Postgres FM

Nikolay and Michael are joined by Gwen Shapira to discuss multi-tenant architectures — the high level options, the pros and cons of each, and how they're trying to help with Nile. Here are some links to things they mentioned:Gwen Shapira https://postgres.fm/people/gwen-shapiraNile https://www.thenile.devSaaS Tenant Isolation Strategies (AWS whitepaper) https://docs.aws.amazon.com/whitepapers/latest/saas-tenant-isolation-strategies/saas-tenant-isolation-strategies.html Row Level Security https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/ddl-rowsecurity.htmlCitus https://github.com/citusdata/citusPostgres.AI Bot https://postgres.ai/blog/20240127-postgres-ai-bot RLS Performance and Best Practices https://supabase.com/docs/guides/troubleshooting/rls-performance-and-best-practices-Z5JjwvCase Gwen mentioned about the planner thinking an optimisation was unsafe Re-engineering Postgres for Millions of Tenants (Gwen's recent talk at PGConf.dev) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EfAStGb4s88 Multi-tenant database the good, the bad, the ugly (talk by Pierre Ducroquet at PgDay Paris) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4uxuPfSvTGU ~~~What did you like or not like? What should we discuss next time? Let us know via a YouTube comment, on social media, or by commenting on our Google doc!~~~Postgres FM is produced by:Michael Christofides, founder of pgMustardNikolay Samokhvalov, founder of Postgres.aiWith special thanks to:Jessie Draws for the elephant artwork 

Nikolay and Michael discuss looking at queries by mean time — when it makes sense, why ordering by a percentile (like p99) might be better, and the merits of approximating percentiles in pg_stat_statements using the standard deviation column. Here are some links to things they mentioned:Approximate the p99 of a query with pg_stat_statements (blog post by Michael) https://www.pgmustard.com/blog/approximate-the-p99-of-a-query-with-pgstatstatementspg_stat_statements https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/pgstatstatements.html Our episode about track_planning https://postgres.fm/episodes/pg-stat-statements-track-planning pg_stat_monitor https://github.com/percona/pg_stat_monitorstatement_timeout https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/runtime-config-client.html#GUC-STATEMENT-TIMEOUT~~~What did you like or not like? What should we discuss next time? Let us know via a YouTube comment, on social media, or by commenting on our Google doc!~~~Postgres FM is produced by:Michael Christofides, founder of pgMustardNikolay Samokhvalov, founder of Postgres.aiWith credit to:Jessie Draws for the elephant artwork

Nikolay and Michael discuss logging in Postgres — mostly what to log, and why changing quite a few settings can pay off big time in the long term. Here are some links to things they mentioned:What to log https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/runtime-config-logging.html#RUNTIME-CONFIG-LOGGING-WHATOur episode about Auditing https://postgres.fm/episodes/auditing Our episode on auto_explain https://postgres.fm/episodes/auto_explain Here are the parameters they mentioned changing:log_checkpointslog_autovacuum_min_duration log_statementlog_connections and log_disconnectionslog_lock_waitslog_temp_fileslog_min_duration_statement log_min_duration_sample and log_statement_sample_rate And finally, some very useful tools they meant to mention but forgot to!   https://pgpedia.infohttps://postgresqlco.nfhttps://why-upgrade.depesz.com/show?from=16.9&to=17.5 ~~~What did you like or not like? What should we discuss next time? Let us know via a YouTube comment, on social media, or by commenting on our Google doc!~~~Postgres FM is produced by:Michael Christofides, founder of pgMustardNikolay Samokhvalov, founder of Postgres.aiWith credit to:Jessie Draws for the elephant artwork

Nikolay and Michael discuss moving off managed services — when and why you might want to, and some tips on how for very large databases. Here are some links to things they mentioned:Patroni https://github.com/patroni/patronipgBackRest https://github.com/pgbackrest/pgbackrestWAL-G https://github.com/wal-g/wal-gHetzner Cloud https://www.hetzner.com/cloudPostgres Extensions Day https://pgext.daypg_wait_sampling https://github.com/postgrespro/pg_wait_samplingpg_stat_kcache https://github.com/powa-team/pg_stat_kcacheauto_explain https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/auto-explain.htmlFivetran https://www.fivetran.compgcopydb https://github.com/dimitri/pgcopydbKafka https://kafka.apache.orgDebezium https://debezium.iomax_slot_wal_keep_size https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/runtime-config-replication.html#GUC-MAX-SLOT-WAL-KEEP-SIZElog_statement DDL https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/runtime-config-logging.html#GUC-LOG-STATEMENTPgBouncer pause/resume https://www.pgbouncer.org/usage.html#pause-db~~~What did you like or not like? What should we discuss next time? Let us know via a YouTube comment, on social media, or by commenting on our Google doc!~~~Postgres FM is produced by:Michael Christofides, founder of pgMustardNikolay Samokhvalov, founder of Postgres.aiWith credit to:Jessie Draws for the elephant artwork

Nikolay and Michael discuss heavyweight locks in Postgres — how to think about them, why you can't avoid them, and some tips for minimising issues. Here are some links to things they mentioned:Locking (docs) https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/explicit-locking.htmlPostgres rocks, except when it blocks (blog post by Marco Slot) https://www.citusdata.com/blog/2018/02/15/when-postgresql-blocks/Lock Conflicts (tool by Hussein Nasser) https://pglocks.org/log_lock_waits (docs) https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/runtime-config-logging.html#GUC-LOG-LOCK-WAITSHow to analyze heavyweight lock trees (guide by Nikolay) https://gitlab.com/postgres-ai/postgresql-consulting/postgres-howtos/-/blob/main/0042_how_to_analyze_heavyweight_locks_part_2.mdLock management (docs) https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/runtime-config-locks.htmlOur episode on zero-downtime migrations https://postgres.fm/episodes/zero-downtime-migrations~~~What did you like or not like? What should we discuss next time? Let us know via a YouTube comment, on social media, or by commenting on our Google doc!~~~Postgres FM is produced by:Michael Christofides, founder of pgMustardNikolay Samokhvalov, founder of Postgres.aiWith credit to:Jessie Draws for the elephant artwork

Nikolay and Michael discuss ten dangerous Postgres related issues — ones that might be painful enough to get onto the CTO and even CEOs desk, and then what you can do proactively. The ten issues discussed are:Heavy lock contentionBloat control and index maintenance  Lightweight lock contentionTransaction ID wraparound4-byte integer PKs hitting the limitReplication limitsHard limitsData lossPoor HA choice (split brain)Corruption of various kindsSome previous episodes they mentioned that cover the issues in more detail: PgDog https://postgres.fm/episodes/pgdogPerformance cliffs https://postgres.fm/episodes/performance-cliffsZero-downtime migrations https://postgres.fm/episodes/zero-downtime-migrations Queues in Postgres https://postgres.fm/episodes/queues-in-postgresBloat https://postgres.fm/episodes/bloatIndex maintenance https://postgres.fm/episodes/index-maintenanceSubtransactions https://postgres.fm/episodes/subtransactionsFour million TPS https://postgres.fm/episodes/four-million-tpsTransaction ID wraparound https://postgres.fm/episodes/transaction-id-wraparoundpg_squeeze https://postgres.fm/episodes/pg_squeeze synchronous_commit https://postgres.fm/episodes/synchronous_commitManaged service support https://postgres.fm/episodes/managed-service-support And finally, some other things they mentioned: A great recent SQL Server-related podcast episode on tuning techniques https://kendralittle.com/2024/05/20/erik-darling-and-kendra-little-rate-sql-server-performance-tuning-techniques/Postgres Indexes, Partitioning and LWLock:LockManager Scalability (blog post by Jeremy Schneider) https://ardentperf.com/2024/03/03/postgres-indexes-partitioning-and-lwlocklockmanager-scalability/Do you vacuum everyday? (talk by Hannu Krosing) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JcRi8Z7rkPgpg_stat_wal https://pgpedia.info/p/pg_stat_wal.htmlThe benefit of lz4 and zstd for Postgres WAL compression (Small Datum blog, Mark Callaghan) https://smalldatum.blogspot.com/2022/05/the-benefit-of-lz4-and-zstd-for.htmlSplit-brain in case of network partition (CloudNativePG issue/discussion) https://github.com/cloudnative-pg/cloudnative-pg/discussions/7462 ~~~What did you like or not like? What should we discuss next time? Let us know via a YouTube comment, on social media, or by commenting on our Google doc!~~~Postgres FM is produced by:Michael Christofides, founder of pgMustardNikolay Samokhvalov, founder of Postgres.aiWith credit to:Jessie Draws for the elephant artwork

Nikolay and Michael discuss synchronous_commit — what it means on single node setups, for synchronous replication setups, and the pros and cons of the different options for each. Here are some links to things they mentioned:synchronous_commit https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/runtime-config-wal.html#GUC-SYNCHRONOUS-COMMITsynchronous_commit history on pgPedia https://pgpedia.info/s/synchronous_commit.htmlPatroni's maximum_lag_on_failover setting https://patroni.readthedocs.io/en/master/replication_modes.html#asynchronous-mode-durabilitywal_writer_delay https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/runtime-config-wal.html#GUC-WAL-WRITER-DELAYSelective asynchronous commits in PostgreSQL - balancing durability and performance (blog post by Shayon Mukherjee) https://www.shayon.dev/post/2025/75/selective-asynchronous-commits-in-postgresql-balancing-durability-and-performance/Asynchronous Commit https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/wal-async-commit.htmlsynchronous_standby_names https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/runtime-config-replication.html#GUC-SYNCHRONOUS-STANDBY-NAMESJepson article about Amazon RDS multi-AZ clusters (by Kyle Kingsbury, aka "Aphyr”) https://jepsen.io/analyses/amazon-rds-for-postgresql-17.4~~~What did you like or not like? What should we discuss next time? Let us know via a YouTube comment, on social media, or by commenting on our Google doc!~~~Postgres FM is produced by:Michael Christofides, founder of pgMustardNikolay Samokhvalov, founder of Postgres.aiWith credit to:Jessie Draws for the elephant artwork

Nikolay and Michael discuss managed service support — some tips on how to handle cases that aren't going well, tips for requesting features, whether to factor in support when choosing service provider, and whether to use one at all. Here are some links to things they mentioned:YugabyteDB's new upgrade framework https://www.yugabyte.com/blog/postgresql-upgrade-frameworkEpisode on Blue-green deployments https://postgres.fm/episodes/blue-green-deploymentspg_createsubscriber https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/app-pgcreatesubscriber.html~~~What did you like or not like? What should we discuss next time? Let us know via a YouTube comment, on social media, or by commenting on our Google doc!~~~Postgres FM is produced by:Michael Christofides, founder of pgMustardNikolay Samokhvalov, founder of Postgres.aiWith credit to:Jessie Draws for the elephant artwork

Nikolay and Michael discuss time-series considerations for Postgres — including when it matters, some tips for avoiding issues, performance considerations, and more. Here are some links to things they mentioned:Time series data https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_seriesTimescaleDB https://github.com/timescale/timescaledb13 Tips to Improve PostgreSQL Insert Performance https://www.timescale.com/blog/13-tips-to-improve-postgresql-insert-performanceWhy we're leaving the cloud (37 Signals / Basecamp / David Heinemeier Hansson) https://world.hey.com/dhh/why-we-re-leaving-the-cloud-654b47e0UUID v7 and partitioning (“how to” by Nikolay) https://gitlab.com/postgres-ai/postgresql-consulting/postgres-howtos/-/blob/main/0065_uuid_v7_and_partitioning_timescaledb.mdpg_cron https://github.com/citusdata/pg_cronpg_partman https://github.com/pgpartman/pg_partmanOur episode on BRIN indexes https://postgres.fm/episodes/brin-indexesTutorial from Citus (Andres Freund and Marco Slot) including rollups https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0ybz6zuXCPoIoT with PostgreSQL (talk by Chris Ellis) https://youtube.com/watch?v=KnUoDBGv4aw&t=58pg_timeseries https://github.com/tembo-io/pg_timeseriesDuckDB https://duckdb.org~~~What did you like or not like? What should we discuss next time? Let us know via a YouTube comment, on social media, or by commenting on our Google doc!~~~Postgres FM is produced by:Michael Christofides, founder of pgMustardNikolay Samokhvalov, founder of Postgres.aiWith credit to:Jessie Draws for the elephant artwork

Nikolay and Michael are joined by Tomas Vondra to discuss single query performance cliffs — what they are, why they happen, some things we can do to make them less likely or less severe, and some potential improvements to Postgres that could help. Here are some links to things they mentioned:Tomas Vondra https://postgres.fm/people/tomas-vondraWhere do performance cliffs come from? (Talk by Tomas) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UzdAelm-QSYWhere do performance cliffs come from? (Slides) https://vondra.me/pdf/performance-cliffs-posette-2024.pdfIncrease the number of fast-path lock slots (committed for Postgres 18) https://www.postgresql.org/message-id/flat/E1ss4gX-000IvX-63%40gemulon.postgresql.org San Francisco Bay Area Postgres meet-up with Tomas on 8th April (online) https://www.meetup.com/postgresql-1/events/306484787Our episode on Extended Statistics https://postgres.fm/episodes/extended-statisticsLogging plan of the currently running query (proposed patch by Rafael Thofehrn Castro and Atsushi Torikoshi) https://commitfest.postgresql.org/patch/5330Our episode with Peter Geoghegan on Skip Scan https://postgres.fm/episodes/skip-scanIndex Prefetching patch that Tomas is collaborating with Peter Geoghegan on https://commitfest.postgresql.org/patch/4351A generalized join algorithm, G-Join (paper by Goetz Graefe) https://dl.gi.de/server/api/core/bitstreams/ce8e3fab-0bac-45fc-a6d4-66edaa52d574/content Smooth Scan: Robust Access Path Selection without Cardinality Estimation (paper by R. Borovica, S. Idreos, A. Ailamaki, M. Zukowski, C. Fraser) https://stratos.seas.harvard.edu/sites/g/files/omnuum4611/files/stratos/files/smoothscan.pdfJust-in-Time Compilation (JIT) https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/jit.htmlNotes from a pgconf.dev unconference session in 2024 about JIT (discusses issues) https://wiki.postgresql.org/wiki/PGConf.dev_2024_Developer_Unconference#JIT_compilationImplementing an alternative JIT provider for PostgreSQL (by Xing Guo) https://higuoxing.com/archives/implementing-jit-provider-for-pgsqlTomas' Office Hours https://vondra.me/posts/office-hours-experiment ~~~What did you like or not like? What should we discuss next time? Let us know via a YouTube comment, on social media, or by commenting on our Google doc!~~~Postgres FM is produced by:Michael Christofides, founder of pgMustardNikolay Samokhvalov, founder of Postgres.aiWith special thanks to:Jessie Draws for the elephant artwork 

Nikolay and Michael are joined by Lev Kokotov to discuss PgDog — including whether or when sharding is needed, the origin story (via PgCat), what's already supported, and what's coming next.    Here are some links to things they mentioned:Lev Kokotov https://postgres.fm/people/lev-kokotovPgDog https://github.com/pgdogdev/pgdogPgCat https://github.com/postgresml/pgcatAdopting PgCat (Instacart blog post) https://www.instacart.com/company/how-its-made/adopting-pgcat-a-nextgen-postgres-proxyPgDog discussion on Hacker News https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=43364668Citus https://github.com/citusdata/citusSharding & IDs at Instagram (blog post) https://instagram-engineering.com/sharding-ids-at-instagram-1cf5a71e5a5cSharding pgvector (blog post by Lev) https://pgdog.dev/blog/sharding-pgvector~~~What did you like or not like? What should we discuss next time? Let us know via a YouTube comment, on social media, or by commenting on our Google doc!~~~Postgres FM is produced by:Michael Christofides, founder of pgMustardNikolay Samokhvalov, founder of Postgres.aiWith special thanks to:Jessie Draws for the elephant artwork 

Nikolay talks Michael through using cloud snapshots — how they can be used to reduce RTO for huge Postgres setups, also to improve provisioning time, and some major catches to be aware of. Here are some links to things they mentioned:Snapshots on RDS https://docs.aws.amazon.com/AmazonRDS/latest/UserGuide/USER_CreateSnapshot.htmlpgBackRest https://pgbackrest.orgWAL-G https://github.com/wal-g/wal-gpg_backup_start and pg_backup_stop (docs) https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/functions-admin.html#FUNCTIONS-ADMIN-BACKUP How to troubleshoot long Postgres startup (by Nikolay) https://gitlab.com/postgres-ai/postgresql-consulting/postgres-howtos/-/blob/main/0003_how_to_troubleshoot_long_startup.mdRestoring to a DB instance (RDS docs mentioning lazy loading) https://docs.aws.amazon.com/AmazonRDS/latest/UserGuide/USER_RestoreFromSnapshot.html Amazon EBS fast snapshot restore https://docs.aws.amazon.com/ebs/latest/userguide/ebs-fast-snapshot-restore.htmlOur 100th episode “To 100TB, and beyond!” https://postgres.fm/episodes/to-100tb-and-beyond ~~~What did you like or not like? What should we discuss next time? Let us know via a YouTube comment, on social media, or by commenting on our Google doc!~~~Postgres FM is produced by:Michael Christofides, founder of pgMustardNikolay Samokhvalov, founder of Postgres.aiWith credit to:Jessie Draws for the elephant artwork

Nikolay and Michael discuss GIN indexes in Postgres — what they are, what they're used for, and some limitations to be aware of. Here are some links to things they mentioned:GIN Indexes https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/gin.htmlGeneralized Search Trees for Database Systems (Hellerstein, Naughton, Pfeffer) https://dsf.berkeley.edu/papers/vldb95-gist.pdf RUM extension https://pgxn.org/dist/rum/1.1.0/Understanding Postgres GIN Indexes: The Good and the Bad (Lukas Fittl) https://pganalyze.com/blog/gin-index~~~What did you like or not like? What should we discuss next time? Let us know via a YouTube comment, on social media, or by commenting on our Google doc!~~~Postgres FM is produced by:Michael Christofides, founder of pgMustardNikolay Samokhvalov, founder of Postgres.aiWith credit to:Jessie Draws for the elephant artwork

Nikolay and Michael use a recent "best practices" article as a prompt — giving a few tips each on the topics mentioned, like schema design, performance, backups, and more. Here are some links to things they mentioned:7 Crucial PostgreSQL Best Practices (recent blog post) https://speakdatascience.com/postgresql-best-practices“Don't do this” episode https://postgres.fm/episodes/dont-do-thisArticle discussion on Hacker News https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=42992913Mozilla's SQL Style Guide https://docs.telemetry.mozilla.org/concepts/sql_style“SQL vs NoSQL” episode with Franck Pachot https://postgres.fm/episodes/sql-vs-nosqlHA episode https://postgres.fm/episodes/high-availability ~~~What did you like or not like? What should we discuss next time? Let us know via a YouTube comment, on social media, or by commenting on our Google doc!~~~Postgres FM is produced by:Michael Christofides, founder of pgMustardNikolay Samokhvalov, founder of Postgres.aiWith credit to:Jessie Draws for the elephant artwork

Nikolay and Michael discuss the CREATE STATISTICS feature in Postgres — what it's for, how often it's used, and how to spot cases where it would help.  Here are some links to things they mentioned:CREATE STATISTICS https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/sql-createstatistics.htmlcitext https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/citext.htmlStatistics Used by the Planner https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/planner-stats.htmldefault_statistics_target https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/runtime-config-query.html#GUC-DEFAULT-STATISTICS-TARGETTomáš Vondra on Postgres TV https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8la-OWfD3VIRecent commit to Postgres 18 for pg_upgrade https://git.postgresql.org/gitweb/?p=postgresql.git;a=commit;h=1fd1bd871012732e3c6c482667d2f2c56f1a9395Multivariate Statistics Examples https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/multivariate-statistics-examples.htmlExtended statistics (README) https://github.com/postgres/postgres/blob/master/src/backend/statistics/READMEHow we used Postgres extended statistics to achieve a 3000x speedup (blog post by Jared Rulison) https://build.affinity.co/how-we-used-postgres-extended-statistics-to-achieve-a-3000x-speedup-ea93d3dcdc61~~~What did you like or not like? What should we discuss next time? Let us know via a YouTube comment, on social media, or by commenting on our Google doc!~~~Postgres FM is produced by:Michael Christofides, founder of pgMustardNikolay Samokhvalov, founder of Postgres.aiWith credit to:Jessie Draws for the elephant artwork

Nikolay and Michael are joined by Franck Pachot to discuss SQL vs NoSQL — did Franck change teams by joining MongoDB, normalisation vs denormalisation, developer experience, NULLs, and more! Here are some links to things they mentioned:Franck Pachot https://postgres.fm/people/franck-pachotFranck's workshop at PGConf India https://pgconf.in/conferences/pgconfin2025/program/proposals/958 PostgreSQL Conference Germany https://2025.pgconf.de"Schema Later" Considered Harmful by Michael Stonebraker and Álvaro Hernández https://www.enterprisedb.com/blog/schema-later-considered-harmfulComparison of JOINS by Michael Stonebraker and Álvaro Hernández https://www.enterprisedb.com/blog/comparison-joins-mongodb-vs-postgresql Franck's post about why he joined MongoDB https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/2025-im-joining-mongodb-franck-pachot-e4shfEdgeDB https://www.edgedb.comNikolay's tweet about a recent issue with NULLs https://x.com/samokhvalov/status/1889078097124999272PartiQL https://docs.aws.amazon.com/amazondynamodb/latest/developerguide/ql-reference.htmlFerretDB https://www.ferretdb.comDocumentDB https://github.com/microsoft/documentdb~~~What did you like or not like? What should we discuss next time? Let us know via a YouTube comment, on social media, or by commenting on our Google doc!~~~Postgres FM is produced by:Michael Christofides, founder of pgMustardNikolay Samokhvalov, founder of Postgres.aiWith special thanks to:Jessie Draws for the elephant artwork 

Nikolay and Michael return to the topic of BUFFERS for the third (and final?) time! They discuss the news that it'll be on by default with EXPLAIN ANALYZE in Postgres 18, and what effect that might have.  Here are some links to things they mentioned:Our first BUFFERS episode https://postgres.fm/episodes/buffers-by-defaultOur second BUFFERS episode https://postgres.fm/episodes/buffers-ii-the-sequelBUFFERS enabled for EXPLAIN ANALYZE by default (commit for Postgres 18) https://git.postgresql.org/gitweb/?p=postgresql.git;a=commit;h=c2a4078ebad71999dd451ae7d4358be3c9290b07https://explain.depesz.com/historyLatency Numbers Every Programmer Should Know https://gist.github.com/jboner/2841832Twitter conversation about flushing caches https://x.com/prochazkafilip/status/1881655337499205736pg_buffercache_evict https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/pgbuffercache.html#PGBUFFERCACHE-PG-BUFFERCACHE-EVICTHow to compare the quality of SQL query plans (blog post by Andrei Lepikhov) https://danolivo.substack.com/p/whose-optimisation-is-betterWe were added as PostgreSQL Contributors! https://www.postgresql.org/about/news/new-postgresql-contributors-3006~~~What did you like or not like? What should we discuss next time? Let us know via a YouTube comment, on social media, or by commenting on our Google doc!~~~Postgres FM is produced by:Michael Christofides, founder of pgMustardNikolay Samokhvalov, founder of Postgres.aiWith special thanks to:Jessie Draws for the elephant artwork 

Nikolay and Michael discuss a couple of surprising ways read queries (selects) can cause writes (shared buffers dirtied) in Postgres. Here are some links to things they mentioned:Reads causing writes in Postgres (post by Alex Jesipow) https://jesipow.com/blog/postgres-reads-cause-writes/Exploring how SELECT queries can produce disk writes (post by Nikolay Sivko) https://blog.okmeter.io/postgresql-exploring-how-select-queries-can-produce-disk-writes-f36c8bee6b6f Hint Bits (wiki) https://wiki.postgresql.org/wiki/Hint_Bitspg_stat_statements https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/pgstatstatements.html pg_stat_kcache https://github.com/powa-team/pg_stat_kcache pg_wait_sampling https://github.com/postgrespro/pg_wait_sampling BUFFERS by default (episode 4!) https://postgres.fm/episodes/buffers-by-default Page layout (docs) https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/storage-page-layout.html From Reddit (user merlinm), PD_ALL_VISIBLE may be a third case https://www.reddit.com/r/PostgreSQL/comments/1hjuyfn/comment/m3e6e7v/ Coroot https://coroot.com/ ~~~What did you like or not like? What should we discuss next time? Let us know via a YouTube comment, on social media, or by commenting on our Google doc!~~~Postgres FM is produced by:Michael Christofides, founder of pgMustardNikolay Samokhvalov, founder of Postgres.aiWith special thanks to:Jessie Draws for the elephant artwork 

Nikolay and Michael discuss adding constraints in an online fashion, using NOT VALID and then VALIDATE CONSTRAINT. Here are some links to things they mentioned:ADD table_constraint NOT VALID  https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/sql-altertable.html#SQL-ALTERTABLE-DESC-ADD-TABLE-CONSTRAINTOur episode on zero-downtime migrations https://postgres.fm/episodes/zero-downtime-migrationsVALIDATE CONSTRAINT https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/sql-altertable.html#SQL-ALTERTABLE-DESC-VALIDATE-CONSTRAINTALTER TABLE notes https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/sql-altertable.html#SQL-ALTERTABLE-NOTESpgroll https://github.com/xataio/pgroll~~~What did you like or not like? What should we discuss next time? Let us know via a YouTube comment, on social media, or by commenting on our Google doc!~~~Postgres FM is produced by:Michael Christofides, founder of pgMustardNikolay Samokhvalov, founder of Postgres.aiWith special thanks to:Jessie Draws for the elephant artwork 

Michael and Nikolay are joined by Antonín Houska to discuss pg_squeeze — what it is, how it started, some of its features, and hopes of getting the functionality into core. Here are some links to things they mentioned:Antonín Houska https://postgres.fm/people/antonin-houskapg_squeeze https://github.com/cybertec-postgresql/pg_squeezeCybertec https://www.cybertec-postgresql.compg_repack https://github.com/reorg/pg_repackIntroducing pg_squeeze (by Kaarel Moppel) https://www.cybertec-postgresql.com/en/introducing-pg_squeeze-a-postgresql-extension-to-auto-rebuild-bloated-tablespg_squeeze is included in the PostgreSQL APT packages https://wiki.postgresql.org/wiki/Aptpg_squeeze is included in the PostgreSQL Yum packages https://yum.postgresql.orgpg_rewrite https://github.com/cybertec-postgresql/pg_rewriteVACUUM FULL / CLUSTER CONCURRENTLY patch https://commitfest.postgresql.org/51/5117~~~What did you like or not like? What should we discuss next time? Let us know via a YouTube comment, on social media, or by commenting on our Google doc!~~~Postgres FM is produced by:Michael Christofides, founder of pgMustardNikolay Samokhvalov, founder of Postgres.aiWith special thanks to:Jessie Draws for the elephant artwork 

Michael and Nikolay are joined by Joe Sciarrino and Jelte Fennema-Nio to discuss pg_duckdb — what it is, how it started, what early users are using it for, and what they're working on next. Here are some links to things they mentioned:Joe Sciarrino https://postgres.fm/people/joe-sciarrinoJelte Fennema-Nio https://postgres.fm/people/jelte-fennema-niopg_duckdb https://github.com/duckdb/pg_duckdbHydra https://www.hydra.soMotherDuck https://motherduck.comThe problems and benefits of an elephant with a beak (lightning talk by Jelte) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ogvbKE4fw9A&list=PLF36ND7b_WU4QL6bA28NrzBOevqUYiPYq&t=1073spg_duckdb announcement post (by Jordan and Brett from MotherDuck) https://motherduck.com/blog/pg_duckdb-postgresql-extension-for-duckdb-motherduckpg_duckdb 0.2 release https://github.com/duckdb/pg_duckdb/releases/tag/v0.2.0~~~What did you like or not like? What should we discuss next time? Let us know via a YouTube comment, on social media, or by commenting on our Google doc!~~~Postgres FM is produced by:Michael Christofides, founder of pgMustardNikolay Samokhvalov, founder of Postgres.aiWith special thanks to:Jessie Draws for the elephant artwork 

Nikolay and Michael discuss Row Level Security in Postgres, focussing on the performance side effects and some tips to avoid (or minimize) them. Here are some links to things they mentioned:Row Security Policies (docs) https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/ddl-rowsecurity.html7+ million Postgres tables (recent talk by Kailash Nadh) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xhi5Q_wL9i0Row Level Security guide (Supabase docs) https://supabase.com/docs/guides/database/postgres/row-level-securitycurrent_setting function https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/functions-admin.html#id-1.5.8.34.3.6.2.2.1.1.1.1Our slow count episode https://postgres.fm/episodes/slow-countRLS Performance and Best Practices (gist from Gary Austin) https://github.com/orgs/supabase/discussions/14576Everything you need to know about Postgres Row Level Security (talk by Paul Copplestone) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vZT1Qx2xUCoBUFFERS enabled for EXPLAIN ANALYZE by default (commit for Postgres 18) https://git.postgresql.org/gitweb/?p=postgresql.git;a=commit;h=c2a4078ebad71999dd451ae7d4358be3c9290b07Add UUID version 7 generation function (commit for Postgres 18) https://git.postgresql.org/gitweb/?p=postgresql.git;a=commit;h=78c5e141e9c139fc2ff36a220334e4aa25e1b0ebPostgres hacking session with Andrey and Kirk (for UUIDv7): https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YPq_hiOE-N8~~~What did you like or not like? What should we discuss next time? Let us know via a YouTube comment, on social media, or by commenting on our Google doc!~~~Postgres FM is produced by:Michael Christofides, founder of pgMustardNikolay Samokhvalov, founder of Postgres.aiWith special thanks to:Jessie Draws for the elephant artwork 

Michael and Nikolay are joined by Lukas Eder, the creator of jOOQ, to discuss what it is, some nice developer experience features it has, and some fun things he's come across from a Postgres perspective. Here are some links to things they mentioned:Lukas Eder https://postgres.fm/people/lukas-ederjOOQ https://www.jooq.org/ DSL https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domain-specific_language SQL Dialects https://www.jooq.org/javadoc/latest/org.jooq/org/jooq/SQLDialect.htmlMERGE https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/sql-merge.html match_recognize https://modern-sql.com/feature/match_recognize JOOQ, joy of SQL (talk by Kevin Davin) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8Ej47GZX9D8  BUFFERS enabled for EXPLAIN ANALYZE by default (commit for Postgres 18) https://git.postgresql.org/gitweb/?p=postgresql.git;a=commit;h=c2a4078ebad71999dd451ae7d4358be3c9290b07 PostGIS https://postgis.net/ 10 SQL Tricks That You Didn't Think Were Possible (blog post by Lukas) https://blog.jooq.org/10-sql-tricks-that-you-didnt-think-were-possible/ jOOQ questions on Stack Overflow https://stackoverflow.com/questions/tagged/jooq Our episode on NULLs https://postgres.fm/episodes/nulls-the-good-the-bad-the-ugly-and-the-unknown ~~~What did you like or not like? What should we discuss next time? Let us know via a YouTube comment, on social media, or by commenting on our Google doc!~~~Postgres FM is produced by:Michael Christofides, founder of pgMustardNikolay Samokhvalov, founder of Postgres.aiWith special thanks to:Jessie Draws for the elephant artwork 

Nikolay and Michael discuss "Column Tetris" — what it is, why it matters, how to order columns for new tables, and how to re-organise existing ones. Here are some links to things they mentioned:“Column Tetris” by Erwin Brandstetter on Stack Overflow  https://stackoverflow.com/questions/2966524/calculating-and-saving-space-in-postgresql/7431468#7431468Data Types https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/datatype.htmlOrioleDB beta7 benchmarks https://www.orioledb.com/blog/orioledb-beta7-benchmarkspg_hexedit https://github.com/petergeoghegan/pg_hexeditSaving Space Basically for Free (blog post by James Coleman from Braintree) https://medium.com/paypal-tech/postgresql-at-scale-saving-space-basically-for-free-d94483d9ed9aOrdering Table Columns (GitLab https://docs.gitlab.com/ee/development/database/ordering_table_columns.htmlpostgres_dba alignment padding query https://github.com/NikolayS/postgres_dba/blob/master/sql/p1_alignment_padding.sqlGood explanation from Marco Slot of how alignment was used to fix a recent issue https://x.com/marcoslot/status/1858132850383421570pg_repack feature request discussion https://github.com/reorg/pg_repack/issues/101Our episode on bloat (with Chelsea Dole) https://postgres.fm/episodes/bloatOptimizing table layout for maximum efficiency (blog post by Renato Massaro) https://r.ena.to/blog/optimizing-postgres-table-layout-for-maximum-efficiency~~~What did you like or not like? What should we discuss next time? Let us know via a YouTube comment, on social media, or by commenting on our Google doc!~~~Postgres FM is produced by:Michael Christofides, founder of pgMustardNikolay Samokhvalov, founder of Postgres.aiWith special thanks to:Jessie Draws for the elephant artwork 

Nikolay and Michael discuss the track_planning parameter of pg_stat_statements — what it is, how it affects performance, and when or whether you should switch it on. Here are some links to things they mentioned:pg_stat_statements.track_planning https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/pgstatstatements.html#id-1.11.7.40.9.2.4.1.3Our episode about pg_stat_statements https://postgres.fm/episodes/pg_stat_statementsPostgreSQL 13.0 release notes https://www.postgresql.org/docs/release/13.0/track_planning causing performance regression (thread on hackers during v13 beta) https://www.postgresql.org/message-id/flat/2895b53b033c47ccb22972b589050dd9%40EX13D05UWC001.ant.amazon.comOur episode on 4 million TPS https://postgres.fm/episodes/four-million-tpsObserver effect in pg_stat_statements and pg_stat_kcache (Postgres TV Hacking session with Andrey and Kirk) https://www.youtube.com/live/wHMNX-fHb2A?si=DPgmrPaSpPF6DxuS~~~What did you like or not like? What should we discuss next time? Let us know via a YouTube comment, on social media, or by commenting on our Google doc!~~~Postgres FM is produced by:Michael Christofides, founder of pgMustardNikolay Samokhvalov, founder of Postgres.aiWith special thanks to:Jessie Draws for the elephant artwork 

Michael and Nikolay are joined by Gülçin Yıldırım Jelínek and Robert Haas to discuss both the technical question of whether or not pg_dump is a backup tool, as well as the tone and intent behind the statement "pg_dump is not a backup tool". Here are some links to things they mentioned:Gülçin Yıldırım Jelínek https://postgres.fm/people/gulcin-yildirim-jelinekRobert Haas https://postgres.fm/people/robert-haasWhy you should upgrade PostgreSQL today (blog post by Gülçin) https://xata.io/blog/cve-2024-7348-postgres-upgradeIf pg_dump is not a backup tool, what is? (blog post by Gülçin) https://xata.io/blog/pgdump-is-not-a-backup-toolIs pg_dump a backup tool? (blog post by Robert) https://rhaas.blogspot.com/2024/10/is-pgdump-backup-tool.html?m=1Why pg_dump is amazing (blog post by Robert) https://rhaas.blogspot.com/2024/11/why-pgdump-is-amazing.htmlAvoid too prominent use of "backup" on pg_dump man page (commit by Peter Eisentraut) https://git.postgresql.org/gitweb/?p=postgresql.git;a=commit;h=4f29394ea941f688fd4faf7260d2c198931ca797Is pg_dump a backup tool? (poll by Nikolay with options Yes / No / Define backup) https://x.com/samokhvalov/status/1847015453056786771What's the best way to make a backup (a recent example discussion on Reddit) https://www.reddit.com/r/PostgreSQL/comments/1gu4r05/whats_the_best_way_to_make_a_backup/Hackers mailing list https://www.postgresql.org/list/pgsql-hackers/ Praise, Criticism, and Dialogue (blog post by Robert) https://rhaas.blogspot.com/2023/12/praise-criticism-and-dialogue.html Out-of-cycle release scheduled for November 21, 2024 https://www.postgresql.org/about/news/out-of-cycle-release-scheduled-for-november-21-2024-2958/ pgBackRest https://github.com/pgbackrest/pgbackrest Barman https://github.com/EnterpriseDB/barman Our previous episode on backups https://postgres.fm/episodes/backups ~~~What did you like or not like? What should we discuss next time? Let us know via a YouTube comment, on social media, or by commenting on our Google doc!~~~Postgres FM is produced by:Michael Christofides, founder of pgMustardNikolay Samokhvalov, founder of Postgres.aiWith special thanks to:Jessie Draws for the elephant artwork 

Nikolay and Michael discuss append-only tables in Postgres — what they are, some unique challenges they bring, and some options for compressing / removing / offloading the data eventually. Here are some links to things they mentioned:Append-only https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Append-onlyOur episode on BRIN indexes https://postgres.fm/episodes/brin-indexesTips to Improve Insert Performance https://www.timescale.com/blog/13-tips-to-improve-postgresql-insert-performance/ Our episode on WAL and checkpoint tuning https://postgres.fm/episodes/wal-and-checkpoint-tuningautovacuum_vacuum_insert_scale_factor https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/runtime-config-autovacuum.html#GUC-AUTOVACUUM-VACUUM-INSERT-SCALE-FACTOR Our episode about compression https://postgres.fm/episodes/compressionNew project announced recently called BemiDB https://x.com/samokhvalov/status/1854726389603484145pg_tier https://github.com/tembo-io/pg_tier~~~What did you like or not like? What should we discuss next time? Let us know via a YouTube comment, on social media, or by commenting on our Google doc!~~~Postgres FM is produced by:Michael Christofides, founder of pgMustardNikolay Samokhvalov, founder of Postgres.aiWith special thanks to:Jessie Draws for the elephant artwork 

Nikolay and Michael discuss denormalization in Postgres — when and why to denormalize things, and a couple of specific cases Nikolay came across recently.  Here are some links to things they mentioned:Denormalization https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DenormalizationOur episode on materialized views https://postgres.fm/episodes/materialized-viewsOur episode on data model trade-offs https://postgres.fm/episodes/data-model-trade-offsOur episode with Markus Winand https://postgres.fm/episodes/modern-sqlUniversal Relation Data Modelling Considered Harmful (blog post by Michael Stonebraker and Álvaro Hernández) https://www.enterprisedb.com/blog/universal-relation-data-modelling-considered-harmfulBoyce–Codd normal form https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boyce%E2%80%93Codd_normal_formOur episode on slow count https://postgres.fm/episodes/slow-countpg_ivm https://github.com/sraoss/pg_ivmdenorm https://github.com/rivethealth/denormPostgres Materialized Views, The Timescale Way (blog post by David Kohn) https://www.timescale.com/blog/materialized-views-the-timescale-way/PgQ https://github.com/pgq/pgqDatabases, types, and the relational model (by C.J. Date and Hugh Darwen) https://www.dcs.warwick.ac.uk/~hugh/TTM/DTATRM.pdf~~~What did you like or not like? What should we discuss next time? Let us know via a YouTube comment, on social media, or by commenting on our Google doc!~~~Postgres FM is produced by:Michael Christofides, founder of pgMustardNikolay Samokhvalov, founder of Postgres.aiWith special thanks to:Jessie Draws for the elephant artwork 

Nikolay and Michael discuss online Postgres communities — the ones they prefer, the types of conversations in each, and some other places to ask questions or follow news.  Here are some links to things they mentioned:https://www.postgresql.org/communityMailing lists https://www.postgresql.org/listIRC https://www.postgresql.org/community/ircSlack https://pgtreats.info/slack-inviteStack Overflow https://stackoverflow.com/questions/tagged/postgresDBA Stack Exchange https://dba.stackexchange.com/questions/tagged/postgresReddit https://www.reddit.com/r/PostgreSQLDiscord https://discord.gg/bW2hsax8WeHow to run ANALYZE (merge request discussion) https://gitlab.com/postgres-ai/postgresql-consulting/postgres-howtos/-/merge_requests/35This episode on YouTube https://postgresqlco.nfPlanet PostgreSQL https://planet.postgresql.orgPostgres Weekly https://postgresweekly.com~~~What did you like or not like? What should we discuss next time? Let us know via a YouTube comment, on social media, or by commenting on our Google doc!~~~Postgres FM is produced by:Michael Christofides, founder of pgMustardNikolay Samokhvalov, founder of Postgres.aiWith special thanks to:Jessie Draws for the elephant artwork 

Nikolay and Michael discuss some cool things you can do with psql, the official CLI that ships with Postgres. Here are some links to things they mentioned:psql docs https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/app-psql.html Our episode on psql vs GUIs https://postgres.fm/episodes/psql-vs-guispostgres_dba https://github.com/NikolayS/postgres_dbaOur episode on massive deletes https://postgres.fm/episodes/massive-deletesPostgres hacking session on watch with limited number of loops https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vTV8XhWf3mo pspg https://github.com/okbob/pspg Our episode on Postgres gotchas https://postgres.fm/episodes/postgres-gotchascurrent_setting() and set_config() docs https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/functions-admin.html#FUNCTIONS-ADMIN-SETpsql tips (site by Lætitia Avrot) https://psql-tips.org~~~What did you like or not like? What should we discuss next time? Let us know via a YouTube comment, on social media, or by commenting on our Google doc!~~~Postgres FM is produced by:Michael Christofides, founder of pgMustardNikolay Samokhvalov, founder of Postgres.aiWith special thanks to:Jessie Draws for the elephant artwork 

Nikolay and Michael discuss some Postgres Gotchas, things you might expect to work one way in fact working another way. Here are some links to things they mentioned:Out episode on NULLs https://postgres.fm/episodes/nulls-the-good-the-bad-the-ugly-and-the-unknownPostgres Gotchas (list by Ian Barwick) https://sql-info.de/postgresql/postgres-gotchas.htmlOur episode on slow count https://postgres.fm/episodes/slow-countDiscussion on X about major version upgrades and statistics https://x.com/samokhvalov/status/1844593601638260850Our episode on upgrades https://postgres.fm/episodes/upgradesStatistics Import and Export (commitfest entry which link to email thread) https://commitfest.postgresql.org/50/4538/vacuumdb https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/app-vacuumdb.htmlvacuum_cost_delay https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/runtime-config-resource.html#GUC-VACUUM-COST-DELAYZero-downtime Postgres schema migrations need lock_timeout and retries (blog post by Nikolay) https://postgres.ai/blog/20210923-zero-downtime-postgres-schema-migrations-lock-timeout-and-retriesPostgres Hacking 101: adding params, prevent_unqualified_deletes and prevent_unqualified_updates https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=samLkrC5xQA PostgREST suggestion to use pg-safeupdate https://docs.postgrest.org/en/v12/integrations/pg-safeupdate.html#pg-safeupdateDBOS (new company co-founded by Michael Stonebraker) https://www.dbos.dev~~~What did you like or not like? What should we discuss next time? Let us know via a YouTube comment, on social media, or by commenting on our Google doc!~~~Postgres FM is produced by:Michael Christofides, founder of pgMustardNikolay Samokhvalov, founder of Postgres.aiWith special thanks to:Jessie Draws for the elephant artwork 

Nikolay and Michael discuss some more advanced topics around EXPLAIN, including some tips for complex query plans, some recent improvements, and an idea or two that might make it even better. Here are some links to things they mentioned:Michael's solo episode on EXPLAIN basics https://postgres.fm/episodes/explainOur episode on auto_explain https://postgres.fm/episodes/auto_explainWhich cloud providers support auto_explain? (Blog post by Michael) https://www.pgmustard.com/blog/which-cloud-providers-support-auto-explainpsychopg https://www.psycopg.orgOur first episode on BUFFERS https://postgres.fm/episodes/buffers-by-defaultOur second episode on BUFFERS https://postgres.fm/episodes/buffers-ii-the-sequeltrack_io_timing https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/runtime-config-statistics.html#GUC-TRACK-IO-TIMINGcompute_query_id https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/runtime-config-statistics.html#GUC-COMPUTE-QUERY-ID EXPLAIN: beyond the basics (talk by Michael) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sGkSOvuaPs4~~~What did you like or not like? What should we discuss next time? Let us know via a YouTube comment, on social media, or by commenting on our Google doc!~~~Postgres FM is produced by:Michael Christofides, founder of pgMustardNikolay Samokhvalov, founder of Postgres.aiWith special thanks to:Jessie Draws for the elephant artwork 

Michael and Nikolay are joined by Alexander Kukushkin, PostgreSQL contributor and maintainer of Patroni, to discuss all things Patroni — what it is, how it works, recent improvements, and more.Here are some links to things they mentioned:Alexander Kukushkin https://postgres.fm/people/alexander-kukushkinPatroni https://github.com/patroni/patroniSpilo https://github.com/zalando/spilo Zalando Postgres Operator https://github.com/zalando/postgres-operatorCrunchy Data Postgres Operator https://github.com/CrunchyData/postgres-operatorSplit-brain https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Split-brain_(computing)repmgr https://github.com/EnterpriseDB/repmgrCloudNativePG https://github.com/cloudnative-pg/cloudnative-pgPatroni release notes https://patroni.readthedocs.io/en/latest/releases.htmlCitus & Patroni talk and demo by Alexander (at Citus Con 2023) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Mw8O9d0ez7E~~~What did you like or not like? What should we discuss next time? Let us know via a YouTube comment, on social media, or by commenting on our Google doc!~~~Postgres FM is produced by:Michael Christofides, founder of pgMustardNikolay Samokhvalov, founder of Postgres.aiWith special thanks to:Jessie Draws for the elephant artwork 

Nikolay and Michael discuss the fresh new Postgres 17 release! They cover several performance improvements, favourite new features, and some considerations for upgrading. Here are some links to things they mentioned:Postgres 17 release notes https://www.postgresql.org/docs/17/release-17.htmltransaction_timeout episode https://postgres.fm/episodes/transaction_timeoutVACUUM improvements discussed towards end of episode with Melanie Plageman https://postgres.fm/episodes/getting-started-with-benchmarkingB-tree improvements discussed in episdode with Peter Geoghegan https://postgres.fm/episodes/skip-scanAs Rails developers, why we are excited about PostgreSQL 17 (blog post by Benoit Tigeot) https://benoittgt.github.io/blog/postgres_17_rails/ Real World Performance Gains With Postgres 17 B-tree Bulk Scans (blog post by Brandur Leach) https://www.crunchydata.com/blog/real-world-performance-gains-with-postgres-17-btree-bulk-scansMERGE RETURNING came up towards end of episode with Haki Benita https://postgres.fm/episodes/get-or-createuuid_extract_timestamp and uuid_extract_version functions https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/functions-uuid.htmlEpisode on UUID https://postgres.fm/episodes/uuidPartitioning by ULID https://postgres.fm/episodes/partitioning-by-ulidWhy Upgrade? (site by depesz) https://why-upgrade.depesz.comWhy we spent the last month eliminating PostgreSQL subtransactions (GitLab blog post) https://about.gitlab.com/blog/2021/09/29/why-we-spent-the-last-month-eliminating-postgresql-subtransactionsSynchronization of sequences to subscriber (patch that needs review!)  https://commitfest.postgresql.org/49/5111~~~What did you like or not like? What should we discuss next time? Let us know via a YouTube comment, on social media, or by commenting on our Google doc!~~~Postgres FM is produced by:Michael Christofides, founder of pgMustardNikolay Samokhvalov, founder of Postgres.aiWith special thanks to:Jessie Draws for the elephant artwork 

Nikolay and Michael discuss planning time in Postgres — what it is, how to spot issues, its relationship to things like partitioning, and some tips for avoiding issues. Here are some links to things they mentioned:Query Planning (docs) https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/runtime-config-query.htmlAre there limits to partition counts? (Blog post by depesz) https://www.depesz.com/2021/01/17/are-there-limits-to-partition-countsNikolays recent experiment https://postgres.ai/chats/01920004-a982-7896-b8cb-dfd2406359b0PgBouncer now supports prepared statements https://github.com/pgbouncer/pgbouncer/releases/tag/pgbouncer_1_21_0“The year of the lock manager's revenge” (from blog post by Jeremy Schneider) https://ardentperf.com/2024/03/03/postgres-indexes-partitioning-and-lwlocklockmanager-scalabilitypg_stat_statements.track_planning https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/pgstatstatements.html#id-1.11.7.42.9.2.4.1.3pg_hint_plan https://github.com/ossc-db/pg_hint_plan~~~What did you like or not like? What should we discuss next time? Let us know via a YouTube comment, on social media, or by commenting on our Google doc!~~~Postgres FM is produced by:Michael Christofides, founder of pgMustardNikolay Samokhvalov, founder of Postgres.aiWith special thanks to:Jessie Draws for the elephant artwork 

Nikolay and Michael discuss why counting can be slow in Postgres, and what the options are for counting things quickly at scale. Here are some links to things they mentioned:Aggregate functions (docs) https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/functions-aggregate.htmlPostgREST https://github.com/PostgREST/postgrest Get rid of count by default in PostgREST https://github.com/PostgREST/postgrest/issues/273 Faster PostgreSQL Counting (by Joe Nelson on the Citus blog) https://www.citusdata.com/blog/2016/10/12/count-performance Our episode on Index-Only Scans https://postgres.fm/episodes/index-only-scansPostgres HyperLogLog https://github.com/citusdata/postgresql-hllOur episode on Row estimates https://postgres.fm/episodes/row-estimates Our episode about dangers of NULLs https://postgres.fm/episodes/nulls-the-good-the-bad-the-ugly-and-the-unknown Aggregate expressions, including FILTER https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/sql-expressions.html#SYNTAX-AGGREGATESSpread writes for counter cache (tip from Tobias Petry) https://x.com/tobias_petry/status/1475870220422107137pg_ivm extension (Incremental View Maintenance) https://github.com/sraoss/pg_ivm pg_duckdb announcement https://motherduck.com/blog/pg_duckdb-postgresql-extension-for-duckdb-motherduckOur episode on Queues in Postgres https://postgres.fm/episodes/queues-in-postgresOur episode on Real-time analytics https://postgres.fm/episodes/real-time-analyticsClickHouse acquired PeerDB https://clickhouse.com/blog/clickhouse-acquires-peerdb-to-boost-real-time-analytics-with-postgres-cdc-integrationTimescale Continuous Aggregates https://www.timescale.com/blog/materialized-views-the-timescale-wayTimescale editions https://docs.timescale.com/about/latest/timescaledb-editionsLoose indexscan https://wiki.postgresql.org/wiki/Loose_indexscan~~~What did you like or not like? What should we discuss next time? Let us know via a YouTube comment, on social media, or by commenting on our Google doc!~~~Postgres FM is produced by:Michael Christofides, founder of pgMustardNikolay Samokhvalov, founder of Postgres.aiWith special thanks to:Jessie Draws for the elephant artwork 

Michael and Nikolay are joined by Peter Geoghegan, major contributor and committer to Postgres, to discuss adding skip scan support to PostgreSQL over versions 17 and 18. Here are some links to things they mentioned:Peter Geoghegan https://postgres.fm/people/peter-geogheganPeter's previous (excellent) interview on Postgres TV https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iAPawr1DxhMEfficient Search of Multidimensional B-Trees (1995 paper by Harry Leslie, Rohit Jain, Dave Birdsall, and Hedieh Yaghmai) https://vldb.org/conf/1995/P710.PDFIndex Skip Scanning in Oracle https://oracle-base.com/articles/9i/index-skip-scanningPeter's introductory email to the hackers mailing list about adding skip scan https://www.postgresql.org/message-id/CAH2-Wzmn1YsLzOGgjAQZdn1STSG_y8qP__vggTaPAYXJP+G4bw@mail.gmail.comLoose Indexscan versus Index Skip Scan (PostgreSQL wiki) https://wiki.postgresql.org/wiki/Loose_indexscanTom Lane will be on the Talking Postgres podcast on October 9th https://aka.ms/TalkingPostgres-Ep20-calBenoit Tigeot feedback and repro (originally reported via Slack) https://gist.github.com/benoittgt/ab72dc4cfedea2a0c6a5ee809d16e04d?permalink_comment_id=4597410#gistcomment-4597410Summary video and blog post about the v17 work by Lukas from pganalyze (not mentioned but great) https://pganalyze.com/blog/5mins-postgres-17-faster-btree-index-scansUnderstanding HNSW + filtering (pgvector repo discussion) https://github.com/pgvector/pgvector/issues/259btree_gin https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/btree-gin.html~~~What did you like or not like? What should we discuss next time? Let us know via a YouTube comment, on social media, or by commenting on our Google doc!~~~Postgres FM is produced by:Michael Christofides, founder of pgMustardNikolay Samokhvalov, founder of Postgres.aiWith special thanks to:Jessie Draws for the elephant artwork 

Nikolay and Michael discuss PostgreSQL emergencies — both the psychological side of incident management, and some technical aspects too. Here are some links to things they mentioned:Site Reliability Engineering resources from Google https://sre.googleGitLab Handbook SRE https://handbook.gitlab.com/job-families/engineering/infrastructure/site-reliability-engineerKeeping Customers Streaming — The Centralized Site Reliability Practice at Netflix https://netflixtechblog.com/keeping-customers-streaming-the-centralized-site-reliability-practice-at-netflix-205cc37aa9fbOur monitoring checklist episode https://postgres.fm/episodes/monitoring-checklistHannu Krosing talk on Postgres TV — Do you vacuum everyday? https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JcRi8Z7rkPgOur episode on corruption https://postgres.fm/episodes/corruptionNikolay's episode on stopping and starting Postgres faster https://postgres.fm/episodes/stop-and-start-postgres-fasterOur episode on out of disk https://postgres.fm/episodes/out-of-diskThe USE method (Brendan Gregg) https://www.brendangregg.com/usemethod.html Thundering herd problem https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thundering_herd_problem~~~What did you like or not like? What should we discuss next time? Let us know via a YouTube comment, on social media, or by commenting on our Google doc!~~~Postgres FM is produced by:Michael Christofides, founder of pgMustardNikolay Samokhvalov, founder of Postgres.aiWith special thanks to:Jessie Draws for the elephant artwork 

Michael and Nikolay are joined by Haki Benita, a technical lead and database enthusiast who writes an excellent blog and gives popular talks and training sessions too, to discuss the surprisingly complex topic of trying to implement “get or create” in PostgreSQL — handling issues around idempotency, concurrency, and bloat. Here are some links to things they mentioned:Haki Benita https://hakibenita.com How to Get or Create in PostgreSQL (blog post by Haki) https://hakibenita.com/postgresql-get-or-create "Find-or-insert" using a single query (how-to guide by Nikolay) https://gitlab.com/postgres-ai/postgresql-consulting/postgres-howtos/-/blob/main/0036_find-or-insert_using_a_single_query.md?ref_type=heads Is SELECT or INSERT in a function prone to race conditions? (Answer by Erwin Brandstetter)  https://stackoverflow.com/questions/15939902/is-select-or-insert-in-a-function-prone-to-race-conditions/15950324#15950324 get_or_create() in Django https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/5.1/ref/models/querysets/#get-or-create Subtransactions Considered Harmful (blog post by Nikolay) https://postgres.ai/blog/20210831-postgresql-subtransactions-considered-harmful MERGE (Postgres documentation) https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/sql-merge.htmlHidden dangers of duplicate key violations in PostgreSQL and how to avoid them (blog post by Divya Sharma and Shawn McCoy from the RDS team) https://aws.amazon.com/blogs/database/hidden-dangers-of-duplicate-key-violations-in-postgresql-and-how-to-avoid-them/ One, Two, Skip a Few... (blog post by Pete Hamilton from Incident) https://incident.io/blog/one-two-skip-a-few ~~~What did you like or not like? What should we discuss next time? Let us know via a YouTube comment, on social media, or by commenting on our Google doc!~~~Postgres FM is produced by:Michael Christofides, founder of pgMustardNikolay Samokhvalov, founder of Postgres.aiWith special thanks to:Jessie Draws for the elephant artwork 

Michael and Nikolay are joined by Melanie Plageman, database internals engineer at Microsoft and major contributor and committer to PostgreSQL, to discuss getting started with benchmarking — how it differs for users and developers of Postgres, how and when it comes up during development, some tools and lessons, as well as what she's working on at the moment. Here are some links to things they mentioned:Melanie Plageman https://postgres.fm/people/melanie-plagemanMeanie's Introduction to Benchmarking With pgbench talk slides https://postgresql.us/events/pgconfnyc2023/schedule/session/1410-introduction-to-benchmarking-with-pgbench/#slidesMelanie's Visualizing Postgres I/O Performance for Development talk recording https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CxyPZHG5beIMelanie's Visualizing Postgres I/O Performance for Development talk slides https://speakerdeck.com/melanieplageman/o-performance-for-developmentpgbench https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/pgbench.htmlMark Callaghan's blog https://smalldatum.blogspot.comSome of Tomas Vondra's blog posts https://www.2ndquadrant.com/en/blog/author/tomas-vondraSome of Andres Freund's blog posts https://www.citusdata.com/blog/authors/andres-freund/An example of Alexander Lakhin's work https://www.postgresql.org/message-id/b32bed1b-0746-9b20-1472-4bdc9ca66d52%40gmail.comSimplifying the TPC Benchmark C, an OLTP Workload (talk by Mark Wong) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qi0I74urLoYMatplotlib https://matplotlib.orgpandas https://pandas.pydata.orgpg_stat_io https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/monitoring-stats.html#MONITORING-PG-STAT-IO-VIEWpg_stat_io commit https://git.postgresql.org/gitweb/?p=postgresql.git;a=commit;h=a9c70b46dbe152e094f137f7e6ba9cd3a638ee25 pg_buffercache https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/pgbuffercache.htmltmpfs https://docs.kernel.org/filesystems/tmpfs.htmlEager page freeze criteria mailing list thread https://www.postgresql.org/message-id/CAAKRu_b3tpbdRPUPh1Q5h35gXhY%3DspH2ssNsEsJ9sDfw6%3DPEAg%40mail.gmail.comThe path to using AIO in postgres (talk by Andres Freund) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qX50xrHwQa4Improve dead tuple storage for lazy vacuum (Masahiko Sawada) https://www.postgresql.org/message-id/flat/CAD21AoAfOZvmfR0j8VmZorZjL7RhTiQdVttNuC4W-Shdc2a-AA@mail.gmail.com~~~What did you like or not like? What should we discuss next time? Let us know via a YouTube comment, on social media, or by commenting on our Google doc!~~~Postgres FM is produced by:Michael Christofides, founder of pgMustardNikolay Samokhvalov, founder of Postgres.aiWith special thanks to:Jessie Draws for the elephant artwork 

Nikolay and Michael discuss Index-Only Scans in Postgres — what they are, how they help, some things to look out for, and some advice. Here are some links to things they mentioned:Index-Only Scans and Covering Indexes (docs) https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/indexes-index-only-scans.htmlDiscussion on Twitter about JIT and Parallel Query defaults https://x.com/jer_s/status/1819749688184373742Postgres Wiki on Index-Only Scans https://wiki.postgresql.org/wiki/Index-only_scansHeap Fetches https://www.pgmustard.com/docs/explain/heap-fetchesRows Removed By Filter https://www.pgmustard.com/docs/explain/rows-removed-by-filterrandom_page_cost https://postgresqlco.nf/doc/en/param/random_page_cost/pg_dump docs change https://x.com/samokhvalov/status/1820539826363588755Crunchy Bridge changed random_page_cost to 1.1 for new servers https://docs.crunchybridge.com/changelog#postgres_random_page_cost_1_1Autovacuum Tuning Basics (updated blog post by Tomas Vondra) https://www.enterprisedb.com/blog/autovacuum-tuning-basicsOur episode on over-indexing https://postgres.fm/episodes/over-indexingOur episode on HOT updates https://postgres.fm/episodes/hot-updatesOur episode on partitioning https://postgres.fm/episodes/partitioning~~~What did you like or not like? What should we discuss next time? Let us know via a YouTube comment, on social media, or by commenting on our Google doc!~~~Postgres FM is produced by:Michael Christofides, founder of pgMustardNikolay Samokhvalov, founder of Postgres.aiWith special thanks to:Jessie Draws for the elephant artwork 

Nikolay and Michael discuss why they chose Postgres — as users, for their businesses, for their careers, as well as some doubts. Here are some links to things they mentioned:Our episode on why Postgres become popular https://postgres.fm/episodes/why-is-postgres-popularDatabase Systems: The Complete Book (by Hector Garcia-Molina, Jeff Ullman, and Jennifer Widom) http://infolab.stanford.edu/~ullman/dscb.htmlOur episode on the Postgres startup ecosystem https://postgres.fm/episodes/postgres-startup-ecosystemWill Postgres Live Forever? (talk by Bruce Momjian) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iYVxWpyaGpA Constitutional Peasants from Monty Python and the Holy Grail https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=t2c-X8HiBngThe Cathedral and the Bazaar: Musings on Linux and Open Source by an Accidental Revolutionary (book by Eric S. Raymond) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Cathedral_and_the_Bazaar ~~~What did you like or not like? What should we discuss next time? Let us know via a YouTube comment, on social media, or by commenting on our Google doc!~~~Postgres FM is produced by:Michael Christofides, founder of pgMustardNikolay Samokhvalov, founder of Postgres.aiWith special thanks to:Jessie Draws for the elephant artwork 

Nikolay and Michael discuss compression in Postgres — what's available natively, newer algorithms in recent versions, and several extensions with compression features. Here are some links to things they mentioned:wal_compression https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/runtime-config-wal.html#GUC-WAL-COMPRESSIONOur episode on WAL and checkpoint tuning https://postgres.fm/episodes/wal-and-checkpoint-tuningSynthetic wal_compression and streaming replication wal size test https://gitlab.com/postgres-ai/postgresql-consulting/tests-and-benchmarks/-/issues/11default_toast_compression https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/runtime-config-client.html#GUC-DEFAULT-TOAST-COMPRESSION ZFS https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ZFSOur episode on TOAST https://postgres.fm/episodes/toastOn compression of everything in Postgres (talk by Andrey Borodin) https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/shows/cituscon-an-event-for-postgres-2023/on-compression-of-everything-in-postgres-citus-con-2023cstore_fdw https://citusdata.github.io/cstore_fdw/Using Hydra columnar https://columnar.docs.hydra.so/concepts/using-hydra-columnarAbout compression in Timescale https://docs.timescale.com/use-timescale/latest/compression/about-compression/pg_tier https://github.com/tembo-io/pg_tierpgBackRest https://pgbackrest.org/WAL-G https://github.com/wal-g/wal-gpg_dump https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/app-pgdump.htmlpg_dump compression specifications in PostgreSQL 16 (article by Pablo Glob from Cybertec) https://www.cybertec-postgresql.com/en/pg_dump-compression-specifications-postgresql-16/Our episode on pgvector (with Jonathan Katz) https://postgres.fm/episodes/pgvector ~~~What did you like or not like? What should we discuss next time? Let us know via a YouTube comment, on social media, or by commenting on our Google doc!~~~Postgres FM is produced by:Michael Christofides, founder of pgMustardNikolay Samokhvalov, founder of Postgres.aiWith special thanks to:Jessie Draws for the elephant artwork 

Nikolay and Michael discuss Postgres running out of disk space — including what happens, what can cause it, how to recover, and most importantly, how to prevent it from happening in the first place. Here are some links to things they mentioned:Disk Full (docs) https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/disk-full.htmlpgcompacttable https://github.com/dataegret/pgcompacttable Our episode on massive deletes https://postgres.fm/episodes/massive-deletes Getting Rid of Data (slides from VLDB 2019 keynote by Tova Milo)pg_tier https://github.com/tembo-io/pg_tier Data tiering in Timescale Cloud https://docs.timescale.com/use-timescale/latest/data-tiering/ Postgres is Out of Disk and How to Recover (blog post by Elizabeth Christensen) https://www.crunchydata.com/blog/postgres-is-out-of-disk-and-how-to-recover-the-dos-and-donts max_slot_wal_keep_size https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/runtime-config-replication.html#GUC-MAX-SLOT-WAL-KEEP-SIZE Our episode on checkpoint tuning https://postgres.fm/episodes/wal-and-checkpoint-tuning Aiven docs on full disk issues https://aiven.io/docs/products/postgresql/howto/prevent-full-disk  ~~~What did you like or not like? What should we discuss next time? Let us know via a YouTube comment, on social media, or by commenting on our Google doc!~~~Postgres FM is produced by:Michael Christofides, founder of pgMustardNikolay Samokhvalov, founder of Postgres.aiWith special thanks to:Jessie Draws for the elephant artwork 

Nikolay and Michael discuss the Postgres startup ecosystem — some recent closures, some recent fundraising announcements, and their thoughts on where things are going and what they'd like to see. Here are some links to things they mentioned:Prediction from Dax Raad https://x.com/thdxr/status/1808972166752580039OtterTune shut down https://x.com/andy_pavlo/status/1801687420330770841Snaplet shutting down https://www.snaplet.dev/post/snaplet-is-shutting-downbit.io shut down https://blog.bit.io/whats-next-for-bit-io-joining-databricks-ace9a40bce0d?gi=8ef885454eefTimescale acquired PopSQL https://www.timescale.com/blog/best-postgresql-gui-popsql-joins-timescaleAiven https://aiven.ioHasura https://hasura.ioSupabase https://supabase.comNeon https://neon.techTembo https://tembo.ioFerretDB https://www.ferretdb.comHydra https://www.hydra.sopgEdge https://www.pgedge.comTembo raised $14m https://techcrunch.com/2024/07/08/database-startup-tembo-lands-new-cash-to-expandRy Walker's Cybertruck with STARTUP license plate https://x.com/rywalker/status/1810061804380557516 Supabase acquired OrioleDB https://supabase.com/blog/supabase-acquires-orioleMichael Stonebraker Turing Award Lecture https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BbGeKi6T6QIMicrosoft acquired Citus https://blogs.microsoft.com/blog/2019/01/24/microsoft-acquires-citus-data-re-affirming-its-commitment-to-open-source-and-accelerating-azure-postgresql-performance-and-scaleCrunchy Bridge https://www.crunchydata.com/products/crunchy-bridgePeerDB https://www.peerdb.ioParadeDB https://www.paradedb.compganalyze https://pganalyze.comDBeaver https://dbeaver.ioPostico / Egger Apps https://eggerapps.at/postico2Postgres Compare https://www.postgrescompare.comCoroot https://coroot.comokmeter https://okmeter.ioSlides from Nikolay's talk on monitoring https://bit.ly/pg-monitoring Nile https://www.thenile.devUbicloud https://www.ubicloud.com~~~What did you like or not like? What should we discuss next time? Let us know via a YouTube comment, on social media, or by commenting on our Google doc!~~~Postgres FM is produced by:Michael Christofides, founder of pgMustardNikolay Samokhvalov, founder of Postgres.aiWith special thanks to:Jessie Draws for the elephant artwork 

Nikolay talks Michael through a recent experiment to find the current maximum transactions per second single-node Postgres can achieve — why he was looking into it, what bottlenecks occurred along the way, and ideas for follow up experiments. Here are some links to things they mentioned:How many TPS can we get from a single Postgres node? (Article by Nikolay) https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/how-many-tps-can-we-get-from-single-postgres-node-nikolay-samokhvalov-yu0rcChat history with Postgres AI bot https://postgres.ai/chats/01905a83-4573-7dca-b47a-bb60ce30fe6cOur episode on the overhead of pg_stat_statements and pg_stat_kcache https://postgres.fm/episodes/overhead-of-pg_stat_statements-and-pg_stat_kcachePostgreSQL 17 beta 2 is out https://www.postgresql.org/about/news/postgresql-17-beta-2-released-2885/ PostgreSQL and MySQL: Millions of Queries per Second (about the work by Sveta and Alexander) https://www.percona.com/blog/millions-queries-per-second-postgresql-and-mysql-peaceful-battle-at-modern-demanding-workloadspostgresql_cluster https://github.com/vitabaks/postgresql_clusterTrack on CPU events for pg_wait_sampling https://github.com/postgrespro/pg_wait_sampling/pull/74The year of the Lock Manager's Revenge (post by Jeremy Schneider) https://ardentperf.com/2024/03/03/postgres-indexes-partitioning-and-lwlocklockmanager-scalability Pluggable cumulative statistics (Postgres hackers thread started by Michael Paquier) https://www.postgresql.org/message-id/flat/Zmqm9j5EO0I4W8dx%40paquier.xyz ~~~What did you like or not like? What should we discuss next time? Let us know via a YouTube comment, on social media, or by commenting on our Google doc!~~~Postgres FM is produced by:Michael Christofides, founder of pgMustardNikolay Samokhvalov, founder of Postgres.aiWith special thanks to:Jessie Draws for the elephant artwork 

Nikolay and Michael discuss soft deletion in Postgres — what it means, several use cases, some implementation options, and which implementations suit which use cases. Here are some links to things they mentioned:Soft deletion probably isn't worth it (blog post by Brandur) https://brandur.org/soft-deletionEasy alternative soft deletion (blog post by Brandur) https://brandur.org/fragments/deleted-record-insertOur episode on auditing https://postgres.fm/episodes/auditingCREATE FUNCTION … SECURITY DEFINER (docs) https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/sql-createfunction.htmlPrinciple of least privilege https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principle_of_least_privilege~~~What did you like or not like? What should we discuss next time? Let us know via a YouTube comment, on social media, or by commenting on our Google doc!~~~Postgres FM is produced by:Michael Christofides, founder of pgMustardNikolay Samokhvalov, founder of Postgres.aiWith special thanks to:Jessie Draws for the elephant artwork 

Nikolay and Michael discuss foreign keys in Postgres — what they are, their benefits, their overhead, some edge cases to be aware of, some improvements coming, and whether or not they generally recommend using them. Here are some links to things they mentioned:Foreign keys (docs) https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/ddl-constraints.html#DDL-CONSTRAINTS-FKOur episode about constraints: https://postgres.fm/episodes/constraintsGitLab migration helper add_concurrent_foreign_key https://github.com/gitlabhq/gitlabhq/blob/master/rubocop/cop/migration/add_concurrent_foreign_key.rbAdding a foreign key without downtime (tweet by Nikolay) https://x.com/samokhvalov/status/1732056107483636188Bloat, pg_repack, and deferred constraints (blog post by Miro) https://medium.com/miro-engineering/postgresql-bloat-pg-repack-and-deferred-constraints-d0ecf33337ecPostgres 17 draft release notes, server configuration section https://www.postgresql.org/docs/17/release-17.html#RELEASE-17-SERVER-CONFIGOur 100th episode https://postgres.fm/episodes/to-100tb-and-beyondStop! Trigger Time (blog post by Michael) https://www.pgmustard.com/blog/trigger-timeShould I Create an Index on Foreign Keys? (Blog post by Percona) https://www.percona.com/blog/should-i-create-an-index-on-foreign-keys-in-postgresqlAvoid Postgres performance cliffs with MultiXact IDs and foreign keys (5 min video by Lukas Fittl) https://pganalyze.com/blog/5mins-postgres-multiXact-ids-foreign-keys-performanceExperiment to see basic overhead of foreign keys https://v2.postgres.ai/chats/01902ee6-8ed1-70ec-9345-5606305012f4Experiment showing an extreme contention case https://v2.postgres.ai/chats/018fb28d-865f-788d-adb7-efa7ed3a48c4Subtransactions Considered Harmful (blog post by Nikolay) https://postgres.ai/blog/20210831-postgresql-subtransactions-considered-harmfulNotes on some PostgreSQL implementation details (blog post by Nelson Elhage that mentions “subtransactions are cursed”) https://buttondown.email/nelhage/archive/notes-on-some-postgresql-implementation-details~~~What did you like or not like? What should we discuss next time? Let us know via a YouTube comment, on social media, or by commenting on our Google doc!~~~Postgres FM is brought to you by:Nikolay Samokhvalov, founder of Postgres.aiMichael Christofides, founder of pgMustardWith special thanks to:Jessie Draws for the amazing artwork 

Nikolay is joined by Mat Arye and John Pruitt, from Timescale, to discuss their new extension pgvectorscale and high-performance vector search in Postgres more generally. Main links:https://github.com/timescale/pgvectorscalehttps://www.timescale.com/blog/pgvector-vs-pineconehttps://postgres.fm/people/matvey-aryehttps://postgres.fm/people/john-pruitt~~~What did you like or not like? What should we discuss next time? Let us know via a YouTube comment, on social media, or by commenting on our Google doc!~~~Postgres FM is produced by:Nikolay Samokhvalov, founder of Postgres.aiMichael Christofides, founder of pgMustardWith special thanks to:Jessie Draws for the elephant artwork 

Michael and Nikolay are joined by three special guests for episode 100 who have all scaled Postgres to significant scale — Arka Ganguli from Notion, Sammy Steele from Figma, and Derk van Veen from Adyen. They cover how their setup has evolved, what their plans are for the future, and get into the weeds of some fun and interesting challenges along the way!Links to some of the things discussed: Arka Ganguli from Notion https://postgres.fm/people/arka-ganguliSammy Steele from Figma https://postgres.fm/people/sammy-steeleDerk van Veen from Adyen https://postgres.fm/people/derk-van-veenThank you to yerrysherry on Reddit for the idea! https://www.reddit.com/r/PostgreSQL/comments/1cn8ajh/what_should_we_do_for_episode_100_of_postgres_fmLessons learned from sharding Postgres at Notion (October 2021) https://www.notion.so/blog/sharding-postgres-at-notionAdding Postgres capacity (again) with zero downtime (July 2023) https://www.notion.so/blog/the-great-re-shardHow Figma's databases team lived to tell the scale (March 2024) https://www.figma.com/blog/how-figmas-databases-team-lived-to-tell-the-scaleUpdating a 50 terabyte PostgreSQL database (March 2018) https://www.adyen.com/knowledge-hub/updating-a-50-terabyte-postgresql-databasePart 1: Introduction to Table Partitioning (July 2023) https://www.adyen.com/knowledge-hub/introduction-to-table-partioningPart 2: Partitioning at Adyen (October 2023) https://www.adyen.com/knowledge-hub/partitioning-at-adyenPart 3: Maintenance Under Pressure (January 2024) https://www.adyen.com/knowledge-hub/maintenance-under-pressureFighting PostgreSQL write amplification with HOT updates (May 2022) https://www.adyen.com/knowledge-hub/postgresql-hot-updatesTracking HOT updates and tuning FillFactor (October 2022) https://www.adyen.com/knowledge-hub/postgresql-hot-updates-part2Partitioning your Postgres tables for 20X better performance (upcoming talk by Derk at Posette) https://www.citusdata.com/posette/speakers/derk-van-veenFigma, including Sammy's team, is hiring https://www.figma.com/careers Notion's engineering team is hiring https://www.notion.so/careersAdyen's engineering team is hiring https://careers.adyen.com~~~What did you like or not like? What should we discuss next time? Let us know via a YouTube comment, on social media, or by commenting on our Google doc!~~~Postgres FM is produced by:Michael Christofides, founder of pgMustardNikolay Samokhvalov, founder of Postgres.aiWith special thanks to:Jessie Draws for the elephant artwork 

Michael is joined by Claire Giordano, Head of Postgres Open Source Community Initiatives at Microsoft, to discuss several ways to contribute to the Postgres community — from core contributions, to extensions, to events, and (of course) podcasts. Here are some links to things they mentioned:What's new with Postgres at Microsoft (blog post by Claire) https://techcommunity.microsoft.com/t5/azure-database-for-postgresql/what-s-new-with-postgres-at-microsoft-2024-edition/ba-p/4140085 Citus https://github.com/citusdata/citus Fibonacci Spirals and 21 Ways to Contribute to Postgres Beyond Code (talk by Claire) https://archive.fosdem.org/2020/schedule/event/postgresql_fibonacci_spirals_and_21_ways_to_contribute_to_postgres_beyond_code/ How to contribute to PostgreSQL or, 50 Ways To Love Your Project (talk slides by Josh Berkus) https://berkus.org/pdf_presos/50_ways.pdf pgconf dot dev https://2024.pgconf.dev/ POSETTE: An Event for Postgres https://www.citusdata.com/posette About Talk Selection for POSETTE https://www.citusdata.com/blog/2024/04/22/about-talk-selection-for-posette-an-event-for-postgres-2024/ Claire's video about how to say Postgres, PostgreSQL, Citus, and a few questionably named Microsoft things https://x.com/clairegiordano/status/1503784151614320640 Citus goes fully open source https://www.citusdata.com/blog/2024/04/22/about-talk-selection-for-posette-an-event-for-postgres-2024/Contributor Profiles https://www.postgresql.org/community/contributors/ Mastodon post by Álvaro Herrera (of EDB) https://lile.cl/@alvherre/112444579030481334 Path To Citus Con podcast (soon to be renamed to Talking Postgres) https://www.citusdata.com/podcast/path-to-citus-con/ ~~~What did you like or not like? What should we discuss next time? Let us know via a YouTube comment, on social media, or by commenting on our Google doc!~~~Postgres FM is produced by:Michael Christofides, founder of pgMustardNikolay Samokhvalov, founder of Postgres.aiWith special thanks to:Jessie Draws for the elephant artwork