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Skulk! Comedian! Musician! Story-teller! Friend! Delight! More! Skulk and I have a great chat about this project and more! THE MANY INCESSANT LIVES & SUBSEQUENT DEATHS DESERVED OF SKULK, The HULKING is a fictional video podcast built on music, performance, storytelling, and Ai visuals. Following the War to End All Wars and having depleted most of our resources, all people - by choice or by force - move to The City That's Always Falling Apart to try and stave off extinction. Giant forces inhabiting this final city both personify our desires and attempt to sway our fates, but an oafish beast known as Skulk tries to save us all. At times dark, goofy, aggressive, honest, and full of hope, The Many Incessant Lives and Subsequent Deaths Deserved of Skulk, The Hulking explores the decisions we make as a people - an allegory for our globalized world, the weaponization of capitalism, and the age-old ‘problem' of the human condition. Skulk, The Hulking is an ogre-like dolt trying to help a world that has fallen apart, yet he seems only to find unique paths to an early demise, while an Earth - knowing unfortunately that he's the planet's last hope - keeps bringing him back to life. He is a giant force that represents us all, trying to figure things out, wading through the muckiest parts of life, fighting the forces that none of us have the energy to fight against, making the choices none of us wants to make, failing miserably, like all of us probably would. No one even wants him to do it but man, his hope just can't be killed…or maybe he's just an idiot. In this story, things are rarely all-bad or all-good. The audience is asked whether they approve of the reasons they do what they do and if the ends justify the means.  Characters in the podcast originally appeared in Skulk (the band's) live shows and music videos. Lady Baghead and the Followers of Baghead were originally depictions of Rene Magritte's surrealist painting “The Lovers”. Hammerhands, a wrecking ball of hate with hammers for hands was played in Skulk music videos by Henry Zebrowski (Last Podcast on the Left, Wolf of Wall Street). And Camelman - originally a prancing merrymaker in a camel mask who pulled popsicles from his whitey tighties and handed them to the concert crowd - has evolved into the gangly overlord of our tantilizing addictions. With visuals created using MidJourney, the ‘near misses' of Ai creation become a style. When creating with Ai, it is nearly impossible to recreate the same exact character with subsequent prompts. Yet since Skulk is constantly dying and being re-born out of whatever material the earth can find at the time, these glitches are given context and woven into the tale. The differing looks of the central characters becomes commentary on how we all appear differently based on the observers' biases, and of course all Ai is ‘nurtured' by our culture's biases. Each podcast episode ends with Ai-altered music videos from Skulk (the band). Says Skulk (the artist) “I believe people fight against Generative Ai for the wrong reasons. It is a tool. How, not if it is used is the question. I believe what people actually want is regulation of Ai.  It is when it can be used for harm that it gets sketchy.” The goal is to help the audience question, with a mind further-opended, why those in power, their enemies, and they themselves do and believe the things they do and believe.  MORE ABOUT SKULK: Skulk, The Hulking (Steve Pasieka) is a multifaceted artist whose creative journey spans music, comedy, and technology. Part of Chicago's improv scene in the early 2000s, he eventually co-founded the improv group pH. His commitment to his craft led him to train at renowned institutions iO and The Annoyance, eventually joining the iO house team, The Chorus, and earning coaching by improv legend Noah Gregoropoulos. After moving to New York, Skulk transitioned to music, founding Skulk, The Hulking - fusing theatrical performance, socio-political lyrics and dark electronic beats. Opening for iconic musicians like Capadonna of Wu-Tang Clan and C-Knowledge of Digable Planets, the project grew to a full band releasing three albums. Recently, Skulk has become a skilled user of AI tools, creating images through MidJourney, animating visuals with MotionLeap, and exploring the artistic potential of generative AI. He believes that AI, like any tool, is only as good as the meaning and care you put into it, which he explores in his most recent project. The Many Incessant Lives and Subsequent Deaths Deserved of Skulk, The Hulking brings together many facets of Skulk's past work in a fictional video podcast built on music, performance, Ai and storytelling. AND THIS IS ONLY THE FIRST HALF OF OUR CHAT! For part two, subscribe via Apple Podcasts OR simply click on over here to Patreon.

Are you enjoying this? Are you not? Tell us what to do more of, and what you'd like to hear less of. The Reykjavík Grapevine's Iceland Roundup brings you the top news with a healthy dash of local views. In this episode, Grapevine publisher Jón Trausti Sigurðarson is joined by Heimildin journalist Aðalsteinn Kjartansson, and Grapevine friend and contributor Sindri Eldon to roundup the stories making headlines in recent weeks. On the docket this week are: ✨ Migratory criminal birdsOn Saturday night, the police and their special forces arrested three persons at a Hells Angels party in Kópavogur. A Hells Angel was first spotted in Iceland in 2009 and the police worry that this special kind of criminal migratory bird, might start taking up wintering grounds in Iceland, or god forbid; breeding grounds.✨No football for air traffic controllers on shift Isavia, a public company responsible for managing and servicing Icelandic airports, has changed their rules to make sure air traffic controllers can not watch football games while on the job. Subsequent to an air traffic incident in February 2024, when two airplanes almost collided near Reykjavík airport – it came to light that the air traffic controllers on shift during the incident were busy watching a Premier League game between Liverpool and Chelsea. The changed rules state that air traffic controllers are prohibited from using "an electronic device through which material intended for entertainment is transmitted” while on shift.✨ Douglas Dakota revisitedMan who crash-landed the most famous airplane hulk in Iceland, revisits site of crash. Gregh Fletcher, who crash-landed a Douglas Dakota DC-3 C-47 on Sólheimasandur back in 1973, came back to visit the site of the crash. The landing, which was skillfully conducted by Fletcher, saving himself and his crew of 6. Greg also got to meet the President of Iceland.✨ Alþingi is back from vacation!Alþingi convened again after summer on Tuesday. President of Iceland, Halla Tómasdóttir, addressed the parliament during the opening ceremony. ✨ And more stuffWhere we also discuss the identity crisis of the Independence Party, the fact that the chairman of the Center Party is the only Icelandic political figure to bring up Charlie Kirk publicly. We discuss the history of political assassinations in Iceland (the last one was in 1550) and how so many trends on show up in Iceland, years or decades after they do in the rest of the world.------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------SHOW SUPPORTSupport the Grapevine's reporting by becoming a member of our High Five Club: https://steadyhq.com/en/rvkgrapevine/You can also support the Grapevine by shopping in our online store: https://shop.grapevine.is------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ This is a Reykjavík Grapevine podcast.The Reykjavík Grapevine is a free alternative magazine in English published 18 times per year, biweekly during the spring and summer, and monthly during the autumn and winter. The magazine covers everything Iceland-related, with a special focus culture, music, food and travel. The Reykjavík Grapevine's goal is to serve as a trustworthy and reliable source of information for those living in Iceland, visiting Iceland or interested in Iceland. Thanks to our dedicated readership and excellent distribution network, the Reykjavík Grapevine is Iceland's most read English-language publication. You may not agree with what we write or publish, but at least it's not sponsored content.www.grapevine.is

Lama Zopa Rinpoche describes how to do the Lama Chöpa chants based on His Holiness Song Rinpoche's tunes from Gaden Shartse Monastery (supposed to be also from Pabongka's lineage). He says that in the past, the chanting came from enlightened beings. It came out of their bodhicitta to benefit sentient beings, and with their realization, so it carries their blessings.Rinpoche advises that when the chants are done nicely, it brings several benefits. It moves the minds of sentient beings and helps transform their minds into Dharma. When the chants are done slowly, they help by giving one time to think about the deep meaning of the meditation. The tunes can also persuade the holy minds of the protectors. Thus, the chanting can both benefit sentient beings and be an offering to the merit field.Rinpoche demonstrates the chants and suggests recording, practicing, and writing down the rhythms. He gives detailed instructions of the chants and shows the differences between the slow and fast chants.From April 10 to May 10, 2004, Lama Zopa Rinpoche gave extensive teachings during the Mahamudra Retreat at Buddha House in Australia. While the retreat focused on Mahamudra, Rinpoche also taught on a wide range of Lamrim topics. This retreat marked the beginning of a series of month-long retreats in Australia. Subsequent retreats were held in 2011, 2014, and 2018, hosted by the Great Stupa of Universal Compassion in Bendigo.Find out more about Lama Zopa Rinpoche, his teachings and projects at https://fpmt.org/

JOIN SHERI HORN HASAN @ FOR THIS WEEK'S "ASTROLOGICALLY SPEAKING" PODCAST WHICH DROPS SEPTEMBER 5 @ https://www.karmicevolution.com/astrologically-speakingAs we head toward this week's Pisces Full Moon lunar eclipse on September 7, we know we'll be seeing not only the emergence of the themes of this month's set of eclipses, but also the stark reality of how they are manifesting at this point in time. The themes of all eclipse series generally manifest within the collective before their arrival. And this month's eclipses—including tomorrow's September 7 Pisces Full Moon lunar eclipse which occurs at 15-degrees & 23-minutes of this empathic sign of collective energies at 11:09 a.m. PT & 2:09 p.m. ET—clearly illustrate this.It's been at least since February 21 when Attorney General Pam Bondi promised to release the Epstein “list.” Subsequent actions & reactions have taken place since, but the interest in bringing justice for the perpetrators of Jeffrey Epstein's sexual abuse of hundreds—if not thousands—of young girls & women—has been prominent in the news since.This month's set of eclipses—both the September 7 Pisces Full Moon lunar eclipse & the Virgo New Moon solar eclipse on September 21—carry the same themes. Eclipses generally belong to a set of two (sometimes three) which occur twice annually & are defined as a part of the longer-term Saros Series. Each series has its own interpretation.“This Saros Series appears to be concerned with the bringing to the surfaces of long-term worries about loved ones, health, or issues to do with paperwork or communication,” according to astrologer Bernadette Brady who's analyzed the meanings of Saros series eclipses in her book “Predictive Astrology, The Eagle And The Lark.”“This could manifest as a worrying piece of news about a loved one or responsibilities with paperwork coming home to roost. Any news will have a sense of destiny or fatedness about it,” she concludes.As those of us who pay attention know, “release the Epstein files!” has been a cry heard throughout the collective for months. However, it's as the themes of this eclipse series began to manifest that these cries have grown louder, to the point where survivors of Epstein & Maxwell's abuse whose health has suffered from it, have now decided to make themselves known the world.The survivors of Jeffrey Epstein & his convicted accomplice Ghislaine Maxwell took to the steps of the U.S. Capitol on September 3--only days before the September 7 lunar eclipse--it was to implore Congress to pass the "Epstein Files Transparency Act." Doing so would “force the release of all unclassified records related to the disgraced financier held by President Donald Trump's administration,” according to Reuters. "This is about ending secrecy wherever abuse of power takes root," said Anouska De Georgiou, a former model and actress who was one of about ten self-described Epstein victims who spoke about her experience at a press conference outside the U.S. Capitol." Newsweek ran this story after reporting on what was said during this Epstein survivors' press conference on September 3, starting with this headline: “'We know the names'…Victims threaten to compile own list of abusers” The article continues: “ Jeffrey Epstein survivor Lisa Phillips said that she and fellow victims planned to compile their own list of abusers from within the disgraced financier's friends and associates, after the Trump administration denied the existence of an Epstein "client list." "We know the names. Many of us were abused by them," she said at Wednesday's Capitol Hill rally.”As Brady noted in her book about this series of eclipses: "Paperwork coming home to roost," anyone???Be sure to join us for all this Astro News You Can Use--& more about this series of eclipses—such as the years during which they occurred in the past, which might jog your memory as to whether they factored importantly into your life then! (I know they did mine!) In addition, we discuss the repercussions of Saturn's recent retrograde back into Pisces, the Mars in Libra square to Jupiter in Cancer, Uranus's station retrograde at 1-degree Gemini, & the events they've already triggered. As well as events related to the upcoming September 5/6 station of Uranus retrograde combined with its closeness to the September 7 lunar eclipse.These include the 6 magnitude earthquake in Afghanistan, which has caused 2,200 deaths to date, the defiance of international law by the Trump Administration when it “blew up” the Venezuelan boat it “suspected” of carrying drug cartel Tren de Aragua gang members & killing 11 aboard in international waters in defiance of internationally excepted maritime law (Saturn Rx in Pisces; Neptune still in Aries, anyone?)And then there's the number of legal cases ending Trump's unlawful use of the Alien Enemies Act to deport immigrants without due process by declaring the U.S. has been invaded & it “at war” & the judicial smackdown of his claim that he can unilaterally impose tariffs on any country he chooses without Congressional approval. And the judicially directed "unfreezing" of the $2.2 Billion the Trump Administration had withheld in funding from Harvard University.And…so…much…more!Tune in to “Karmic Evolution's Astrological Speaking” podcast, which drops today, September 5 @ https://www.karmicevolution.com/astrologically-speakingor on any of your favorite podcast stations for deeper astrological analysis of all this! See you soon! Namaste… #karmicevolution, #astronewsyouanduse, #astrologicallyspeaking, #eclipseseaon, #piscesfullmoonlunareclipse

Lama Zopa Rinpoche says that Lama Tsongkhapa gave very clear explanations about the difficult points of sutra and tantra. He points out that this is not just his personal view but is commonly known. He cites His Holiness Dudjom Rinpoche, the head of the Nyingma, who praised Lama Tsongkhapa's clear explanation of the path. Lama Zopa mentions that all four traditions can lead to enlightenment if practiced correctly.Next, Rinpoche analyses the existence of the letter M. He distinguishes between the base and the label of the letter M. He says that the minute you see M on the base, it's mistaken. When you see a real M, in the sense of independent and existing from its own side, this is a hallucination. If you search for the M in any of the lines or in the collection of all these lines together, you can't find it.Rinpoche highlights the difference between the Prasangika and Svatantrika schools. He says that in the Svatantrika view, the I is findable on the aggregates; it is findable on the base. However, in the Prasangika school, it is unfindable.Rinpoche says that the first thing we have to realize is that the real I as it appears to us—in the sense of independent, truly existent from its own side—is totally empty. He explains that everything is merely imputed by the mind—the label, the base, everything. Everything exists in mere name and is totally empty of existing from its own side.From April 10 to May 10, 2004, Lama Zopa Rinpoche gave extensive teachings during the Mahamudra Retreat at Buddha House in Australia. While the retreat focused on Mahamudra, Rinpoche also taught on a wide range of Lamrim topics. This retreat marked the beginning of a series of month-long retreats in Australia. Subsequent retreats were held in 2011, 2014, and 2018, hosted by the Great Stupa of Universal Compassion in Bendigo.Find out more about Lama Zopa Rinpoche, his teachings and projects at https://fpmt.org/

Dr. Dominic Maneen shares insights on OMT in sports medicine, covering his AT to DO transition and OMT applications for common conditions. Q: How did you transition from an Athletic Trainer (ATC) to a Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine (DO)? A: I transitioned to practicing sports medicine without surgery, as that field didn't align with my interests. I explored osteopathic medicine, identifying the core difference between DOs and MDs as a dedicated course in osteopathic principles. I maintained my athletic training certification to foster understanding and collaboration with ATCs, and a second course focusing on the musculoskeletal system further ignited my passion. During medical school, I also pursued an MBA, gaining insights into medical billing. Q: Can you describe your athletic training (AT) experience at HBU? A: I completed my undergraduate studies at UT, then worked as an ATC for baseball and softball at HBU. I entered the profession serendipitously, drawn by the phrase "sports medicine." It required rapid maturation, as I assumed an adult role despite being only slightly older than the athletes. I collaborated with Richy Valdez and several GAs, and student athletic trainers were indispensable since it was impossible to simultaneously oversee both baseball and softball. I recall an incident involving twin softball players: one sister not playing, the other on deck, with an accidental practice swing hitting the sister, necessitating a golf cart ride to the adjacent facility. Q: Why is low back pain a significant health concern, and how is it related to depression and lifestyle? A: Low back pain is the second most common reason people visit the doctor, with depression being the first. Patients typically present with symptoms that indirectly lead to a depression diagnosis, rather than overtly stating "depression." A sedentary lifestyle is often termed "the new smoking" in medicine, leading to tight, unused muscles. Hands-on manipulation therapy can be beneficial, and simple exercises like push-ups can improve posture by strengthening the neck muscles that support the head. Many individuals struggle with core muscle activation; focusing on proper technique and guiding them to engage their core will lead to increased strength over time. Q: How do you address flat feet in patients? A: Patients often present with concurrent back and knee pain. Structural analysis can reveal the cause, leading to recommendations for inserts or corrective devices for arch support, rather than immediate surgical intervention. Subsequent efforts focus on improving knee mechanics to alleviate symptoms. Q: What is your approach to concussion management? A: Myofascial release may sometimes require trigger point injections. However, most concussion cases can be effectively managed with muscle energy techniques. In older patients, some form of osteopathic manipulation may be necessary. Q: What are the key anatomy considerations for the neck? A: It is crucial to understand that the neck's complexity extends beyond superficial muscles like the scalenes and deltoids; smaller, deeper muscles also play a significant role in neck function. Q: What are your tips for the Athletic Training Room? A: Prioritize hands-on manipulation therapy and muscle energy techniques with athletes, rather than solely relying on stationary bikes or treadmills for warm-up.

Lama Zopa Rinpoche continues his oral transmission and commentary of the Praise to Buddha Shakyamuni. He explains how the second last verse of this prayer shows how all causative phenomena are transitory and they do not exist in the way they appear. He emphasizes that they do exist, just not in the way they appear.Rinpoche says that it's a very good meditation to continuously practice mindfulness by looking at life as like a dream. Similarly, when we recite the Heart Sutra, we use the word “no” on the merely labeled aggregates, form, feeling, cognition, consciousness. We use the word “no” like an atomic bomb thrown over the object of ignorance, which is the I appearing as a real one existing from its own side.Rinpoche explains how Lama Atisha used the word “AH” instead of “no” when reciting the Heart Sutra. He would say “AH form, AH sound” instead of “no form, no sound”. The reason is because AH is one syllable of the Perfection of Wisdom Sutra, which encompasses the heart of the 84,000 teachings of Shakyamuni Buddha. “AH” is a negative word, the same as “no”; it negates the hallucination of true existence.Rinpoche states that Buddha liberates us by revealing the truth, and it's only the wisdom realizing emptiness that can directly remove our delusions. So, it's important to be continually mindful of looking at the hallucination as a hallucination. Rinpoche says that we should use the dream in the place of no or AH and put the dream over the hallucination. When you practice mindfulness of this continuously, it brings you to the point of realizing emptiness (or at least reducing anger and attachment).From April 10 to May 10, 2004, Lama Zopa Rinpoche gave extensive teachings during the Mahamudra Retreat at Buddha House in Australia. While the retreat focused on Mahamudra, Rinpoche also taught on a wide range of Lamrim topics. This retreat marked the beginning of a series of month-long retreats in Australia. Subsequent retreats were held in 2011, 2014, and 2018, hosted by the Great Stupa of Universal Compassion in Bendigo.Find out more about Lama Zopa Rinpoche, his teachings and projects at https://fpmt.org/

Lama Zopa Rinpoche completes the oral transmission of The Heart's Utmost Need (previously known as Heart-Spoon) by Pabongka Rinpoche. He explains that this text is particularly good when your mind is losing inspiration or becoming distracted by the activities of this life. It has the power to bring you back into the path to enlightenment. It's also inspiring to read when you are beginning a retreat.Rinpoche advises that we should put effort into lamrim, guru devotion, and the three principals of the path every day. Next, we should put effort into tantra because life is short, and it can end at any time. Even if we can't attain tantric realizations, we should at least leave an imprint for future lives.Rinpoche warns that if you're interested in tantra and spend the whole time on the sadhana, but leave out the lamrim, you can't accomplish much. If you don't have lamrim realizations, you can't succeed in tantra.Rinpoche says that there are two prayers that are essential to read every day: a lamrim prayer (such as The Foundation of Good Qualities or Hymns of the Experience of the Path) and another prayer of the graduate path of tantra of your deity. These prayers plant the seeds for the whole lamrim path and the whole tantric stages of the path of your deity. Each time you do this, it plants the seeds for the complete path to enlightenment. In this way, you make your life closer to enlightenment.From April 10 to May 10, 2004, Lama Zopa Rinpoche gave extensive teachings during the Mahamudra Retreat at Buddha House in Australia. While the retreat focused on Mahamudra, Rinpoche also taught on a wide range of Lamrim topics. This retreat marked the beginning of a series of month-long retreats in Australia. Subsequent retreats were held in 2011, 2014, and 2018, hosted by the Great Stupa of Universal Compassion in Bendigo.Find out more about Lama Zopa Rinpoche, his teachings and projects at https://fpmt.org/

New research published today by Tobacco Control has found that Vaping among teens and young people is consistently linked to subsequent smoking, marijuana and alcohol use. We discuss these findings with John Crown, Consultant Oncologist at St Vincent's University Hospital Group.

New research published today by Tobacco Control has found that Vaping among teens and young people is consistently linked to subsequent smoking, marijuana and alcohol use. We discuss these findings with John Crown, Consultant Oncologist at St Vincent's University Hospital Group.

Lama Zopa Rinpoche says that the penultimate stanza in Praise to Shakyamuni Buddha contains two important meditations: causative phenomena are transitory, and they do not exist as they appear.‘A star, a mirage, the flame of a lamp,An illusion, a drop of dew, or a bubble,A dream, a flash of lightning, a cloud—See conditioned things as such!'Rinpoche explains that the transitory nature of phenomena encompasses gross, subtle, and extremely subtle impermanence. Gross impermanence can be seen in how a flower wilts throughout the day or the ageing of our bodies over time. The changes that occur minute-by-minute and second-by-second are more subtle. Then, the changes within a second are extremely subtle. In reality, these changes are occurring minute-by-minute, second-by-second and even within the second, but we have a hallucination of permanence. We believe the concept of permanence. According to our projection, this beautiful body or this beautiful flower will always be like this.Rinpoche highlights that there's a huge difference between following the thought of impermanence as opposed to permanence. If you practice mindfulness of this stanza, immediately you find peace in your heart. The minute you reflect on impermanence, desire is stopped. All your problems cease because you have no reason to cling to objects or get angry. In this way, you're giving yourself freedom to achieve liberation. Conversely, when you follow the concept of permanence, you're putting yourself in the prison of samsara. Thus, meditating on this stanza is unbelievably important.Rinpoche details how phenomena don't exist as they appear. It's like an illusion. They exist in mere name, merely imputed by the mind. They do not exist from their own side.Rinpoche talks about the extremely subtle borderline between whether the I exists or doesn't exist. It's not completely nonexistent, but it's like nonexistent. He says it's easy to think it doesn't exist and fall into nihilism. Many famous meditators in the past either fell into nihilism or eternalism because they were unable to see the middle way. Rinpoche praises Lama Tsongkhapa for making the clearest explanation of the right view and clarifying the extremely subtle point of dependent arising. He says that this is one of the special qualities of Lama Tsongkhapa's teaching.Rinpoche urges us to practice recognizing the hallucination as hallucination. He says that if you hold onto things as true, then that becomes the basis for all the other delusions and the cause of samsara.From April 10 to May 10, 2004, Lama Zopa Rinpoche gave extensive teachings during the Mahamudra Retreat at Buddha House in Australia. While the retreat focused on Mahamudra, Rinpoche also taught on a wide range of Lamrim topics. This retreat marked the beginning of a series of month-long retreats in Australia. Subsequent retreats were held in 2011, 2014, and 2018, hosted by the Great Stupa of Universal Compassion in Bendigo.Find out more about Lama Zopa Rinpoche, his teachings and projects at https://fpmt.org/

Presidents have used executive orders to direct the executive branch since the founding, but over the years the modern Presidency has drastically expanded its use of executive orders. Executive Orders have always been an important means of moving the Executive Branch into alignment with the President’s interpretation of the law consistent with his duty of faithful execution and a primary way President’s exercise their executive discretion under law. Yet all power is subject to expansion and abuse. In January 2014, for example, then-President Obama announced his “pen and phone” strategy: “I’ve got a pen to take executive actions where Congress won’t, and I’ve got a telephone to rally folks around the country on this mission.”Subsequent administrations have similarly relied on presidential authority to govern by way of Executive Orders, leading to significant litigation challenging the breadth of such authority. This panel will examine the use of executive orders and the “pen and phone” strategy throughout our nation’s history, especially from a separation of powers perspective. This broad power is not expressly identified in either the Constitution or statute, but it has long been accepted as inherent to presidential power over the federal government, federal agencies, foreign affairs, and our military. This panel will discuss the impact of executive orders, what precedent they set for future administrations in the robust exercise of executive authority, and how the “unitary executive” theory plays into that analysis.This webinar will be the first of four webinars previewing the Thirteenth Annual Executive Branch Review Conference on the topic of Theories of Presidential Power.Featuring: John G. Malcolm, Vice President, Institute for Constitutional Government; Director of the Meese Center for Legal & Judicial Studies and Senior Legal Fellow, The Heritage FoundationProf. Richard J. Pierce, Jr., Lyle T. Alverson Professor of Law, George Washington University Law SchoolProf. Ilan Wurman, Julius E. Davis Professor of Law, University of Minnesota Law SchoolModerator: Beth Williams, Board Member, U.S. Privacy and Civil Liberties Oversight Board

Lama Zopa Rinpoche bestows the oral transmission of The Heart's Utmost Need (previously known as Heart-Spoon) by Pabongka Rinpoche. He says that he received the transmission of this very effective teaching on the nature of life, impermanence, and death from Ribur Rinpoche. Ribur Rinpoche received it from His Holiness Trijang Rinpoche, who received it directly from Pabongka Rinpoche.Lama Zopa Rinpoche shares his personal experience of supporting an ex-monk while he was dying. He says that the line in the text—“When I become as rigid as earth and stone”—was exactly how the man's body felt. He also explains how the ex-monk knew how to transfer his consciousness but couldn't accomplish this because of his attachment to shak (the butter that rises at the top of butter tea). His guru knew this, so he sent someone to tell him that there was better butter in the Tushita pure land. Rinpoche says that we can also help a dying person by telling them that whatever they are attached to (friends, cats, etc.) is better and more abundant in the pure realm.Rinpoche advises that it's important to mention the name of a pure land (Amitabha pure land or Tushita pure land), as it gives the person something to hold onto. Rinpoche says that Amitabha pure land is the easiest one for ordinary sentient beings to be born in because the bodhisattva, Rim of the Spoke made so many prayers in the presence of the Buddha, Tathagata Essence of Jewel for sentient beings. In the case of Tushita, you need very pure morality to be born there.Rinpoche invites a discussion by asking whether it's virtue if you generate a motivation of bodhicitta, but when you do the actual meditation, you're spaced out. He concludes the discussion by clarifying that there's no wisdom there. It's ignorance. It doesn't lead to liberation; it only becomes an obstacle for liberation.In continuing the oral transmission, Rinpoche discusses holy substances and relics that are placed in the mouth at the time of death. He says that these substances are very powerful in preventing rebirth in the lower realms. He also talks about three types of holy grass.Rinpoche concludes by explaining the preparations for sutra mahamudra and tantric mahamudra. He highlights that guru devotion is the root of path. Strong devotion, in turn, depends on strong purification and extensive merit.Rinpoche explains that having studied the whole Madhyamika subject and knowing it by heart, if there's no strong guru devotion, extensive merit, and powerful purification, then it cannot click in your mind. It's there, but you can't recognize it. However, with intensive devotion, powerful purification, blessings, and imprints from past lives, you can realize emptiness just by hearing two or three words. At that moment, when all the causes and conditions are there, everything clicks, and you can realize emptiness.From April 10 to May 10, 2004, Lama Zopa Rinpoche gave extensive teachings during the Mahamudra Retreat at Buddha House in Australia. While the retreat focused on Mahamudra, Rinpoche also taught on a wide range of Lamrim topics. This retreat marked the beginning of a series of month-long retreats in Australia. Subsequent retreats were held in 2011, 2014, and 2018, hosted by the Great Stupa of Universal Compassion in Bendigo.Find out more about Lama Zopa Rinpoche, his teachings and projects at https://fpmt.org/

//The Wire//2300Z August 5, 2025////ROUTINE////BLUF: DHS DELETES ISRAELI MANDATE FROM DISASTER AID CONDITIONS, NO EXPLANATION GIVEN. SECOND EARTHQUAKE STRIKES NEW YORK. CANADIAN WILDFIRES CONTINUE.// -----BEGIN TEARLINE----- -International Events-Canada: Significant wildfires continue to burn throughout Saskatchewan and Manitoba, which has prompted air quality concerns for much of the American northeast and the Great Lakes regions, due to the smoke.-HomeFront-New York: Another earthquake struck New York City earlier this morning, which reached an estimated magnitude of 2.7. No major damage was reported.Missouri: Overnight an arson attack was reported in Clayton, with multiple vehicles set on fire outside of the residence of an Israeli soldier (who is a dual citizen living in the US). Various anti-Israeli graffiti was also observed spray painted in the street at the scene.Washington D.C. - Following the fallout of yesterday's scandal, the Department of Homeland Security has re-updated their Terms and Conditions to remove the inflammatory language. No explanation was given for why the language was ever included in the first place.-----END TEARLINE-----Analyst Comments: Concerning yesterday's saga involving the DHS covertly changing their Terms and Conditions for disaster aid, the following general timeline may be helpful for understanding the sequence of events as they unfolded. This is important to document for the historical record, if nothing else, since the old version of this PDF has been deleted from public view.1. On April 18th, 2025 the Department of Homeland Security updated their Terms and Conditions that all 50 States must abide by in order to get federal aid (specifically, purchases of equipment with federal grant money).2. In these Terms and Conditions, a single line item was added, mandating that if states want FEMA grant money, they have to pledge allegiance to Israel and promise to not boycott Israeli companies.3. Nobody notices this policy change for several months.4. Yesterday morning (August 4th, 2025) Reuters finally notices this change, and pushes the news story out, as they do.5. Immediately, the reaction on social media is that this story is fake, due to how incredulous it sounds and the already poor reputation of most media groups.6. A few hours after the story went viral, the actual PDF file on the DHS website was altered and re-uploaded…with the sections pertaining to Israel missing. No outward changes were apparent on the website; the file name, version number, and upload date were all the same. However, the content was different.7. As time elapsed (and as people heard about this story), anyone who checked the DHS website  after exactly 4:30pm (when the file was changed) saw the updated PDF file, which had no mention of Israel.8. This led many to think that the whole story was fake, not knowing that a change had occurred.9. Subsequent analysis of the metadata of the NEW file, and archived copies of the OLD file confirm that shenanigans are afoot, and the file was changed, last being edited by a senior attorney who works for the DHS.10.  A few hours later, the DHS (speaking directly to journalists) confirmed that the policy change did occur. The DHS did not provide any explanation as to why this policy was ever in effect in the first place, or who made the decision to include this policy change.Analyst: S2A1Research: https://publish.obsidian.md/s2underground//END REPORT//

Revelation Dates: December 27, 1832 – January 3, 1833 Revelation Place: Kirtland, Ohio Section 88 - Historical Background: Just 2 days after receiving section 87, containing the prophecies of war and terrible destruction, the Lord sends this new revelation (or series of revelations) containing words of peace. Joseph refers this revelation as an olive leaf. About a year earlier, in section 71, Joseph and Sidney were told to expound the mysteries of the scriptures. Now, in this revelation, Joseph and 10 other elders gathered in the Whitney store in Kirtland, and were instructed to organize a school of the prophets and also a house of God. Recap, verses 1-126 received December 27-28, 1832: The Lord is pleased with these brethren and promises them the Second Comforter. All things are governed by the light of Christ. Men's obedience to Christ will determine which kingdom of glory they will inherit. Death is part of the merciful plan of God, so each spirit can be glorified to its proper and appropriate level, and then quicken the body accordingly in a resurrected state, to abide in their particular kingdom of glory. The heavens themselves reflect the majesty of God. Stay close to God and draw near to Him, praying for direction on a continuous basis. Sanctify yourselves. The Lord will hasten His work in His own time. The Lord commands the saints to assemble, sanctify themselves and teach one another. Various teaching subjects are given to prepare them for the mission He has for them. Signs of the last days are given, along with a commandment to preach and warn others. When Christ returns, the valiant saints will be caught up to meet him, along with the righteous who have died previously. Subsequent angels will then sound their trumps as various events occur until the Judgement day. Each thousand years of mortality will be viewed correspondently, revealing all the acts of mankind. Ultimately, Satan will be bound and expelled. The saints are to seek learning, organize themselves and establish a school of the prophets and establish a house of God. Needful qualities of member's righteousness are listed. Recap, verses 127-141 received January 3, 1833: The organization of the school of the prophets is given. Not all should talk at once, but a teacher should be appointed and order kept. All who attend must be worthy saints. They are to commence in prayer for the Spirit so the school may become a sanctuary and then the sacrament is to be administered.  

Merriam-Webster's Word of the Day for August 2, 2025 is: palimpsest • PAL-imp-sest • noun Palimpsest in its original use refers to writing material (such as a parchment manuscript) used one or more times after earlier writing has been erased; the underlying text is said to be “in palimpsest.” Palimpsest in extended use refers to something that has usually diverse layers or aspects apparent beneath the surface. // Scholars believe the motive for making palimpsests was often economic—reusing parchment was cheaper than preparing a new skin. // The ancient city is an architectural palimpsest. See the entry > Examples: “My aim was to trace the course of … the Aqua Marcia, built between 144 and 140 B.C. by Julius Caesar's ancestor Quintus Marcius Rex. … The original tuff arches carried the Marcia across a steep ravine. Subsequent retaining walls and buttresses have transformed the bridge into a palimpsest of building styles.” — David Laskin, The New York Times, 24 Apr. 2024 Did you know? Long ago, writing surfaces were so highly valued that they were often used more than once. Palimpsest in its original use referred to an early form of recycling in which an old document was erased to make room for a new one when parchment ran short. (The word is from the Greek palimpsēstos, meaning “scraped again.”) Fortunately for modern scholars, the erasing process wasn't completely effective, so the original could often be distinguished under the newer writing. De republica, by Roman statesman and orator Cicero, is one of many documents recovered from a palimpsest. Nowadays, the word palimpsest can refer not only to such a document but to anything that has multiple layers apparent beneath the surface.

DAN FESPERMAN chats to Paul Burke about his new spy novel PARIAH, Eastern Europe, fiction as the second draft of history, facades of democracy, comedy and Hollywood, The Baltimore Banner.Pariah: an adrenaline-fueled thriller about a disgraced comedian-turned-politician who takes on the role of a lifetime: infiltrating a corrupt Eastern European country to spy on their brutal dictator. Hal Knight, a comedian and movie star-turned politician, is no stranger to controversy. But after an embarrassing and humiliating encounter on set, Knight resigns from Congress, quits social media, and disappears to the tiny Caribbean island of Vieques to drink dirty martinis and nurse his wounds. Shortly after his arrival, he is approached by a trio of CIA operatives hoping to recruit him to infiltrate the power structure of Bolrovia--a hostile, Eastern European country whose despotic president, Nikolai Horvatz, happens to be a longtime fan of Knight's adolescent male humor. Knowing that Horvatz plans to invite the disgraced star for an official visit, the CIA coaxes Knight to accept. Skeptical, but with little to lose, Knight accepts the challenge, sensing this might be his one chance to do something worthwhile, even if no one else ever finds out. Upon arrival as President Horvatz's guest of honor, Knight confronts his ultimate acting challenge. What begins as an assignment to keep his eyes and ears open quickly turns into a life-or-death battle of wits, with consequences reaching all the way to Washington. With Pariah, Dan Fesperman has crafted a heart-pounding thriller about espionage, entertainment, and one man's pursuit of redemption.Dan Fesperman  served as a foreign correspondent for The Baltimore Sun, based in Berlin. His coverage of the siege of Sarajevo led to his debut novel, Lie in the Dark, which won Britain's John Creasey Memorial Dagger Award for best first crime novel. Subsequent books have won the Ian Fleming Steel Dagger Award for best thriller, the Hammett Prize from the International Association of Crime Writers, the Barry Award for best thriller, and selection by USA Today as the year's best mystery/thriller novel. He lives near Baltimore.Recommendations Say Nothing Patrick Radden Keefe, Graham Greene, Mick Herron. Charles Cumming. David McCloskey, IS Berry, John le Carré.Paul Burke writes for Monocle Magazine, Crime Time, Crime Fiction Lover and the European Literature Network, Punk Noir Magazine (fiction contribution). He is also a CWA Historical Dagger Judge 2025. His first book An Encyclopedia of  Spy Fiction will be out 2026.Produced by Junkyard DogCrime TimeCrime Time FM is the official podcast ofGwyl Crime Cymru Festival 2023 & 2025CrimeFest 2023CWA Daggers 2023 & 2024 & National Crime Reading Month& Newcastle Noir 2023 and 20242024 Slaughterfest,

Lama Zopa Rinpoche emphasizes the importance of this precious human body. He says that it's extremely rare to find. Therefore, while we have the opportunity to practice Dharma, we should secure a good rebirth, especially a perfect human rebirth, to continue to practice Dharma.Rinpoche explains that rebirth in the deva realm makes it much harder to generate renunciation compared to the human realm. He likens this difference to the monks in Lhasa who came from wealthy families living nearby. They had a lot of distractions and often couldn't complete their studies. In contrast, many of those from remote regions became great scholars. They lived a real ascetic life in the monastery; their whole attention was focused on study. He gives the example of Geshe Rabten Rinpoche, who was not just a great scholar but also a great yogi.Rinpoche says that real Dharma practice is letting go of the evil thought of attachment to the eight worldly dharmas. Due to self-cherishing, clinging to this life arises. When our actions are stained by clinging to this life, they become non-virtuous. Thus, the self-cherishing thought is so harmful, it makes our precious human life totally empty.Rinpoche completes the last section of Pabongkapa Dechen Nyingpo's discourse: “Part eight: How to combine the elements of taking refuge and reflecting on the suffering of the lower states in order to meditate on them jointly”. He explains that the main point is that if you have the right doctor and the right prescription, you need to follow them. Your goal is to achieve liberation from samsara; therefore, you need to realize true suffering, the true cause of suffering, and then actualize the true path. So, you start with the renunciation of samsara by relying on the one who reveals the path, the Sangha.From April 10 to May 10, 2004, Lama Zopa Rinpoche gave extensive teachings during the Mahamudra Retreat at Buddha House in Australia. While the retreat focused on Mahamudra, Rinpoche also taught on a wide range of Lamrim topics. This retreat marked the beginning of a series of month-long retreats in Australia. Subsequent retreats were held in 2011, 2014, and 2018, hosted by the Great Stupa of Universal Compassion in Bendigo.Find out more about Lama Zopa Rinpoche, his teachings and projects at https://fpmt.org/

One of the most important elements of the International Religious Freedom Act of 1998 is the requirement for the U.S. Secretary of State to designate the world's worst violators of religious freedom as Countries of Particular Concern and to enact accountability measures as a result of those designations. Subsequent legislation created a Special Watch List for other countries with significant violations and created a new category of Entities of Particular Concern for nonstate actors that commit such violations and control territory. However, the State Department last released its designations nearly two years ago, in December 2023—and they are now set to expire later this year. On today's episode of the USCIRF Spotlight Podcast, USCIRF Commissioner Stephen Schneck joins Deputy Director of Research and Policy Kurt Werthmuller to discuss the importance of the State Departments CPC, SWL, and EPC designations, as well as to share reflections on his time as USCIRF Chair over the previous year. Read USCIRF's 2025 Annual Report—including its current CPC, SWL, and EPC recommendations—and the U.S. legislation behind these designations.With Contributions from:Kurt Werthmuller, Deputy Director of Research and Policy, USCIRFVeronica McCarthy, Public Affairs Specialist, USCIRF

July 30th, 2025

Last time we spoke about Operation Downfall. The Allies, under General Krueger, initiated a decisive campaign to clear the Japanese from Luzon. As they faced the entrenched Shobu Group, challenges included treacherous terrain and a resilient enemy. Simultaneously, Japan braced for an invasion, mobilizing reinforcements and devising defensive strategies to ward off the impending Allied assault. As July approached, General Yamashita's forces prepared to execute a final breakout, but progress was hampered by relentless guerrilla attacks and adverse weather conditions. With Operation Downfall looming, Allied troops focused on strategic landings in Kyushu and Honshu, driven by a relentless determination to defeat the Japanese militarily. The intense battles of Luzon became a precursor to this monumental operation, marking a turning point in the Pacific War.  This episode is The Siege of Japan Welcome to the Pacific War Podcast Week by Week, I am your dutiful host Craig Watson. But, before we start I want to also remind you this podcast is only made possible through the efforts of Kings and Generals over at Youtube. Perhaps you want to learn more about world war two? Kings and Generals have an assortment of episodes on world war two and much more  so go give them a look over on Youtube. So please subscribe to Kings and Generals over at Youtube and to continue helping us produce this content please check out www.patreon.com/kingsandgenerals. If you are still hungry for some more history related content, over on my channel, the Pacific War Channel you can find a few videos all the way from the Opium Wars of the 1800's until the end of the Pacific War in 1945.  Boy I have been waiting a long time to come to this point. One of the most significant events in human history that deeply affects us to this very day. Nuclear war is as much a threat today as it was during the cold war. The dropping of the Atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki were deeply complicated events fraught with issues of morality. It goes without saying whether or not the bombs needed to be dropped, their actual impact on the surrender of Japan and so forth are still issues hotly debated to this very day. I have spoken on the issue countless times on my personal channel and podcast, but I figure to do this subject justice I will create a full episode for it. Thus in this episode we are going to just cover what happened, but rest assured I will come back to this later on. As we last explored, following the successful invasion of Luzon in the Philippines, along with the fall of Iwo Jima and Okinawa, American forces began preparing for the final invasion of the Japanese Home Islands. This operation was codenamed Operation Downfall. One key initiative leading up to this invasion was a comprehensive air-sea blockade and bombardment campaign against Japan itself. Previously, we detailed the extensive firebombing and precision bombing efforts executed by General LeMay's 21st Bomber Command. However, during this crucial period, the B-29 Superfortress bombers undertook a distinct operation under the codename Starvation. This single operation would be one of the largest factors that contributed to the surrender of Japan and its one most people have never heard of. In July 1944, Admiral Chester W. Nimitz proposed a bold plan to use B-29 Superfortress bombers to mine the waterways surrounding the Japanese Home Islands. Although Generals Henry H. Arnold and Walter Hansell expressed concerns that this mining campaign could distract from the B-29's primary role as a strategic bombardment aircraft, they eventually agreed to assign one bomber group to focus on aerial mining when conditions permitted. On December 22, Hansell's 21st Bomber Command was directed to formulate a naval mining program aimed at executing between 150 to 200 sorties each month, which was set to begin in April 1945. However, by this time, General Curtis LeMay had taken command of the 21st Bomber Command. LeMay was notably enthusiastic about the idea and successfully recommended to Washington an upgraded mining program that aimed to deploy up to 1,500 mines each month using a full B-29 wing. LeMay viewed aerial mining in a different light than Arnold or Hansell, seeing it as a vital extension of strategic bombing. He recognized that most of Japan's war production materials, as well as a significant portion of its food supplies, were imported from regions such as China, Southeast Asia, and the Dutch East Indies. Japan's industrial heartland is primarily found on Honshu, its largest and most industrialized island, while Shikoku, another island, also lacks essential resources such as iron ore and high-quality coal. These crucial materials were sourced from Kyushu and Hokkaido, both of which are other Japanese islands. All these resources were transported by sea, so without easy access to raw materials, Japan's industrial output would come to a grinding halt. The only aircraft capable of deploying mines effectively where they were needed were the B-29s. Areas such as the Inland Sea, the Sea of Japan, and the Korean Peninsula were out of reach for other Allied aircraft. Additionally, Allied submarines could only venture into these perilous waters with great risk. Notably, about 80% of Japan's merchant fleet utilized the Shimonoseki Strait, a critical waterway that separates Kyushu from Honshu. Understanding the strategic advantage of closing this strait, LeMay decided to allocate an entire wing of B-29s specifically to mine this vital route. Brigadier General John Davies commanded the 313th Bombardment Wing, tasked with deploying approximately 2,000 naval mines each month into Japanese waters. The primary goals of this operation were to prevent essential raw materials and food supplies from reaching the Home Islands, hinder the supply and mobilization of Japanese military forces, and disrupt transportation routes in the Inland Sea of Japan. Between March 27 and April 12, Davies' bombers targeted key enemy shipping bases located in Kure, Sasebo, and Hiroshima. They also focused on the Shimonoseki Strait, a narrow and strategically important waterway that links the Inland Sea with the Tsushima Strait. Notably, after these attacks, this strait was successfully closed for two weeks. On May 3 and 5, the 313th Bombardment Wing laid down a total of 1,422 mines in the waters surrounding the Shimonoseki Strait, as well as near major urban centers like Tokyo, Nagoya, Kobe, and Osaka. These efforts aimed to severely disrupt maritime commerce between Japan's major industrial areas. Just a week later, the minefields expanded from the Shimonoseki Strait to include Kyushu, the southernmost of Japan's four main islands, and northwest Honshu, the largest island containing Tokyo. By the end of that month, these mines were proving remarkably effective, accounting for the sinking of more ships than Japanese submarines. In fact, within the Shimonoseki Strait alone, 113 ships had been sunk. Between June 7 and July 8, American forces expanded and fortified minefields along the western coast of Japan while also replenishing the existing minefields in the Shimonoseki Strait and the Inland Sea. During this effort, they successfully laid a total of 3,542 mines across 14 missions. The "total blockade" officially commenced on July 9 and continued until the end of the war. Throughout this period, American forces executed 474 sorties, dropping another 3,746 mines that replenished existing minefields and extended coverage to harbors in Korea. In total, Brigadier General Davies conducted 46 missions that laid down 26 minefields containing 12,135 mines. Remarkably, only 15 B-29s were lost during these operations. In turn, the mines accounted for the sinking or damaging of 670 Japanese ships, with a total loss of 1.25 million tons. This mining campaign effectively strangled Japanese industry, as the denial of essential raw materials to factories proved more disruptive than the direct bombing of the plants themselves.  Despite the clear vulnerability of Japan's economy to disruptions in coastal shipping, Japanese authorities were alarmingly unprepared to address the threat posed by air-dropped mines. By August 1945, Japan had committed 349 ships and 20,000 personnel to counter the Starvation campaign, but these efforts were overwhelmingly ineffective. The shipping crisis escalated to such a degree that searchlights and anti-aircraft batteries were redeployed from urban centers to defend expected mining targets. Additionally, suicide boats were employed in desperate attempts to clear the minefields. Royal Navy historian S.W. Roskill commented on the situation, stating, “The blockade had, in fact, been far more successful than we realized at the time. Although submarines initially played a critical role in enforcing the blockade, it was the air-laid mines that ultimately strangled Japan.” Japanese officials shared this assessment. A director from a Tokyo steel company reflected on the situation, noting that the denial of essential raw materials to factories caused far greater disruption than the direct bombing of the plants themselves. This contradicted the views of US Army Air Forces experts back in Washington. In a striking remark after the war, a Japanese minesweeping officer told American forces, “The result of B-29 mining was so effective against shipping that it eventually starved the country. You could have likely shortened the war by starting this campaign earlier.” Meanwhile, General LeMay continued his firebombing campaign against Japan. By the end of May, urban areas around Tokyo Bay had been devastated, prompting the 21st Bomber Command to shift focus westward toward the densely populated industrial complexes lining Osaka Bay. On June 1, 521 B-29s were dispatched to bomb industrial targets situated along the Yodo River, with an escort of 148 P-51 fighters. Unfortunately, an undetected thunderstorm struck en route, which meant only 27 P-51s reached Osaka, while another 27 crashed, and the remaining fighters had to return to Iwo Jima. Despite these complications, the B-29s bombed from altitudes ranging between 18,000 and 28,500 feet, successfully dropping 2,788 tons of incendiary bombs on Osaka. The attack resulted in the burning of 3.15 square miles, destroying 136,107 houses and 4,222 factories. Four days later, on June 3, 530 unescorted B-29 Superfortresses launched a bombing raid on the city of Kobe. Of those, 473 aircraft targeted the city, resulting in the destruction of 4.35 square miles. This devastating strike led to the demolition of 51,399 buildings, while another 928 suffered significant damage. The raid, however, came with losses, as 11 bombers were downed, and 176 were damaged in the operation. On June 7, 449 B-29s returned to Osaka. Despite facing heavy cloud cover that restricted visibility, they managed to burn an additional 2.21 square miles of the city, destroying another 55,333 buildings.  By the conclusion of General Curtis LeMay's maximum-effort area bombing campaign, the six most significant industrial cities in Japan, Tokyo, Nagoya, Kobe, Osaka, Yokohama, and Kawasaki, had been left in ruins. Major factories were either destroyed or severely damaged, while thousands of smaller household and feeder industrial units were consumed by flames. Casualty figures surged into six figures, leaving millions of people homeless. The evacuation of survivors further complicated efforts to secure labor for the factories that remained operational. Japan's air-raid protection system proved woefully inadequate to withstand a protracted siege by very heavy bombers. The system lacked sufficient organization, trained personnel, shelters, fire-fighting equipment, and facilities for relief and evacuation. Additionally, there was a significant deficiency in civilian indoctrination regarding emergency procedures. Under the relentless pressure of repeated major attacks, local Air Raid Precaution organizations collapsed, adding strain to an already overburdened imperial government. Japanese civilians, who had been conditioned by victory propaganda, displayed little of the discipline that helped German citizens endure years of aerial bombardment. As news of military defeats and the impact of B-29 precision strikes filtered into the great cities, residents began to lose confidence in their leaders' ability to protect them or care for the victims of the attacks. Abe Motoki, the Minister of Home Affairs at the time, later remarked, “I believe that after the raids on Tokyo on May 23-24, 1945, civilian defense measures in that city, as well as in other parts of Japan, were considered a futile effort.” Regarding the operational cost of this campaign for the 21st Bomber Command, it was not considered excessively burdensome. Over the course of 17 maximum-effort incendiary attacks, LeMay dispatched a total of 6,960 B-29s, which dropped 41,592 tons of bombs. The losses amounted to 136 B-29s, averaging only 1.9% of the sorties, a rate significantly lower than what had been endured in earlier months, and quite acceptable by the standards of conventional strategic bombing. Meteorologists predicted that the summer monsoon would keep Japan's skies covered with clouds for most of the upcoming months, from June to August. As a result, LeMay shifted strategies under what became known as the Empire Plan. This approach prioritized targeting industrial and military sites during daylight hours when the weather permitted, while secondary cities that had sufficient industrial capability became targets for nighttime area attacks. This change meant that since no single target warranted a full four-wing maximum effort, multiple missions could be scheduled in a single day. Accordingly, on June 9, 110 B-29s attacked three aircraft factories located in Narao, Atsuta, and Akashi. The strikes successfully destroyed the factories in Narao and Atsuta, but an unfortunate miscalculation led to the bombing of the town near Akashi. The following day, June 10, a force of 280 B-29s, escorted by 107 P-51 Mustang fighters, targeted six distinct sites in the Tokyo Bay area. The mission yielded significant results, with all targets sustaining heavy damage. Finally, on June 15, 516 B-29s were dispatched for one last firebombing raid against Osaka and the neighboring city of Amagasaki. In this combined assault, 444 bombers dropped over 1,350 tons of incendiary bombs, incinerating an additional 1.9 square miles in Osaka and more than half a square mile in Amagasaki. Starting on June 17, General Curtis LeMay's firebombing campaigns began to focus on medium-sized secondary cities across Japan. On that day, 477 B-29 Superfortresses targeted the cities of Omuta, Hamamatsu, Yokkaichi, and Kagoshima, burning a combined total of six square miles in these urban areas. The success of this initial multi-target mission ensured the continuation of the program, establishing an operational pattern that would remain standard during the final weeks of the war. In total, multiple incendiary attacks were conducted on sixteen occasions, averaging about two missions per week. Between June 17 and August 14, American forces carried out 8,014 sorties, dropping a staggering 54,184 tons of incendiaries across 58 secondary cities. On June 22, 446 B-29s were dispatched to strike six targets located in southern Honshu, including the crucial Kure Naval Arsenal. In this mission, 382 bombers released 2,103 tons of bombs, inflicting heavy damage to these essential manufacturing facilities. Just four days later, on June 26, a force of 510 B-29s, accompanied by 148 P-51 Mustang escorts, targeted locations in southern Honshu and the nearby island of Shikoku. However, dense clouds over much of the area complicated assembly and forced many aircraft to attack targets of opportunity individually or in small groups. As a result, adverse weather conditions would delay subsequent daytime raids until July 24.  In the coordinated strike program that commenced in June, the decision to focus on either the Empire Plan or urban industrial targets was largely influenced by weather conditions. As the program took shape, the 315th Bombardment Wing (VH) became available for combat operations. This wing operated somewhat independently from the other bomber units, with its activities significantly guided by the specialized equipment of its aircraft. Authorized for deployment in the Pacific in December 1944, the 315th settled at Northwest Field, Guam, during May and June. Its commander, Brigadier General Frank A. Armstrong, Jr., was a seasoned veteran of the strategic air offensive against Germany. The B-29s of the 315th Wing differed in two key respects from those of other units. They were equipped with the AN/APQ-7 (Eagle) radar, a sophisticated radar system designed for bombing, instead of the conventional AN/APQ-13 radar. The latter had primarily served as a navigational aid. While crews had become adept at using the AN/APQ-13 for night or poor-weather bombing, it lacked the precision necessary for accurate strikes. The Eagle radar, however, offered significantly greater definition and, although it required a long bomb run averaging seventy miles, this was not considered a serious hindrance in the tactical context of Japan. To further enhance its night-bombing capabilities, the Superfortresses had been stripped of all armament except for the tail gun. This modification, along with the Eagle radar, clearly marked the 315th as a dedicated night-bombing unit. There were various proposals for the use of these specially equipped B-29s, including high-altitude bombing, area bombing, and aerial mining. However, by the time the 315th Wing was ready for combat, the 313th Bombardment Wing had already gained proficiency in aerial mining, while all wings had become adept at area bombing using the AN/APQ-13. Training for the 315th had focused heavily on night radar tactics, with less emphasis on visual bombing and daytime formation flights. It was evident that if the Eagle radar was to undergo a thorough scientific evaluation, it should be tested against a specific set of targets that were preferably large in size and located along the coastline. In the view of the 21st Bomber Command, the oil industry met these requirements perfectly. The 315th Bombardment Wing initiated its specialized campaign on June 26 with a targeted strike against the Utsube Oil Refinery in Yokkaichi, the top-priority target. By August 14, the wing had conducted 15 additional missions against a total of 10 targets, which included various petroleum refineries and synthetic plants, such as the Maruzen Oil Company in Wakayama, Mitsubishi Oil Company in Kawasaki, and Nippon Oil Company plants spread across Akita, Kansai, Kudamatsu, and Amagasaki, as well as the Imperial Fuel Industry Company in Ube and Toa Fuel Industry in Wakayama. During the campaign, the 315th Wing dispatched a total of 1,200 B-29s, 1,095 of which successfully bombed their primary targets, dropping 9,084 tons of 500-pound general-purpose bombs deemed particularly effective against the scattered installations. The increase in bomb load capacity was made possible by stripping the planes of unnecessary equipment and conducting bombing missions individually at night. As the crews gained experience, they were able to increase the average weight carried from 14,631 pounds during the first mission to 20,684 pounds by August 9. Despite concerns about safety from removing most of the aircraft's armaments, only four planes were lost and 66 sustained damage throughout the campaign. The 20th Air Force estimated that the B-29 attacks led to the destruction of approximately 6 million barrels of tank storage capacity, and the United States Strategic Bombing Survey (USSBS) reported that refining capacity had been reduced from 90,000 barrels a day in December 1941 to around 17,000 barrels. However, the strategic impact was more apparent than real, as many storage tanks were empty and refinery production had fallen to just 4% of capacity before the very heavy bomber campaign began. The lack of precise intelligence regarding the state of Japan's economy had justified the emphasis on the oil program as a form of reinsurance. Nevertheless, the blockade had effectively severed the nation's oil resources, resulting in tankers remaining idle at the docks. On July 1, Admiral Halsey's 3rd Fleet departed San Pedro Bay to initiate the first preliminary strikes in preparation for Operation Olympic. This operation involved battleships and heavy cruisers conducting surface bombardments of industrial targets in eastern Japan, while lighter forces performed anti-shipping sweeps along the coast. Additionally, a fleet of submarines advanced ahead of Admiral McCain's Task Force 38 to eliminate picket boats and establish lifeguard positions. At 18:15 on July 9, the force began its 25-knot approach toward the Home Islands, launching its first strikes against the Tokyo area at 04:00 on July 10. A total of 1,732 sorties were executed, targeting locations from Koriyama to Hamamatsu, dropping 454 tons of bombs and 1,648 rockets over Honshu with negligible opposition. American airmen reported the destruction of 109 enemy aircraft and damage to 231 during these strikes.   Following this, Halsey's fleet moved north to bombard Hokkaido and northern Honshu, which were beyond the effective range of the B-29s and had previously evaded attack. At 05:59 on July 14, Rear-Admiral John Shafroth's Bombardment Group Able, consisting primarily of three battleships and two heavy cruisers, was tasked with attacking the Kamaishi Works of the Japan Iron Company. By midday, Shafroth's forces had opened fire on Kamaishi, marking the first surface bombardment of Japan by a hostile fleet in over 80 years. Between 12:10 and 14:19, a total of 802 16-inch shells, 728 8-inch shells, and 825 5-inch shells were expended, setting the town ablaze as key industrial and residential targets were hit and resulting in the sinking of one oil tanker, two barges, and one small ship in the harbor. Simultaneously, McCain's carriers closed to within 80 nautical miles of Japan, launching 1,391 sorties against Hokkaido and northern Honshu to target railways, shipping, and airfields, again facing only light resistance. In the ensuing strikes, American planes sank over 50,000 tons of shipping and naval craft, including the destroyer Tachibana, four minesweepers, eight naval auxiliaries, and around 20 merchant vessels, with significant losses occurring at Muroran and Hakodate. In addition, 25 enemy planes were destroyed, while American losses totaled 24 aircraft and 17 airmen, about half of whom were lost in combat. Task Force 38 launched another assault on July 15, executing 966 combat sorties that dropped 355 tons of bombs and expended 2,093 rockets. This operation resulted in the sinking of 65 vessels and damaging 128 others, as well as the destruction of 48 locomotives and damage to 28. Widespread destruction was inflicted on several facilities, particularly the Aomori–Hakodate railcar ferry system, which transported 30% of the coal between Hokkaido and Honshu. The strikes devastated the ferry system, sinking eight ferries, beaching eight more, and damaging two. In total, 70 auxiliary sailing colliers were sunk, and 11 were damaged, along with 10 steel freighters lost and 7 damaged. The ferry strikes were the brainchild of Halsey's operations officer, Captain Ralph “Rollo” Wilson. “When the first action reports began to sift in,” Halsey related: He snatched them up and pored over them; the ferries were not mentioned. Later reports also ignored them. Rollo was sulking and cursing when the final reports arrived. I heard him whistle and saw him beam. “Six ferries sunk!” he said. “Pretty soon we'll have ‘em moving their stuff by oxcarts and skiffs!”  Additionally, 20 city blocks in Kushiro were razed. The most significant outcome of these operations was the virtual severance of Hokkaido from Honshu. By the end of the raids, Halsey's 3rd Fleet had achieved the sinking of 140 ships and small craft, damaging 235 others, and destroying 38 planes while damaging 46. Meanwhile, Rear-Admiral Oscar Badger's Bombardment Group Baker, composed of three battleships, two light cruisers, and eight destroyers, was assigned to bombard Muroran. Between 09:36 and 10:25, this group fired 860 16-inch shells at the Nihon Steel Company and the Wanishi Ironworks, targeting both the coal liquefaction plant and coke ovens. This bombardment inflicted severe damage on those facilities and resulted in the destruction or damage of 2,541 houses in Muroran. As Hasley recalled “These sweeps and bombardments accomplished more than destruction. they showed the enemy that we made no bones about playing in his front yard. From now on, we patrolled his channels and shelled his coast almost every night that the weather permitted.” Additionally, Rear-Admiral James Cary Jones' four light cruisers conducted a sweep along the east coast of Honshu to hunt for Japanese shipping; however, they reported no contacts during their mission. Early on July 16, Task Force 38 retired east of Honshu to begin refueling and rendezvoused with Admiral Rawlings' Task Force 37, which agreed to operate closely as an additional task group for Admiral Halsey. At 03:50 on July 17, the two task forces began launching strikes against central Honshu despite adverse weather conditions. The American forces executed 205 sorties targeting the Mito area, while British aircraft flew 87 sorties against airfields and railyards along the northwest coast of Honshu. Despite the bad weather, several small craft and locomotives were destroyed, though the operation resulted in the loss of nine aircraft and four airmen. Later that afternoon, Halsey detached Badger's augmented Bombardment Group to attack Hitachi, a significant industrial and electronics-producing city. The 53-minute bombardment commenced in fog and rain at 23:14, during which 1,207 16-inch shells, 267 14-inch shells, and 292 6-inch rounds were expended against the Tago and Mito Works of the Hitachi Manufacturing Company, as well as the Yamate Plant and copper refining facilities of Hitachi Mine, resulting in severe devastation. On July 18, McCain's two leading carriers launched a total of 592 sorties against Yokosuka, specifically targeting the heavily camouflaged battleship Nagato at the naval base. The attacks resulted in the sinking of one old cruiser, one minesweeper, one submarine, one incomplete destroyer, and three patrol vessels, in addition to damaging one subchaser, one old destroyer, and one old battleship. Although Nagato was hit multiple times and suffered heavy damage, it managed to stay afloat. Meanwhile, three carriers also targeted airfields and other opportunities in Tokyo, while Task Force 37 attacked a seaplane base at Kitaura and airfields at Nobara, Naruto, Chosi, Kanoike, Natori, and Kitakawa. The recent raids resulted in the destruction of 43 enemy planes and damage to 77 others on the ground, along with the destruction of three locomotives and the derailing of four electrified train cars by rockets. However, the American forces incurred losses of 14 aircraft and 18 aircrew, as the 3rd Fleet flyers reported encountering the fiercest anti-aircraft fire they had yet experienced. Additionally, Rear-Admiral Carl Holden's four light cruisers were detached during the night to sweep shipping off Sagami Bay and to target the radar site at Cape Nojima. On July 21, Captain Thomas Hederman's Destroyer Squadron 61, consisting of nine destroyers, was assigned to conduct another anti-shipping sweep off Sagami Bay. Pursuing four radar contacts, the destroyers engaged targets at midnight on July 22, firing guns and torpedoes from 7,000 yards. This action resulted in the sinking of the 800-ton freighter No.5 Hakutetsu Maru and damaging the 6,919-ton Enbun Maru. In response, Japanese coastal artillery, the minesweeper W-1, and subchaser Ch-42 returned fire, but Hederman's squadron successfully retired without damage. Although minor in scale, the Battle of Sagami Bay would ultimately be the last surface action of the war. Meanwhile, as part of Operation Barney, a planned submarine penetration of the Sea of Japan, nine submarines succeeded in sinking 27 Japanese merchant vessels and one submarine, totaling 54,786 tons.  On June 8, the submarine Barb commenced her twelfth patrol, tasked with terrorizing the Sea of Okhotsk using her newly installed 5-inch rocket launchers. Over the following weeks, Skipper Commander Eugene “Luckey” Fluckey executed successful rocket bombardments on Shari, Hokkaido, and targets in Shikuka, Kashiho, and Shiritoru on Karafuto (southern Sakhalin), also employing the submarine's deck guns to destroy 35 sampans in the town of Kaihyo To. Observing Karafuto trains transporting military supplies to ports, Fluckey devised a plan to intercept these trains. Engineman Third Class Billy Hatfield recalled how, as a child, he had placed nuts on railroad ties and watched as the weight of passing trains cracked them between rail and tie. Realizing this principle could be adapted, he suggested rigging an automatic detonator. Fluckey had many volunteers for the mission, including a Japanese POW, and carefully selected Hatfield and seven others, deciding against leading the shore party himself. Just after midnight on July 23, 1945, Fluckey maneuvered Barb to within 950 yards of the Karafuto coast. Led by Lieutenant William Walker, the team launched two rubber rafts at 00:30. Before they left, Fluckey instructed them, “Boys, if you get stuck, head for Siberia, 130 miles north, following the mountain ranges. Good luck.” Upon reaching the shore, the Americans located the tracks and buried a 55-pound scuttling charge and battery beneath the rails, positioning it under a water tower they planned to use as a lookout. As Motor Machinist's Mate First Class John Markuson climbed up, he unexpectedly found he was scaling a sentry tower, causing him to retreat without alerting the sleeping guard. When a train passed, the team dove for cover before resuming their work after it had gone by. Shortly after 01:30, Walker's team signaled their return to Barb, which was now just 600 yards offshore. Fifteen minutes later, while the boats were halfway back, Fluckey heard the rumble of an approaching train. He hoisted a megaphone and urged the crew to “Paddle like the devil, boys!” At 01:47, a 16-car Japanese train struck Hatfield's detonator, resulting in a massive explosion that sent debris soaring 200 feet into the air and reportedly killed 150 Japanese. Minutes later, all eight Americans were safely aboard Barb, which then slipped back into the night, having successfully executed the only amphibious invasion of Japan during World War II. Returning to the main action, Halsey aimed to eliminate the remnants of the Combined Fleet at the heavily fortified Kure Naval Base. Consequently, Task Force 38 began launching the first of 1,363 sorties against ships and airfields in Kyushu, Shikoku, and Honshu, ringing the Inland Sea at 04:40 on July 24. A total of 599 tons of bombs and 1,615 rockets were unleashed over Kure, resulting in the sinking or damaging of 22 warships, which totaled 258,000 tons. Among the affected vessels were the battleships Hyuga, Ise, and Haruna; fleet carriers Amagi and Katsuragi; the escort carrier Kaiyo; heavy cruisers Tone and Aoba; as well as light cruisers Oyodo and Kitakami. In addition, another 53 vessels amounting to 17,000 tons were sunk at various locations, including Hiroshima Bay, Niihama, Bungo Channel, and Kii Channel. At Kobe, the incomplete fleet carrier Aso was also attacked and damaged. American Hellcats and Corsairs effectively swept aside Japanese aerial opposition, shooting down 18 enemy planes while destroying 40 aircraft and damaging another 80 on the ground. Furthermore, around the Inland Sea, 16 locomotives were destroyed and five were damaged, while 20 hangars sustained damage. Three oil tanks were set ablaze at Kure and one at Tano. Additionally, four electric trains and a roundhouse were strafed at Hamamatsu, and various military installations, including barracks, warehouses, power plants, and factories around the airfields, received significant damage. Simultaneously, Rear-Admiral Rawlings' Task Force 37 conducted 257 sorties against targets in Japan and the surrounding offshore areas, sinking the escort carrier Shimane Maru in Shido Bay, along with a number of destroyers, small escorts, and coasters. Meanwhile, Jones' light cruisers swept through the Kii Channel before bombarding the Kushimoto seaplane base and airfields at Cape Shionomisaki during the night. Supporting these efforts, General LeMay dispatched 625 B-29s against seven targets in the Nagoya and Osaka areas, successfully inflicting heavy damage on all of them despite the spotty weather, marking this as the last major attack on the Japanese mainland during the war, as two weeks of cloudy weather ensued. In the early hours of July 25, McCain's aircraft carriers resumed launching strikes against airfields and shipping in the Inland Sea and the Nagoya-Osaka areas. During this operation, they executed a total of 655 sorties, expending 185 tons of bombs and 1,162 rockets, successfully sinking nine ships totaling 8,000 tons and damaging another 35 vessels. The strikes also resulted in the downing of 21 Japanese planes, with an additional 61 aircraft destroyed on the ground and 68 damaged. After refueling on July 27, Halsey's carrier forces moved to launch points located 96 nautical miles off Shikoku. At 04:43 on July 28, they resumed strikes over the Inland Sea, focusing on targets from northern Kyushu to Nagoya, as well as airfields across Honshu along the Sea of Japan. This resulted in McCain flying a total of 1,602 sorties, dropping 605 tons of bombs and expending 2,050 rockets. These attacks sank 27 ships, amounting to 43,000 tons, including the battleships Ise and Haruna, the fleet carrier Amagi, and the Combined Fleet flagship Oyodo. Additionally, 78 vessels totaling 216,000 tons were reported damaged, among them the fleet carrier Katsuragi, heavy cruiser Tone, and light cruiser Kitakami. American pilots reported the destruction of 21 Japanese aircraft in the air and claimed 115 destroyed on the ground across 30 area airfields. They also successfully destroyed 14 locomotives, four oil cars, two roundhouses, three oil tanks, three warehouses, one hangar, and a transformer station. In support of these efforts, Task Force 37 conducted 260 sorties against the eastern Inland Sea, targeting the dockyard at Harima and sinking or severely damaging four corvettes at Maizuru. Meanwhile, the 7th Air Force's 11th and 494th Bombardment Groups carried out a day-long raid on Kure, successfully sinking the heavy cruiser Aoba. By sunset that evening, the Imperial Japanese Navy had effectively ceased to exist, though the cost for the Americans was steep, with losses amounting to 101 planes and 88 men since July 24. As Halsey moved east to target the Osaka-Nagoya area, Shafroth's reinforced Bombardment Group was detached on July 29 to bombard Hamamatsu. During the night, they successfully unloaded 810 16-inch shells, 265 14-inch shells, and 1,035 8-inch shells, damaging the Imperial Government Railway locomotive works, igniting a blaze at the Japanese Musical Instrument Company, and wreaking havoc on infrastructure along the critical Tokaido main line. The following day, McCain's carriers conducted 1,224 sorties against airfields in Osaka, Kobe, Maizuru, and Nagoya, expending 397 tons of bombs and 2,532 rockets. These strikes resulted in the sinking of 20 vessels totaling 6,000 tons and damaging another 56 ships. The pilots also claimed destruction of 115 enemy aircraft on the ground, while inflicting severe damage on numerous industrial targets, including aircraft factories and naval docks in Maizuru. In Miyazu Bay, the destroyer Hatsushino struck an air-dropped naval mine, marking the final loss of 129 Japanese destroyers sunk during the war. That night, seven destroyers advanced deep into Suruga Bay, unleashing 1,100 5-inch shells on Shimizu within seven minutes, successfully destroying or damaging 118 industrial buildings. Typhoon weather would impede the operations of the 3rd Fleet for the next two weeks, as Admiral Nimitz ordered Halsey to steer clear of southern Japan, which was set to become the target of a new and deadly weapon: the atomic bomb. The U.S. Army had begun its project to develop an atomic bomb on August 16, 1942, under the auspices of the Manhattan Project. The project was directed by Major-General Leslie Groves and involved renowned scientists such as Robert Oppenheimer, Enrico Fermi, Niels Bohr, Richard Feynman, and Albert Einstein. Over time, it expanded to include a design center at Los Alamos and two production facilities at Hanford and Clinton. By August 1945, the teams at Los Alamos had successfully designed, developed, and built a gun-type atomic bomb capable of forcing five pounds of uranium-235 against another 17 pounds at high speed, thereby achieving critical mass and releasing immense heat, light, blast, and radiation. The team was also experimenting with an even more powerful device: the plutonium bomb, which utilized an implosion method whereby a sphere of plutonium was compressed by conventional explosives to reach criticality. By early August, scientists had managed to produce enough nuclear material to create only one uranium device, known as Little Boy, and one plutonium bomb, referred to as Fat Man. Each weapon had the potential to annihilate an entire city, and American leaders were prepared to use them if it could compel the Japanese Empire to surrender without necessitating an invasion of Japan. A Targeting Committee led by Groves, consisting of Manhattan Project and Air Force personnel, recommended Hiroshima, Niigata, Kokura, and Nagasaki as primary targets.  Groves' Targeting Committee employed several criteria to select sites for atomic bomb targets. The chosen targets had to possess strategic value to the Japanese and be situated between Tokyo and Nagasaki. Additionally, the target needed to feature a large urban area with a minimum diameter of three miles and must be relatively untouched by previous bombings, ironically spared for potential atomic destruction at a later stage. A crucial condition was that, to the best of their knowledge, these areas should harbor no concentrations of Allied prisoners of war. However, this requirement was challenging to ascertain accurately due to a lack of reliable information about the locations of prisoners. Initially, the committee considered 17 candidates and selected five primary targets: Hiroshima, Yokohama, Kokura, Niigata, and Kyoto. On May 28, they narrowed the list to three: Kyoto, Niigata, and Hiroshima. Hiroshima was significant as it housed Hata's 2nd General Army headquarters and featured a large shipyard, while Niigata was a major industrial city with an important port. Moreover, Kyoto held considerable cultural and religious significance for the Japanese. Secretary of War Stimson, having previously cautioned General Arnold about the humanitarian consequences of targeting cities with incendiary bombings, insisted on removing Kyoto from the list after intense discussions with Groves. On July 21, President Truman concurred with Stimson during their meetings in Potsdam, deciding that Kyoto should be spared. Subsequently, Kokura, known for its large arsenal and ordnance works, replaced Kyoto. Additionally, LeMay's staff reportedly included Nagasaki as an alternate target due to potential weather issues, as it was home to Mitsubishi's arms factories, electric production facilities, ordnance works, and extensive dockyards, making it a valuable target. Meanwhile, a high-level civilian Interim Committee, under Secretary of War Henry Stimson, ultimately advised President Truman on the use of nuclear weapons, reasoning that their deployment would be no worse than the current incendiary bombing campaigns against Japan. The committee also recommended that an atomic bomb be deployed as soon as possible, without warning, to maximize shock value and target a "war plant… surrounded by workers' houses." Following a successful operational test of the experimental plutonium bomb conducted at Trinity on July 16, President Truman authorized General Spaatz to prepare for the bomb drops before August 3. Colonel Paul Tibbets' 509th Composite Group had been specially organized in secret since September 1944 to deliver nuclear weapons, and by June, it had arrived at Tinian under the command of LeMay's 21st Bomber Command. General Twinning replaced LeMay as commander of the 21st on August 1, and he would ultimately issue the direct orders for Tibbets to drop the atomic bomb. The atomic bomb mission had a convoluted command structure. The Joint Chiefs of Staff were largely left out of the chain of command. LeMay was Tibbet's nominal commander; however, Groves still had extensive control over the operation through his deputy Brigadier General Thomas Farrell on Tinian. The 21st Bomber Command would determine when the atomic bomb mission was launched, based on suitable weather conditions. Even at this stage, General of the Air Force Henry "Hap" Arnold and LeMay were still skeptical about the Manhattan Project; they thought B-29 incendiary and high-explosive bombing operations would suffice to end the war soon. LeMay even questioned the 509th CG pilots' ability to conduct the mission; he wanted seasoned Pacific B-29 veteran crews to drop the nuclear cargo. While the Imperial Japanese Army (IJA) and Imperial Japanese Navy (IJN) prepared for an impending invasion, the U.S. Army Air Forces (USAAF) continued its bombing campaign against Japan. The crews of the 509th Composite Group needed to acclimate to the navigational challenges, varied weather conditions, extensive distances, and the geography of the region, all while becoming accustomed to combat situations. Training commenced at Tinian on June 30, with conventional operational missions over Japan beginning on July 20. To prepare for their atomic missions, the crews trained with "pumpkins," which were specially constructed bombs designed to mimic the appearance and weight of nuclear weapons. This allowed them to practice handling and releasing the bombs. They also rehearsed navigational procedures, visual bomb release techniques, and dropping the weapon at an altitude of approximately 30,000 feet. Following the drop, the crew conducted high-speed, radical turns to evade the nuclear effects after detonation. During their first mission, a B-29 from the 509th sought an alternative target in Tokyo. The crew aimed to drop their 10,000-pound "pumpkin" on the Imperial Palace, but unfortunately, they missed their target. Had they succeeded in killing the emperor, it could have significantly impacted Japan's decision-making process, potentially fortifying the Japanese people's resolve to continue the war. Military leaders might have seized control in the aftermath, pushing their forces to keep fighting. Throughout their training, the units of the 21st Bomber Command intentionally avoided targeting Hiroshima, Niigata, Kokura, and Nagasaki during these practice runs. In total, Tibbets directed his crews on numerous combat missions that targeted 28 cities and involved the dropping of 49 "pumpkins." Remarkably, the 509th lost no aircraft during these operations. While Tibbets focused on perfecting the delivery method, the weapons Little Boy and Fat Man were being transported to Tinian. Some weapon assemblies were delivered by C-54 and B-29 aircraft from Kirtland Field near Albuquerque, while the cruiser Indianapolis delivered the fissionable material for Little Boy from San Francisco on July 26. Four days later, the submarine I-58 unexpectedly attacked the Indianapolis with six torpedoes while the cruiser was en route to Guam, successfully sinking it. Of the crew, 850 Americans survived the sinking, and another 316 were belatedly rescued by August 8. By July 31, most of the assembly of Little Boy had been completed. However, a detonation expert would need to emplace the cordite charges to fire the uranium "bullet" through the gun device to the uranium core after take-off, minimizing the risk of an inadvertent nuclear explosion in the event of a B-29 crash. Additionally, the crew carrying the atomic bomb had to exercise caution when descending once Little Boy was armed because the primary radar or a backup barometric fuse could potentially trigger an explosion if the aircraft descended too rapidly with the fuses in place. On August 2, B-29 crews arrived at Tinian with the assemblies for Fat Man. On that same day, General Twinning and President Truman approved the plan to bomb Hiroshima. Two days later, Colonel Tibbets briefed the crews about the mission, confirming that he would pilot the aircraft carrying the atomic bomb. Tibbets' B-29 No. 82, later named Enola Gay, was supported by three weather reconnaissance aircraft that reported conditions at Hiroshima, Kokura, and Nagasaki, as well as two additional B-29s assigned to conduct scientific and photographic missions. At 02:45 on August 6, Enola Gay took off from Tinian, with diversionary attacks by 604 B-29s throughout Japan also scheduled for that day, as coordinated by Twinning. After passing through Iwo Jima at approximately 05:55, Captain William Parsons and Second-Lieutenant Morris Jeppson armed the bomb at 07:30. Throughout the journey, the B-29s ascended slowly, reaching an altitude of over 30,000 feet as they crossed Shikoku and Honshu, finally reaching Hiroshima at 31,060 feet. At 09:12, Tibbets executed his final approach from the 'initial point', flying east-west over the city towards the intersection of the Ota and Motoyasu Rivers. Approximately at 09:15, Little Boy was released, and Enola Gay immediately began its turn away to escape the impending explosion. However, the bomb mistakenly descended towards the Shima Surgical Hospital rather than the intended target, the Aioi Bridge. At 09:16, Little Boy detonated at an altitude of 1,890 feet, just as Tibbets was about six miles away from the blast point. As a result of the atomic blast, the immediate area around the epicenter was heated to an astonishing 1 million degrees Celsius, instantly incinerating or vaporizing all people, animals, buildings, and other items within that zone. Hiroshima police officials estimated that immediate casualties amounted to 71,379 individuals who were either killed or reported missing. In the surrounding areas, the blast effects crushed unreinforced structures before igniting them, resulting in an additional 68,023 wounded, with 19,691 of those injuries classified as serious. Subsequent assessments, potentially incorporating the impacts of radiation sickness or more precise accounting, recorded 30,524 individuals as seriously wounded and 48,606 as slightly wounded. Just two minutes after detonation, a growing mushroom cloud of highly radioactive dust and debris soared to a height of 20,000 feet. Within eight minutes, Tibbets' crew could observe the mushroom cloud from 390 miles away. Ultimately, the dust cloud peaked at approximately 60,000 feet in altitude. Soon after, a thick, black, radioactive rain fell upon the areas beneath the cloud. The center of the city was utterly devastated; over four square miles of the urban center, which encompassed seven square miles in total, were completely flattened, resulting in about 60% of the city's area being destroyed. An additional 0.6 square miles suffered damage, while more than 75% of the city's 90,000 buildings were obliterated. The ensuing fires compounded the devastation, contributing to countless deaths and injuries. Tragically, some American prisoners of war were present in Hiroshima and lost their lives in the explosion. Meanwhile, Enola Gay safely returned to Tinian at 14:58, where Tibbets was awarded the Distinguished Service Cross, while the rest of the crew received Distinguished Flying Crosses for their participation in the mission. I would like to take this time to remind you all that this podcast is only made possible through the efforts of Kings and Generals over at Youtube. Please go subscribe to Kings and Generals over at Youtube and to continue helping us produce this content please check out www.patreon.com/kingsandgenerals. If you are still hungry after that, give my personal channel a look over at The Pacific War Channel at Youtube, it would mean a lot to me. Japan was broken. To be perfectly honest she had been broken long ago. Her leadership had been spending months trying to figure out the best possible way to surrender, while the civilians and troops were suffering horribly. Aerial mining strangled her of food, high explosive and incendiary bombs, killed untold scores of people, and then the Atomic weapons were let loose upon her. It was over.

Poet in his voice. Recorded and curated by Irfan**Asad Zaidi, a distinguished poet, journalist, and editor whose multifaceted contributions to literature and society have left an indelible mark. Born on August 31, 1954, in Karauli, the capital of the erstwhile princely state in Rajasthan's Bharatpur Divisional Commissionerate, Asad Zaidi's journey is one of intellectual and artistic exploration. From his roots in Karauli, his path took him through the cultural landscapes of Agra, Jaipur, and Udaipur before finding a home in Delhi, where he has lived for decades, shaping the literary and intellectual discourse of contemporary India.Asad Zaidi is celebrated as a significant voice in Hindi poetry, often mentioned alongside luminaries like Mangalesh Dabral for his profound and thought-provoking verses. His poetic journey began with his debut collection, Behne aur Anya Kavitaein (1980), which established him as a distinctive voice in contemporary Hindi literature. Subsequent works, including Kavita ka Jivan (1988) and Saman ki Talash (2008), have earned critical acclaim for their lyrical depth and engagement with socio-political themes. His anthology Sare Shaam (2014), which compiles his three poetry collections, showcases his ability to weave personal and collective experiences into a rich poetic tapestry. In 1981, he was honored with the Sanskriti Award for his contributions to Hindi literature, a testament to his early impact on the literary world.Beyond poetry, Asad Zaidi is a versatile intellectual with a deep passion for cinema, music, and visual art. His critical writings reflect a nuanced understanding of these art forms, often exploring their intersections with culture and society. As a journalist and editor, he has been a fearless commentator, addressing complex issues with clarity and insight. His work extends to translations, bridging Hindi, Urdu, and English by rendering works of European, Latin American, and Chinese poets into Hindi and Urdu, as well as translating Urdu poetry into Hindi and Hindi poetry into English.As the founder of Three Essays Collective, an independent publishing house based in Delhi, Asad Zaidi, alongside his wife, historian Nalini Taneja, has created a platform that tackles challenging socio-political and cultural issues through thought-provoking books. The publishing house is known for its commitment to fostering dialogue on critical topics, engaging with the complexities of our times in a meaningful way. Asad Zaidi's contributions are not confined to the page; they resonate in his ability to connect art, literature, and social commentary. His poetry, often described as both prophetic and reflective, challenges the conventions of the Hindi literary world while remaining deeply rooted in its linguistic and cultural heritage. His interests in education and social commentary further amplify his role as a thinker who engages with the world around him, making him a vital voice in today's literary landscape.I am thrilled to feature Asad Zaidi in our Guftagoo conversation, where his poetic wisdom and cultural insights will undoubtedly inspire our audience. Join us in celebrating this remarkable poet, whose words continue to illuminate and provoke thought, as we explore his journey and contributions to literature and beyond.Listen with Irfan (LwI)A tapestry of voices and stories, spun with careSupport LwI - a soulful creation shaped by affection, thriving on the warmth of its listeners. Your contribution helps keep this free, bringing global stories, rare sound recordings, and personal music archives to all without paywalls.I curate voices, readings from literature, and cultural studies with immense care.Through my recent initiative, Read Aloud Collective, voices from around the world are coming together in celebration of spoken word.Grateful for your love -keep listening, keep supporting!  Support LwI by contributing:  ⁠⁠https://rzp.io/rzp/Memorywala⁠Cover: Irfan

These sources collectively illuminate the Parol Evidence Rule, a fundamental principle in contract law that generally restricts the use of extrinsic evidence—such as prior oral agreements or discussions—to contradict or modify the terms of a final written contract. They explain that the rule aims to promote finality, certainty, and reliability in agreements, emphasizing the importance of integration, which refers to whether the written contract is considered the complete and exclusive expression of the parties' intent. While highlighting the rule's common law origins and its more liberal application under the Uniform Commercial Code (UCC) for goods, the texts also detail crucial exceptions allowing extrinsic evidence for purposes like proving contract defenses, clarifying ambiguities, establishing conditions precedent, or demonstrating subsequent modifications or collateral agreements. Ultimately, understanding this rule is crucial for drafting, interpreting, and litigating contracts, as it dictates what external information a court will consider when determining contractual obligations.The primary purpose of the Parol Evidence Rule is to ensure finality, certainty, and reliability in written contracts. It limits the admissibility of extrinsic evidence (oral or written statements made prior to or contemporaneous with the contract) that would contradict or modify the terms of a written agreement intended by the parties as a final expression."Parol evidence" refers to oral or written statements made before or at the time the written contract is executed. "Subsequent modifications," however, are agreements made after the written contract is executed, and the Parol Evidence Rule does not bar their admission.A "partially integrated" agreement is one where the writing is final as to some terms but not the entire agreement. A "completely integrated" agreement, conversely, is intended as the exclusive and complete expression of all terms, meaning it is the sole source of the contract's terms.A merger clause is a provision stating the contract is the complete and exclusive agreement. It serves as strong evidence of complete integration, often dispositive under the "four corners" approach, but in modern "contextual" jurisdictions, it may only create a rebuttable presumption and is not always conclusive.Under the "four corners rule," courts determine if a contract is integrated by examining only the language within the written document itself. They do not look to any external evidence to ascertain the parties' intent regarding the writing's finality or completeness.Under the UCC, for contracts involving the sale of goods, terms can be explained or supplemented by evidence of "trade usage" or "course of dealing," even if the writing is unambiguous and fully integrated. This approach is more liberal than common law, recognizing the importance of commercial context.Parol evidence would be admissible to prove a condition precedent if, for example, parties orally agreed that a written contract for a property sale would only become binding if a specific zoning permit was approved, even if this condition wasn't in the written contract. This evidence shows the contract's effectiveness was conditional.Evidence of fraud is an exception to the Parol Evidence Rule because the rule is intended to uphold valid contracts, not to shield fraudulent behavior. Allowing evidence of fraud permits courts to determine if the agreement itself is void or voidable due to fundamental impropriety.If a contract is "partially integrated," extrinsic evidence that contradicts the written terms is generally prohibited. However, evidence of consistent additional terms—those that supplement or add to the written terms without negating them—is typically allowed.For parties, the Parol Evidence Rule emphasizes the critical importance of careful drafting to ensure all essential terms are included in the written document. It also highlights the need for clear integra

Lama Zopa Rinpoche continues the oral transmission of How to Meditate on the Stages of the Path to Enlightenment (from Pabongkapa Dechen Nyingpo's Liberation in the Palm of Your Hand). He starts with “Part Six: How to develop the spiritual realizations that relate to the suffering of the lower states.” Rinpoche explains that meditating on the lower realms gives us courage to renounce meaningless activities. He shares an anecdote about Kirti Tsenshab Rinpoche, who actually experienced hell. Afterwards, Kirti Tsenshab Rinpoche was inspired to continuously chant prayers.Rinpoche continues by reading “Part Seven: Training yourself in the practice of taking refuge.” Rinpoche says that we collect enormous merit each time we take refuge. He then invites a discussion by asking whether a person who abstains from negative actions but hasn't taken refuge is a Buddhist or not? After some discussion, Rinpoche clarifies that for your action to become Buddhist, it has to be done by relying on Buddha, Dharma, and Sangha.Rinpoche elaborates that refuge may not necessarily mean reciting the prayer. Rather, it is the mental factor of having refuge in your heart by understanding that samsara is in the nature of suffering and that the Buddha, Dharma, and Sangha have the qualities to liberate you from this suffering. Additionally, for Mahayana refuge, there's the extra cause of compassion for other sentient beings. Rinpoche emphasizes that these three aspects are the main components; however, reciting the refuge prayer also helps by making your refuge stronger.Rinpoche concludes by stating that refuge is the basis of all the vows. It is the door of the Buddhadharma. Without refuge, you haven't entered Buddhadharma; you are an outsider. By having refuge in your mind, in your heart, then you're an insider.From April 10 to May 10, 2004, Lama Zopa Rinpoche gave extensive teachings during the Mahamudra Retreat at Buddha House in Australia. While the retreat focused on Mahamudra, Rinpoche also taught on a wide range of Lamrim topics. This retreat marked the beginning of a series of month-long retreats in Australia. Subsequent retreats were held in 2011, 2014, and 2018, hosted by the Great Stupa of Universal Compassion in Bendigo.Find out more about Lama Zopa Rinpoche, his teachings and projects at https://fpmt.org/

Asad Zaidi, a distinguished poet, journalist, and editor whose multifaceted contributions to literature and society have left an indelible mark. Born on August 31, 1954, in Karauli, the capital of the erstwhile princely state in Rajasthan's Bharatpur Divisional Commissionerate, Asad Zaidi's journey is one of intellectual and artistic exploration. From his roots in Karauli, his path took him through the cultural landscapes of Agra, Jaipur, and Udaipur before finding a home in Delhi, where he has lived for decades, shaping the literary and intellectual discourse of contemporary India.Asad Zaidi is celebrated as a significant voice in Hindi poetry, often mentioned alongside luminaries like Mangalesh Dabral for his profound and thought-provoking verses. His poetic journey began with his debut collection, Behne aur Anya Kavitaein (1980), which established him as a distinctive voice in contemporary Hindi literature. Subsequent works, including Kavita ka Jivan (1988) and Saman ki Talash (2008), have earned critical acclaim for their lyrical depth and engagement with socio-political themes. His anthology Sare Shaam (2014), which compiles his three poetry collections, showcases his ability to weave personal and collective experiences into a rich poetic tapestry. In 1981, he was honored with the Sanskriti Award for his contributions to Hindi literature, a testament to his early impact on the literary world.Beyond poetry, Asad Zaidi is a versatile intellectual with a deep passion for cinema, music, and visual art. His critical writings reflect a nuanced understanding of these art forms, often exploring their intersections with culture and society. As a journalist and editor, he has been a fearless commentator, addressing complex issues with clarity and insight. His work extends to translations, bridging Hindi, Urdu, and English by rendering works of European, Latin American, and Chinese poets into Hindi and Urdu, as well as translating Urdu poetry into Hindi and Hindi poetry into English.As the founder of Three Essays Collective, an independent publishing house based in Delhi, Asad Zaidi, alongside his wife, historian Nalini Taneja, has created a platform that tackles challenging socio-political and cultural issues through thought-provoking books. The publishing house is known for its commitment to fostering dialogue on critical topics, engaging with the complexities of our times in a meaningful way. Asad Zaidi's contributions are not confined to the page; they resonate in his ability to connect art, literature, and social commentary. His poetry, often described as both prophetic and reflective, challenges the conventions of the Hindi literary world while remaining deeply rooted in its linguistic and cultural heritage. His interests in education and social commentary further amplify his role as a thinker who engages with the world around him, making him a vital voice in today's literary landscape.I am thrilled to feature Asad Zaidi in our Guftagoo conversation, where his poetic wisdom and cultural insights will undoubtedly inspire our audience. Join us in celebrating this remarkable poet, whose words continue to illuminate and provoke thought, as we explore his journey and contributions to literature and beyond.Listen with Irfan (LwI)A tapestry of voices and stories, spun with careSupport LwI - a soulful creation shaped by affection, thriving on the warmth of its listeners. Your contribution helps keep this free, bringing global stories, rare sound recordings, and personal music archives to all without paywalls.I curate voices, readings from literature, and cultural studies with immense care.Through my recent initiative, Read Aloud Collective, voices from around the world are coming together in celebration of spoken word.Grateful for your love -keep listening, keep supporting!  Support LwI by contributing:  ⁠https://rzp.io/rzp/MemorywalaCover: Irfan

In this episode of The Option Block, host Mark Longo and his co-hosts Henry Schwartz (Cboe Global Markets) and Mike Tosaw (St. Charles Wealth Management) discuss the latest trends in the options market, including a surprising dip in VIX to a 14 handle and a spike in Mara. The team also delves into unusual activity in the stocks like Bloom Energy (BE) and Opendoor Technologies (OPEN), which has experienced significant volatility. Subsequent discussions include how various economic indicators and sectors like technology and industrials are performing. The episode also features tributes to the recently deceased Hulk Hogan, marking the iconic wrestler's impact on pop culture.   01:18 Meet the Hosts and Co-Hosts 03:15 Show Kickoff and Recent Additions 05:11 Special Segment: Remembering Hulk Hogan 10:25 Market Analysis and Trading Block 28:19 The Saga of OPEN Stock 29:32 Alphabet and Nvidia Updates 29:57 Tesla's Earnings and EV Market 30:42 Earnings Highlights: American Airlines, Nokia, and More 33:50 Unusual Options Activity: The Odd Block 39:15 Bloom Energy's Resurgence 43:17 Airlines in Focus: American Airlines 47:28 Wendy's and Market Trends 49:11 Audience Polls and Market Insights 54:38 Concluding Remarks and Upcoming Shows  

The night of October 11, 1973, forever changed the lives of Charles Hickson and Calvin Parker, two men who claimed to be abducted by extraterrestrial beings while fishing on the Pascagoula River in Mississippi. Subsequent investigations, including lie detector tests, indicated that Hickson and Parker were genuinely distressed and unequivocally believed in the reality of their incredible encounter.

In this episode of The Option Block, host Mark Longo and his co-hosts Henry Schwartz (Cboe Global Markets) and Mike Tosaw (St. Charles Wealth Management) discuss the latest trends in the options market, including a surprising dip in VIX to a 14 handle and a spike in Mara. The team also delves into unusual activity in the stocks like Bloom Energy (BE) and Opendoor Technologies (OPEN), which has experienced significant volatility. Subsequent discussions include how various economic indicators and sectors like technology and industrials are performing. The episode also features tributes to the recently deceased Hulk Hogan, marking the iconic wrestler's impact on pop culture.   01:18 Meet the Hosts and Co-Hosts 03:15 Show Kickoff and Recent Additions 05:11 Special Segment: Remembering Hulk Hogan 10:25 Market Analysis and Trading Block 28:19 The Saga of OPEN Stock 29:32 Alphabet and Nvidia Updates 29:57 Tesla's Earnings and EV Market 30:42 Earnings Highlights: American Airlines, Nokia, and More 33:50 Unusual Options Activity: The Odd Block 39:15 Bloom Energy's Resurgence 43:17 Airlines in Focus: American Airlines 47:28 Wendy's and Market Trends 49:11 Audience Polls and Market Insights 54:38 Concluding Remarks and Upcoming Shows  

Jeff B. rose to very top of major league baseball, only to find alcoholism waiting to take him down. For years, his extraordinary achievements on the field thrilled millions of fans. Off the field, his growing consumption of alcohol set the stage for the disease to take over when a painful and career-ending injury forced him to retire years before he was ready. As Jeff experienced relentless daily pain, the heart-breaking loss of his beloved profession, and the boredom of retirement, he sought relief through the bottle. Instead of relief, heavy drinking only numbed the pain, while it fractured his marriage, upset his children, and self-isolated him from the people in his life who cared most. His first attempt at treatment was to appease his wife and children, but the absence of a honest desire to stay sober took him out shortly thereafter. Subsequent treatment programs and therapy did little to effect a long-term solution, but they did open Jeff's eyes to Alcoholics Anonymous. The following years found him in and out of AA, collecting nine desire chips, along with lots of self-recrimination, shame, and disappointment in the process. But the men in the Program never gave up on him, and “12th- Stepped” him time and time again. When he finally picked up his last desire chip nearly five years ago, Jeff had been totally beaten by the disease and he was ready to do the hard, but necessary, work to stay sober. Ironically, his spiritual awakening came with the realization that might seem counterintuitive to an elite professional athlete: Jeff had to surrender to win. That surrender was the ticket to lasting and contented sobriety for Jeff, sustained by his constant involvement in AA. Choosing to remain in the middle of the program, he attends regular meetings, works the Steps, reads the Big Book, calls his sponsor, and carries the message to other alcoholics. His local and national renown allows him a wide sphere in which to help others, while his humble nature, quiet demeanor, and total confidence in the Program, has allowed him to touch many lives. I'm honored to have Jeff as my 75th interview. His story embodies many of the same experiences of other AA members I've interviewed. His extraordinary career notwithstanding, his place as an active member of AA is as vital and significant as every other member of the fellowship. His love for and accountability to the Program is both admirable and attractive. I believe you will enjoy the next hour and ten minutes with my good friend and AA Brother, Jeff B. [This is an encore of Episode 75 originally released March 27, 2022.] If you've enjoyed my AA Recovery Interviews series, have a listen to “Alcoholics Anonymous: The Story of How More Than One Hundred Men Have Recovered From Alcoholism”. This is the word-for-word, cover-to-cover reading of the First Edition of the Big Book, published in 1939. It's a comfortable, meaningful, and engaging way to listen to the Big Book anytime, anyplace. Have a free listen at Audible, Apple Books, or Amazon.  I also invite you to check out my latest audio book, Lost Stories of the Big Book, 30 Original Stories Missing from the 3rd and 4th Editions of Alcoholics Anonymous. It's an engaging audiobook I narrated to bring these stories to life for AA members who've never seen them. These timeless testimonials were originally cut to make room for newer stories in the 3rd and 4th Editions. But their vitally important messages of hope are as meaningful today as when they were first published. Many listeners will hear these stories for the first time. Lost Stories of the Big Book is available on Audible, Amazon, and Apple Books. It's also available as a Kindle book and in Paperback from Amazon if you'd like to read along with the audio. [Disclaimer: AA Recovery Interviews podcast strictly adheres to AA's 12 Traditions and all General Service Office guidelines for safe-guarding anonymity on-line. I pay all podcast production costs.

What does it mean to be Jewish in NYC after Zohran Mamdani's surprising victory in New York's Democratic mayoral primary? In this candid and passionate conversation, Mijal Bitton and Noam Weissman reflect on fear, populism, and the strategic mistakes and opportunities facing the Jewish community. From public safety to coalition-building, they explore why this moment matters far beyond New York — and what must happen next. Note: This episode  was recorded on July 2nd. Subsequent developments are not discussed in this episode. Please follow Wondering Jews on Instagram! instagram.com/wonderingjews. Check us out on ⁠⁠⁠⁠Youtube.⁠⁠⁠ Get in touch at our new email address: WonderingJews@unpacked.media and call us, 1-833-WON-Jews. ------------ This podcast was brought to you by Unpacked, a division of OpenDor Media. For other podcasts from Unpacked, check out: ⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠Jewish History Nerds⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠ ⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠Unpacking Israeli History⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠ ⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠Soulful Jewish Living⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠ ⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠Stars of David with Elon Gold ⁠

Lama Zopa Rinpoche says that human rebirth is more precious than all the wealth in the human and deva realms. It's the basis for us to achieve liberation and full enlightenment. Therefore, before death, we must free ourselves from samsara. To do this depends on bodhicitta. Rinpoche explains that without bodhicitta, we cannot practice the tantric path. By cherishing one human being, we can achieve all the qualities up to enlightenment. After that, we can offer skies of benefit to each sentient being.Rinpoche advises that if you really understand the mind and practice awareness, you'll realize that there's no inherently existent harm coming from sentient beings' side. It's your own negative mind (past karma) that has caused sentient beings to harm you back. If we analyze situations in this way, we see that the person who's harming us is only an object of compassion.Rinpoche reminds us to practice mindfulness of guru devotion. We should think about how the aspect of the guru, which is showing an ordinary aspect, is unbelievably important for us. Due to our impure minds, we can only receive guidance through this aspect. Thus, all the buddhas guide us through this ordinary aspect. When we obtain advice, we should think that this advice is all the buddhas' advice.Rinpoche continues the oral transmission of How to Meditate on the Stages of the Path to Enlightenment (from Pabongkapa Dechen Nyingpo's Liberation in the Palm of Your Hand). He reads parts 3, 4, and 5, which refer to an extraordinary meditation technique that will bring great progress, realizations related to leisure and fortune, and impermanence. Regarding impermanence, Rinpoche advises us to think seriously about our own death so that we pursue Dharma practice without any delay. Also, when other people die, it reminds us to pay attention to our own life and practice seriously. Rinpoche concludes by sharing some remarkable stories about the sudden death of one of the Kopan geshes, Geshe Losang Jamyang. He says that it was a great loss as he was a very humble and learned monk.From April 10 to May 10, 2004, Lama Zopa Rinpoche gave extensive teachings during the Mahamudra Retreat at Buddha House in Australia. While the retreat focused on Mahamudra, Rinpoche also taught on a wide range of Lamrim topics. This retreat marked the beginning of a series of month-long retreats in Australia. Subsequent retreats were held in 2011, 2014, and 2018, hosted by the Great Stupa of Universal Compassion in Bendigo.Find out more about Lama Zopa Rinpoche, his teachings and projects at https://fpmt.org/

Lama Zopa Rinpoche explains how the tea offering to the eight groups of worldly devas can help stop natural disasters, such as extreme weather events. He recalls a time when he was at the Taipei Center in Taiwan during a typhoon. As the wind was pummeling the windows, he asked a geshe to do the tea offering. As soon as the offering was done, the wind stopped. Rinpoche adds that if the person is living in more pure morality, it has more power. Rinpoche advises to do the tea offering before building a house, starting a project, or travelling.Rinpoche continues bestowing the oral transmission of The Confession of Downfalls to the Thirty-Five Buddhas, beginning with Infinite Splendor. He outlines how each Buddha purifies negative karma.Rinpoche says that reciting the names of the thirty-five Buddhas purifies negative karma because in the past, when they were bodhisattvas, they made strong prayers to benefit us. In the same way, Rinpoche advises that we should pray that we will be able to help sentient beings in the future when we become enlightened. He says we should follow the example of the Medicine Buddha and the thirty-five Buddhas.From April 10 to May 10, 2004, Lama Zopa Rinpoche gave extensive teachings during the Mahamudra Retreat at Buddha House in Australia. While the retreat focused on Mahamudra, Rinpoche also taught on a wide range of Lamrim topics. This retreat marked the beginning of a series of month-long retreats in Australia. Subsequent retreats were held in 2011, 2014, and 2018, hosted by the Great Stupa of Universal Compassion in Bendigo.Find out more about Lama Zopa Rinpoche, his teachings and projects at https://fpmt.org/

Lama Zopa Rinpoche goes through the names of the lineage lamas and discusses two important lamrim texts: The Happy Path (by Panchen Palden Yeshe) and The Red Commentary (by Panchen Losang Yeshe). He mentions that The Red Commentary is the basis of Liberation in the Palm of Your Hand by Pabongka Dechen Nyingpo.Rinpoche revises the discussion from the previous evening about not seeing faults in the guru. He urges us to transform the poison into nectar by using the perceived mistake to strengthen our guru devotion. He says that it's important to always have the idea that the guru is showing us an ordinary aspect. The reason is that without showing this ordinary aspect—which, by definition, has mistakes—we would be lost without a guide. It would be like a baby left in a hot desert.Rinpoche also emphasizes the idea of the primordial unified savior or the all-pervasive Vajradhara. If we keep this idea of the real meaning of the guru, we can see all our past-life gurus as just one being, the primordial dharmakaya. From that, we can appreciate the guru's kindness. We can see that the eight freedoms and ten richnesses are all due to the guru's kindness. For example, having a human body came from pure morality in the past, which is the guru's kindness of teaching us about karma.Rinpoche says that the heart practice is to reflect only on the qualities (not the mistakes) of the valid guru, who is the originator of all the realizations you attain up to enlightenment. So, in any circumstances, keep this as the heart practice and maintain this commitment. Rinpoche reminds us that to receive the realizations depends on receiving the blessing of the guru, and the blessing of the guru comes from guru devotion.Rinpoche concludes this session by discussing two mantras: the mantra of the bodhisattva Eliminating the Defilements, which purifies the karmic torture at the time of death, and the mantra to purify the pollution of consuming offerings. He then begins the oral transmission of The Confession of Downfalls to the Thirty-Five Buddhas by outlining the benefits of reciting each buddha's name. He covers the names from Guru Shakyamuni to the Tathagata Infinite Splendor.From April 10 to May 10, 2004, Lama Zopa Rinpoche gave extensive teachings during the Mahamudra Retreat at Buddha House in Australia. While the retreat focused on Mahamudra, Rinpoche also taught on a wide range of Lamrim topics. This retreat marked the beginning of a series of month-long retreats in Australia. Subsequent retreats were held in 2011, 2014, and 2018, hosted by the Great Stupa of Universal Compassion in Bendigo.Find out more about Lama Zopa Rinpoche, his teachings and projects at https://fpmt.org/

Lama Zopa Rinpoche highlights the importance of reading the life stories of the Buddha and the lamrim lineage lamas. These stories show us how they practiced and how much hardship they endured, which inspires us to courageously bear hardships. When you're able to bear hardships, then there's no obstacle to continuously practicing Dharma.Rinpoche says that all the purification practices are encompassed within guru devotion. For example, when Milarepa was building the tower and being scolded by Marpa, this contained many hundred thousand prostrations. Each time Marpa scolded him, it purified so much negative karma.Rinpoche advises us to take a long-term view and plan to study the lamrim over many lifetimes. He cites His Holiness the Dalai Lama, who often tells Westerners not to expect realizations instantly.Rinpoche shares some past stories about Zina and the establishment of the Kopan courses and FPMT centres. He explains how he first received Kachen Yeshe Gyaltsen's lamrim text, The Great Commentary on Thought Transformation, from a Sherpa man who'd met the Lawudo Lama. Rinpoche brought the text with him when he went to Solu Khumbu to build the monastery there, and he based his first Kopan course on it. Thus, he says that all the Kopan courses and starting the centers basically came from the lamrim teachings of Kachen Yeshe Gyaltsen. Rinpoche adds that, of course, without Lama Yeshe nothing would have happened, even reading this teaching wouldn't have happened.Rinpoche explains how guru devotion and the good heart help each other. Guru devotion makes you practice the good heart, and the good heart then causes you to correctly devote to the virtuous friend to be able to benefit sentient beings.Rinpoche illustrates how to train the mind in guru devotion. He says that one buddha is all the gurus, and one guru is all the buddhas. The key for guru devotion is to understand how objects appear according to our karma. If the mind is not purified, you can't see the aspect of a buddha. Therefore, the only option is for buddhas to manifest in ordinary form.Rinpoche says that guru devotion is the most important subject in mahamudra because without the strong purification that comes from deep devotion that can receive the blessing of the guru, you can't realize emptiness. Rinpoche emphasizes that to realize emptiness, to realize mahamudra, you need so much merit.From April 10 to May 10, 2004, Lama Zopa Rinpoche gave extensive teachings during the Mahamudra Retreat at Buddha House in Australia. While the retreat focused on Mahamudra, Rinpoche also taught on a wide range of Lamrim topics. This retreat marked the beginning of a series of month-long retreats in Australia. Subsequent retreats were held in 2011, 2014, and 2018, hosted by the Great Stupa of Universal Compassion in Bendigo.Find out more about Lama Zopa Rinpoche, his teachings and projects at https://fpmt.org/

In this episode of The Birth Trauma Mama Podcast, I'm joined by Sabryna for a powerful and emotional account of her first birth. Her story began with an itch in her third trimester and escalated into a life-threatening emergency for both her and her daughter. What unfolded was a series of missed diagnoses, medical dismissal, and a traumatic delivery that included an emergency C-section, undiagnosed preeclampsia, a NICU stay due to a rare heart condition.With vulnerability and insight, Sabryna walks us through the heartbreak of being ignored by her care team, the fear of not knowing if her baby would survive, and the heavy mental toll that followed. She also shares the healing journey that came later, including a redemptive second birth experience and the importance of finding a provider who truly listens.This conversation is a testament to the strength of self-advocacy and the power of feeling seen, heard, and safe in your care.What You'll Hear in This Episode:⚠️ The early warning signs of cholestasis and why no one acted

Get the latest equipment financing and industry updates from today's returning guest, James Currier of Finloc! James shares what Ontario is facing that affects freight volumes, the impact of frequent tariff announcements and geopolitical tensions, the overall market volatility, and the importance of preparing for cyclical economic changes!    About James Currier James Currier is the Chief Revenue Officer at Finloc USA, where James leads the sales team across the country in a relentless pursuit for increased market share in the equipment finance field. After starting his professional career as a Business Analyst in the healthcare field, James came to realize that his passions were best suited to dealing with people and organizations aiming for growth. After a two year contract was completed with Fraser & Interior Health Authorities in British Columbia, a career change ensued and James has not looked back since. Combining the analytical fundamentals learned in healthcare and a natural gravitation towards people and business development, James has thrived in a sales career since 2012, leading, managing, and training dozens of people over the past several years. Subsequent to the completion of a >$400MM acquisition at his previous company, James made the jump to Finloc where he was first tasked with hiring and redeveloping the Ontario, Canada market. James was then assigned to manage the US division for Finloc as a player/coach, originating new asset-based financing opportunities and finding, attracting, and training new talent. James has worked in an exceptionally diverse range of roles since the age of 15, starting as a minor hockey league referee. His openness to new experience has allowed James to experience positions as a head of high-profile security, high-adventure whitewater rafter guide, Corporal in the Canadian Armed Forces Infantry Reserve, business analyst, VIP/Private security operative, personal support worker, guitar teacher, and sales leader. As a well-versed hobbyist who enjoys learning and new experiences, James enjoys coaching/playing/watching hockey, swimming, guitar, hunting, fly fishing, boating/canoeing, cycling, hiking, woodworking, motorcycling, reading, DIY projects, and evening walks with his wife, 2 boys, and golden retriever.   Connect with James LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/in/james-currier-clfp-232b0842/?originalSubdomain=ca  Email: james.currier@finloc.com  

Lama Zopa Rinpoche begins this session with an analysis of how the mind labels phenomena using the example of the letter ‘M'. He shows how M came from our mind because it's imputed by the mind. Rinpoche explains that there is no outside creator; the creator is your mind. Rinpoche says that until your mind labels a problem, there is no appearance of a problem. The problem only comes into existence after your mind labels it. To illustrate, Rinpoche uses the example of patience. If we label someone who harms us as a teacher of patience, there's no problem. We would only see them as beneficial and kind. However, if we lack patience and put a negative label on the person who is harming us, anger arises. We would see that person as totally bad, whereas with patience, we see them as the most precious one in our life.Rinpoche invites a discussion on this topic by posing the question: “Is the M in the mind or outside?” This stimulates a discussion on whether the base and the label are inside or outside the mind. Rinpoche also asks: “When you go shopping, is the department store in your mind or not?”Rinpoche ends by highlighting that just as the M is in the mind, then it's the same thing when you go shopping. The shopkeepers, the department store, the whole building, all the billions of things would be in your mind. Everything comes from the mind.From April 10 to May 10, 2004, Lama Zopa Rinpoche gave extensive teachings during the Mahamudra Retreat at Buddha House in Australia. While the retreat focused on Mahamudra, Rinpoche also taught on a wide range of Lamrim topics. This retreat marked the beginning of a series of month-long retreats in Australia. Subsequent retreats were held in 2011, 2014, and 2018, hosted by the Great Stupa of Universal Compassion in Bendigo.Find out more about Lama Zopa Rinpoche, his teachings and projects at https://fpmt.org/

In this episode of Fire Ecology Chats, Fire Ecology editor Bob Keane speaks with Sky Biblin about this rare opportunity to compare early post-wildfire data between areas with and without previous application of prescribed burning.Full journal article can be found at https://fireecology.springeropen.com/articles/10.1186/s42408-025-00356-5

Receipt of addiction treatment after nonfatal opioid overdose and risk of subsequent overdose: A retrospective cohort study Drug and Alcohol Dependence People who experience a nonfatal opioid overdose are at increased risk of subsequent overdose but is also a potential moment to intervene. In this cohort study, they used statewide data from Connecticut to assess differences in overdose outcomes in the year following a nonfatal overdose by treatment type received. Overall, 56% of patients received no treatment, while 35% received medication for opioid use disorder (MOUD) (25% buprenorphine and 11% methadone) and 21% received inpatient treatment (detox and/or extended inpatient). Both methadone (aHR=0.41) and buprenorphine (aHR=072) were associated with decrease in subsequent overdose, whereas neither detox nor prolonged inpatient treatment were associated with decreased overdose. These findings further support the importance of MOUD and the need to increase access to treatment in this high-risk population.   Read this issue of the ASAM Weekly Subscribe to the ASAM Weekly Visit ASAM

Lama Zopa Rinpoche continues the discussion from the previous session about his pen-pal when he was in Buxa, Rachel Levi (a member of the Buddhist Society in London). Rinpoche recalls his dream about receiving a letter when she passed away. Although they didn't meet, when Rinpoche was in London, he met her niece. When the niece's husband passed away, an extensive puja was offered at Manjushri Institute. This made the niece very happy. Rinpoche highlights that it's important for centers to do pujas, as much as possible, when somebody connected to the center has passed away. He describes the types of practices that can be done, such as the Medicine Buddha puja and the King of Prayers.In preparation for death, Rinpoche advises those who have taken Highest Tantra initiation and done the enabling retreat to do self-initiation. He says this is best done daily. He also mentions how he read the Heruka middle version self-initiation to Lama Yeshe while he was passing away.Rinpoche discusses the powerful purification of reciting the names of the Thirty-five Buddhas and combining this with prostrations. He says this purifies many eons of negative karma, so you don't have to experience the four suffering results. In the Lama Tsongkhapa tradition, this is a very important daily practice. Rinpoche gives specific details about how to do the practice. He also describes how to do the Vajrasattva purification meditation by combining it with circumambulation. Rinpoche says that you collect unbelievable merit by circumambulating.From April 10 to May 10, 2004, Lama Zopa Rinpoche gave extensive teachings during the Mahamudra Retreat at Buddha House in Australia. While the retreat focused on Mahamudra, Rinpoche also taught on a wide range of Lamrim topics. This retreat marked the beginning of a series of month-long retreats in Australia. Subsequent retreats were held in 2011, 2014, and 2018, hosted by the Great Stupa of Universal Compassion in Bendigo.Find out more about Lama Zopa Rinpoche, his teachings and projects at https://fpmt.org/

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Lama Zopa Rinpoche says that the reason to have meetings is to help with wisdom. Many people have different ideas, so that helps generate a broader view.Rinpoche talks about the importance of Sangha as role models. He says learning the words is incredible, but without practice, it's like a tape-recorder. When someone has meditated on lamrim, they can teach with experience.Rinpoche introduces the main topic of discussion about caring for aged Sangha by suggesting that there should be several places organized in different countries rather than only one place. He then invites people to express their ideas. Eecie Hursthouse (director of Amitabha Hospice Service) discusses the three different needs of elderly Sangha (spiritual, physical, and social needs). Mary, a district nurse, talks about her experiences and the aged care support services available in Australia. Ven. Roger Kunsang talks about his preference to die alone. Ven. Tardo expresses her agreement with Ven. Roger. Ven. Yeshe Khadro gives some examples of people who have died and their experiences. Ven. Chonyi talks about the enormous variation in what people want when they're dying and the need for financial support. Ven. Lhundrup agrees with Ven. Roger and talks about the building facilities that older Sangha may require. Ven. Pende discusses the building facilities at Nalanda Monastery for the purpose of supporting aged Sangha. Several other speakers contribute to the discussion by sharing their personal experiences and suggestions.Following this, Rinpoche gives a presentation about how to have a peaceful death. He illustrates the importance of Dharma practice for a peaceful death by sharing several personal stories, including stories about Gen Jampa Wangdu and his realizations. Rinpoche says that protecting our karma during our lifetime is what makes death peaceful and fearless. Protecting our karma means not harming other sentient beings. Thus, the best preparation for death is to practice the good heart in everyday life.Rinpoche concludes by reminding students to meditate on how everything comes from the mind. This understanding will then lead to knowledge of what is a false view and what is a correct view. Rinpoche emphasizes that this is an extremely important meditation for both old and new students.From April 10 to May 10, 2004, Lama Zopa Rinpoche gave extensive teachings during the Mahamudra Retreat at Buddha House in Australia. While the retreat focused on Mahamudra, Rinpoche also taught on a wide range of Lamrim topics. This retreat marked the beginning of a series of month-long retreats in Australia. Subsequent retreats were held in 2011, 2014, and 2018, hosted by the Great Stupa of Universal Compassion in Bendigo.Find out more about Lama Zopa Rinpoche, his teachings and projects at https://fpmt.org/

  Last time we spoke about China's preparations for War. In December 1936, the tension in China reached a boiling point as Nationalist General Chiang Kai-shek was captured by his own commanders, Zhang Xueliang and Yang Hucheng. Disillusioned by Chiang's focus on fighting communists instead of the encroaching Japanese forces, the generals sought a unified response to Japanese aggression. After being held in Xi'an, Chiang reluctantly agreed to collaborate with the Chinese Communist Party, marking a significant shift in strategy against Japan. Amidst the rising chaos, Chiang's government reviewed historical military strategies and prepared for a prolonged conflict. However, they faced challenges, including inadequate supplies and a lack of modern equipment compared to the Japanese. By 1937, China was ill-prepared for war, with Chiang later expressing regret about their military readiness. Despite these setbacks, the alliance formed with the communists laid a foundation for a united Chinese front against the brutalities of the Sino-Japanese War that would follow.   #153 Japan Prepares for War Welcome to the Fall and Rise of China Podcast, I am your dutiful host Craig Watson. But, before we start I want to also remind you this podcast is only made possible through the efforts of Kings and Generals over at Youtube. Perhaps you want to learn more about the history of Asia? Kings and Generals have an assortment of episodes on history of asia and much more  so go give them a look over on Youtube. So please subscribe to Kings and Generals over at Youtube and to continue helping us produce this content please check out www.patreon.com/kingsandgenerals. If you are still hungry for some more history related content, over on my channel, the Pacific War Channel where I cover the history of China and Japan from the 19th century until the end of the Pacific War. So in the last episode we talked about how China was preparing itself for war, now its time for Japan. Since Japan's invasion of North China, Japanese field armies had promoted a series of autonomous zones in northern China. Officers from the Kwantung Army, skeptical of China's capacity to modernize, believed that the vast region would inevitably fragment into regional factions. This policy effectively maintained a weak and divided China, which served Japan's to defend Manchukuo. However many Japanese military leaders frequently pointed to the threat posed by the KMT's five-year plan, initiated in 1933 with assistance from German military advisors, aimed at modernizing and expanding the national army. To counter what they perceived as a Chinese threat, the field armies advocated for a preemptive war to dismantle Chiang Kai-shek's regime. Any attempt by Tokyo to alter the military's China policy faced vigorous opposition from the Kwantung Army, which, in February 1937, pushed for intensified covert actions to expel the KMT from northern China and supported a preemptive war to secure strategic areas for future operations against the Soviet Union. At a March meeting in Tokyo, staff officers from the China Garrison and Kwantung armies insisted that any concessions to China would be a grave mistake and would likely yield only temporary outcomes. In early spring 1937, Prince Konoe Fumimaro inherited a China policy fraught with competing views, however, there was consensus that China must not distract the empire from its preparations against the USSR. The end goal was clear, but the means to achieve it remained uncertain. The cabinet's approval of the "Fundamentals of National Policy" in August 1936 indicated a need for stability as the army and navy reconfigured Japan's war machine. The challenge lay in aligning long-term strategic goals with practical short-term interests in northern China without upsetting the existing balance of power. Expanding demands propelled the army's contingency planning, which had traditionally focused on safeguarding Japanese interests and the approximately 13,000 Japanese citizens residing in the region. Tokyo typically responded to serious incidents by deploying troops from homeland garrisons to address localized emergencies and then withdrawing them. However, by the mid-1930s, the growing Soviet threat to Manchukuo rendered this doctrine obsolete. Incidents in northern China gained strategic importance as they diverted resources from the Kwantung Army's preparations against the Soviet Union. Disruptions in northern China hindered access to essential raw materials necessary for army modernization and rearmament, while hostile Chinese forces threatened the Kwantung Army's strategic left flank in the event of war with the Soviets. With these considerations in mind, the army revised its operational war plans, assuming that northern China would serve as Japan's strategic rear area for operations against the USSR. In 1911 Japan's plan for general war mandated thirteen divisions to occupy southern Manchuria, capture Beijing, and subsequently occupy Zhejiang and Fujian. Limited contingency operations in northern China required two divisions to secure rail communications from Beijing to the coast. In the weeks following the 1931 Manchurian Incident, the General Staff in Tokyo drafted plans to counter a Sino-Soviet alliance, anticipating a 2 month campaign involving 15-16 divisions, with the majority engaged against the Soviet Red Army. 2 divisions were designated to secure northern China, while smaller units would monitor the Inner Mongolian front to protect Japan's western flank in Manchuria. After further refinement, the General Staff identified three contingencies for China in early 1932: maintaining the traditional mission of safeguarding Japanese interests and citizens with a standard two-division force; ensuring a secure line of communication between the Chinese capital and the sea with the China Garrison Army, which consisted of approximately 1,700 officers and men, reinforced by one division; and, in a worst-case scenario of all-out war, deploying three divisions to reinforce the Kwantung Army, along with 7 additional divisions and 3 cavalry brigades to suppress resistance in northern China and the Shandong Peninsula, while two additional divisions secured key areas in central China. Between 1932-1936, China received less attention as the General Staff focused on the Soviet military buildup in the Far East. Anxiety, stemming from the Soviet buildup in the Far East, was a pervasive concern reflected in the draft rearmament plan submitted to the throne on May 21, 1936, as part of the national budget formulation process. The army proposed countering the Soviet threat by enhancing Japanese strategic mobility in Manchukuo through the renovation and expansion of airfields, ports, roads, and rail infrastructure, and by constructing army air force arsenals, storage depots, and medical facilities. The positioning of Japanese divisions in eastern Manchuria suggested their wartime objectives, with the Kwantung Army relying on a mobile independent mixed brigade composed of armored car and mounted cavalry units stationed in Gongzhuling, central Manchuria, as its immediate response force for contingencies in northern China. Major units were not concentrated in western Manchuria, where they would be expected to deploy before any planned invasion of northern China. Nevertheless, General Staff planners remained vigilant regarding developments in China, where the resurgence of nationalism, Communist movements advancing north of the Yellow River in February 1936, and the spread of anti-Japanese sentiments across northern China raised the specter of limited military operations escalating into full-scale warfare. China's improving military capabilities would likely hinder Japanese forces from accomplishing their objectives. For example, around Shanghai, Chinese defenses were bolstered by extensive, in-depth, and permanent fortifications. In mid-September 1936, the General Staff in Tokyo issued orders to preempt significant outbreaks in northern China by repositioning a division in Manchukuo closer to the boundary. If hostilities broke out, the China Garrison Army, supported by Kwantung Army units, would launch punitive operations against Chinese forces as necessary. Higher headquarters expected local commanders to act swiftly and decisively, employing rapid maneuvers and shock tactics to address outbreaks with minimal force. Given that no alternative responses were considered, Japanese operational planning for northern China relied on an all-or-nothing approach to force deployment, even for minor incidents. Yet, the senior leadership of the army remained deeply divided over its China policy. Influenced by Ishiwara, the General Staff wanted to avoid military actions that could lead to a full-scale war with China, focusing instead on advancing the army's extensive rearmament and modernization program. In contrast, a majority of high-ranking officers in the Army Ministry and General Staff, particularly within the 2nd Operations Section and the Kwantung Army, favored forceful action against China, believing it necessary to quell rising anti-Japanese sentiments. Drawing from past experiences, these officers anticipated that the Chinese would quickly capitulate once hostilities commenced. This lack of a unified military strategy reflected broader disagreements among the army's leadership regarding operations in China. While operational planning called for the permanent occupation of large regions in northern and central China, the General Staff aimed to contain outbreaks to maintain focus on Soviet threats. There was a clear absence of long-term operational planning; instead, the army concentrated on initial battles while relegating planning for prolonged combat operations to contingent circumstances. In summary, the Japanese army preferred to avoid military force to address Chinese issues whenever feasible but was equally unwilling to concede to Chinese demands. Since 1914, Tosui Koryo or “Principles of Command” had served as the foundational doctrine for senior Japanese army commanders and staff officers engaged in combined arms warfare at the corps and army levels. The advent of new weapons, tactics, and organizational changes during World War I compelled all major military forces to reassess their existing military doctrines across strategic, operational, and tactical dimensions. In response, Japan modified the Principles of Command to blend its traditional post-Russo-Japanese War focus on the intangible factors in battle with the newest concepts of modern total war. A revision in 1918 recognized the significance of “recent great advances in materiel” for total warfare, yet it maintained that ultimate victory in battle relied on dedication, patriotism, and selfless service. In the 1920s, the General Staff's Operations Section, led by Major General Araki Sadao, who would become the leader of the Kodoha faction, had produced the most significant and impactful revision of the Principles. A staunch anti-communist and ideologue who valued the intangible elements of combat, Araki appointed Lieutenant Colonel Obata Toshishiro and Captain Suzuki Yorimichi as the principal authors of the manual's rewrite. Obata, a Soviet expert, was strongly influenced by German General Count Alfred von Schlieffen's classic theories of a “war of annihilation,” while Suzuki, the top graduate of the thirtieth Staff College class, shared Araki's focus on “spiritual” or intangible advantages in warfare. Both men were brilliant yet arrogant, working in secrecy to create a doctrine based on what Leonard Humphreys describes as “intense spiritual training” and bayonet-led assaults to counter the opponent's material superiority.  The latest version of the Principles of Command preserved the operational concept of rapid Japanese mobile offensive operations, aiming to induce a decisive battle or “kaisen” early in the campaign. It reaffirmed the sokusen sokketsu or “rapid victory' principle of rapid warfare. Attaining these goals relied exclusively on offensive action, with the army expecting commanders at all levels to press forward, defeat enemy units, and capture key territories. The troops were indoctrinated with a spirit of aggression and trained to anticipate certain victory. The emphasis on offensive action was so pronounced that Araki eliminated terms like surrender, retreat, and defense from the manual, believing they negatively affected troop morale. This aggressive mindset also infused the Sento Koryo or “Principles of Operations”, first published in 1929 as a handbook for combined arms warfare tailored for division and regimental commanders. The manual emphasized hand-to-hand combat as the culminating stage of battle, a principle regarded as unchanging in Japanese military doctrine since 1910. Senior commanders were expected to demonstrate initiative in skillfully maneuvering their units to encircle the enemy, setting the stage for climactic assaults with cold steel. Infantry was deemed the primary maneuver force, supported by artillery. To complement rapid infantry advances, the army developed light and mobile artillery. Operationally, encirclement and night attacks were vital components of victory, and even outnumbered units were expected to aggressively envelop enemy flanks. In assaults against fortified positions, units would advance under the cover of darkness, avoiding enemy artillery fire and positioning themselves for dawn attacks that combined firepower with shock action to overwhelm enemy defenses. In encounters with opposing forces, commanders would maneuver to flank the enemy, surround their units, and destroy them. If forced onto the defensive, commanders were expected to seize opportunities for decisive counterattacks to regain the initiative. These high-level operational doctrines were distilled into tactical guidelines in the January 1928 edition of the Infantry Manual or “Hohei Soten”, which saw a provisional revision in May 1937 . Both editions opened with identical introductions emphasizing the necessity for a rapid victory through the overpowering and destruction of enemy forces. Infantry was identified as the primary arm in combined arms warfare, and soldiers were taught to rely on cold steel as fundamental to their attacking spirit. The 1928 Infantry Manual underscored the commander's role in instilling a faith in certain victory or “hissho shinnen”, drawing from the glorious traditions of Japanese military history. The 1928 infantry tactics employed an extended skirmish line with four paces between soldiers. Individual initiative in combat was generally discouraged, except under exceptional circumstances, as success relied on concentrating firepower and manpower on narrow frontages to overwhelm defenders. An infantry company would create a skirmish line featuring two light machine gun squads and four rifle squads, preparing for a bayonet-driven breakthrough of enemy defenses. For the final assault, the infantry company would line up along a 150-yard front, likely facing casualties of up to 50% while breaching the enemy's main defensive line. Historical analysis reveals the shortcomings of these tactics. During World War I, armies constructed extensive, multi-layered defenses, trenches, pillboxes, and strong points, each independent yet all covered by artillery. If assaulting infantry suffered heavy losses breaching the first line, how could they successfully prosecute their assault against multiple defense lines? The 1937 revision elaborated on new tactics to overcome entrenched Soviet defenses, drafted in anticipation of arms and equipment that were either in development or production but not yet available for deployment. This became official doctrine in 1940, but as early as summer 1937, units from the China Garrison Army were field-testing these new tactics. The provisional manual adopted combat team tactics, forming an umbrella-like skirmish formation. This involved a light machine gun team at the forefront with two ammunition bearers flanking it to the rear. Behind the machine gun team were riflemen arranged in a column formation, maintaining six paces between each. The light machine gun provided cover fire as the formation closed in on the enemy for hand-to-hand combat. Increased firepower expanded the assault front to 200 yards. The combination of wider dispersion and night movement aimed to reduce losses from enemy artillery fire while the infantry advanced through successive lines of resistance. Commanders at the platoon level were responsible for leading the final assault into enemy lines, with increased tactical responsibility shifting from platoon to squad leaders, allowing for greater initiative from junior officers and non-commissioned officers. This emphasis on broader dispersal and fluidity on the battlefield required frontline infantry to exhibit aggressiveness and initiative. Contrary to popular belief, the Japanese military did not solely rely on the bayonet or an offensive spirit during engagements with Chinese forces. They effectively employed superior firepower and modern equipment within their combined arms framework, using heavy weapons and artillery to soften enemy positions before launching infantry attacks. Without such firepower, unsupported infantry attacks would have struggled to achieve their objectives. In January 1937, the Imperial Japanese Army consisted of approximately 247,000 officers and men, organized in a structure comprising seventeen standing infantry divisions, four tank regiments, and fifty-four air squadrons equipped with a total of 549 aircraft. The China Garrison Army and the Taiwan Garrison Army each included two infantry regiments, while a separate independent mixed brigade was stationed in Manchuria. Two divisions were permanently based in Korea, with four more assigned on a rotating basis to the Kwantung Army in Manchukuo. The remainder of the forces were stationed in the Japanese home islands. A substantial pool of reservists and partially trained replacements was available to mobilize, enabling the expansion of peacetime units to their wartime strength as needed. Conscription provided the primary source of enlisted manpower for the army, though a handful of young men volunteered for active duty. For conscription purposes, Japan was divided into divisional areas, which were further subdivided into regimental districts responsible for conscription, mobilization, individual activations, and veteran affairs within their jurisdictions. Typically, conscripts served with the regiment associated with their region or prefecture. However, the Imperial Guards regiments in Tokyo selected conscripts from across the nation, as did the Seventh Infantry Division, which recruited from the sparsely populated Hokkaido area and from regular army units stationed in Korea, China, and Taiwan. Draftees from Okinawa Prefecture usually served with Kyushu-based regiments. All males reaching the age of 20 underwent an army-administered pre-induction physical examination conducted between December 1 and January 30 of the following year. This evaluation classified potential conscripts into three categories: A “suitable for active duty”, B1, and B2, while others were deemed unfit for the demands of military life. In 1935, 29.7% of those examined received A classifications, while 41.2% were graded as B1 or B2. Among the 742,422 individuals eligible for conscription in 1937, approximately 170,000 were drafted, amounting to 22.9% of the cohort; this figure had remained relatively consistent since the post-Russo-Japanese War years. Within the conscripted group, 153,000 men were classified as A and an additional 17,000 as B. Conscripts served for two years of active duty, with variations based on their military specialty and any prior civilian military training. After their discharge, they were subject to a lengthy reserve obligation. In total, 470,635 individuals fell into the B category, being otherwise fit for service but excess to the army's active personnel needs. These men were assigned to the First Replacement Pool, where they underwent around 120 days of basic military training, primarily focused on small arms usage and fundamental tactics. Regular officers and NCOs led the training in their respective regimental districts. Following their initial training, the army called these replacements and reservists to active duty annually for several days of refresher training. Army leaders regarded discipline as the cornerstone of military effectiveness. Basic training emphasized the necessity of unquestioning obedience to orders at all levels. Subsequent training focused on fieldcraft, such as utilizing terrain strategically to surprise or encircle the enemy. However, training exercises often lacked diversity due to the limited maneuver areas available in Japan, leading to predictable solutions to field problems. The training regimen was rigorous, merging strict formal discipline and regulated corporal punishment with harsh informal sanctions and unregulated violence from leaders to instill unwavering compliance to orders. As an undergrad taking a course specifically on the Pacific War, it was this variable my professor argued contributed the most to the atrocities performed by the Japanese during WW2. He often described it as a giant pecking order of abuse. The most senior commanders abused, often physically their subordinates, who abused theirs, going through the ranks to the common grunts who had no one else but civilians and the enemy to peck at so to speak. Of course there were a large number of other variables at play, but to understand that you outta join my Patreon Account over at the www.patreon.com/pacificwarchannel , where I made a fan favorite episode on “why the Japanese army performed so many atrocities”. In there I basically hit a big 10 reason list, well in depth, I highly recommend it! As the concept of the “Imperial Army” and the cult of the emperor gained prominence, appeals to imperial symbols and authority bolstered this unquestioning obedience to superiors, who were seen as the conduits of the emperor's will. It was during this period that the term kogun or “imperial army” gained favor over kokugun or “national army”, reflecting a deliberate effort by military authorities to forge a direct connection between the military and the imperial throne. The 1937 Japanese infantry division was structured as a square formation, with a peacetime strength established at approximately 12,000 officers and men organized into two brigades, each comprising about 4,000 personnel, formed from two infantry regiments, about 2,000 men each. The division included a field artillery regiment, an engineer regiment, and a transport battalion as organic units. Each infantry regiment was composed of three battalions, approximately 600 men each, which contained three rifle companies, 160 men each and a weapons platoon. A rifle company consisted of three rifle platoons and one light machine gun platoon. Regiments also included infantry assault gun platoons, and battalions contained a heavy machine gun company. Upon mobilization, a fourth infantry company augmented each battalion, along with reserve fillers, nearly 5,000 personnel assigned as transport and service troops, raising the authorized wartime strength of an infantry division to over 25,000 officers and men.  Reforms implemented in 1922 reduced personnel numbers in favor of new and improved weapons and equipment. Among these advancements, the 75 mm Type 90 field artillery piece, which boasted increased range and accuracy, was integrated into the forces in 1930, along with the 105 mm Type 10 howitzer and 75 mm pack mountain artillery which could be disassembled for transport using pack animals. These became standard artillery components for divisions. The emphasis on light, mobile, and smaller-caliber field artillery enabled swift deployment during fast-moving engagements. By minimizing the size of the baggage train, infantry and artillery units could quickly set up off the march formation and maneuver around enemy flanks. Army leaders further streamlined road march formations by eliminating the fourth artillery battery from each regiment, thus sacrificing some firepower for enhanced speed and mobility. Heavier artillery pieces were still used in set-piece battles where mobility was less critical. In a typical 1936 division, the field artillery regiment, equipped with Type 90 field artillery or lighter Type 94 mountain artillery, had thirty-six guns. Training focused on quality rather than quantity, reflecting the conservative doctrine of “one-round-one-hit”. Live-fire training was infrequent due to the scarcity of artillery firing ranges in Japan. Ammunition stockpiles were inadequate for anticipated operational needs; government arsenals produced over 111,000 artillery shells in 1936, which was fewer than one-tenth of the quantities specified in wartime consumption tables. Similar industrial shortcomings also hampered advancements in motorization and armor. Motorization proved costly and relied on foreign supply, presenting challenges given the inferior road networks in Manchuria, northern China, and the Soviet Far East. Military estimates suggested a need for 250,000 trucks to fully motorize the army, a goal beyond the capabilities of the nascent Japanese automotive industry, which produced fewer than 1,000 cars annually until 1933. Japanese tanks, described as “handcrafted, beautifully polished, and hoarded” by Alvin Coox, suffered from shortages similar to heavy artillery and ammunition. The army prioritized light weighing ten tons or less and medium tanks sixteen tons or less due to the necessity of deploying armor overseas, size and weight were crucial for loading and unloading from transport ships. Smaller tanks were also more suitable for the terrains of northern China and Manchuria, as they could traverse unbridged rivers using pontoons or ferries. The Japanese industrial base, however, struggled to mass-produce tanks; by 1939, factories were producing an average of only twenty-eight tanks of all models per month. Consequently, in 1937, foot soldiers remained as reliant on animal transport for mobility as their ancestors had been during the Russo-Japanese War. Despite enjoying technological and material superiority over disorganized Chinese forces, these deficiencies in heavy artillery, armor, and vehicles would prove catastrophic against more formidable opponents. Another significant factor constraining Japanese industry's capacity to produce tanks, trucks, and artillery was the 1936 decision to expand the army's air wing and homeland air defense network. This policy diverted resources, capital, and technology away from the army's ground forces. The nascent Japanese Army Air Force or “JAAF” aimed to support ground operations through reconnaissance, bombing enemy bases, and achieving air superiority. However, direct support for ground operations was limited, and Japanese military planners did not anticipate that aerial bombardment could supplement or replace artillery bombardments. The expanded air arm's strategic mission centered on executing preemptive air strikes against Soviet air bases in the Far East to thwart potential air attacks on Japan. By the mid-1930s, the army had approximately 650 aircraft, roughly 450 of which were operational. The JAAF emphasized rigorous training that prioritized quality over quantity, producing only about 750 pilots annually up until December 1941. Basic flight skills were developed through this training, while specialized tactical instruction was deferred to newly established pilot units. According to logistics doctrine, Japanese maneuver units typically operated within a 120 to 180-mile radius of a railhead to facilitate resupply and reinforcement. A field train transport unit was responsible for moving supplies daily from the railhead to a division control point for distribution. The division established a field depot to manage the transfer of supplies from field transport to company and lower-echelon units. At the depot, transport troops would hand over supplies to a combat train that ferried ammunition, rations, and equipment directly to frontline units. Horse-drawn wagons and pack animals were the primary means of transportation. Each wartime division included a transport battalion, which varied in size from approximately 2,200 to 3,700 personnel, depending on the type of division supported. The division typically carried enough supplies for one day. Upon mobilization, the logistical framework was reinforced with the addition of an ordnance unit, a field hospital, a sanitation unit, and additional field and combat trains. The size of the transport regiment grew from around 1,500 officers and men with over 300 horses to nearly 3,500 troops and more than 2,600 animals. In the battalion, one company generally transported small-arms ammunition while two companies handled artillery shells and two others carried rations; this arrangement was flexible based on operational needs. Pack horses and dray horses were assigned to each company to carry or tow infantry assault artillery, mortars, artillery ammunition, and rations. Infantry soldiers carried minimal rations, approximately two and a half pounds, primarily rice, along with tinned condiments and salt. Consequently, the field train included a field kitchen stocked with fresh vegetables, rice or bread, soy sauce, and pickles. Each evening, a forward echelon train distributed supplies received from the field transport unit to the combat unit's bivouac area. When combat seemed imminent, a section of the transport battalion would move forward to deliver essential combat supplies, ordnance, equipment, medical supplies, directly to frontline units. These units would also handle resupply, medical evacuation, and repair of ordnance and equipment once fighting commenced.  On the evening of September 18, 1936, the fifth anniversary of the Manchurian Incident, Chinese troops from the Twenty-Ninth Army clashed with Japanese soldiers from the Seventh Company's rear-guard medical unit at Fengtai. When a Japanese officer arrived on horseback, a Chinese soldier struck his horse, prompting the Chinese troops to retreat to their barracks. Major Ichiki Kiyonao, the battalion commander, ordered an emergency assembly, surrounded the Chinese encampment, and demanded that Chinese authorities surrender the aggressors immediately. To defuse the situation, Major General Kawabe Masakazu, the brigade commander and Ichiki's superior, instructed Regimental Commander Mutaguchi to resolve the incident swiftly. Mutaguchi negotiated an agreement that required the Chinese to apologize, punish those responsible, withdraw from the vicinity of the Japanese barracks, and maintain a distance of two miles. Although Mutaguchi and Ichiki wanted to disarm the Chinese forces, they ultimately complied with Kawabe's wishes and allowed the Chinese to retain their weapons “in the spirit of Bushido.” Later, the Chinese claimed the Japanese had refrained from disarming them due to their fear of the strength and influence of the 29th Army. This insult infuriated Mutaguchi, who vowed not to make any further concessions and promised to eliminate the anti-Japanese provocateurs decisively if another incident occurred. He warned his officers against allowing an “overly tolerant attitude toward the Chinese” to undermine the prestige of the imperial army and emphasized the need for swift, decisive action to prevent such incidents in the future. Tensions were further exacerbated by large-scale Japanese field exercises conducted from late October to early November. These maneuvers, the largest ever executed by Japanese forces in China, mobilized about 6,700 active-duty and reserve troops for a series of complex battle drills, night maneuvers, and tactical field problems. During these exercises, Japanese troops were quartered in Chinese homes. Although local residents were compensated for any damage caused, the exercises nonetheless heightened tensions between the two sides. The fallout from the Suiyuan Fiasco in December 1936, coupled with a tumultuous summer and fall, led to rising anti-Japanese sentiment and prompted Tokyo to caution the Kawabe brigade against actions that might escalate the already precarious situation. In March 1937, during the annual personnel assignments, Ishiwara was promoted to major general and appointed chief of the 1st Department Operations of the General Staff. However, Army Vice Minister Umezu, a hardliner regarding China and a rival of Ishiwara, successfully maneuvered the Hayashi cabinet into approving the command choices for army and navy ministers, overriding Ishiwara's proposals. General Sugiyama Hajime, another hawk on China, replaced the terminally ill General Nakamura Kotaro as army minister shortly after Nakamura's appointment and remained in that position until June 1938. Lieutenant General Imai Kiyoshi, army vice chief of staff and an Ishiwara supporter, was also battling a terminal illness that rendered him largely ineffective during his short five-month tenure from March to August 1937. Imai was expected to play a crucial role in high command because the army chief of staff, Prince Kan'in, had been appointed in 1931 as a figurehead due to internal factions preventing agreement on a candidate. Ishiwara further complicated his conciliatory approach by selecting Colonel Muto Akira, a known hardliner who believed force was the only means to resolve the Japan-China conflict, for the vital position of chief of Operations Section within the General Staff. From Kwantung Army headquarters, Commanding General Ueda Kenkichi and his chief of staff, Lieutenant General Tojo Hideki, advocated for a preemptive war against China to serve the Kwantung Army's interests. In contrast, the China Garrison Army, under Lieutenant General Tashiro and his chief of staff, adopted a more moderate stance, aligning with central headquarters' policy of restraint. The China Garrison Army estimated the 29th Army to consist of 15,000–16,000 troops, with its main strength centered around Peking and an additional 10,000 troops in the surrounding area. Starting in spring 1937, Japanese units began observing tactical indicators suggesting that the Chinese were preparing for war. These indicators included increased guard presence at Peking's gates in June, bolstering units near the Marco Polo Bridge to over two battalions, preparing new fighting positions, digging trenches and constructing concrete pillboxes near the Marco Polo Bridge, infiltrating agents into Japanese maneuver areas for intelligence on night tactical exercises, and heightened strictness among Chinese railroad guards evident since late June. Nevertheless, the Japanese commanders did not view China as a formidable opponent. They believed that Chinese armies would quickly disintegrate due to what they perceived as a lack of fighting spirit and ineffective leadership. By 1937, Japan's national policy was shifting away from the persistent and aggressive efforts of field armies to undermine Chinese political authority in northern China toward a more conciliatory stance. This shift resulted in increased tensions between field armies and the General Staff in Tokyo, leading to substantial fractures among senior officers regarding the “solution” to their so-called China problem. Those tensions broke the camels back that year.  I would like to take this time to remind you all that this podcast is only made possible through the efforts of Kings and Generals over at Youtube. Please go subscribe to Kings and Generals over at Youtube and to continue helping us produce this content please check out www.patreon.com/kingsandgenerals. If you are still hungry after that, give my personal channel a look over at The Pacific War Channel at Youtube, it would mean a lot to me. The Japanese grossly underestimated their enemy and their own logistical capabilities. There was to say “too many cooks in the kitchen” of the Japanese military and competing visions ultimately were leading Japan and China into an official full blown war. Japan assumed they could bully China until it was so fragmented it would be a simple matter of grabbing the pieces it liked, that was not to be the case at all.   

Lama Zopa Rinpoche discusses the seven attributes of a perfect human body and clarifies the points relating to caste and gender. He also discusses the eight ripening aspects that Lama Tsongkhapa emphasized in the Hymns of the Experience of the Path to Enlightenment.Rinpoche highlights the preciousness of this perfect human body. He says that it is more precious than the whole sky filled with wish-granting jewels. So, if we don't get to practice Dharma for even a second, this would be a great loss. Thus, we must bear hardships to practice Dharma. If you don't bear the hardships, you cannot practice Dharma, and then you will become lazy and waste your precious human body.Rinpoche reminds us that we experience hardships because we are in samsara. Our body and mind came from karma and delusion, so they are in the nature of suffering. If we don't practice Dharma because of the hardships, then we'll be in samsara forever. We'll never get free from the oceans of samsaric suffering.The duration of this perfect human rebirth is very short, and it can stop at any moment. Therefore, we need to develop our mind in the stages of the path to enlightenment.Rinpoche gives a clear description of how to meditate on the lamrim through daily meditations of the lower capable being. He stresses that it's important to meditate on several points (guru devotion, perfect human rebirth, impermanence-death, renunciation), as if you only meditate on one aspect throughout your life, you may not achieve even that realization. He also stresses that bodhicitta can only be attained after realizing renunciation.From April 10 to May 10, 2004, Lama Zopa Rinpoche gave extensive teachings during the Mahamudra Retreat at Buddha House in Australia. While the retreat focused on Mahamudra, Rinpoche also taught on a wide range of Lamrim topics. This retreat marked the beginning of a series of month-long retreats in Australia. Subsequent retreats were held in 2011, 2014, and 2018, hosted by the Great Stupa of Universal Compassion in Bendigo.Find out more about Lama Zopa Rinpoche, his teachings and projects at https://fpmt.org/

Lama Zopa Rinpoche explains how to do the meditation with the requesting prayer. The way to meditate is to realize Guru Vajradhara, the Dharmakaya Buddha, as the root virtuous friend that embodies and pervades all the manifested billions of mandalas or deities.Rinpoche highlights that the purpose of our life is to free all sentient beings from suffering and cause them happiness. He says that working for others accomplishes two purposes: others' happiness and our own happiness. Thus, working for others' happiness has limitless skies of benefit. To illustrate this, Rinpoche gives an example from the Avatamsaka Sutra, which describes how one person with bodhicitta offering a tiny flower to the Buddha collects far greater merit than if all sentient beings living in the great three thousand universes built stupas made of jewels that covered the entire universe. From this example, you can understand how bodhicitta is the treasure of merit.Rinpoche says that all the infinite qualities of Buddha's holy body, speech, and mind came from bodhicitta. The Buddha came from a bodhisattva, and bodhisattvas come from bodhicitta. Thus, all one's past, present, and future happiness come from bodhicitta.Rinpoche also explains how the development of bodhicitta depends on suffering sentient beings. He says that bodhicitta came from great compassion and great compassion is generated by depending on the existence of suffering beings. Therefore, these sentient beings are unbelievably precious.From April 10 to May 10, 2004, Lama Zopa Rinpoche gave extensive teachings during the Mahamudra Retreat at Buddha House in Australia. While the retreat focused on Mahamudra, Rinpoche also taught on a wide range of Lamrim topics. This retreat marked the beginning of a series of month-long retreats in Australia. Subsequent retreats were held in 2011, 2014, and 2018, hosted by the Great Stupa of Universal Compassion in Bendigo.Find out more about Lama Zopa Rinpoche, his teachings and projects at https://fpmt.org/

Lama Zopa Rinpoche says that if you are only seeking the happiness of this life, then you haven't reached any of the three capacities of the lamrim. The attitude of just seeking the power, reputation, and wealth of this life is an ordinary capable being, not a special capable being. This is not different from the animals and insects. Rinpoche emphasizes that the meditations for the graduate path of the lower capable being (the eight freedoms and ten richnesses, the great meaning and difficulty to find again, impermanence and death, the lower realm sufferings, karma) are very important for the success of actualizing the whole path. Without these foundations, you can't have the next realizations, renunciation and bodhicitta. Without bodhicitta, you have no door to enter the Mahayana path to enlightenment, so you can't complete the tantric path. Therefore, these meditations are the foundation for all those other paths.Rinpoche describes the eight freedoms and ten richnesses. He urges us to reflect on these points. By doing so, we will realize that we must practice Dharma immediately. Rinpoche says that these meditations will give us hope and courage to defeat the eight worldly dharmas.Rinpoche bestows the lung of the mahamudra root text and ends the session with an extensive dedication prayer and multiplying mantras.From April 10 to May 10, 2004, Lama Zopa Rinpoche gave extensive teachings during the Mahamudra Retreat at Buddha House in Australia. While the retreat focused on Mahamudra, Rinpoche also taught on a wide range of Lamrim topics. This retreat marked the beginning of a series of month-long retreats in Australia. Subsequent retreats were held in 2011, 2014, and 2018, hosted by the Great Stupa of Universal Compassion in Bendigo.Find out more about Lama Zopa Rinpoche, his teachings and projects at https://fpmt.org/

Counting Crows frontman Adam Duritz explains how his songwriting process has changed over the years, and offers insights into some of his songs, from early classics to recent compositions. PART ONE:Paul and Scott discuss judging a book by its cover and their possible status as idiots. PART TWO:Our in-depth conversation with Adam DuritzABOUT ADAM DURITZ:Songwriter Adam Duritz is best known as the lead singer of Counting Crows, which formed in 1991 in the San Francisco Bay area. Their 1993 debut album, August and Everything After, which was produced by T. Bone Burnett, attracted attention for songs such as “Mr. Jones,” “Round Here,” and “Rain King.” The album earned the group two Grammy nominations and was certified seven-times platinum. The double platinum follow-up album, Recovering the Satellites, reached number one and produced the top 10 pop single “A Long December.” Subsequent #1 singles on Billboard's AAA chart include “American Girls” with Sheryl Crow, “She Don't Want Nobody Near,” “Accidentally in Love” from Shrek 2 (which earned them an Academy Award nomination), and “You Can't Count on Me” and “Come Around” from the band's fifth album, Saturday Nights & Sunday Mornings. In 2021 Counting Crows reached #2 on the AAA chart with “Elevator Boots” from their EP Butter Miracle, Suite One. Their eighth studio album, Butter Miracle, The Complete Sweets!, will be released this Friday, May 9. You'll hear clips of some of the new songs during our conversation, but to hear others Adam discusses, such as “With Love, From A-Z” and “Boxcars,” you'll have to wait a few days for the new album. In all, the band has sold over 20 million albums and established themselves as vibrant live performers who often put a fresh spin on the recorded versions of their classic songs.  

Drive-By Truckers co-founder Patterson Hood chats about his band, the evolution of his songwriting process, and his most recent solo album.PART ONEWater. Bed. Rock!!!PART TWOOur in-depth conversation with Patterson HoodABOUT PATTERSON HOODMuscle Shoals, Alabama, native Patterson Hood is best known, along with Mike Cooley, as the co-founder of the band Drive-By Truckers. Drawing from a range of rock and country influences, the group emerged from the Athens, Georgia, music scene in the mid-1990s, releasing their debut album, Gangstabilly, in 1988. Following the success of their third album, Southern Rock Opera, Drive-By Truckers were named Band of the Year by No Depression magazine in 2002. Jason Isbell joined the group for the acclaimed albums Decoration Day, The Dirty South, and A Blessing and a Curse. Following Isbell's departure, the album Brighter Than Creation's Dark became Drive-By Truckers' first album to reach the Top 40 on the Billboard 200 chart. Subsequent albums The Big To-Do, Go-Go Boots, English Oceans, and American Band all reached the Top 40, as well as the top ten on Billboard's US Rock chart. In all, the band has released fourteen studio albums. In addition to his work with Drive-By Truckers, Hood has released four solo albums. The latest, released in February, is called Exploding Trees & Airplane Screams. 

From Boca Raton, Florida, this is Behind the Bima. This week, Rabbi Efrem Goldberg, Rabbi Josh Broide, and Rabbi Philip Moskowitz are joined by the renowned Israeli singer, Akiva Turgeman. Together, they explore Akiva's rise to fame, his deep personal connection to the music that unites the Jewish people, and his inspiring message of hope and resilience. Tune in for an intimate conversation that goes beyond the music. All this and more - Behind the Bima.Show Notes:Akiva Turgeman, known professionally as Akiva, is an Israeli singer-songwriter renowned for his fusion of traditional Jewish themes with contemporary music styles. Born in 1991 in Dimona, Israel, he is the son of Rabbi David Turgeman, head of the Gevoha Yeshiva, and hails from a family instrumental in founding Dimona. Akiva's musical journey began at the Mizmor Music Academy, where he honed his singing and songwriting skills. Following his studies, he served as a combat soldier in the IDF's Golani Brigade. His diverse musical influences range from Led Zeppelin to traditional Moroccan piyutim, reflecting his mixed Moroccan and Canadian heritage.   His breakthrough came in 2018 with the single “Al Ta'azvi Yadayim” (“Don't Let Go”), which topped Israeli music charts and garnered millions of views on YouTube. Subsequent hits like “Pshutim” and “Atah Holech Iti” have solidified his place in the Israeli music scene. Akiva's discography includes albums such as “Olamot” (2017), “Al Ta'azvi Yadayim” (2021), and “Elef Mena'ulim” (2024).

Episode 139 Doe: ID 'Wayne County Jane Doe' Connie Christensen  In December, 1982, deer hunters in Wayne County, Indiana, found skeletal remains in the woods along Martindale Creek. When the remains were first found, authorities were unable to tell much about the skeletonized remains other than that they belonged to an adult female. There was no ID found with the remains, but police theorized that they had a homicide on their hands. Later they would be proven right when it was discovered that the victim had died from a gunshot. Police were stumped as they had no missing females in their area that matched the clues that they had for this victim, and the investigation slowed. The unknown homicide victim became known as 'Wayne County Jane Doe'. Years later, DNA & genealogy would be used to finally identify this victim. Her name was Connie L. Christensen, and she had last been seen by her family in March, 1982, when she dropped her young daughter off with family saying that she was leaving the area. Connie was believed to have been pregnant when she was last seen by her family. Subsequent investigation revealed that Connie spent time in Nashville, TN, in April, 1982. After that, she vanished. An older man that had a relationship with Connie is a suspect in her murder. Unfortunately, this suspect has passed away, and perhaps took anything he knew about Connie's death to his grave. Although Wayne County Jane Doe's killer has never been brought to justice, she at least has her name back; it's Connie Christensen, and this is her story.