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In this rebroadcasted Christian Worldview Thinking podcast with Aaron Atwood from Summit Worldview Ministries, J. Warner Wallace discusses his story, outreach, and what makes Christianity unique among theistic religions. What is the relationship between making the case for Christianity and presenting the Gospel? What makes Christianity so different from other worldviews? For more great podcasts from Summit Worldview Ministries, please visit their podcast archive.
Dr. Jeff Myers and Aaron Atwood spend some time discussing the Marxist worldview, democratic socialism, and the difference between a Marxist and a Christian view of wealth. Dr. Jeff Myers is Summit's president and an acclaimed communicator. He's authored or co-authored several books, most recently writing the latest edition of Summit's Understanding the Times. Find him on Twitter @drjeffmyers.
Dr. Gary Habermas responds to skeptics' common arguments against the resurrection. Visit summit.org/ebook for a free download of Dr. Habermas's ebook Evidence for the Historical Jesus: Is the Jesus of History the Christ of Faith?. Dr. Gary Habermas has penned dozens of books and over a hundred articles. He has given over 1500 lectures in universities, seminaries, and colleges all over the world and is 'Distinguished Research Professor and Chair' in the Department of Philosophy and Theology at Liberty University, where he has taught for 30 years. For more on Dr. Habermas, visit his website at http://garyhabermas.com/.
In this episode, Aaron talks with Greg Summers, a Career Direct consultant, about career choice and design, explaining how parents and students can make wise decisions about college and vocation. Greg Summers is a youth pastor and a Career Direct Network Leader and Consultant. He's worked with hundreds of parents and students, helping them understand how God has uniquely designed them for their specific callings. For more on Career Direct, visit http://www.summitcareerdirect.com/.
In the aftermath of Supreme Court Justice Antonin Scalia's death, Alliance Defending Freedom's Dr. Jeffrey Ventrella shares his perspective on Scalia's life, judicial legacy, and the future of the Supreme Court. Jeffery J. Ventrella, J.D., Ph.D., serves as senior counsel and senior vice president of Student Training and Development for Alliance Defending Freedom. He is a member of the state bar of Idaho, and is also admitted to practice before the U.S. Court of Appeals for the 9th Circuit, the U.S. District Court for the District of Idaho, and the U.S. Supreme Court. He heads the ADF Blackstone Legal Fellowship and also leads the Alliance Defending Freedom Collegiate Academy. He speaks on religious liberty at Summit's Student Conferences. For more information, visit http://www.adflegal.org/.
Dr. Carol M. Swain shares her story of rising from poverty to academia, and the challenges she's faced for her faith. Dr. Carol M. Swain is the Professor of Political Science and Professor of Law at Vanderbilt University. She is a widely recognized expert on campaign and elections, racial politics, immigration reform, and religious liberty. She is also the author of the highly acclaimed book Black Faces, Black Interests: The Representation of African Americans in Congress, as well as Be the People: A Call to Reclaim America's Faith and Promise, Debating Immigration, and more.
This week, sociologist Dr. George Yancey shares what he's learned after years of studying academic bias and anti-Christian hostility. Dr. George Yancey is a Professor of Sociology at the University of North Texas. He's the author of 19 books, including So Many Christians, So Few Lions, a book that assesses Christianophobia in the United States, and Hostile Environment, a book for Christians facing anti-Christian bias. For more on Dr. Yancey, visit his website at http://www.georgeyancey.com/.
"Do Muslims and Christians worship the same God?" Alan Shlemon and Aaron Atwood tackle that question in this week's interview. Alan shares a simple, helpful metaphor that Christians can use to make sense of the question. Alan Shlemon is a Summit faculty member and an apologist with Stand to Reason. He is the son of Iraqi immigrants and the author of The Ambassador's Guide to Islam. For more on Alan, visit Stand to Reason at StR.org.
Taking you behind the scenes at Summit, Aaron Atwood sits down with three members of Summit's leadership team — Dr. Jeff Myers, Eric Smith, and Karl Schaller — to talk through their goals and resolutions for the next year. Dr. Jeff Myers serves as President of Summit and is the author of Understanding the Times, as well as the upcoming Understanding the Faith, Understanding the Culture, and Idea Catchers. Eric Smith is Summit's Vice-President of Programs. Eric oversees Summit's Student Conferences, Summit Semester, Summit Oxford, as well as Summit's regional events. Karl Schaller is the Vice President of Publishing at Summit, which he calls the "best job in America." He oversees the release of Summit's curriculum, books, and other products.
This week, Aaron interviews his old boss, Stuart Shepard, to talk about media bias, how to watch the news well, and ways for Christians to get involved with the media. Stuart Shepard is the Director of Digital Communications at CitizenLink, where he oversees all CitizenLink media channels. He's best known for his Stoplight video commentaries, available on http://www.citizenlink.com/.
Filmmaker Brian Ivie talks The Drop Box and the people and movies who inspire him, and shares his incredible testimony. Brian Ivie is the award-winning director of “The Drop Box”. He's graduate from The Bryan Singer Division of Critical Studies at USC’s School of Cinematic Arts, and hails from sunny San Clemente, California. Learn move at http://arbellastudios.com/.
Dustin Jizmejian, Director of Summit Semester, shares actionable insights that can help anyone learn and grow in knowledge and faith. Dustin Jizmejian is the Director of Summit Semester, Summit's three-month program for students finishing high school or beginning college who want to grow spiritually and intellectually. Learn more at summitsemester.org.
Kevin Bywater brings clarity and practical advice for Christians seeking to make sense of Islam, ISIS, and the November 2015 Paris terrorist attacks. Kevin Bywater is the Director and Resident Scholar of the Summit Oxford Study Centre, a study abroad program combining the unique worldview approach of Summit with the academic strengths of Oxford, England. Kevin has been on staff with Summit since 1992. For more from Kevin, visit his website, and for more on Oxford, visit http://www.summitoxford.org/.
How does an ordinary person do something extraordinary? Joe Baker, the founder of Save the Storks, answers that question and more as he shares the story of how God called him to the pro-life movement. Joe Baker is the founder and president of Save the Storks, a pro-life ministry that partners with pregnancy resource centers across the US to provide sonograms to abortion-minded expectant women. To get involved, find Save the Storks on Facebook and visit their website at http://www.savethestorks.com/.
J. Warner Wallace shares the story behind his new book, God's Crime Scene, and unpacks some of the arguments from the book. J. Warner Wallace is both a cold-case detective and a Christian apologist. He's a Summit faculty member and the author of several books, including God's Crime Scene and Cold-Case Christianity. For more information, visit http://www.coldcasechristianity.com/. Visit summit.org/podcast to sign up for Summit email and receive unflinching worldview analysis of current news and events.
The Christian film War Room has received a lot of criticism from Christians, criticism Eric Smith thinks the film doesn't deserve. In this interview, Eric persuasively defends the film. He shares openly about how the film impacted him, and offers some helpful suggestions on how Christians should approach films, books, and other works of art. Eric Smith serves as Summit's Vice President of Programs. He launched and led Summit Semester from 2006 to 2010, and teaches the Bible at Summit’s Colorado Student Conferences and Summit Semester. He holds a Masters of Divinity from Denver Seminary.
Megan Basham, a film & television critic for WORLD, talks with Aaron about storytelling, the intersection of Christianity and Hollywood, Christian films and filmmakers, as well as sharing how God used a story to draw her to Christ. Megan Basham writes film & television reviews to WORLD's Culture section. She has contributed to TownHall.com, and is the author of Beside Every Great Man: A Woman's Guide to Having It All. You can find her reviews in WORLD, and follow her on Twitter @megbasham.
Continuing the conversation about Understanding the Times, Dr. Myers and Aaron discuss how to discern which worldview is true. Dr. Myers explains the four tests – the test of reason, the test of the outer world, the test of the inner world, and the test of the real world – and how to use them to identify counterfeit worldviews. You can purchase a copy of Understanding the Times from Summit's store here. Dr. Jeff Myers is Summit's president and an acclaimed communicator. He's authored or co-authored several books, most recently writing the latest edition of Summit's Understanding the Times. Find him on Twitter @drjeffmyers.
Each person a pattern of ideas that they use to understand their world – a worldview. Dr. Jeff Myers shares the six most influential worldviews and emphasizes why Christians need to understand the world of ideas, as he and Aaron talking about the newly-revised Understanding the Times, Summit's eye-opening guide to worldview. You can purchase a copy of Understanding the Times from Summit's store here. Dr. Jeff Myers is Summit's president and an acclaimed communicator. He's authored or co-authored several books, most recently writing the latest edition of Summit's Understanding the Times. Find him on Twitter @drjeffmyers.
How do definitions shape our cultural landscape? The meaning of words like "love", "freedom", and even "God" have shifted, and the results are often dangerous. John Stonestreet explains. John Stonestreet is Summit faculty member and President of the Chuck Colson Center for Christian Worldview. He hosts The Point, a daily radio spotlight, and a co-host of Breakpoint. For more on John, visit ColsonCenter.org. We want to know what you think of Christian Worldview Thinking. Visit http://www.summit.org/podcast to take a quick survey and let us know what you'd like to hear on the podcast!
Brett Kunkle of Stand to Reason tackles the question of morality in this interview. Listen as he builds a case for objective morality, then delves into why morality matters: it frees us to enjoy life as God meant us to. Apologist Brett Kunkle is the Student Impact Director at Stand to Reason and a Summit faculty member. He regularly speaks to students at colleges, conferences, and churches across the country. For more information, visit StandtoReason.org. Visit summit.org/podcast to sign up for Summit's email list and receive unflinching worldview analysis of current news and events.
In this interview, Jennifer Marshall offers perspectives on public policy, addressing the Supreme Court same-sex marriage decision, religious liberty, and poverty. She shares practical advice for churches looking to effectively minister to the poor and answers the question "why should we have hope?" Jennifer Marshall is a Summit faculty member and a vice-president at the Heritage Foundation, where she oversees research on issues like marriage, religious liberty, education, and welfare. For more information, visit Heritage.org. Visit summit.org/podcast to sign up for Summit's email list and receive unflinching worldview analysis of current news and events.
Scott Klusendorf and Aaron Atwood talk about the recent, horrific Planned Parenthood undercover videos. Scott prepares Christians to start and navigate conversations about the sting videos and shares why this is a truly incredible time for the pro-life movement. Scott Klusendorf is one of the world's foremost pro-life apologists. He speaks regularly, both at Summit and around the nation, equipping Christians to champion the pro-life cause. Scott is the founder and president of the Life Training Institute as well as the author of several books, including The Case for Life. Visit summit.org/podcast to sign up for Summit's email list and receive unflinching worldview analysis of current news and events.
Christopher Yuan shares his testimony, highlighting the necessity of the gospel for genuine change. Building on that perspective, Christopher also offers guidance to Christians seeking to respond well to the LGBT community. Christopher Yuan is a Summit faculty member and an international speaker, sharing his incredible testimony and lecturing on homosexuality, biblical hermeneutics, and how Christians ought to respond to the LGBT community. He's the author of Out of a Far Country: A Gay Son's Journey to God, A Broken Mother's Search for Hope with his mother, Angela Yuan. For more information, visit his website at http://www.christopheryuan.com/. Visit summit.org/podcast to sign up for Summit's email list and receive unflinching worldview analysis of current news and events.
Casey Luskin explains intelligent design, sharing evidence for design and responding to evolutionary claims and counter-arguments. Casey Luskin speaks on intelligent design around the nation, and serves as the Research Coordinator for The Discovery Institute's Center for Science and Culture. For more information, see http://www.caseyluskin.com/. Visit summit.org/podcast to sign up for Summit email and receive unflinching worldview analysis of current news and events.
Dr. Mike Adams responds to the film God's Not Dead by sharing how Christian students can avoid pitfalls in the classroom when faced with antagonistic professors. Dr. Mike Adams is a professor of sociology at UNC-Wilmington and has been a faculty member Summit's Summer Student Conferences since 2008. He's the author of Letters to a Young Progressive and a regular contributor to TownHall.com. He's best known for his strong, active involvement in challenging campus censorship. Visit summit.org/podcast to sign up for Summit email and receive unflinching worldview analysis of current news and events.
Dr. Frank Beckwith and Aaron Atwood sit down to talk about why morality and the natural law matter, as well as the freedom that results from morality and Dr. Beckwith's new book, Taking Rites Seriously: Law, Politics, and the Reasonableness of Faith. Dr. Frank Beckwith is professor of Philosophy and Jurisprudence at Baylor University. Dr. Beckwith has authored or edited over 15 books, including Politics for Christians: Statecraft as Soulcraft and Relativism: Feet Firmly Planted in Mid-Air. Visit summit.org/podcast to sign up for Summit email and receive unflinching worldview analysis of current news and events.
J. Warner Wallace sits down with Aaron Atwood to share his story and explain circumstantial evidence, setting realistic goals for evangelism, and outlines what sets Christianity apart from other theistic religions. J. Warner Wallace is both a cold-case detective and a Christian apologist. He's a Summit faculty member and the author of several books, including Cold-Case Christianity. For more information, visit http://www.coldcasechristianity.com/. Visit summit.org/podcast to sign up for Summit email and receive unflinching worldview analysis of current news and events.
Dr. Mike Adams offers his top Christian and apologetics book recommendations and shares why each book is a must-read. For Dr. Adams' full list of books, visit http://summit.org/podcast. Dr. Mike Adams is a professor of sociology at UNC-Wilmington and has been a faculty member Summit's Summer Student Conferences since 2008. He's the author of Letters to a Young Progressive and a regular contributor to TownHall.com. He's best known for his strong, active involvement in challenging campus censorship. Visit summit.org/podcast to sign up for Summit email and receive unflinching worldview analysis of current news and events.
Alex McFarland teaches parents to begin fulfilling their vital role in teaching their children about the Christian faith as he shares about his latest book, The 21 Toughest Questions Your Kids Will Have About God & Christianity. Alex McFarland is a Summit faculty member and Christian apologist. He serves as director of the Center for Christian Worldview and Apologetics at North Greenville University and is the author of numerous books, including the best-selling 10 Most Common Objections to Christianity. For more information, visit http://www.alexmcfarland.com/. Visit summit.org/podcast to sign up for Summit email and receive unflinching worldview analysis of current news and events.
Dr. Mike Adams exposes how college administrators are using mandatory student activities fees to wrongly discriminate against conservative and Christian groups. Adams unpacks the problem and shares how students can effectively respond. This is a must-hear interview for Christians enrolled at public colleges and universities. Dr. Mike Adams is a professor of sociology at UNC-Wilmington and has been a faculty member Summit's Summer Student Conferences since 2008. He's the author of Letters to a Young Progressive and a regular contributor to TownHall.com. He's best known for his strong, active involvement in challenging campus censorship. Visit summit.org/podcast to sign up for Summit email and receive unflinching worldview analysis of current news and events.
Warren Smith sits down with Aaron Atwood to talk about Restoring All Things, a new book co-authored by Warren and John Stonestreet. Restoring All Things is a chronicle of how God is working to redeem, renew, and restore the world through the faithful acts of everyday people. In this interview, Warren discusses the ideas behind Restoring All Things, explains the importance of storytelling, and shares his favorite story from the book. Win a FREE copy of Warren Smith's book Restoring All Things! Visit Summit's Facebook page (http://www.facebook.com/summitministries) and comment/like the podcast episode post for a chance to win a signed copy of Warren Smith & John Stonestreet's Restoring All Things: God's Audacious Plan to Change the World Through Everyday People. Like the post for one entry and comment on the post for a second entry. Contest ends at 5 p.m. (MTN), Thursday, June 18. Valid only for U.S. residents. The winner will be randomly selected. Warren Smith is the vice-president of World News Group, the publisher of World Magazine. He's a Summit faculty member and co-author of Restoring All Things with John Stonestreet. Buy Restoring All Things at the Summit Bookstore and get 25% off market price. Smith has also written A Lover's Quarrel with the Evangelical Church and co-authored Prodigal Press with Marvin Olasky. Visit summit.org/podcast to sign up for Summit email and receive unflinching worldview analysis of current news and events.
Visit summit.org to receive unflinching worldview analysis of current news and events. Look for the email signup on the sidebar to the right. This week in our summer series of interviews with Summit Student Conference Faculty-in-Residence Dr. Mike Adams, Dr. Adams and Aaron Atwood tackle the gun control question. In this interview, Dr. Adams overviews the issue and offers perspective on how Christians can think well about gun control. Dr. Mike Adams is a professor of sociology at UNC-Wilmington and has been a faculty member at Summit's Summer Student Conferences since 2008. He's the author of Letters to a Young Progressive and a regular contributor to TownHall.com. He's best known for his strong, active involvement in challenging campus censorship. Dr. Adams is regular speaker at Summit’s 12-day Student Conferences (www.summit.org/conferences/) where young adults learn to defend their faith and confidently engage others in truth to shape culture.
Visit summit.org to receive unflinching worldview analysis of current news and events. Look for the email signup on the sidebar to the right. This week on Christian Worldview Thinking, Aaron Atwood talks to apologist Dr. Frank Turek about Stealing from God, Dr. Turek's new book. In this episode, Dr. Turek overviews the book, explaining how atheists build their arguments against God on realities best explained by theism, such as morality, causality, and reason. Dr. Turek also shares way to practically and effectively apply the arguments from the book in conversation. Frank Turek is a prominent public defender of the faith and is the co-author of I Don't Have Enough Faith to Be an Atheist with Norm Geisler. He's also the president of CrossExamined.org, a non-profit organization that brings apologetics content to churches and schools across the U.S. Frank is a speaker at Summit’s 12-day Student Conferences (www.summit.org/thesummit) where young adults learn to defend their faith and confidently engage others in truth to shape culture.
Visit summit.org to receive unflinching worldview analysis of current news and events. Look for the email signup on the sidebar to the right. Continuing our summer series of interviews with Summit Student Conference Faculty-in-Residence Dr. Mike Adams, Aaron Atwood talks with Dr. Adams about how Summit alumni are advancing the pro-life cause on campuses across the nation. Dr. Adams also offers suggestions how Christians can get involved in the pro-life movement. Dr. Mike Adams is a professor of sociology at UNC-Wilmington and has been a faculty member at Summit's Summer Student Conferences since 2008. He's the author of Letters to a Young Progressive and a regular contributor to TownHall.com. He's best known for his strong, active involvement in challenging campus censorship. Dr. Adams is regular speaker at Summit’s 12-day Student Conferences (www.summit.org/conferences/) where young adults learn to defend their faith and confidently engage others in truth to shape culture.
Visit summit.org to receive unflinching worldview analysis of current news and events. Look for the email signup on the sidebar to the right. In the first of a summer-long series of interviews, Aaron Atwood sits down with Dr. Mike Adams to talk about the threats to religious freedom at colleges and universities, and how Christian students can respond. Focusing on a recent case centered on Christian apologetics ministry Ratio Christi, Dr. Adams explains the history of the current religious liberties conflict and what it means for religious freedom on campuses across the U.S. Dr. Mike Adams is a professor of sociology at UNC-Wilmington and has been a faculty member at Summit's Summer Student Conferences since 2008. He's the author of Letters to a Young Progressive and a regular contributor to TownHall.com. He's best known for his strong, active involvement in challenging campus censorship. Dr. Adams is regular speaker at Summit’s 12-day Student Conferences (www.summit.org/conferences/) where young adults learn to defend their faith and confidently engage others in truth to shape culture.
Visit summit.org to receive unflinching worldview analysis of current news and events. Look for the email signup on the sidebar to the right. There's still time to register for Summit's two-week worldview conference in sunny southern California, June 14-27. Get more information and register at summit.org. Following last week's episode with Barry Asmus, Aaron Atwood sits down with Dr. Asmus to talk about the correlation between free market economics and a Christian worldview. Dr. Asmus also shares why he's optimistic about the economic future of America. Barry Asmus is a Senior Economist with the National Center for Policy Analysis and a highly-regarded advocate for free market economics who has spoken around the world. For more information, visit his website at http://barryasmus.com/. Dr. Asmus has spoken at Summit’s 12-day Student Conferences (www.summit.org/conferences/), where young adults learn to defend their faith and confidently engage others in truth to shape culture.
Visit summit.org to receive unflinching worldview analysis of current news and events. Look for the email signup on the sidebar to the right. Dr. Ryan T. Anderson is a champion of traditional marriage on the very frontline of the marriage debate. He's the co-author of What is Marriage? with Sherif Girgis and Robert P. George, and has appear on a number of mainstream media shows, where's he fearlessly defended one-man, one-woman marriage. For more information on Ryan Anderson, please visit the Heritage Foundation. Aaron Atwood talks with Ryan T. Anderson about the latest developments in the marriage debate at the Supreme Court, and explains the case for traditional marriage.
Visit summit.org to receive unflinching worldview analysis of current news and events. Look for the email signup on the sidebar to the right. Dr. Jeff Myers is president of Summit Ministries and author of over 8 books, including Grow Together, a book aimed at reviving the lost practice of mentoring across generations to ignite spiritual growth in the Church. Aaron Atwood sits down with Dr. Jeff Myers to talk about the Grow Together project and what Dr. Myers calls the "Three Hungers" - the need each of us has for truth, identity, and meaning. Jeff is a regular speaker at Summit’s 12-day Student Conferences (www.summit.org/conferences/) where young adults learn to defend their faith and confidently engage others in truth to shape culture.
Visit summit.org to receive unflinching worldview analysis of current news and events. Look for the email signup on the sidebar to the right. Following up on last episode's talk about same-sex-marriage, John Stonestreet and Aaron Atwood dig deeper into the subject and look at how the same-sex marriage debate is undermining religious liberties. They discuss what the most appropriate response for the church is to this issue. John suggests that the church needs to address same-sex-marriage through: Standing strong on the definition of marriage as being between one man and one woman. Not letting marriage be redefined by divorce. That issue is one that also undermines the sanctity of marriage in a huge way. Being front and center with grace and hope for the LGBT community, recognizing that we are all sinners in need of grace and that we are no less in need of Christ's sacrifice than the gay community. John Stonestreet is the senior content advisor for Summit Ministries and host of The Point, a daily radio show heard around the world. In his recent book, coauthored with Sean McDowell, Same-Sex Marriage, John and Sean unpack how those who follow Christ can faithfully answer the standard talking points for same-sex marriage, what God meant marriage to be, and why it is so important to defend the definition of marriage as an institution between a man and woman. John is a speaker at Summit’s 12-day Student Conferences (www.summit.org/conferences/) where young adults learn to defend their faith and confidently engage others in truth to shape culture.
Visit summit.org to receive unflinching worldview analysis of current news and events. Look for the email signup on the sidebar to the right. John Stonestreet is the senior content advisor for Summit Ministries and host of The Point, a daily radio show heard around the world. Following up on last episode's talk about same-sex marriage, John Stonestreet and Aaron Atwood dig deeper into the subject and look at why it is important to treat others with dignity while discussing why it is important that we define marriage and the consequence of letting that slip. In his recent book, coauthored with Sean McDowell, Same-Sex Marriage, John and Sean unpack how those who follow Christ can faithfully answer the standard talking points for same-sex marriage, what God meant marriage to be, and why it is so important to defend the definition of marriage as an institution between a man and woman. John is a speaker at Summit’s 12-day Student Conferences (www.summit.org/conferences/) where young adults learn to defend their faith and confidently engage others in truth to shape culture.
Visit summit.org to sign up for Summit email for resources on how to respond with a biblical worldview to current cultural topics. Look for the email signup on the sidebar to the right. Scott Klusendorf is the Founder and President of Life Training Institute and the Author of several books including The Case For Life. He is considered one of the foremost apologists on the subject of abortion. The goal of his organization is to challenge and equip pro-life advocates to persuasively defend their views in the public square. In this episode, Scott and Aaron talk about how to approach the subject of abortion in every day conversations by asking questions. They also discuss how to look at the subject through the lens of grace, realizing that the unborn are not the only people harmed in the process. This episode is packed full of practical ways Christians can approach a difficult and uncomfortable subject. Scott is a regular speaker at Summit's 12-day Student Conferences (www.summit.org/conferences/) where young adults learn to defend their faith and confidently engage others in truth to shape culture. Scott goes in depth how to defend life and win the debate against an evil that threatens millions of unborn.
Visit summit.org to receive unflinching worldview analysis of current news and events. Look for the email signup on the sidebar to the right. Dr. Jeff Myers is president of Summit Ministries and author of over 8 books, including Grow Together: a book aimed at reviving the lost practice of mentoring across generations to ignite spiritual growth in the Church. This week, Dr. Jeff Myers talks with Aaron Atwood about why a biblical christian worldview is necessary in today's culture. They discuss how the overarching story of Christianity offers a context for living full of truth, identity and meaning. They also discuss how seeking a holy life is more than simply avoiding sin but really focuses on living a life that is good and enjoyable. Each year Summit hosts 12-day Student Conferences (www.summit.org/conferences/) where young adults learn to defend their faith and confidently engage others in truth to shape culture.