27) Relationships: The Ultimate Compound Asset (14:03) Why Adult Friendships Are So Hard to Build and Maintain (16:05) Reclaiming Time for Relationships and Family (17:15) The Power of Intentional Travel (20:43) Lighthouse Parenting: Why You Should Allow Your Kids to Struggle (25:01) Learning From Your Kids' Limitless Imagination (25:56) A Simple Exercise to Expand What's Possible in Every Area of Life (28:47) Redefining Success and Purpose (34:09) Defining Your Objective to Simplify Complex Decisions (38:44) How to Think About Managing Risk (43:28) Diversifying Beyond the S&P 500 (47:53) Two Spectrums of Diversification and Liquidity (50:38) The Danger of Over-Optimizing (52:14) Why True Wealth Isn't About Dollars (55:45) The Importance of Designing a Life That Works For You Connect with Chris Newsletter | Membership | X | Instagram | LinkedIn Editor's Note: The content on this page is accurate as of the posting date; however, some of our partner offers may have expired. Opinions expressed here are the author's alone, not those of any bank, credit card issuer, hotel, airline, or other entity. This content has not been reviewed, approved or otherwise endorsed by any of the entities included within the post. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

Hurricane Melissa hit Jamaica as a Category 5 storm, leaving behind a wake of destruction. John and Maria tackle the annual question, "Should Christians celebrate Halloween?" And, the ruling that legalized same-sex "marriage" is back at the Supreme Court. RECOMMENDATIONS Substack: Where Art Thou Rob Bell? What Would You Say?: Should Christians Celebrate Halloween? Segment 1 – Hurricane Melissa; Should Christians Celebrate Halloween? USA Today: At least 50 dead as Hurricane Melissa devastates the Caribbean; Bermuda braces for storm Breakpoint: Should Christians Celebrate Halloween? Segment 2 – Obergefell Challenge at SCOTUS Daily Citizen: Supreme Court to Consider Petition Challenging Same-Sex Marriage Decision Comments from Listeners Breakpoint: Are Mormons Christians? Breakpoint: The President's Plan to Cheapen IVF (and Human Life) ______________________ Support Breakpoint by becoming a Cornerstone Monthly Partner before midnight tonight at colsoncenter.org/october. Watch Truth Rising, now available at truthrising.com/colson.

The state of Florida continues its record setting year of 14 executions and counting, with number 15 scheduled for Tuesday, October 28th. In an unusual move, 65-year-old Norman Grim has chosen not to fight tomorrow’s scheduled lethal injection for the 1998 rape and murder of his next door neighbor. Meantime, in Tennessee, a lawsuit challenging the state’s lethal injection method, claims the August 5th execution of Byron Black was botched, his autopsy showing sustained cardiac activity 2 minutes after he was pronounced dead, with his final words “It’s hurting so bad."See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.