Podcasts about licl

Anson Resources CEO Bruce Richardson joined Steve Darling from Proactive to announce a major advancement in the company's lithium production pathway. The company has officially commenced the “polishing” phase of its high-purity lithium chloride (LiCl) eluate at the Green River Lithium Project in Utah, marking a pivotal step toward battery-grade lithium carbonate production. This phase is being carried out using Koch Technology Solutions' (KTS) advanced Direct Lithium Extraction (DLE) pilot plant. The polishing process, a critical initial step in downstream refinement, is designed to remove trace contaminants that may remain after the DLE stage. The resulting ultra-pure LiCl solution will then be processed through evaporation and carbonation to yield battery-grade lithium carbonate. Richardson explained that after DLE, the LiCl solution undergoes further purification using advanced separation technologies including nanofiltration and reverse osmosis. These techniques are essential to achieving the high purity required for lithium-ion battery applications. Initial batches of the polished LiCl are expected to be completed in the coming weeks. Once complete, the solution will proceed through the final stages of processing, culminating in the production of high-purity lithium carbonate. Richardson also noted the enhanced performance of the DLE process with KTS technology, reporting a lithium recovery rate of approximately 98% and an impurity rejection rate of 99%. These figures represent a significant improvement over previous results, supporting the efficient, cost-effective production of battery-grade materials. This milestone marks a significant leap forward in Anson Resources' mission to become a key domestic supplier of critical battery materials, reinforcing its strategic role in the growing U.S. clean energy supply chain. Richardson shared observations from a recent industry conference in Korea, noting concerns over tariffs and future investment planning. He pointed to Fastmarkets analysis forecasting an end to current oversupply by late 2025. #proactiveinvestors #a1lithium #ansonresources #asx #asn #BatteryMetals #AnsonResources #BruceRichardson #KOCHTechnology #EVmaterials #CleanEnergy #ResourceInvestment #LithiumCarbonate #MiningNews #ProactiveInvestors #BatteryGradeLithium #ASX

Global Energy Metals CEO Mitchell Smith joined Steve Darling from Proactive to announce a significant milestone for the company's strategic partner, NeoLithica Ltd. NeoLithica has entered into a direct lithium extraction (DLE) piloting agreement with Geo40 LLC to test lithium-brine sourced from its Peace River Project in Alberta. Smith highlighted that NeoLithica is currently conducting a strategic evaluation to explore development options that will meet the growing demand for lithium in North America. The Peace River Project hosts one of Canada's largest inferred lithium brine resources, positioning NeoLithica as a key player in the emerging lithium supply chain. As part of the piloting agreement, NeoLithica transported 7,000 litres of lithium-rich brine from a producing well within the Peace River Project to Geo40's test facility in Saskatchewan in early February. The goal of this pilot test is to validate Geo40's innovative DLE technology, which is designed to efficiently extract lithium from brine deposits. The results of the pilot program, expected in the coming weeks, will provide critical data to support NeoLithica's economic assessment for producing lithium chloride (LiCl) concentrate and high-purity lithium carbonate (Li₂CO₃) suitable for battery applications. Additionally, NeoLithica intends to share the lithium chloride and lithium carbonate chemistry with potential customers for bench-top qualification testing, further advancing its commercialization efforts. With this pilot program, NeoLithica and its partners, including Global Energy Metals, are taking a crucial step toward developing a sustainable lithium supply in Canada, reinforcing their role in North America's clean energy transition. #proactiveinvestors #globalenergymetalscorporation #tsxv #gemc #otcqb #gblef #Lithium #BatteryMetals #PeaceRiver #Mining #CleanEnergy #DLE #LithiumExtraction #MiningInvestment #NeoLithica #Geo40

The first part of this work focused on the development of a convenient and general regioselective functionalization of all ring positions of the 7-azaindole scaffold. To this end, starting from simple 2-amino-5-bromopyridine an appropriately substituted azaindole precursor was prepared which allowed us to functionalize the 7-azaindole ring in a predictable manner using a combination of directed metalation, halogen/magnesium and sulfoxide/magnesium exchange. Furthermore, the general preparation of various heteroarylmethylzinc reagents by LiCl-promoted zinc insertion into the corresponding chloromethyl heteroarenes, along with a facile and straightforward synthesis of these chloromethyl precursors displayed a major part in this work. The obtained zinc compounds were subjected to Pd-catalyzed cross-couplings, Cu-mediated acylations, Cu-catalyzed allylations and addition reactions to aldehydes. In addition, they proved to be versatile intermediates for the construction of fused N- and O-heterocycles and gave access to an analogue of a reported CB1 modifier. Finally, a lithiation/transmetalation strategy for the metalation of sensitive functionalized arenes and heteroarenes was developed, using the strong amide base TMPLi in the presence of metal salts such as ZnCl2, MgCl2, CuCN and LaCl3. This in situ trapping method not only allowed the metalation and functionalization of sensitive heteroarenes, but also provided metalated intermediates with a different regioselectivity to the one produced with moderately powerful bases such as TMPZnCl•LiCl or TMPMgCl•LiCl, giving access to higly functionalized organometallics difficult to prepare otherwise.

Wed, 7 Apr 2010 12:00:00 +0100 https://edoc.ub.uni-muenchen.de/11412/ https://edoc.ub.uni-muenchen.de/11412/2/Piller_Fabian_Michel.pdf Piller, Fabian Michel ddc:540, ddc:500, Fakultät für Chemi

Mesenchymale Stammzellen (MSC) stellen aufgrund ihres Differenzierungspotentials einen großen Hoffnungsträger in der regenerativen Medizin dar. Entsprechend zahlreicher zell- und tierexperi-menteller Untersuchungen scheint die klinische Anwendung dieser adulten Stammzellpopulation im Rahmen einer Zelltherapie in greifbare Nähe zu rücken, wobei MSC als Basis für einen Patien-ten-spezifischen Zell- und Gewebeersatz dienen könnten. In welcher Weise die regenerative Kapazität der MSC durch spezielle Signaltransduktionsmechanismen gesteuert wird, ist jedoch noch weitgehend unbekannt. Vor diesem Hintergrund wurde in der hier vorliegenden Arbeit der Wnt/β-Catenin-Signaltrans-duktionsweg sowohl in humanen (hMSC) als auch in murinen (mMSC) mesenchymalen Stamm-zellen untersucht. Diesem komparativen Ansatz lag das Ziel zugrunde, Gemeinsamkeiten und Unterschiede in diesen beiden Zellentitäten zu evaluieren, um damit langfristig den Grundstein für die Übertragbarkeit von Daten aus nachfolgend geplanten murinen in vivo-Modellen auf die klinische Situation legen zu können. Hierzu wurden zunächst die Basis-Komponenten des Wnt/β-Catenin-Signalweges vergleichend analysiert. Eine Aktivierung des Wnt-Signalweges wurde über Stimulation mit Wnt3a bzw. LiCl in beiden Zellspezies sowie in einem RNA-Interferenz (RNAi)-basierten Ansatz durch Knockdown der für den β-Catenin-Abbaukomplex essentiellen Proteine APC und Axin2 in hMSC erreicht, während eine Inhibtion durch die Transfektion von small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) gegen das transkrip-tionsaktivierende Protein β-Catenin bzw. den Wnt-Korezeptor LRP5 induziert wurde. Dabei zeigten sich neben zahlreichen Gemeinsamkeiten unter anderem hinsichtlich der Proliferation auch klare Unterschiede zwischen hMSC und mMSC. Dies betraf insbesondere die Steuerung von Matrix-Metalloproteinase (MMP)-mediierten Invasionsprozessen, die im Falle von hMSC eine deutliche Wnt-Abhängigkeit aufwiesen, während die Invasionsfähigkeit von mMSC nicht durch den Wnt-Signalweg reguliert wurde. Diese Unterschiede in den zellulären Phänotypen spiegelten sich vorwiegend in einer Spezies-divergenten Regulation der Matrix-Metalloproteinase MT1-MMP wider, da nur in hMSC die Aktivierung der Wnt-Signaltransduktionskaskade mit einer vermehrten MT1-MMP-Expression einherging. Darüber hinaus konnte das Tcf/Lef-Reporter-System in mMSC etabliert werden, das die Quanti-fizierung β-Catenin-abhängiger Expression ermöglicht. Dies erfolgt mit Hilfe eines Reporter-proteins, dessen Expression nur nach Translokation von β-Catenin in den Zellkern induziert wird. Mit diesem System konnte unter anderem auch der Nachweis der funktionellen Plasmid-kodierten Wnt3a-Expression erbracht werden. Derartig generierte Reporter-mMSC könnten vor allen Dingen hinsichtlich einer Anwendung im in vivo-Mausmodell von großem Vorteil sein, da Wnt-aktive MSC mittels eines in vivo-Imaging-Systems visualisiert werden können, um ihre Rolle bei Geweberegenerationsprozessen aufzuklären. In einem weiteren Teilprojekt wurde die Wirkung von Dkk-1, einem Inhibitor des kanonischen Wnt-Signalweges, in hMSC eingehend untersucht. Dabei stand die Analyse der Wechselwirkungen zwischen Dkk-1 und seinem Rezeptor LRP6 im Vordergrund. Versuche zum LRP6-Knockdown brachten ein komplexes Regulationssystem zutage, das eine feinjustierte Balance zwischen akti-vierenden und inhibierenden Signalen impliziert. Die Ergebnisse zusätzlicher RNAi-basierter Experimente wiesen außerdem auf eine funktionelle Divergenz von LRP5 und LRP6 hin. So vermittelt der Wnt-Korezeptor LRP5 vornehmlich aktivierende Signale, wie sie z.B. durch Wnt3a ausgelöst werden, während LRP6 hauptsächlich eine repressive Funktion beispielsweise durch Bindung von Dkk-1 zuzuordnen ist. Da neben den LRP-Rezeptoren auch Frizzled-Rezeptoren (Fzd) eine wesentliche Rolle bei der Wnt-Signalerfassung spielen, wurde zunächst das Fzd-Expressionsprofil in hMSC und mMSC mittels semiquantitativer RT-PCR-Analysen näher untersucht. Dabei zeigte sich, dass alle bisher bekannten 10 Fzds auch in MSC exprimiert werden, dieses jedoch in unterschiedlichem Ausmaß. Zudem ergaben Wnt3a-Stimulationsexperimente in hMSC, dass die Expression von Fzd8 negativ durch Wnt3a beeinflusst wird. Um die Bedeutung von Fzd8 näher zu evaluieren, wurden daher Fzd8-Knockdown-Experimente durchgeführt. Diese ließen erkennen, dass die hMSC-Proliferation maß-geblich von der Fzd8-Expression abhängt, wobei allerdings Fzd8 keinen direkten Rezeptor für Wnt3a darstellt. Zusammenfassend spiegeln die in der vorliegenden Promotionsarbeit erhobenen Daten zum Teil eindeutige Unterschiede zwischen basalen Wnt-regulierten Prozessen in hMSC und mMSC wider, denen insbesondere bei der präklinischen Validierung von therapeutischen Strategien in Maus-modellen eine tragende Rolle zukommt. Da der Wnt/β-Catenin-Signalweg maßgeblich an der Steuerung des invasiven Verhaltens von hMSC beteiligt ist, wie dies in ähnlicher Weise von anderen Forschergruppen auch für die Metastasierung von Tumorzellen nachgewiesen werden konnte, erscheint es zukünftig von vorrangigem Interesse, die hier erhobenen in vitro-Daten in einem in vivo-Mausmodell zu evaluieren. In diesem Kontext kann allerdings nur durch einen komparativen Ansatz, wie er dieser Arbeit zugrunde liegt, die Basis für ein Spezies-relevantes drug design bezüglich des Wnt-Signalweges entwickelt werden, um schließlich aussagekräftige Stamm-zelltherapien bzw. Anti-Tumorstrategien entwickeln zu können.

This work has focussed on the preparation of functionalized heterocyclic organometallics. In the first part, functionalized zinc derivatives were used due to their high functional group tolerance. Thus various thymine derivatives have been prepared both in solution and on the solid phase. Alternatively, a new route to functionalized heterocyclic Grignard reagents was developed using a low-temperature halogen-magnesium exchange. Ester, amide and nitrile functions are tolerated and the resulting organomagnesium derivatives could be reacted with various electrophiles. Finally, we have attempted to perform low-temperature cross-coupling reactions using these functionalized Grignard reagents. 5.1- Synthesis of thymine derivatives Zincated thymine derivative 2 was prepared by zinc insertion from the corresponding bromide 4, readily available in four steps from uracil. Negishi cross-coupling reactions were then performed using zinc reagent 2 and various aryl iodides. N N O O Bn Bn 4 Br HN N H O O N N O O Bn Bn 2 ZnBr Ar - I Pd(dba)2 (2.5 mol %) N N O O tfp (5 mol %) THF, 25 °C, 12 h Bn Bn Ar 3a-j: 62-95 % THF, 0 °C Zn* Scheme 67. Preparation of thymine derivatives 3a-j using a Negishi cross-coupling reaction. Resin-attached aryl iodides were also suitable substrates and solid phase synthesis of thymine derivatives could be performed with high HPLC-purities (89-93 %). X O I N N O O Bn Bn X = O, NH R 8 (10 equiv) N N O O Pd(dba)2 (5 mol %) tfp (10 mol %) THF, 25 °C, 48 h Bn Bn R = CO2H, CONH2 ZnBr 2) TFA 1) 89-93 % HPLC purity Scheme 68. Solid phase synthesis of thymine derivatives. 5.2- Synthesis of functionalized heterocyclic derivatives using a low temperature halogen-magnesium exchange • Synthesis of pyridine derivatives Functionalized pyridinyl Grignard reagents were prepared using a low temperature iodinemagnesium exchange and trapped with electrophiles. Functional groups such as ester, amide or nitrile functions are tolerated in this process. N I FG 1) i-PrMgBr -40 °C 2) E+ N E FG 50-92 % FG = Br, CONR2, CN, CO2R etc. Scheme 69. Preparation of functionalised pyridines using a low temperature iodine-magnesium exchange. The bromine-magnesium exchange is less general than the iodine magnesium-exchange and electron withdrawing groups are often necessary to accelerate the exchange reaction. However, 2-bromo and 3-bromopyridine were suitable substrates due to the π deficient character of these heterocycles. N Br 1) i-PrMgBr THF, rt, 6 h 2) E+ N E 72-75 % Scheme 70. Preparation of pyridine derivatives using a bromine-magnesium exchange. • Synthesis of thiazole and thiophene derivatives A low temperature bromine-magnesium exchange was then used in the synthesis of functionalized thiazole and thiophene derivatives. N S Br OEt O Br 1) i-PrMgBr THF, -78 °C N S Br OEt O E 2) E+ S Br Br CO2Et 1) i-PrMgBr -40 °C, 0.5 h 2) S Br CO2Et 1) i-PrMgBr -40 °C, 0.5 h 2) E+ S E E CO2Et S Br Br EtO2C 1) i-PrMgBr -40 °C, 0.5 h 2) E+ S E Br EtO2C 58-81 % 68-88 % 74 % 62-71 % Br CuCN cat. Scheme 71. Preparation of thiazole and thiophene derivatives using a bromine-magnesium exchange. • Synthesis of dihydrobenzofurans and tetrahydrobenzazepines An access to dihydrobenzofurans, benzolactams and tetrahydrobenzazepines was developed using arylmagnesium reagents bearing an o-chloromethyl group. Cl MgBr CO2Et Br 83 % CuCN 2 LiCl cat. . Cl CO2Et RNH2 reflux, 24 h K2CO3, THF N CO2Et R Cl I 1) i-PrMgBr (1.0 equiv) THF -10 °C, 1.5 h 2) RCHO, -10 °C, 1 h then reflux, 12 h O R 55-94 % 54-75 % X = H, CO2Me NPh X 1) i-PrMgBr (1.0 equiv) THF -10 °C, 1.5 h 2) PhN=C=O O X = H, 96 % X = CO2Me, 75 % Scheme 72. Preparation of dihydrobenzofurans and tetrahydrobenzazepines using a low temperature iodine-magnesium exchange. • Low-temperature halogen-magnesium exchange on the solid phase The low-temperature halogen-magnesium exchange could also be performed on the solid phase using an excess of i-PrMgBr and was applied to the synthesis of various thiophene derivatives. 2) E+ 1) i-PrMgBr (10 equiv) THF, -40 °C 3) TFA S E O HO S O O Br 83-99 % HPLC-purity Scheme 73. Solid phase synthesis of thiophene derivatives using a low temperature brominemagnesium exchange.

Myelinated nerve fibres with a reduced safety factor for conduction due to demyelination are easily blocked by trains of impulses. To find out why, in vivo recordings from rat ventral root fibres demyelinated with diphtheria toxin have been supplemented with in vivo and in vitro recordings from normal fibres. Despite a small rise in extracellular potassium activity, normal fibres were invariably hyperpolarized by intermittent trains of impulses. This hyperpolarization resulted in an increase in threshold and also in an enhancement of the depolarizing after-potential and the superexcitable period. Replacement of NaCl in the extracellular solution by LiCl completely blocked both the membrane hyperpolarization and the threshold increase which were normally observed during intermittent trains of impulses. At demyelinated nodes which were blocked by trains of impulses (10-50 Hz), conduction block was preceded by a rise in threshold current and in an increase in internodal conduction time, but by no detectable reduction in the outward current generated by the preceding node. It was found possible to prevent the threshold from changing during a train by automatic adjustment of a d.c. polarizing current. This 'threshold clamp' prevented the conduction failure and virtually abolished the changes in internodal conduction time. The threshold changes were attributed to hyperpolarization, as in normal fibres, since (a) the polarizing current required to prevent them was always a depolarizing current, and (b) they were accompanied by an increase in superexcitability. The post-tetanic depression that can follow continuous trains of impulses was attributed to the combination of increased threshold and enhanced superexcitable period due to hyperpolarization. It is concluded that the susceptibility of these demyelinated fibres to impulse trains is not due to a membrane depolarization induced by extracellular potassium accumulation but to a membrane hyperpolarization as a consequence of electrogenic sodium pumping.

Lithium sensitive microelectrodes were used to investigate the transmembrane distribution of lithium ions (Li+) in motoneurons of the isolated frog spinal cord. After addition of 5 mmol·l–1 LiCl to the bathing solution the extracellular diffusion of Li+ was measured. At a depth of 500 m, about 60 min elapsed before the extracellular Li+ concentration approached that of the bathing solution. Intracellular measurements revealed that Li+ started to enter the cells soon after reaching the motoneuron pool and after up to 120 min superfusion, an intra — to extracellular concentration ratio of about 0.7 was obtained. The resting membrane potential and height of antidromically evoked action potentials were not altered by 5 mmol·l–1 Li+.