Podcasts about w0

Welcome to The Nonlinear Library, where we use Text-to-Speech software to convert the best writing from the Rationalist and EA communities into audio. This is: One bit of observation can unlock many of optimization - but at what cost?, published by dr s on April 29, 2023 on LessWrong. This question by johnswentworth nerd sniped me, so I ended up thinking a lot about the relationship between information and control over the world in the simplified scenario of a single tape of bits. The question asked how many bits of optimization one could unlock with a single bit of observation; the answer ended up being "arbitrarily many", as proven by a simple example: suppose you have a rule that says that if the first bits of your action Amatch those of your observation O, then the rest of A gets copied to your target value Y; then there's no limit to how many bits you can copy, and the only information you need to leverage is the knowledge of the secret "key". We know this works because this is exactly how locks work in real life too. If I possess someone's bank account password, or the combination to a safe, or the US nuclear codes, then I'm able to produce disproportionate effects to the tiny size of that knowledge, just because I can also rely on the state of the world and its laws being set up in such a way that I can use that knowledge as a pivot to trigger much bigger effects. The thing I wanted to focus on then was those conditions: even given that I know the "password", what else do I need to know about the world at large, and what limits are there on my power to optimize the final state? I decided to focus on the following model: a world string W of N bits, prepared in some initial state W0, with some regions known and some randomized; a discrete map f that determines the evolution of this world, such that W1=f(W0), W2=f(f(W0)) and so on. The map is reversible, such that there exists an inverse Wi−1=f−1(Wi); The focus on the map being reversible is because in the real world the laws of physics are time symmetric too and microscopically should not destroy information. Irreversible computing allows the deletion of information, which reduces the entropy of the system. In a computer embedded in a larger world this can be compensated by creating entropy somewhere else, but if our string has to represent the entire world, then it should preserve information. The world string has several identifiable regions: an action region A, within which we can set up bits arbitrarily in the initial state; an observation region O, which we can't affect but whose contents we know exactly in the initial state; a target region Y, to which we aim at writing certain bits so as to maximize the mutual information I(Y;G) with some goal string G; two fuel regions F0 and F1, at the ends of the string, filled respectively with all 0s and all 1s. We'll see the use for them in a moment. The map f can be defined as a series of instructions. Since we're doing reversible computing, we can use only one universal logic gate, like the Toffoli gate (CCNOT) or the Fredkin gate (CSWAP). These take three bits as arguments, so once we've decided our gate of choice an entire program can be composed simply of triples of addresses of bits, wherein each address will require L=⌈log2(N)⌉ bits, meaning a program's size is 3L bits/instruction. Consider the simplest possible version of a "lock-like" program, which compares b1 and b2, and if they're identical, it swaps b3 and b4 (note that we can't simply copy b3: that would erase information and not be reversible). We will also need two "fuel" bits f1 and f2 prepared respectively in the 0 and 1 states. The program can be written with just three Fredkin gates: CSWAP b_2 f_1 f_2 CSWAP f_2 b_3 b_4 After this, the two "fuel" bits are used up and can't be relied on any more for future calculations. From the viewpoint of the entire string, of course, the entropy is constant and the process is entirely reversible; but if you only looke...

Link to original articleWelcome to The Nonlinear Library, where we use Text-to-Speech software to convert the best writing from the Rationalist and EA communities into audio. This is: One bit of observation can unlock many of optimization - but at what cost?, published by dr s on April 29, 2023 on LessWrong. This question by johnswentworth nerd sniped me, so I ended up thinking a lot about the relationship between information and control over the world in the simplified scenario of a single tape of bits. The question asked how many bits of optimization one could unlock with a single bit of observation; the answer ended up being "arbitrarily many", as proven by a simple example: suppose you have a rule that says that if the first bits of your action Amatch those of your observation O, then the rest of A gets copied to your target value Y; then there's no limit to how many bits you can copy, and the only information you need to leverage is the knowledge of the secret "key". We know this works because this is exactly how locks work in real life too. If I possess someone's bank account password, or the combination to a safe, or the US nuclear codes, then I'm able to produce disproportionate effects to the tiny size of that knowledge, just because I can also rely on the state of the world and its laws being set up in such a way that I can use that knowledge as a pivot to trigger much bigger effects. The thing I wanted to focus on then was those conditions: even given that I know the "password", what else do I need to know about the world at large, and what limits are there on my power to optimize the final state? I decided to focus on the following model: a world string W of N bits, prepared in some initial state W0, with some regions known and some randomized; a discrete map f that determines the evolution of this world, such that W1=f(W0), W2=f(f(W0)) and so on. The map is reversible, such that there exists an inverse Wi−1=f−1(Wi); The focus on the map being reversible is because in the real world the laws of physics are time symmetric too and microscopically should not destroy information. Irreversible computing allows the deletion of information, which reduces the entropy of the system. In a computer embedded in a larger world this can be compensated by creating entropy somewhere else, but if our string has to represent the entire world, then it should preserve information. The world string has several identifiable regions: an action region A, within which we can set up bits arbitrarily in the initial state; an observation region O, which we can't affect but whose contents we know exactly in the initial state; a target region Y, to which we aim at writing certain bits so as to maximize the mutual information I(Y;G) with some goal string G; two fuel regions F0 and F1, at the ends of the string, filled respectively with all 0s and all 1s. We'll see the use for them in a moment. The map f can be defined as a series of instructions. Since we're doing reversible computing, we can use only one universal logic gate, like the Toffoli gate (CCNOT) or the Fredkin gate (CSWAP). These take three bits as arguments, so once we've decided our gate of choice an entire program can be composed simply of triples of addresses of bits, wherein each address will require L=⌈log2(N)⌉ bits, meaning a program's size is 3L bits/instruction. Consider the simplest possible version of a "lock-like" program, which compares b1 and b2, and if they're identical, it swaps b3 and b4 (note that we can't simply copy b3: that would erase information and not be reversible). We will also need two "fuel" bits f1 and f2 prepared respectively in the 0 and 1 states. The program can be written with just three Fredkin gates: CSWAP b_2 f_1 f_2 CSWAP f_2 b_3 b_4 After this, the two "fuel" bits are used up and can't be relied on any more for future calculations. From the viewpoint of the entire string, of course, the entropy is constant and the process is entirely reversible; but if you only looke...

The Smart 7 Ireland Edition is the daily news podcast that gives you everything you need to know in 7 minutes, at 7am, 7 days a week…Consistently appearing in Ireland's Daily News charts, we're a trusted source for people every day.If you're enjoying it, please follow, share or even post a review, it all helps…Today's episode includes references to the following items:https://twitter.com/SkyNews/status/1518843569074696192?s=20&t=lMt64ZyxlW4Bi4vru96CFwhttps://twitter.com/SkyNews/status/1518923289259044865?s=20&t=KYBA1SWuddxhwRSi3Y3DbQ https://twitter.com/SkyNews/status/1519009889699479554?s=20&t=toYa4Up08kGMX7ZUBmzoyg https://twitter.com/AP/status/1518988755738238976?s=20&t=SkLZMQ1TwCuVXUpFZmiUFghttps://twitter.com/dwnews/status/1518895785961828354?s=20&t=lMt64ZyxlW4Bi4vru96CFwhttps://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-61226431 https://twitter.com/i/status/1518954535133265921https://youtu.be/oIS4cuh49sIhttps://twitter.com/i/status/1518975870773436419https://twitter.com/rtenews/status/1519002343701942274?s=20&t=hqA0MP_p4AXRlxfwiXmfPwhttps://twitter.com/btsportfootball/status/1519068532264296448?s=20&t=W0-y_NEVt_R2RsF3GAYBowhttps://twitter.com/SkyNews/status/1518896150803320836?s=20&t=lMt64ZyxlW4Bi4vru96CFw https://twitter.com/ReutersShowbiz/status/1518960593025310720?s=20&t=-ukgm0AHM2vQ3qWIIc1VHQ Contact us over at Twitter or visit www.thesmart7.comPresented by Ciara Revins, written by Liam Thompson and produced by Daft Doris. See acast.com/privacy for privacy and opt-out information.

The Smart 7 is a daily podcast that gives you everything you need to know in 7 minutes, at 7 am, 7 days a week...With over 9 million downloads and consistently charting, including as No. 1 News Podcast on Spotify, we're a trusted source for people every day.If you're enjoying it, please follow, share, or even post a review, it all helps...Today's episode includes the following:https://twitter.com/SkyNews/status/1518843569074696192?s=20&t=lMt64ZyxlW4Bi4vru96CFwhttps://twitter.com/SkyNews/status/1518923289259044865?s=20&t=KYBA1SWuddxhwRSi3Y3DbQ https://twitter.com/AP/status/1518988755738238976?s=20&t=SkLZMQ1TwCuVXUpFZmiUFghttps://twitter.com/dwnews/status/1518895785961828354?s=20&t=lMt64ZyxlW4Bi4vru96CFwhttps://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-61226431 https://twitter.com/Haggis_UK/status/1518868238809157633?s=20&t=DtAEaAU82S8hrnUq_WyOqghttps://twitter.com/ITVNewsPolitics/status/1518869715367698432?s=20&t=xDyJdbKjnAUuufC6kMUo2g https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-61188603?at_medium=RSS&at_campaign=KARANGA https://twitter.com/btsportfootball/status/1519068532264296448?s=20&t=W0-y_NEVt_R2RsF3GAYBowhttps://twitter.com/SkyNews/status/1518896150803320836?s=20&t=lMt64ZyxlW4Bi4vru96CFw https://twitter.com/ReutersShowbiz/status/1518960593025310720?s=20&t=-ukgm0AHM2vQ3qWIIc1VHQ In Ireland? Why not try our Ireland Edition?Contact us over at Twitter or visit www.thesmart7.comPresented by Jamie East, written by Liam Thompson, researched by Olivia Davies and produced by Daft Doris. See acast.com/privacy for privacy and opt-out information.

Abe Shinzo is second only to Xi as the most consequential East Asian politician of the 21st century. Tobias Harris of the Center for American Progress joins to discuss his new biography of Abe, The Iconoclast. Tobias and I discuss His dramatic rise, fall, and rise again to power How he reshaped governance in Japan through bureaucratic reform How he managed relations with the US and China How tasty his wife's Izakaya is Please consider supporting ChinaTalk at https://glow.fm/chinatalk/  Outtro Music: あそびたりない by Pop Art Town https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=icqfJx_0_W0&list=PL0Lwt5eNBHLmL8zP03KbqekrRbje8FCbu&index=92 Get bonus content on Patreon See acast.com/privacy for privacy and opt-out information.

Abe Shinzo is second only to Xi as the most consequential East Asian politician of the 21st century. Tobias Harris of the Center for American Progress joins to discuss his new biography of Abe, The Iconoclast. Tobias and I discuss His dramatic rise, fall, and rise again to power How he reshaped governance in Japan through bureaucratic reform How he managed relations with the US and China How tasty his wife's Izakaya is Please consider supporting ChinaTalk at https://glow.fm/chinatalk/  Outtro Music: あそびたりない by Pop Art Town https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=icqfJx_0_W0&list=PL0Lwt5eNBHLmL8zP03KbqekrRbje8FCbu&index=92

Drinking water intake of newborn dairy calves and its effects on feed intake, growth performance, health status, and nutrient digestibility Full Article: https://www.journalofdairyscience.org/article/S0022-0302(18)31058-0/fulltext OTO Short Notes Available at otovets.com/cuttingedge Article Overview: Objective: Examine water and feed intake, growth performance, health status, and nutrient digestibility of Holstein heifer calves offered drinking water from birth (W0) as compared with those offered it at 17 d of age (W17), when fed an ad libitum volume of milk. Location: Iowa State University Methods: Thirty Holstein heifer calves, balanced for parity of the dam, birth weight, and birth week, were randomly assigned (n = 15) to W0 or W17. Calves had free access to drinking water and a starter ration, offered in 2 separate buckets, until they were 70 d of age. Calves were bottle-fed with pasteurized whole milk 3× per day (2.0 kg/feeding until d 14, and 3.2 kg/feeding thereafter). Calves were partially weaned (33% of the milk allowance 1 × per day) at 42 d of age and completely weaned at 49 d of age. Drinking water intake, starter intake, milk intake, ambient temperature, and the fecal consistency were recorded daily. Body weight, hip height, hip width, heart girth, and body length were measured weekly. Blood (drawn from a jugular vein) was analyzed for hematocrit and haptoglobin concentrations at 14 d of age. On d 69 and 70, total fecal output of individual calves was measured and analyzed for chemical composition to determine apparent total-tract digestibility of nutrients Outcomes: When offered from birth, newborn calves consumed 0.75 ± 0.05 kg/d water aside from the water they received from ad libitum milk allowance during the first 16 d. Once offered, W17 calves drank more water (59%) than W0 calves during the preweaning period. Starter intake of W0 and W17 calves was similar, but W0 calves consumed 0.285 kg/d more milk and tended to achieve greater body weight and heart girth compared with W17 calves during the preweaning period. Offering water from birth versus offering it later did not affect the number of days with diarrhea, intensity of diarrhea, or blood hematocrit and haptoglobin concentrations of preweaned calves. Despite a similar starter intake, W0 calves had greater hip height, body length, apparent total-tract digestibility of acid detergent fiber and neutral detergent fiber, and feed efficiency than W17 calves postweaning (50 to 70 d of age). When followed up to 5 mo of age, W0 calves had greater body weight than W17 calves. Provision of drinking water immediately after birth could improve growth and development of calves pre- and postweaning, potentially by stimulating rumen development, thus increasing nutrient availability.

**Morlando In The Mix Replay On www.traxfm.org. This Week Morlando Mixed Cuts From Ariaana Grande & Miley Cyrus With Lana Del Rey, Cyndi lauper Vs Ian Carey project, Karen Harding x W0, Part, Artemesia, The Stickmen, Riton x Oliver Heldens Feat Vula, Morlando Feat SJ Johnson, Next Habit Plus More. The “Here's One We Made Earlier Session Features Mariah Carey - “You Dont Know What To Do” (Morlando Clubmix) The “Who Sampled Who Section” With Black Box Ft Loleatta Holloway - Ride On Time (79 Special Disco Theme) The Rewind Section With Robert Miles, Louise, JX, Jinny ….. Plus The Brilliant Morlando In The Mix Sessions. Morlando In The Mix Every Thursday From 9PM UK Time The Station: www.traxfm.org #traxfm #club #house #dance #danceclassics #exclusive #remix #inthemix #clubanthems #clubclassics #bigroomdance #morlandointhemix Listen Here: www.traxfm.org Free Trax FM Android App: https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=net.traxfmradio.ba.a6bcb The Trax FM Facebook Page : https://www.facebook.com/original103.3/ OnLine Radio Box: http://onlineradiobox.com/uk/trax/?cs=uk.trax Tune In Radio : https://tunein.com/radio/Trax-FM-s225176/ Radio Deck: http://www.radiodeck.com/radio/5a09e2de87e3370db06d44dc Radio.Net: http://traxfmlondon.radio.net/ Stream Radio : http://streema.com/radios/Trax_FM..The_Originals Live Online Radio: http://www.liveonlineradio.net/english/trax-fm-103-3.htm **

Here is the first full length episode of the W0@h! Podcast. A new show that encompasses "Literally Anything" . But mostly it's game and comic reviews, The State of California cannabis, gaming and Esports News. Space. Time. Generally whatever we want. We want to explore thought provoking ideas and well written stories as well as all things NERD! . . . This one is the E3 episode. Stay Individual folks. --- Support this podcast: https://anchor.fm/w0ah-podcast/support

In dieser retrospektiven Studie über den energetischen Erhaltungsbedarf von Hund und Katze aus der Privattierhaltung wurden Daten aus der Ernährungsberatung des Lehrstuhls für Tierernährung und Diätetik in Oberschleißheim aus den Jahren 2007 bis 2011 ausgewertet, um feststellen zu können, ob die Ergebnisse von den aktuellen Empfehlungen zum Energieerhaltungsbedarf von Hund und Katze (NRC 2006) abweichen. Zur Rationsberechnung wurden ein standardisierter Fragebogen und die Software Dietcheck Munich® verwendet. Die umsetzbare Energie der Futtermittel wurde nach NRC (2006) geschätzt. Energiebedarf des Hundes im Erhaltungsstoffwechsel Es lagen für die Studie Daten von 586 ausgewachsenen Hunden (medianes Alter 5,5 Jahre, mediane Abweichung vom Idealgewicht 0,0 %, 58 % kastriert) zur Verfügung, es handelte sich ausschließlich um Tiere im Erhaltungsstoffwechsel. 9% der Hunde waren vollkommen gesund, die anderen wiesen verschiedene chronische Erkrankungen auf. Es wurde untersucht, welche Faktoren den Energiebedarf bezogen auf das metabolische Körpergewicht beeinflussen könnten. Dabei wurde die Abweichung vom Idealgewicht, die Rasse und die Größe des Hundes, das Alter, das Geschlecht und der Kastrationsstatus, chronische Erkrankungen und die Art der Fütterung (Fertigfutter, selbstzubereitete Ration) im Bezug zur Energieaufnahme der Hunde pro kg W0,75 gesetzt. Eine Abweichung vom Idealgewicht von mehr als 10 % bei den Hunden galt als Unter-, bzw. Übergewicht. Die mittlere Energieaufnahme der Hunde lag bei 98 ± 29 kcal/ kg W0,75. Weder die Körpergröße noch chronische Erkrankungen zeigten einen Einfluss auf den Energieerhaltungsbedarf der Hunde. Auch die Art der Fütterung hatte keine Auswirkung auf den Energiebedarf. Die Einschätzung des Idealgewichts durch die Tierbesitzer stimmte gut mit dem Rassestandard nach Krämer (2002) überein. Es waren nur 11 % der Hunde übergewichtig, 9 % waren untergewichtig und 80 % der Hunde normalgewichtig. Es wurde ein signifikanter Unterschied zwischen der Energieaufnahme übergewichtiger, untergewichtiger und normalgewichtiger Hunde festgestellt (Tabelle 3). Tabelle 3: Effekt von Über- und Untergewicht auf den Energieerhaltungsbedarf des Hundes Gewichtsgruppe N medianes Alter in Jahren mediane prozentuale Abweichung vom Idealgewicht (Angabe des Besitzers) ME-Energiebedarf kcal/ kg W0.75 Mittelwert ± SD Übergewicht 62 7 15,2 86 ± 29a Normalgewicht 478 5 0 98 ± 28b Untergewicht 46 5,5 -14,5 119 ± 38c Mittelwerte aus der gleichen Spalte, die nicht den gleichen hochgestellten Buchstaben aufweisen, sind signifikant unterschiedlich zueinander (ANOVA, Holm-Sidak-Test, p < 0,05) Hunde in einem Alter von mehr als sieben Jahren (n= 149) hatten eine Energieaufnahme, die mit 93 kcal/ kg W0,75 niedriger lag als die Energieaufnahme jüngerer Hunde in einem Alter von weniger als sieben Jahren (n= 313, 100 kcal/ kg W0,75). Intakte Rüden wiesen im Vergleich zu den anderen Hunden einen überdurchschnittlichen Energiebedarf auf (p < 0,001). Es lag ein Unterschied in der Energieaufnahme bestimmter Hunderassen vor. So zeigten Jack Russel Terrier, Dalmatiner, kleine Münsterländer und der Magyar Viszla, sowie der Bearded Collie, Windhunde, der Deutsche Boxer, der Englische Foxhound, der Rhodesian Ridgeback sowie der Flat Coated Retriever einen überdurchschnittlich hohen Energiebedarf, die mittlere Energieaufnahme dieser Rassen lag bei 113 kcal/ kg W0,75. Dackel, sowie Schoßhunde, der Westhighland White Terrier, alle Collie Rassen außer der Bearded Collie, der Airedale Terrier und American Staffordshire Terrier, und auch der Golden Retriever wiesen dagegen eine unterdurchschnittliche mittlere Energieaufnahme von 82 kcal/ kg W0,75 auf. Dies muss nicht unbedingt auf einen tatsächlichen Rasseeffekt hinweisen, sondern kann auch den Lebensstil der Besitzer, die diese Rassen bevorzugen, reflektieren. Der mittlere Energieerhaltungsbedarf von Haushunden ist vergleichbar mit dem Energiebedarf von Laborhunden, die eine geringe spontane Aktivität aufweisen, sowie alten Laborhunden. Dieses Ergebnis lässt vermuten, dass die Möglichkeit und der Anreiz zur Bewegung bei Haushunden, die mit dem Menschen in einem Haushalt leben, niedriger ist als bei Laborhunden. Eine reduzierte Aktivität könnte auch einen nivellierenden Effekt auf mögliche Faktoren wie Alter, Grunderkrankung oder Rasse haben, die in dieser Studie den Energieerhaltungsbedarf der Hunde weniger stark beeinflussten als zu Studienbeginn erwartet. Energiebedarf der Katze im Erhaltungsstoffwechsel In dieser Studie wurden die Daten von 80 ausgewachsenen Katzen im Erhaltungsstoffwechsel (medianes Alter 9,0 Jahre, mediane Abweichung vom Idealgewicht: + 22.5 %, die meisten kastriert) ausgewertet. 6 % der Katzen waren vollkommen gesund, die anderen wiesen verschiedene chronische Erkrankungen auf. Es wurde dabei die Abweichung vom Idealgewicht, das Alter, das Geschlecht, chronische Erkrankungen und die Art der Fütterung (Fertigfutter, selbstzubereitete Ration) auf die Energieaufnahme pro kg W0,67 bezogen. Über- und Untergewicht wurde definiert bei einer Abweichung vom Idealgewicht von mehr als 15 %. Die Angabe des Idealgewichts laut Besitzer wurde mit den Daten aus der Studie von Kienzle und Moik (2011) verglichen. Im Gegensatz zu den Hundebesitzern überschätzten die Katzenbesitzer das Idealgewicht ihres Tieres deutlich. Auf Basis der Daten von Kienzle und Moik (2011) waren 26,3% der Katzen normalgewichtig und 63,7% übergewichtig, während nach Schätzung der Besitzer nur 26% übergewichtig waren. Daher wurde zur weiteren Beurteilung das Idealgewicht der Katzen nach Kienzle und Moik (2011) festgelegt. Die mittlere Energieaufnahme der Katzen lag bei 96 ± 33 kcal/ kg W0.67. Bei den Katzen konnte kein signifikanter Unterschied zwischen der Energieaufnahme kranker und gesunder Katzen festgestellt werden. Des Weiteren hatte das Alter, das Geschlecht oder die Art der Fütterung keinen Einfluss auf die Energieaufnahme der Katzen. Übergewichtige Katzen fraßen nach der aktuellen Studie signifikant weniger als normal- oder untergewichtige Katzen (Tabelle 4). Tabelle 4: Effekt von Über- und Untergewicht auf den Energieerhaltungsbedarf der Katze Normalgewicht Übergewicht Untergewicht kcal ME/ kg W0.67 (n) 110 ± 36X (21) 86 ± 29Y (51) 117 ± 43X (8) Mittelwerte aus der gleichen Zeile, die nicht den gleichen hochgestellten Buchstaben aufweisen, sind signifikant unterschiedlich zueinander (ANOVA, Holm-Sidak-Test, p < 0,05). Der Energieerhaltungsbedarf einer normalgewichtigen Katze entspricht den aktuellen Empfehlungen (NRC 2006), vorausgesetzt das Idealgewicht wird auf Basis der Daten von Kienzle und Moik (2011) festgelegt.

On dispose d’une cellule photoélectrique au césium éclairée par une lumière monochromatique. 1. La longueur d’onde seuil pour le césium est λ0 = 660 nm. Déterminer le travail d’extraction W0 d’un électron. La lumière qui éclaire cette photocathode a une longueur d’onde λ = 440 nm. 1. Déterminer l’énergie cinétique maximale d’un électron émis par la cathode. 2. Déterminer la vitesse de cet électron. La masse d’un électron est de 9,1 10-31kg