Podcast appearances and mentions of edith sheffer

We were so excited when we recorded this episode, but when we heard it played back we realized we needed to release this one on video. So here it is, our first YouTube exclusive episode. We really hope you enjoy it. Are you an MTG superfan? Tell us about it in the comments!Show notes and resources:Wikipedia: Feynman diagramWikipedia: History of the periodic tablePoster: MTG card variationsArticle that discusses how fan communities can become excellent at organizing information from a bottom up perspective.Links from Fred:* Fred's personal website* Fred's professional website* The healthcare taxonomy system used in the United States* Aspergers* The Scientific American article is a good summary.* NPR interview with Edith Sheffer, who did the research that showed Aspergers collaboration with the Nazi regime.  * A more recent article from The Guardian detailing how the patient communities still hold to the community building nature of the Aspergers diagnosis. * Coral Sword is the famous Game Store in Houston, TX that I frequent. * Tallia Vess (talented player, great to learn from!!) https://www.twitch.tv/taaliavess * Hunter Pence (yes.. The baseball player) https://twitch.tv/hunterpence* Bioportal is by far my favorite clinical ontology browser.* Here is the link for the results of searching Bioportal for “Autism” * Here is my MTG Card Information poster* This is something I use when teaching my MTG database class* Scryfall is the authoritative source of MTG information online. * Using scryfall, you can see all of the prints of a card, like “Diabolic Tutor”, which according to wizards of the coast, is just one card.. * Which lets you see how they are resurfacing classic card designs, with new characters.* It also lets you fully enjoy “alternative art” on cards. MTG uses a “planes” model, where planes correspond to different real cultures and their magical mythologies. The set “Kaldheim”, for instance, is full of viking mythology.  One card in that set, “Fynn, the Fangbearer” has:* The basic card. Which is always done in a modern fantasy high-art style.  * An alternative art style, which references the mythology of the plane. For vikings, lots of celtics knots and carvings. * A reprint that might continue the alternative art style. * Sometimes, there is a “universes beyond” print of the card, where the card has two names, and references totally different pop culture entertainment franchises. * They have an API* And they support very complex searches.* They have an art tagger project, which allows the community to label MTG art. This helps to allow people to find connections in the art at several semantic levels.. For instance: * You can find cards that have hidden monsters in the art. * You can find cards that use a specific palette, like red-orange or green blue* Some amazing MTG Data analysis: * The first appearance of different creature power/toughness combinations, by set icon.* Race/Class/Color combinations on cards* The “evil color pie” which shows how evil is expressed by characters of different colors. This goes back to the idea that despite the fact that white and black are two of the five colors, they do not map to “good/evil' at all.* Economic analysis of MTG. There are dozens of different resources in the game, which have a kind of “exchange rate” between them. Other episodes to check out if you liked this one:Episodes 16: Pokémon is AutisticEpisode 35: Sex is Autistic (Alfred Kinsey episode)Episode 39: Dungeons and Dragons is AutisticReady for a paradigm shift that empowers Autistics? Help spread the news!Check us out on InstagramLearn more about Matt at Matt Lowry, LPPMatt's social media: Autistic Connections Facebook GroupLearn more about Angela at AngelaKingdon.com and Difference PressAngela's social media: Twitter and TikTokTACP's Autism-affirming TeePublic merch shop This is a public episode. If you'd like to discuss this with other subscribers or get access to bonus episodes, visit www.autisticculturepodcast.com/subscribe

Hans Asperger would have been merely "a footnote in the history of autism", so why did he get to be the eponym in Asperger's syndrome? Because along with the usual problems medical eponyms pose, and his work not really earning him the honour, he collaborated with Nazis and sent children to a hospital where they would be experimented on and even killed. Activist, writer and academic Morénike Giwa Onaiwu discusses the stigma around terms like Asperger's syndrome and autism, and historian Edith Sheffer talks about Hans Asperger and child psychiatry in Nazi Vienna. Content notes: Nazis, eugenics, ableism, child abuse, murder.  There are two versions of this episode. The content is the same, but this version contains background music; if you would prefer one with no music, you can get it right next to where you obtained this one. Find out more information about the topics in this episode at theallusionist.org/asperger, plus a transcript and the full dictionary entry for the randomly selected word. Sign up to be a patron at patreon.com/allusionist and not only are you supporting independent podcast, you get fortnightly patron-exclusive video livestreams and a Discord community full of language chat, craft pics and word game camaraderie! The Allusionist's online home is theallusionist.org. Stay in touch at twitter.com/allusionistshow, facebook.com/allusionistshow and instagram.com/allusionistshow.  The music is by Martin Austwick. Hear Martin's own songs via palebirdmusic.com. Our ad partner is Multitude. To sponsor an episode of the show this year, contact them at multitude.productions/ads. This episode is sponsored by: • Schmanners, a delightful podcast about history, culture, etiquette and idioms, hosted by Travis and Teresa McElroy. Listen on your podcatchers and at schmanners.com. • Bombas, whose mission is to make the comfiest clothes ever, and match every item sold with an equal item donated. Go to bombas.com/allusionist to get 20% off your first purchase. • Squarespace, your one-stop shop for building and running a sleek website. Go to squarespace.com/allusionist for a free 2-week trial, and get 10 percent off your first purchase of a website or domain with the code allusionist.  Support the show: http://patreon.com/allusionist See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

Hans Asperger would have been merely "a footnote in the history of autism", so why did he get to be the eponym in Asperger's syndrome? Because along with the usual problems medical eponyms pose, and his work not really earning him the honour, he collaborated with Nazis and sent children to a hospital where they would be experimented on and even killed. Activist, writer and academic Morénike Giwa Onaiwu discusses the stigma around terms like Asperger's syndrome and autism, and historian Edith Sheffer talks about Hans Asperger and child psychiatry in Nazi Vienna. Content notes: Nazis, eugenics, ableism, child abuse, murder.  There are two versions of this episode. The content is the same, but this version contains no background music, just speech; if you would prefer one with music, you can get it right next to where you obtained this one. Find out more information about the topics in this episode at theallusionist.org/asperger, plus a transcript and the full dictionary entry for the randomly selected word. Sign up to be a patron at patreon.com/allusionist and not only are you supporting independent podcast, you get fortnightly patron-exclusive video livestreams and a Discord community full of language chat, craft pics and word game camaraderie! The Allusionist's online home is theallusionist.org. Stay in touch at twitter.com/allusionistshow, facebook.com/allusionistshow and instagram.com/allusionistshow.  The music is by Martin Austwick. Hear Martin's own songs via palebirdmusic.com. Our ad partner is Multitude. To sponsor an episode of the show this year, contact them at multitude.productions/ads. This episode is sponsored by: • Schmanners, a delightful podcast about history, culture, etiquette and idioms, hosted by Travis and Teresa McElroy. Listen on your podcatchers and at schmanners.com. • Bombas, whose mission is to make the comfiest clothes ever, and match every item sold with an equal item donated. Go to bombas.com/allusionist to get 20% off your first purchase. • Squarespace, your one-stop shop for building and running a sleek website. Go to squarespace.com/allusionist for a free 2-week trial, and get 10 percent off your first purchase of a website or domain with the code allusionist.  Support the show: http://patreon.com/allusionist See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

Martha Minow of Harvard Univ and author of "When Should Law Forgive" on law and forgiveness. Alison Booth of Univ of Virgina on women in history. Edith Sheffer of Univ of California Berkeley on her book "Asperger's Children". Donna Thomson, author of "The Four Walls of My Freedom", and Zachary White, of Queens Univ of Charlotte, on their book "The Unexpected Journey of Caring". Bruce Hardy of Kenyon College on Neanderthals and rope.

Does Big Win for Boris Johnson and Conservatives Make Brexit a Sure Thing? (0:33)Guest: Joel Selway, PhD, professor of political science, BYUBritain's parliament returned to work today with a new balance of power. The Conservative Party led by Prime Minister Boris Johnson just captured its biggest majority since the Margaret Thatcher era of 1980's. It's a stunning election outcome after more than three years of political gridlock over Brexit. So what's next? Why People Love Cheesy Hallmark Christmas Movies Year After Year (18:06)Guest: Robert Thompson, Director of the Bleier Center for Television & Popular Culture at Syracuse UniversityBy the time the holidays are over more than 80-million people will have watched a Hallmark Christmas movie. They're so sappy and so predictable. Why are these formulaic romances such a hit for Hallmark at Christmas? What Happens When Companies Own Words? (37:32)Guest: Stephanie Plamondon Bair, Associate Professor of Law at BYU Law SchoolBeyonce and Jay-Z have trademarked the names of their kids –Blue Ivy, Rumi and Sir. The NFL owns the trademark for the term “Super Bowl.” And boxing announcer Michael Buffer trademarked his catchphrase "Let's get ready to rumble." Trademarking a name or phrase is one way to lock down competitive advantage in the US. The first thing a new company does is trademark its own name. But what happens when the name is an everyday word –like “Backcountry.” Outdoor retailer Backcountry.com recently had a customer boycott on its hands when it started going after other companies for using the word “backcountry.” Dr. Asperger and the Nazi Origins of Autism (50:36)Guest: Edith Sheffer, PhD, Senior Fellow at the Institute of European Studies, University of California, Berkeley, author of “Asperger's Children: The Origins of Autism in Nazi Vienna”More awareness of autism has led to much higher rates of diagnosis over the last 30 years. As many as one in 68 children in the US has autism, according to the CDC. There's also a lot more awareness of the range of symptoms that might come with an autism disorder. For many years, children with a milder form of autism were referred to as having “Asperger's Syndrome.” It's named after an Austrian pediatrician whose dark history we're only now learning. In fact, his story is so dark, historian Edith Sheffer would like to see us stop using the term Asperger's. Does Political-Bias Influence Which Judicial Nominees Get Good Marks from the American Bar Association? (1:07:59)Guest: Amy Steigerwalt, Professor of Political Science at Georgia State UniversityThe US Supreme Court gets a lot of attention for its rulings because it's the highest court in the land. But it only hears a fraction of cases on hot button issues that Americans care about. Most of the time, it's the appeals court, one step lower than the Supreme Court, that has the final say on a case. Those judges are also nominated by the President and appointed for life. We just don't hear about them as much. To that point, did you know that President Trump and the Republican-controlled Senate have been on a judge-appointing-frenzy these last few years? That's prompted concern from Democrats that the judges being appointed are politically biased and unqualified. Republicans say the nominees are plenty qualified, it's the report card given to them that's biased. A Game-Changer for Deaf and Hard-of-Hearing College Students (1:28:36)Guest: Mike Jones, Professor of Computer Science, BYU; Korey Hocker, CEO of SignGlasses, Mike Alder, BYU Technology Transfer OfficeRight now across the country there are tens of thousands of college students wrapping up the semester who are deaf or hard of hearing. Think about the challenge that would mean in a classroom setting. A student might have a sign language interpreter sitting with them. So that means keeping one eye on the interpreter and one eye on what the professor is writing on the board and one eye on your own notes. That's three eyes. Impossible? A startup called SignGlasses is working on a solution.

Joel Selway, BYU, on the British elections and Brexit. Robert Thompson from Syracuse University on the appeal of Hallmark Christmas movies. Stephanie Plamondon Bair, BYU, on companies owning words. Edith Sheffer from the University of California on her book, “Asperger’s Children: The Origins of Autism in Nazi Vienna.” Amy Steigerwalt, Georgia State University, on the American Bar Association. Mike Jones,and Mike Alder, BYU; Korey Hocker, CEO of SignGlasses, on sign glasses.

En el programa de este lunes en “Charros vs Gangsters” con Jairo Calixto y José Luis Guzmán, contamos con la presencia de “Sonecito” y el doctor Héctor Zagal. Entrevistamos a Marina Castañeda acerca de su libro: “Una vida homosexual” editado por PRH en su sello Grijalbo. Platicamos con Javier Oliva Posada, profesor-Investigador en la Facultad de Ciencias Políticas y Sociales de la UNAM para discutir el tema “Evo Morales”. Nuestro colaborador Héctor Zagal nos habló de la historia de la prostitución. Tamara Gutverg Levin, Editor de Planeta Libros nos contó del libro: “Los niños de Asperger de Edith Sheffer”. Finalmente, Eduardo Reyes, Director de Consultoría Intélite, nos platicó de “todos los frentes abiertos de AMLO”.

An introduction to the diagnostic history of autism as well as the project and a discussion of Hans Asperger. This episode draws heavily on Neurotribes by Steve Silberman and Asperger's Children by Edith Sheffer as well as the websites below. https://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/autism/hcp-dsm.html https://www.spectrumnews.org/news/evolution-autism-diagnosis-explained/ https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/the-real-reasons-autism-rates-are-up-in-the-u-s/ https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2010-aug-06-la-me-ivar-lovaas-20100806-story.html http://neurodiversity.com/library_chance_1974.html http://neurodiversity.com/library_screams_1965.html https://the-art-of-autism.com/neurodiverse-a-person-a-perspective-a-movement/ https://theaspergian.com/2019/03/27/is-aba-really-dog-training-for-children-a-professional-dog-trainer-weighs-in/

Eugenics, Episode #4 of 4. At the beginning of the 20th century, eugenics - the belief that the human population could be manipulated through selective breeding - was on the cutting-edge of modern science. Following the example set by American eugenic sterilization and anti-miscegenation laws, and empowered by the rise of the ultra ethno-nationalist Nazi party, German scientists helped Third Reich officials to implement a series of eugenic laws designed to craft the ideal German 'Volk.' But within a few years, these eugenic programs became far more radical, intent on the liquidation of the disabled population of Germany. Transcript of the episode is available at digpodcast.org Sources for this episode include: Henry Friedlander, The Origins of the Nazi Genocide: From Euthanasia to the Final Solution (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1995) Patricia Heberer, "The Nazi Euthanasia Program," in The Routledge History of the Holocaust, ed. Jonathan Friedman (London" Routledge, 2011) Robert Jay Lifton, The Nazi Doctors (New York: Basic Books, 1988) Sheila Faith-Weiss, The Nazi Symbiosis (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2010) Edith Sheffer, Asperger’s Children: The Origins of Autism in Nazi, Vienna (New York: W. W. Norton & Co., 2018) Susan Bachrach and Dieter Kunz, United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, Deadly Medicine: Creating the Master Race (Charlottesville: University at Virginia, 2008)  Special thanks to the US Holocaust Memorial Museum's Hess Seminar.  Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

Show #213 | Guest: Dr. Edith Sheffer | Show Summary: Hans Asperger, for whom Asperger syndrome was named, has been celebrated for his compassionate defense of children with disabilities. Prize-winning historian Edith Sheffer’s new book, Asperger’s Children: The Origins of Autism in Nazi Vienna, exposes that Asperger was not only involved in the racial policies of Hitler’s Third Reich, he was complicit in the murder of children. Dr. Sheffer is a historian of Germany and central Europe, and a Senior Fellow at the Institute of European Studies at the University of California, Berkeley. Her prize-winning book Burned Bridge: How East and West Germans Made the Iron Curtain challenges the moral myth of the Berlin Wall, the Cold War’s central symbol — revealing how the Iron Curtain was not simply imposed by Communism, but emerged from the everyday actions of ordinary people.

Edith Sheffer discusses how she conducts research that examines social and cultural change in 20th century Germany. She examines the role that German citizens played in perpetuating the physical boundaries that separated them. (November 10, 2011)

If Edith Sheffer‘s excellent Burned Bridge: How East and West Germans Made the Iron Curtain (Oxford UP, 2011) has a single lesson, it’s that dividing a country is not as easy as you might think. You don’t just draw a line and tell people that it’s now the “border,” for in order for borders to be borders, they have to be seen as such. Sheffer shows that for quite a number of years after 1945, the Germans in Neustadt and Sonneberg–closely situated towns in, respectively, the American and Soviet zones of occupation–didn’t really know whether the border was a border and, if so, what kind of border it was or should be. “It”–whatever it was–was shifting, lawless, contested, resented, profitable, and sometimes deadly. The Grenze at Burned Bridge was really a kind of anarchical region dividing people who were in no way different from one another but who were compelled to behave as if they were by two occupying powers. The degree to which they were so compelled differed and this made all the difference in the end (the end being 1990, the year of reunification). Years of Nazi propaganda had taught Germans to fear Communist Russians. So when the Soviets arrived in Sonneberg and began to rape and pillage, their fears were realized and they fled. When Soviets (with the help of East German Communists) imposed Stalinism and all that went with it, their fears were doubled and they fled. And when Soviet order reduced once prosperous Sonneberg to a mere economic shadow of Wirtschaftwunder-era Neustadt, their fears were tripled and they fled. For the Soviets and their East German toadies, this “defection” was embarrassing, so they made what was an ill-defined, porous border zone into a militarized, nearly sealed wall. For anyone familiar with Soviet border policy in the 1930s, what they did in Germany is not surprising. What is surprising (at least to me) is the Americans’ and Neustadters’ response to the influx of Easterners, namely, something between ambivalence and hostility. The former wanted order on the border and the latter wanted security from the Eastern “mob.” Both took active measures to keep the Ossis out, all the while issuing pronouncements about the necessity of Wiedervereinigung. The Soviets are responsible for the division of Germany, but, as Edith shows, they had help. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

If Edith Sheffer‘s excellent Burned Bridge: How East and West Germans Made the Iron Curtain (Oxford UP, 2011) has a single lesson, it’s that dividing a country is not as easy as you might think. You don’t just draw a line and tell people that it’s now the “border,” for in order for borders to be borders, they have to be seen as such. Sheffer shows that for quite a number of years after 1945, the Germans in Neustadt and Sonneberg–closely situated towns in, respectively, the American and Soviet zones of occupation–didn’t really know whether the border was a border and, if so, what kind of border it was or should be. “It”–whatever it was–was shifting, lawless, contested, resented, profitable, and sometimes deadly. The Grenze at Burned Bridge was really a kind of anarchical region dividing people who were in no way different from one another but who were compelled to behave as if they were by two occupying powers. The degree to which they were so compelled differed and this made all the difference in the end (the end being 1990, the year of reunification). Years of Nazi propaganda had taught Germans to fear Communist Russians. So when the Soviets arrived in Sonneberg and began to rape and pillage, their fears were realized and they fled. When Soviets (with the help of East German Communists) imposed Stalinism and all that went with it, their fears were doubled and they fled. And when Soviet order reduced once prosperous Sonneberg to a mere economic shadow of Wirtschaftwunder-era Neustadt, their fears were tripled and they fled. For the Soviets and their East German toadies, this “defection” was embarrassing, so they made what was an ill-defined, porous border zone into a militarized, nearly sealed wall. For anyone familiar with Soviet border policy in the 1930s, what they did in Germany is not surprising. What is surprising (at least to me) is the Americans’ and Neustadters’ response to the influx of Easterners, namely, something between ambivalence and hostility. The former wanted order on the border and the latter wanted security from the Eastern “mob.” Both took active measures to keep the Ossis out, all the while issuing pronouncements about the necessity of Wiedervereinigung. The Soviets are responsible for the division of Germany, but, as Edith shows, they had help. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

If Edith Sheffer‘s excellent Burned Bridge: How East and West Germans Made the Iron Curtain (Oxford UP, 2011) has a single lesson, it’s that dividing a country is not as easy as you might think. You don’t just draw a line and tell people that it’s now the “border,” for in order for borders to be borders, they have to be seen as such. Sheffer shows that for quite a number of years after 1945, the Germans in Neustadt and Sonneberg–closely situated towns in, respectively, the American and Soviet zones of occupation–didn’t really know whether the border was a border and, if so, what kind of border it was or should be. “It”–whatever it was–was shifting, lawless, contested, resented, profitable, and sometimes deadly. The Grenze at Burned Bridge was really a kind of anarchical region dividing people who were in no way different from one another but who were compelled to behave as if they were by two occupying powers. The degree to which they were so compelled differed and this made all the difference in the end (the end being 1990, the year of reunification). Years of Nazi propaganda had taught Germans to fear Communist Russians. So when the Soviets arrived in Sonneberg and began to rape and pillage, their fears were realized and they fled. When Soviets (with the help of East German Communists) imposed Stalinism and all that went with it, their fears were doubled and they fled. And when Soviet order reduced once prosperous Sonneberg to a mere economic shadow of Wirtschaftwunder-era Neustadt, their fears were tripled and they fled. For the Soviets and their East German toadies, this “defection” was embarrassing, so they made what was an ill-defined, porous border zone into a militarized, nearly sealed wall. For anyone familiar with Soviet border policy in the 1930s, what they did in Germany is not surprising. What is surprising (at least to me) is the Americans’ and Neustadters’ response to the influx of Easterners, namely, something between ambivalence and hostility. The former wanted order on the border and the latter wanted security from the Eastern “mob.” Both took active measures to keep the Ossis out, all the while issuing pronouncements about the necessity of Wiedervereinigung. The Soviets are responsible for the division of Germany, but, as Edith shows, they had help. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

If Edith Sheffer‘s excellent Burned Bridge: How East and West Germans Made the Iron Curtain (Oxford UP, 2011) has a single lesson, it’s that dividing a country is not as easy as you might think. You don’t just draw a line and tell people that it’s now the “border,” for in order for borders to be borders, they have to be seen as such. Sheffer shows that for quite a number of years after 1945, the Germans in Neustadt and Sonneberg–closely situated towns in, respectively, the American and Soviet zones of occupation–didn’t really know whether the border was a border and, if so, what kind of border it was or should be. “It”–whatever it was–was shifting, lawless, contested, resented, profitable, and sometimes deadly. The Grenze at Burned Bridge was really a kind of anarchical region dividing people who were in no way different from one another but who were compelled to behave as if they were by two occupying powers. The degree to which they were so compelled differed and this made all the difference in the end (the end being 1990, the year of reunification). Years of Nazi propaganda had taught Germans to fear Communist Russians. So when the Soviets arrived in Sonneberg and began to rape and pillage, their fears were realized and they fled. When Soviets (with the help of East German Communists) imposed Stalinism and all that went with it, their fears were doubled and they fled. And when Soviet order reduced once prosperous Sonneberg to a mere economic shadow of Wirtschaftwunder-era Neustadt, their fears were tripled and they fled. For the Soviets and their East German toadies, this “defection” was embarrassing, so they made what was an ill-defined, porous border zone into a militarized, nearly sealed wall. For anyone familiar with Soviet border policy in the 1930s, what they did in Germany is not surprising. What is surprising (at least to me) is the Americans’ and Neustadters’ response to the influx of Easterners, namely, something between ambivalence and hostility. The former wanted order on the border and the latter wanted security from the Eastern “mob.” Both took active measures to keep the Ossis out, all the while issuing pronouncements about the necessity of Wiedervereinigung. The Soviets are responsible for the division of Germany, but, as Edith shows, they had help. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

If Edith Sheffer‘s excellent Burned Bridge: How East and West Germans Made the Iron Curtain (Oxford UP, 2011) has a single lesson, it's that dividing a country is not as easy as you might think. You don't just draw a line and tell people that it's now the “border,” for in order for borders to be borders, they have to be seen as such. Sheffer shows that for quite a number of years after 1945, the Germans in Neustadt and Sonneberg–closely situated towns in, respectively, the American and Soviet zones of occupation–didn't really know whether the border was a border and, if so, what kind of border it was or should be. “It”–whatever it was–was shifting, lawless, contested, resented, profitable, and sometimes deadly. The Grenze at Burned Bridge was really a kind of anarchical region dividing people who were in no way different from one another but who were compelled to behave as if they were by two occupying powers. The degree to which they were so compelled differed and this made all the difference in the end (the end being 1990, the year of reunification). Years of Nazi propaganda had taught Germans to fear Communist Russians. So when the Soviets arrived in Sonneberg and began to rape and pillage, their fears were realized and they fled. When Soviets (with the help of East German Communists) imposed Stalinism and all that went with it, their fears were doubled and they fled. And when Soviet order reduced once prosperous Sonneberg to a mere economic shadow of Wirtschaftwunder-era Neustadt, their fears were tripled and they fled. For the Soviets and their East German toadies, this “defection” was embarrassing, so they made what was an ill-defined, porous border zone into a militarized, nearly sealed wall. For anyone familiar with Soviet border policy in the 1930s, what they did in Germany is not surprising. What is surprising (at least to me) is the Americans' and Neustadters' response to the influx of Easterners, namely, something between ambivalence and hostility. The former wanted order on the border and the latter wanted security from the Eastern “mob.” Both took active measures to keep the Ossis out, all the while issuing pronouncements about the necessity of Wiedervereinigung. The Soviets are responsible for the division of Germany, but, as Edith shows, they had help.