Podcast appearances and mentions of Kit Pedler

Ian and Nathan are thawed out to review probably the most iconic 2nd Doctor story!The Tomb of the Cybermen (1967). Directed by Morris Barry. Written by Kit Pedler and Gerry Davies. Starring Patrick Troughton, Frazer Hines and Deborah Watling 

This week, Brendan, Nathan, Steven B and Johnny Spandrell penetrate the heart of the Vatican, only to discover that behind its dusty and arcane lore lies an eldritch horror that threatens the very idea of existence itself. It's Extremis. Notes and links The most important inspiration here is Dan Brown's The Da Vinci Code (2003), a massively popular and widely-panned thriller about a dark secret that threatens the credibility of the Catholic Church itself (but probably not the one you're thinking of). Perhaps this review of the book will give you a good sense of its style. It turns out that the dark secret in The Da Vinci code was originally revealed in 1982 in a best-selling book called The Holy Blood and the Holy Grail (or in the US, more pithily, Holy Blood, Holy Grail). This book was, terrifyingly but unsurprisingly, co-written by our very own Henry Lincoln, co-writer of The Abominable Snowmen, The Web of Fear and The Dominators. Steven remembers the first Doctor talking about his religious beliefs in a passage from The Empire of Glass (1995) by Andy Lane. Here, in Chapter 6, the Doctor is talking to Galileo. “In short, sir, I am currently an agnostic, and by the time my life draws to its close, and I have travelled from one side of the universe to the other and seen every sight there is to see, I firmly expect to be an atheist. Does that answer your question?” In a recent episode of The Bjay BJ Game Show, Brendan and Bjay review a game called The Talos Principle, a video game set in a computer simulation which deals with questions of identity and religion. Nathan has a website called the Randomiser at therandomiser.net, which can help you pick a random Doctor Who story to watch, but which can also (more importantly, perhaps) reassure you that you're not living in a computer simulation. The properly randomised Doctor Who podcast which Nathan appeared on is called Pull to Open, with Pete Pachal and Chris Taylor. As a kind of public service, Steven alerts us to a 2015 article by Charlie Brooker about a group of German researchers created a version of Super Mario World in which Mario was self-aware and emotionally affected by his experiences in the game. Steven also draws our attention to a branch of philosophy concerned with the possibility that we might all be living in a computer simulation. This 2020 article in Scientific American sums up the state of play. Johnny refers to Kit Pedler's original conception of the Cybermen as a race of Star Monks — an idea that El Sandifer runs with in a productive and interesting way in her essay on The Tenth Planet. Johnny Spandrell takes aim at this story in an entertaining and insightful blog post on Extremis, written in 2018. Here's a link to the Character Options Series 10 action figure set, featuring the Doctor, Bill and a heavily made up Missy, for those of you who enjoy that kind of thing. And finally, here's Donna Summer singing about this story forty years early in Once Upon a Time…. Follow us Nathan is on Bluesky at @nathanbottomley.bsky.social and Brendan is at @retrobrendo.bsky.social, while Steven is on X at @steedstylin and Johnny is @JohnnySpandrell. The Flight Through Entirety theme was arranged by Cameron Lam. You can follow Flight Through Entirety on Mastodon and Bluesky, as well as on X and Facebook. Our website is at flightthroughentirety.com. Please consider rating or reviewing us on Apple Podcasts, or we'll basically just blurt out in your hearing that Santa isn't real. And more You can find links to all of the podcasts we're involved in on our podcasts page. But here's a summary of where we're up to right now. 500 Year Diary is our latest new Doctor Who podcast, going back through the history of the show and examining new themes and ideas. It's first season came out early this year, under the title New Beginnings. Check it out. It will be back for a second season early in 2025. The Second Great and Bountiful Human Empire has broadcast our hot takes on every new episode of Doctor Who since November last year, and it will be back again in 2025 for Season 2. Just two weeks ago, on Startling Barbara Bain, we faced what is perhaps the most memorable and terrifying episode of Space: 1999 ever with our usual mix of valour and prosecco. It's Dragon's Domain. And finally there's our Star Trek commentary podcast, Untitled Star Trek Project, featuring Nathan and friend-of-the-podcast Joe Ford. This week, we visited a holographic jazz bar in Vegas in 1962 for a surpassingly brilliant episode of Deep Space Nine called His Way.

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MICHAEL HERBERT on DOOMWATCH. First broadcast on FAB RADIO INTERNATIONAL at 19:00 on June 16th 2024. This week's returning guest from our ever growing group of returning regulars is MICHAEL HERBERT who, you might remember from some earlier editions of VISION ON SOUND, has spent a lot of the last few years researching the life of MALCOLM HULKE, which, of course, because everything in the world of television is all interconnected somehow, means that he comes across other things that interest him, and he got in touch to see if I fancied having a natter about DOOMWATCH. Now, despite rumours to the contrary, I absolutely adore DOOMWATCH. Perhaps it's because it simply appeals to my own inflated sense of pessimism, but there's just something very entertaining about a television series built around the potential disasters that humanity is capable of causing through its own hubris if we allow ourselves to go ahead with our experimentations unchecked and without a certain amount of accountability, and there is an enduring appeal to the stories it told more than half a century ago, many of which still feel very relevant today, when some of the actions of governments and individuals really do feel as if they still need reining in. Created by DR KIT PEDLER and GERRY DAVIS following their successful collaborations on DOCTOR WHO, and broadcast on the BBC across three series between 1970 and 1972, DOOMWATCH explored new and unusual threats to humanity which were appearing in many ways, as the human race was busily developing the white heat of technology in the post-nuclear age, in a series of stories involving subjects as diverse as plastic-eating viruses, artificial hearts, toxic waste, and rats with a genetically enhanced taste for human flesh. The series involved the dramatic experiences of the fictional DEPARTMENT FOR THE OBSERVATION AND MEASUREMENT OF SCIENTIFIC WORK – You can see why they preferred to use DOOMWATCH as a title – as they attempted to protect the world from the dangers of unprincipled scientific research, as they were set up “to investigate any scientific research, public or private, that could possibly be harmful to man” which basically meant that DOCTOR SPENCER QUIST and his team were often irritants to those who were heavily invested in the steady march of progress. No change there then. Starring JOHN PAUL, JOBY BLANCHARD and SIMON OATES, amongst others, the series made a star of ROBERT POWELL, whose character TOBY WREN's untimely demise at the end of the first series sent shockwaves through the pages of the RADIO TIMES in a way that the serious concerns being talked about in the storylines seldom did. It may surprise you just how many of the stories told in this series seem to be about things humanity has only recently begun to have concerns about, when the writers involved were trying to warn us about it decades ago, but, well, that's human beings for you, isn't it? PLEASE NOTE - For Copyright reasons, musical content sometimes has to be removed for the podcast edition. All the spoken word content remains (mostly) as it was in the broadcast version. Hopefully this won't spoil your enjoyment of the show.

Tout bon monde parallèle doit posséder des zeppelins... Et des humains cybernétiques. Cette semaine, "Le règne des Cybermen" et un portrait de leur créateur Kit Pedler!

What is Doom's Day and does it have anything to do with Urbankans? Nothing presumably, as it is a new audio adventure teased mysteriously as of this recoding, but Steven and Warren shall pick apart what few clues they have as Chris is on Special Assignment and absent from most of the proceedings this week. We also have news of Henry-Tennant regeneration hijinks on Red Nose Day, a simply wonderful trailer for the new Series 9 collection, the ever-present Timelash, and Part One of our Miniscope on Doctor Who director Lennie Mayne! Links: Support Radio Free Skaro on Patreon The Timelash BBC Doctor Who “Doom's Day” teaser Doctor Who: Four from Doom's Day: Doom's Day Audio Original Doctor Who on Red Nose Day Doctor Who bosses ‘planning UNIT spin-off with Jemma Redgrave' New trailer for the Doctor Who Series 9 collection DWM Special on Doctor Who Showrunners BF Doctor Who – The War Doctor Begins: Comrades-in-Arms due May 2023 BF Torchwood: Among Us – Part 2 due June 2023 Kit Pedler in BBC story about pollution from 1971

It's far from being all over! Mark and Iain have reached the final story of the First Doctor's era. Who better to join them for a chat about The Tenth Planet than Jim Cameron from The Mutoid Podcast and The Krynoid Podcast? Kit Pedler and Gerry Davis' story not only introduces regeneration for the first time, but it also includes a debut for the Cybermen. AOTAS homepage AOTAS on Twitter Mark on Twitter Iain on Twitter --- Send in a voice message: https://podcasters.spotify.com/pod/show/alloftimeandspace/message

Our second livestream saw John and Matt tackle a trio of returning monster mash-ups in mind-boggling detail - taking in Cyberman sugar-rush THE MOONBASE, Gravity Bar crawl THE SONTARAN EXPERIMENT, and the box-fresh PANDORICA OPENS / BIG BANG two-parter. Along the way, we discussed whether Kit Pedler had an easy gig, enjoyed some prescient Sontaran video-conferencing, and apologised to Murray Gold. We also battled one or two technical issues with John's mic - nothing that will reduce your enjoyment of this episode (that's what our actual words are for) but something you may clock from time to time. View the video version of this episode here! Follow us on Twitter or Facebook for details of our next livestream...

In which we reach the letter 'D' and explore that prescient beast Doomwatch, devised by Kit Pedler and Gerry Davis, which aired for 3 series between 1970 and 1972. We take a close look at the series 2 episode Web of Fear with Glyn Owen, Stephanie Bidmead and the least threatening spiders in a drama ever, and the famously untransmitted episode Sex and Violence featuring June Brown and Bernard Horsfall. Underwhelmed by the former, the latter, on the other hand, feels startlingly relevant to the present day. Next Time: Edge of Darkness

"I love testicle head!" Materialising on a sand pit alien planet - this time in black and white - our heroic trio, Daniel, Col, and Steven, discover the ice tombs of Telos, now home to the hibernated Cybermen led by the terrifying Cyber Controller! Perhaps the apotheosis of Doctor Who's "Base Under Siege" genre that was a staple of 1967's Season Five (aka the "Monster Season"), TOMB OF THE CYBERMEN - written by the creators of the Cybermen, Kit Pedler and Gerry Davis - is laden with atmosphere and an all-pervading sense of an impending menace. Not without its narrative and representation problems, it nonetheless remains a classic example of a story-telling blueprint from Doctor Who history that is still used to this day.  Special thanks again to Alister Pearson for his kind permission for the use of his redone cover of Jeff Cummins' original for the Target novelisation of Tomb of the Cybermen, written by Gerry Davis. © all original music copyright New To Who 2016 and 2017

Episode Twelve sees Nick remembering 'The Changes' from 1975. Warren helps us with an analysis of James Burke's 'Connections' as well as our own connections. Michael Seely talks of Kit Pedler and 'Doomwatch' while Paul recalls some early TV-related dreams. We pay tribute to Brian Cant and take a trip to Trumptonshire to celebrate the work of Gordon Murray.

Friends, it's Cyber-May! Or whatever. Anyway, it's our 50th episode, and for this one Erik and Kyle dive into talking about the Kit Pedler and Gerry Davis stories concerning those shiny shysters, the Cybermen. This time 'round, it's "The Moonbase" and "The Tomb of the Cybermen," because as the theme song to The Facts of Life told us, "you take the good, you take the bad..."

Part 2 of our discussion of the things we saw and people we met at ReGeneration Who 3 Con in Baltimore. Highlights include Comics, Simon Fraser, George Mann,  a Tribute to the War Doctor, Heather McHale on Kit Pedler, Feminist perspectives on Companions from the crew at Coal Hill Consulting and Alyssa Franke of Whovian Feminism and a wonderful discussion of Ace where that companion's loving community talked with her creator, Andrew Cartmel, about what she meant to them. It was a fantastic Con, one we recommend everyone try for themselves. These comments represent our experiences only and we only saw a fraction of what there is to see, experience and enjoy at ReGeneration Who. And wait till you see who will be at ReGenWho4!

Last month we looked at the two stories that began the 1980s, and this month we're looking at the two stories that began Season 4...but that also means they're the two stories that saw the end of the First Doctor, "The Smugglers" by Brian Hayles and "The Tenth Planet" by Kit Pedler (and Gerry Davis). These two stories couldn't be more different from each other, and it definitely doesn't feel like the same Doctor. But we also get the Cybermen, who--spoilers--we'll see a whole lot more of in the coming months on this podcast.

Daleks! Cybermen! And Class! Yes, We’ve got news of “The Power of the Daleks”, which will make it to Canadian cinemas later than everywhere else (as is right and proper, or at least expected), and our (spoiler time stamped) review of Class Episode 3, “Nightvisiting”! But the main event is a look at the legacy of Cybermen creators Kit Pedler and Gerry Davis with Blue Box Podcast host J.R. Southall in…the Miniscope! Links: – Class, Episode 3 “Nightvisiting” – Three Class novels have been released – Doctor Who Christmas Special Preview from BBC America – 50th anniversary of the first regeneration in Doctor Who – “The Power of the Daleks” DVD artwork & extras – “The Power of the Daleks” coming to Canadian cinemas on November 30 – “The Power of the Daleks” coming to Australian Cinemas on November 12 – Doctor Who Comics Humble Bundle from Titan Comics – Original Doctor Who Hardcover Books Being Reprinted – Jon Pertwee Gets A Blue Plaque Miniscope: – Kit Pedler – Gerry Davis Guest: – JR Southall from The Blue Box Podcast

Closing the Hartnell chapter on our classic Doctor Who rewatch, we end on "The Tenth Planet", the Cyberman origin story, and a wholly entertaining story from the legendary Kit Pedler.

Christian Cawley and James McLean bring you a collection of #DoctorWho news and link-inspired chats in this week's podKast, which focuses on Christian's frustration with the number of in-jokes in Titan Comics' Doctor Who: The Fourth Doctor #2. Do in-jokes work for you? Do you find meta references a bit over the top these days? Click play to find out what Christian and James have to say on the matter, as well as their thoughts on John Barrowman's rumoured return, the Eighth Doctor's timeline, a rediscovered interview with Cyberman creators Kit Pedler and Gerry Davis, and Christian's frustrations with Upstart Crow.

How do so few people have so much power? And what about that virus, and the coffee plate? The ending may have left a few questions, but nonetheless, Kiyan and Dylan discuss The Moonbase, featuring the return of the Cybermen! It was written by Kit Pedler, and it aired February and March of 1967. DoctorContinue reading →

P The Cybermen are a race of who are amongst the most persistent enemies of in the series, . Cybermen were originally a wholly species of humanoids originating on Earth's twin planet that began to implant more and more artificial parts into their bodies as a means of self-preservation. This led to the race becoming coldly logical and calculating, with emotions usually only shown when naked aggression was called for. They were created by Dr. (the unofficial scientific advisor to the programme) and in 1966, first appearing in the serial, , the last to feature as the . They have since been featured numerous times in their extreme attempts to survive through conquest. A version of the Cybermen appeared in the ' two-part story, "" and "". These Cybermen also appeared in the two-part 2006 season finale, "" and "". This then carried through to the spin-off in the episode "". They would later return to the revived series in the 2008 Christmas Special "", introducing two new variants of the race; the Cyber-Shades and the Cyber-King. Contents [] // [] Physical characteristics An original Cyberman from The Tenth Planet While the Doctor's other old enemies the were on the whole unchanged during the original series' twenty-six season run, the Cybermen were seen to change with almost every encounter. The Cybermen are , but have been augmented to the point where they have few remaining organic parts. In their first appearance in the series, the only portions of their bodies that still seemed human were their hands, but by their next appearance in (1967), their bodies were entirely covered up in their metallic suits, with their hands replaced by two finger claws, but changed back to regular five-fingered hands in (1968). As they are relatively few in number, the Cybermen tend towards covert activity, scheming from hiding and using human pawns or to act in their place until they need to appear. They also seek to increase their numbers by converting others into Cybermen (a process known as "cyber-conversion"). It is presumed (and often implied) that there are still organic components beneath their suits, meaning they are actually cyborgs, not robots: in The Tenth Planet, a Cyberman tells a group of humans that "our brains are just like yours", although by the time of , their brains seem to have been replaced with electronics. Also in this same story, two human slave-prisoners of the Cybermen on the planet Telos, named Bates and Stratton, reveal that their organic arms and legs have been removed by the Cybermen, and replaced by Cyber-substitutes. In (1982), the actors' chins were vaguely visible through a clear perspex area on the helmet to suggest some kind of organic matter. In (1967), veins and brains were visible through the domed head of the Cyberman Controller and similarly, in (1985) and "" (2006), the Cyber-Controller's brain is visible through the dome. The first is a Mondas Cyber Controller, while the second involves alternative Earth's John Lumic. However, in (1975), the Doctor says they are "total machine creatures". The audio play implies that the converted victim's face remains beneath the Cyberman faceplate, although the audio plays, like all non-televised spin-off media, are of uncertain with regards to the television series. The novel by states that some Cybermen experience rare flashes of emotional memory from the time before they were converted, which are then usually suppressed. The parallel Earth Cybermen in the 2006 series are usually constructed from human brains bonded to a Cyberman exoskeletal shell with an artificially grown nervous system threaded throughout ("The Age of Steel"), although direct grafting of cyber-components is another method of conversion (""). Although the Cybermen often claim that they have done away with human emotion, they have exhibited emotions ranging from anger to smug satisfaction in their confrontations with the Doctor (although this is only clearly present during their appearances in the 1980s). Some Cybermen in the early stories were even given individual names such as "Krang". Some parallel Earth Cybermen did retain some memories of their pre-conversion lives, although their emotional response varied. In "Cyberwoman", the partial conversion led to a degree of insanity in , which was retained even after she transferred her brain into a cyberman body. In "", Yvonne Hartman is able to retain at least some elements of her personality in order to prevent the advance of a group of other Cybermen, and is last seen weeping what appears to be either an oil-like substance or blood. In the same episode, the Cyber-Leader expresses clear frustration at the humans' refusing to surrender, although in a later scene he criticizes the Doctor for showing emotion. In "", the Doctor is able to defeat the Cybermen by shutting down their emotional inhibitors, enabling them to "see" what had become of them. Their realization of what they had become led them to either simply shut down out of sheer horror, or partially explode. Lastly, when the first Cyber Leader is killed, his head explodes with some white liquid leaking down his body; there are references in that episode to a patented Cybus Industries mixture of chemicals used to preserve the brain. The novel by suggests that some Cybermen imitate emotions to intimidate and unnerve their victims. The Big Finish Productions audio play (set on Mondas in the early days of cyber-conversion) suggests that the Cybermen deliberately remove their emotions as part of the conversion process to stifle the physical and emotional trauma of becoming a Cyberman. The conversion process in the parallel Earth is termed "upgrading". This motive behind the removal of emotions is made more explicit in "The Age of Steel" where it is done by means of an emotional inhibitor. In that episode, the deactivation of their emotional inhibitors drives the converted Cybermen insane when they realise what they have become, killing them. This motive may also be applicable to Mondas Cybermen, given their forcible conversion of other lifeforms to Cybermen to maintain their numbers, despite the fact the Mondasians appear to have originally willingly converted themselves as a survival mechanism.[] Cybermen have a number of weaknesses over the years. The most notable weakness is the element . Their aversion to gold was not mentioned until their attempt to destroy the planetoid Voga (the so-called "Planet of Gold") in (1975). Initially, it was explained that, due to its non-corrodible nature, gold essentially their . For example, the glittergun, a weapon used during the Cyber-Wars in the future, fired gold dust at its targets. However, in later serials, gold appeared to affect them rather like affects , with gold coins or gold-tipped fired at them having the same effect. The revived series' Cybermen have no such weakness, though the tie-in website for the episode makes mention of it. Cybermen are also rather efficiently killed when shot with their own guns. Other weaknesses from early stories include , based technology, and excessive levels of . In "The Age of Steel" an grenade is shown to disable a Cyberman and shut down its emotional inhibitor. Their armour is often depicted as flexible and resistant to bullets, but can be penetrated by gold arrows and projectiles made of gold. The Parallel Earth Cybermen are bullet-proof and are very resilient, but are not indestructible — they are vulnerable to heavy explosives, electromagnetic pulses and specialised weaponry, as well as weapons. [] Costume details The design of the Cybermen acted almost as a guide to prevailing at the time of transmission. Nearly all were silver in colour and included items and material such as cloth, rubber diving suits, , chest units, tubing, practice balls, ' gloves, and silver-painted boots. A BBC Cyberman costume from the black & white era of TV has recently been discovered. The 1980s design used converted flight suits painted silver. Unlike the Doctor's other foes, the Cybermen have changed substantially in appearance over the years, looking more and more modern, although retaining certain commonalities of design, the most iconic being the "handle bars" attached to Cybermen heads, that were supposed to aid with their hearing, their round eyeholes and their chest units. Completely black-coloured Cybermen were seen briefly in "". A Cyberman head from the 1975 serial Revenge of the Cybermen, seen here in a display case in "" (2005). Aside from these changes, variations in design between rank-and-file Cybermen and their leaders have been seen. In and (both 1968), the Cyber Director was depicted as an immobile mechanism. In The Tomb of the Cybermen and Attack of the Cybermen, the Cyber Controller was a larger Cyberman with a high domed head instead of the "handle bar" helmet design. In Revenge of the Cybermen, the Cyber Leader had a completely black helmet except for his face. From (1982) onwards he could be distinguished from his troops by the black handle bars on his helmet. The Cyber-Leader in "Army of Ghosts" also had black handles. Because the Doctor is a time traveller, he meets the Cybermen at various points in their history out of sequence from the order the serials were made. This can be confusing since Cybermen from serials set in "earlier" periods of history can sometimes look more sophisticated than those from "later" periods. suggests in his reference work About Time 5 that the anachronistically designed Cybermen of Earthshock and Silver Nemesis are time travellers, like those in Attack of the Cybermen. A Cyberman head was seen in the 2005 episode, "", kept in a display case. The text on the info card states that the head was found in a sewer, suggesting that the head was from . However, the enlarged Cyber-Handles suggest that the head is from . The info card states the head was found in 1975, the year in which was set and the year in which Revenge of the Cybermen was broadcast. The Cybermen returned in episodes 5 and 6 of the 2006 season of the new series, in a two-part story set on an alternate Earth. The new Cybermen were designed by production designer 's team and at Millennium FX. The new Cyberman design is physically imposing, being about 6 feet 7 inches (2.0 m) tall. The general design is made to resemble modern consumer electronics, such as the . To this extent, they are made from burnished steel instead of silver, feature the Cybus Corporation symbol on its chest, and have a general design. The other distinct Cyberman design is that of the Cyber-Controller, which had glowing eyes, a transparent forehead revealing the brain, and sockets on its chest-plate providing connectors to other systems. The episode "" features a partially cyber-converted woman who lacks the outer plating of a fully converted Cyberman. Her body is encased in metal structures but much of her flesh, including her face, is visible. She also has clearly visible metallic breasts, though it is not clear how much of her own flesh has been replaced and how much is merely covered. Another character speculates she could be 40-45% human, and 55-60% Cyberman. [] Voice Early Cybermen had an unsettling, sing-song voice, constructed by placing the inflections of words on the wrong syllables. In their first appearance, the effect of this was augmented by the special effect of having a Cyberman abruptly open his mouth wide and keep it open, without moving his tongue or lips, while the separately recorded voice would be playing, and then shut it quickly when the line was finished. Although the cloth-like masks of the first Cybermen were soon replaced by a full helmet, a similar physical effect involving the mouth "hatch" opening and then shutting when the line was finished was used until (1968). Later, the production team used from its by adding first a , then a , to modify speech to make it sound more alien and computer-like. In later stories of the original series and in the audio plays, two copies of the voice track were sampled and pitch-shifted downwards by differing amounts and layered to produce the effect, sometimes with the addition of a small amount of . From Revenge of the Cybermen to (1988) the actors provided the voices themselves, using microphones and transmitters in the chest units. The voices for the 2006 return of the Cybermen are similar to the buzzing electronic monotone voices of the Cybermen used in The Invasion. They were provided by (who performed the voices for the Cybermen in Big Finish audio stories as well as the in both the new series and the audio stories). As shown in the season 2 DVD special feature "Confidential Cut Downs," the timbre was created by processing Brigg's voice through a Moog ring modulator. Unusually, in "The Age of Steel", the Cyber-Controller (John Lumic, played by ) retains his voice after being upgraded, but it is still electronic. In "Doomsday", a Cyberman which contains the brain of director Yvonne Hartman retains a female-sounding though still electronic voice, as does the partially converted in "Cyberwoman" when her Cyberman personality is dominant. The reason for this is that their minds are taking control of the suit into which their brain has been placed, thus allowing the Cyber-suit's design to be exploited through sheer mental power. In an effect reminiscent of the earliest Cybermen's mouths snapping open while speaking, the new Cybermen have a blue light in their "mouths" which blinks in synchronisation with their speech. [] Cybermen variants Some Cybermen are given titles, being credited as "Cyber Leader" (or variants thereof), "Cyber Lieutenant", "Cyber Scout" or the "Cyber Controller". The Cyber Controller in particular has appeared in multiple forms, both humanoid and as an immobile computer, and has also been referred to as the "Cyber Planner" or "Cyber Director". The Controller seen (and destroyed) in various serials also may or may not be the same consciousness in different bodies; it appears to recognize and remember the Doctor from previous encounters. In Iceberg, the first Cyber Controller is created by implanting a Cyber Director into the skull of a recently converted Cyberman. The Cyber-Controller in "The Age of Steel" used the brain of , the creator of the Cybermen in that parallel reality. In "Doomsday", a Cyber-Leader appears, and when he is destroyed, mention is made of downloading his data files into another Cyberman unit, which is then upgraded to Cyber-Leader. The 2008 Christmas special, "", featured a new variant called a Cybershade., The Doctor theorises that it is a more primitive version of a Cyberman, using the brain of a cat or a dog. In the same story a "Cyber-King" appears; according to the Doctor, it is a "-class" ship resembling a Cyberman hundreds of feet tall, and contains a Cyber-factory in its chest. It is controlled from within its mouth. Its right arm can be converted into a cannon, and its left into a laser. [] Technology Cybermen technology is almost completely oriented towards weaponry, apart from their own bodies. When originally seen in The Tenth Planet they had large energy weapons that attached to their chests. In The Moonbase, the Cybermen had two types of weaponry: an electrical discharge from their hands, which stunned the target, and a type of gun. They also made use of a large laser cannon with which they attempted to attack the base itself. The hand discharge was also present in The Tomb of the Cybermen, which featured a smaller, hand-held cyber-weapon shaped like a that was described as an . In The Wheel in Space the Cybermen could use the discharge to also operate machinery, and had built into their chest units. They displayed the same units in The Invasion as well as carrying large rifles for medium distance combat. In Revenge of the Cybermen and Real Time their weapons were built into their helmets. Killing Ground indicates that this type of Cybermen also have more powerful hand weapons. Subsequent appearances have shown them armed almost exclusively with hand-held cyberguns. The Cybermen have access to known as cobalt bombs, which are also sometimes known as Cyber-bombs, which were banned by the galactic (Revenge of the Cybermen). A "Cyber-megatron bomb" was mentioned in The Invasion, supposedly powerful enough to destroy all life on Earth. In Earthshock, the Cybermen also used androids as part of their plans to invade Earth. The parallel Earth Cybermen their victims by touching them and at first carried no other weaponry. In "Army of Ghosts" and "Doomsday", the Cybermen are equipped with retractable energy weapons housed within their forearms (these were actually first shown in "", but only very briefly and were not used during that episode), but also use modified human weapons to battle the Daleks. The arm mounted guns prove effective against humans but are unable to penetrate Dalek shields. Two Cybermen sent to parley with Dalek Thay at the Battle of Canary Wharf shot the Dalek but were promptly exterminated. In the episode "" the partially converted used her electrical touch against the Torchwood team, as well as an energy beam fired from her arm which could only stun the part of the body at which it was aimed. [] Cybermats The Cybermen also use smaller, cybernetic creatures called "cybermats" as weapons of attack. In their first appearance in The Tomb of the Cybermen, they resembled oversized metallic and had segmented bodies with hair-like tactile sensor probes along the base of their heads, which were topped with crystalline eyes. The described them as a "form of metallic life," implying that they may be semi-organic like the Cybermen, and that they attacked by feeding off brain waves. The second model of cybermat seen in The Wheel in Space was used for sabotage, able to tune in on human brainwaves. They were carried to the "Wheel" in small but high-density sacs that sank through the hull of the space station, causing drops in air pressure. These cybermats had solid for eyes instead of crystals. The Second Doctor used an audio frequency to jam them, causing them to spin, crash and disintegrate. The third model, seen in Revenge of the Cybermen, was a much larger, snake-like cybermat that could be remotely controlled and could inject poison into its victims. It had no visible eyes or other features, and was as vulnerable to gold dust as the Cybermen were. In Spare Parts, "mats" are cybernetically augmented creatures, sometimes kept as pets. Cybermats of a different design are used for surveillance by Mondas' Central Committee. The creatures occasionally go wild, chewing on power sources, and must be rounded up by a "mat-catcher." In the novel by and , set in the 1940s, the Cybermen create cybermats by cyber-converting local animals like cats or birds, possibly because of lack of technological resources. In the audio adventure , a Cyberman reveals that the organs of children who are too small to be fully cyber-converted are used in the creation of cybermats. [] History [] Conceptual history The name "Cyberman" comes from , a term coined in 's book Cybernetics or Control and Communication in the Animal and the Machine (MIT Press, 1948). Wiener used the term in reference to the control of complex systems in the animal world and in mechanical networks, in particular self-regulating control systems. By 1960, doctors were performing research into surgically or mechanically augmenting humans or animals to operate machinery in space, leading to the coining of the term "cyborg", for "cybernetic organism". In the 1960s, "spare-part" surgery was starting out, with the first, gigantic heart-lung machines being developed. There were also serious suggestions of wiring the nerve endings of amputees directly into machines for quicker response. In 1963, Kit Pedler had a conversation with his wife (who was also a doctor) about what would happen if a person had so many prostheses that they could no longer distinguish themselves between man and machine. He got the opportunity to develop this idea when, in 1966, after an appearance on the BBC science programmes and , the BBC hired him to help on the Doctor Who serial . That eventually led to him writing, with Gerry Davis's help, The Tenth Planet for Doctor Who. Pedler, influenced by the logic-driven from the comic strip, originally envisaged the Cybermen as "space monks", but was persuaded by Davis to concentrate on his fears about the direction of spare-part surgery. The original Cybermen were imagined as human, but with plastic and metal prostheses. The Cybermen of The Tenth Planet still have human hands, and their facial structures are visible beneath the masks they wear. However, over time, they evolved into metallic, more robot-like designs. The Cybermen attracted controversy when parents complained after a scene in The Tomb of the Cybermen in which a dying Cyberman spurted white foam from its innards. Another incident was initiated by Pedler himself, who took a man in a Cyberman costume into a busy shopping area of . The reaction of the public was predictable, and the crowd almost blocked the street and the police were called in. Pedler said that he "wanted to know how people would react to something quite unusual," but also admitted that he "wanted to be a nuisance." Pedler wrote his last Cyberman story, The Invasion, in 1968, and left Doctor Who with Gerry Davis to develop the scientific thriller series . [] History within the show [] Origins Millennia ago, during prehistoric times, Mondas was knocked out of solar orbit and drifted into deep space. The Mondasians, already far in advance of Earth's technology and fearful for their race's survival, sent out spacecraft to colonise other worlds, including , where they pushed the native Cryons aside and used the planet to house vast tombs where they could take refuge in when necessary. On Mondas, the Mondasians were dying out, and therefore, in order to survive and continue the race, they replaced most of their bodies with Cybernetic parts. Having eventually removed all emotion from their brains, to maintain their sanity, the natives installed a drive propulsion system so they could pilot the planet itself through space. As the original race was limited in numbers and were continually being depleted, the Mondasians — now Cybermen — became a race of conquerors who reproduced by taking other organic beings and forcibly changing them into Cybermen. The origins of the Cybermen were further elaborated upon in Spare Parts. The move to "cybernise" Mondasians must have commenced on Mondas before they conquered Telos. Otherwise, there must have been some ongoing contact between Mondas and Telos after it was conquered, or the move to develop into Cybermen must have been paralleled after that point. [] The Earth invasions The Cybermen's first attempt at invading Earth, around 1970, was chronicled in The Invasion. A group of Cybermen from "Planet 14" had allied themselves with industrialist Tobias Vaughn, who installed mind control circuits in electrical appliances manufactured by his International Electromatics company, paving the way for a ground invasion. This was uncovered by the newly formed , led by , who repelled the invasion with the help of the , and . In The Tenth Planet, the and his companions and , met an advance force of Cybermen that landed near an space tracking station in the year 1986. This advance force was to prepare for the return of Mondas to the . As Mondas approached, it began to drain Earth's energy for the Cybermen's use, but in the process absorbed too much energy and disintegrated. The Cybermen on Earth also fell apart as their homeworld was destroyed. In 1988 a fleet of Cyber warships was assembled to convert Earth into a New Mondas. A scouting party was sent to Earth in search of the legendary Nemesis statue, a artifact of immense power, made of the "living metal" validium. Due to the machinations of the and his companion , however, the Nemesis destroyed the entire Cyber-fleet instead. (Silver Nemesis). In 2012, the inert head of a Cyberman was part of the Vault, a collection of alien artefacts belonging to American billionaire ("", 2005). According to its label, it was recovered from the sewers in 1975 and presumably came from the 1970 invasion attempt, although it is of a design only seen in Revenge of the Cybermen, which took place in the late 29th century (in a sense, the label is accurate, as Revenge was broadcast in 1975). By the mid-21st century, mankind had reached beyond its planet and set up in deep space. One of these, Space Station W3, known as "The Wheel," was the site of a takeover by Cybermen who wanted to use it as a staging point for yet another invasion of Earth. The , and prevented this in The Wheel in Space. The Cybermen returned in The Moonbase. By the year 2070, Earth's weather was being controlled by the Gravitron installation on the . The Cybermen planned to use the Gravitron to disrupt the planet's weather patterns and destroy all life on it, eliminating a threat to their survival. This attempt was also stopped by the Second Doctor, , , and the surviving crew of the moonbase. [] The Cyber-Wars Five centuries after the destruction of Mondas, the Cybermen had all but passed into legend when an archaeological expedition to the planet Telos uncovered their resting place in The Tomb of the Cybermen. However, those Cybermen were not dead but merely in hibernation, and were briefly revived before the Second Doctor returned them to their eternal sleep, with help from some of the archaeologists, Jamie and Victoria. This was short-lived, however. By the beginning of the 26th century, the Cybermen were back in force, and the galactic situation was grave enough that Earth hosted a conference in 2526 that would unite the forces of several planets in a war against the Cybermen. A force of Cybermen tried to disrupt this conference, first by trying to infiltrate Earth in a freighter and when that was discovered by the , to crash the freighter into Earth and cause an ecological disaster. Although the attempt failed, the freighter was catapulted back in time to become the (Earthshock). Unfortunately, the Doctor's Companion was trapped aboard the freighter, and died in the crash; leaving the , and to mourn him. The Cybermen faced complete defeat now that humanity was united against them in the Cyber-Wars. The glittergun had been developed as a weapon against them, with , the legendary "Planet of Gold", being a major supplier of gold dust ammunition. Meanwhile, the native Cryons on the planet Telos rose up and sabotaged the Cybermens' hibernation tombs. Using a captured time travel machine, a group of Cybermen travelled back to Earth in 1985 to try to prevent the destruction of Mondas, but were stopped by the and his companion (Attack of the Cybermen). The Cryons also finally succeeded in taking back Telos. The Cybermen did survive, but by the late 29th century they had been reduced to small remnant groups wandering throughout space. The , and encountered one such group during this time; and the Doctor very sarcastically pointed out their diminished state, noting that they had "no home planet, no influence, nothing!", and were "just a bunch of pathetic tin soldiers, skulking about the galaxy in an ancient spaceship." These Cybermen had discovered that Voga had drifted through space and wandered into the , being pulled into orbit around as a new moon. They planned to restore their race's power with a plan of revenge against Voga by destroying it with Cyber-bombs. They hoped that this would disrupt their enemies' supply of gold, but their plot was stopped by the Doctor. This was their last chronological appearance to date, with the Cybermen seemingly vanishing from history after this point (Revenge of the Cybermen). A Cyberman (of the type seen in The Invasion) also appeared in the exhibit in (1973). Three squads of Cybermen of the Earthshock variety, each led by a Cyber-Leader, appeared in (1983) in a slightly larger role. [] Parallel Earth and the Battle of Canary Wharf In the ""/"" two-part story, the , , and crash down into a parallel London in a parallel universe, where the Cybermen are being created on modern-day Earth. These alternate Cybermen were created as an "upgrade" to humanity and the ultimate move into cyberspace, allowing the brain to survive in an ageless steel body. These Cybermen also referred to themselves as "Human Point 2 (Human.2)" and "deleted" all those deemed incompatible with the upgrade. They could electrocute humans with a touch. These Cybermen were created by , a terminally ill and insane genius whose company, Cybus Industries, had advanced humanity considerably. To find a way to survive, he perfected a method to sustain the human brain indefinitely in a cradle of chemicals, bonding the synaptic impulses to a metal exoskeleton. The Cybermen "handle bars" were part of a high-tech communications device called an EarPod. Also created by Lumic, the EarPods were used extensively in the place of MP3 players and mobile phones, allowing information to be directly downloaded into people's heads. Lumic began to trick and abduct homeless people and convert them into Cybermen, and assassinated the President of Great Britain after the President rejected his plans. Using the EarPods, Lumic took mental control of London, marching thousands to be cyber-converted. He was betrayed by an old friend who damaged his wheelchair's life-support systems. He had told the Cybermen that he would upgrade 'only with my last breath' and since that moment was at hand he was involuntarily upgraded into the Cyber-Controller, a superior model of Cyberman. However, the Doctor and his companions, having accidentally landed on the parallel Earth, managed to foil his plans. They freed London from mental control and disabled the Cybermen's emotional inhibitors, causing them to go insane and in some cases explode. Lumic himself fell to his apparent death into the burning remains of his factory. A human resistance group, the Preachers, then set about to clean up the remainder of Lumic's factories around the world. These Cybermen reappeared in the 2006 season finale "Army of Ghosts" and "Doomsday". It is to be noted that these Cybermen also use energy weapons built into their right arms. However, in "The Age of Steel" after the conversion sequence, the newly created Cybermen can be seen to have the retractable weapons in place after exiting the conversion chambers. Having infiltrated that world's version of the and discovering a breach between universes caused by the passage of an interdimensional , the Cybermen used it to invade the Doctor's universe. However, the void ship's users, the , also revealed themselves, leading to all-out war across London with mankind caught in the crossfire. Eventually, the Doctor re-opened the breach, causing the Cybermen and Daleks (who had been saturated with background radiation from the ) to be sucked back into it. The breach then sealed itself, leaving the Cybermen and Daleks (except the , who used their emergency temporal shift function to escape) seemingly trapped in the Void forever. [] Torchwood Three Incident Lisa the "Cyberwoman" In "" it was revealed that at the height of the "" the Cybermen had begun to directly convert whole bodies using regular Earth technology, rather than transplant their brains into parallel earth Cyberman shells. One of their victims, a woman called , was only partially converted when the power was shut off and she was rescued by her boyfriend, . Jones took her to in along with a cyber-conversion unit which he made into a life support system for her under her directions. He tried to find a cure for her condition, calling on cybernetics expert Dr Tanizaki. Unfortunately Hallett's Cyberman personality asserted itself, leading to her killing Tanizaki and trying to take over Torchwood Three as a staging area for a new Cyberman army. She eventually transplanted her own brain into the body of a pizza delivery girl whom she let into the base, and was shot to death by the other members of the Torchwood team. [] The CyberKing A small handful of the Cybermen t