Podcasts about mao's china

How did communist ideology affect state-building efforts in the early PRC? How and why does the current CCP leadership view statistics through the lens of politics? In this episode, Freeman Chair Jude Blanchette is joined by Arunabh Ghosh, an associate professor of Modern Chinese History at Harvard University to discuss his new book, Making it Count: Statistics and Statecraft in the Early People's Republic of China. 

In 1960, a poet and journalist named Lin Zhao was arrested by the Communist Party of China and sent to prison for re-education. Years before, she had –at approximately the same time– converted to both Christianity and to Maoism. In prison she lost the second faith but clung to the first. She is, judges her biographer Lian Xi, the only Chinese citizen to have openly and steadfastly opposed Mao and his regime–denouncing lies such as those conveyed in the “Great Leap Forward” poster, reproduced above. From her cell, Lin wrote long poems and essays, some written in her own blood, denouncing those who had brought China into such a condition of misery and oppression. Eventually she was judged incapable of re-education and executed. Her family was billed (as was typical) for the cost of the bullet that ended her life. But Lin Zhao’s writings survived: Totalitarian societies are also bureaucratic ones, strangely loath to destroy even the evidence of their own tyranny. When Lin Zhao’s sentence was commuted during the rule of Deng Xiaoping, her family gained access to her work. In 21st-century China, these writings have made her a prophet of change and a voice denouncing oppression. They have also made her as much an opponent of the current government as she was of Mao’s dictatorship. This may be the most important, and also the most moving, conversation I’ve have had the privilege of hosting. Recorded in Lian Xi’s office at Duke Divinity School, he and I discuss his new book Blood Letters: The Untold Story of Lin Zhao, a Martyr in Mao's China (Basic Books, 2018), Lin Zhao’s life and times, the survival of her writings, and her growing influence in modern China. Please listen, and share with others interested in history, China, human rights, and the triumph of the human person over tyranny. Al Zambone is a historian and the host of the podcast Historically Thinking. You can subscribe to Historically Thinking on Apple Podcasts. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

In 1960, a poet and journalist named Lin Zhao was arrested by the Communist Party of China and sent to prison for re-education. Years before, she had –at approximately the same time– converted to both Christianity and to Maoism. In prison she lost the second faith but clung to the first. She is, judges her biographer Lian Xi, the only Chinese citizen to have openly and steadfastly opposed Mao and his regime–denouncing lies such as those conveyed in the “Great Leap Forward” poster, reproduced above. From her cell, Lin wrote long poems and essays, some written in her own blood, denouncing those who had brought China into such a condition of misery and oppression. Eventually she was judged incapable of re-education and executed. Her family was billed (as was typical) for the cost of the bullet that ended her life. But Lin Zhao’s writings survived: Totalitarian societies are also bureaucratic ones, strangely loath to destroy even the evidence of their own tyranny. When Lin Zhao’s sentence was commuted during the rule of Deng Xiaoping, her family gained access to her work. In 21st-century China, these writings have made her a prophet of change and a voice denouncing oppression. They have also made her as much an opponent of the current government as she was of Mao’s dictatorship. This may be the most important, and also the most moving, conversation I’ve have had the privilege of hosting. Recorded in Lian Xi’s office at Duke Divinity School, he and I discuss his new book Blood Letters: The Untold Story of Lin Zhao, a Martyr in Mao's China (Basic Books, 2018), Lin Zhao’s life and times, the survival of her writings, and her growing influence in modern China. Please listen, and share with others interested in history, China, human rights, and the triumph of the human person over tyranny. Al Zambone is a historian and the host of the podcast Historically Thinking. You can subscribe to Historically Thinking on Apple Podcasts. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

In 1960, a poet and journalist named Lin Zhao was arrested by the Communist Party of China and sent to prison for re-education. Years before, she had –at approximately the same time– converted to both Christianity and to Maoism. In prison she lost the second faith but clung to the first. She is, judges her biographer Lian Xi, the only Chinese citizen to have openly and steadfastly opposed Mao and his regime–denouncing lies such as those conveyed in the “Great Leap Forward” poster, reproduced above. From her cell, Lin wrote long poems and essays, some written in her own blood, denouncing those who had brought China into such a condition of misery and oppression. Eventually she was judged incapable of re-education and executed. Her family was billed (as was typical) for the cost of the bullet that ended her life. But Lin Zhao’s writings survived: Totalitarian societies are also bureaucratic ones, strangely loath to destroy even the evidence of their own tyranny. When Lin Zhao’s sentence was commuted during the rule of Deng Xiaoping, her family gained access to her work. In 21st-century China, these writings have made her a prophet of change and a voice denouncing oppression. They have also made her as much an opponent of the current government as she was of Mao’s dictatorship. This may be the most important, and also the most moving, conversation I’ve have had the privilege of hosting. Recorded in Lian Xi’s office at Duke Divinity School, he and I discuss his new book Blood Letters: The Untold Story of Lin Zhao, a Martyr in Mao's China (Basic Books, 2018), Lin Zhao’s life and times, the survival of her writings, and her growing influence in modern China. Please listen, and share with others interested in history, China, human rights, and the triumph of the human person over tyranny. Al Zambone is a historian and the host of the podcast Historically Thinking. You can subscribe to Historically Thinking on Apple Podcasts. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

In 1960, a poet and journalist named Lin Zhao was arrested by the Communist Party of China and sent to prison for re-education. Years before, she had –at approximately the same time– converted to both Christianity and to Maoism. In prison she lost the second faith but clung to the first. She is, judges her biographer Lian Xi, the only Chinese citizen to have openly and steadfastly opposed Mao and his regime–denouncing lies such as those conveyed in the “Great Leap Forward” poster, reproduced above. From her cell, Lin wrote long poems and essays, some written in her own blood, denouncing those who had brought China into such a condition of misery and oppression. Eventually she was judged incapable of re-education and executed. Her family was billed (as was typical) for the cost of the bullet that ended her life. But Lin Zhao’s writings survived: Totalitarian societies are also bureaucratic ones, strangely loath to destroy even the evidence of their own tyranny. When Lin Zhao’s sentence was commuted during the rule of Deng Xiaoping, her family gained access to her work. In 21st-century China, these writings have made her a prophet of change and a voice denouncing oppression. They have also made her as much an opponent of the current government as she was of Mao’s dictatorship. This may be the most important, and also the most moving, conversation I’ve have had the privilege of hosting. Recorded in Lian Xi’s office at Duke Divinity School, he and I discuss his new book Blood Letters: The Untold Story of Lin Zhao, a Martyr in Mao's China (Basic Books, 2018), Lin Zhao’s life and times, the survival of her writings, and her growing influence in modern China. Please listen, and share with others interested in history, China, human rights, and the triumph of the human person over tyranny. Al Zambone is a historian and the host of the podcast Historically Thinking. You can subscribe to Historically Thinking on Apple Podcasts. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

In 1960, a poet and journalist named Lin Zhao was arrested by the Communist Party of China and sent to prison for re-education. Years before, she had –at approximately the same time– converted to both Christianity and to Maoism. In prison she lost the second faith but clung to the first. She is, judges her biographer Lian Xi, the only Chinese citizen to have openly and steadfastly opposed Mao and his regime–denouncing lies such as those conveyed in the “Great Leap Forward” poster, reproduced above. From her cell, Lin wrote long poems and essays, some written in her own blood, denouncing those who had brought China into such a condition of misery and oppression. Eventually she was judged incapable of re-education and executed. Her family was billed (as was typical) for the cost of the bullet that ended her life. But Lin Zhao’s writings survived: Totalitarian societies are also bureaucratic ones, strangely loath to destroy even the evidence of their own tyranny. When Lin Zhao’s sentence was commuted during the rule of Deng Xiaoping, her family gained access to her work. In 21st-century China, these writings have made her a prophet of change and a voice denouncing oppression. They have also made her as much an opponent of the current government as she was of Mao’s dictatorship. This may be the most important, and also the most moving, conversation I’ve have had the privilege of hosting. Recorded in Lian Xi’s office at Duke Divinity School, he and I discuss his new book Blood Letters: The Untold Story of Lin Zhao, a Martyr in Mao's China (Basic Books, 2018), Lin Zhao’s life and times, the survival of her writings, and her growing influence in modern China. Please listen, and share with others interested in history, China, human rights, and the triumph of the human person over tyranny. Al Zambone is a historian and the host of the podcast Historically Thinking. You can subscribe to Historically Thinking on Apple Podcasts. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

In 1960, a poet and journalist named Lin Zhao was arrested by the Communist Party of China and sent to prison for re-education. Years before, she had –at approximately the same time– converted to both Christianity and to Maoism. In prison she lost the second faith but clung to the first. She is, judges her biographer Lian Xi, the only Chinese citizen to have openly and steadfastly opposed Mao and his regime–denouncing lies such as those conveyed in the “Great Leap Forward” poster, reproduced above. From her cell, Lin wrote long poems and essays, some written in her own blood, denouncing those who had brought China into such a condition of misery and oppression. Eventually she was judged incapable of re-education and executed. Her family was billed (as was typical) for the cost of the bullet that ended her life. But Lin Zhao’s writings survived: Totalitarian societies are also bureaucratic ones, strangely loath to destroy even the evidence of their own tyranny. When Lin Zhao’s sentence was commuted during the rule of Deng Xiaoping, her family gained access to her work. In 21st-century China, these writings have made her a prophet of change and a voice denouncing oppression. They have also made her as much an opponent of the current government as she was of Mao’s dictatorship. This may be the most important, and also the most moving, conversation I’ve have had the privilege of hosting. Recorded in Lian Xi’s office at Duke Divinity School, he and I discuss his new book Blood Letters: The Untold Story of Lin Zhao, a Martyr in Mao's China (Basic Books, 2018), Lin Zhao’s life and times, the survival of her writings, and her growing influence in modern China. Please listen, and share with others interested in history, China, human rights, and the triumph of the human person over tyranny. Al Zambone is a historian and the host of the podcast Historically Thinking. You can subscribe to Historically Thinking on Apple Podcasts. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

In 1960, a poet and journalist named Lin Zhao was arrested by the Communist Party of China and sent to prison for re-education. Years before, she had –at approximately the same time– converted to both Christianity and to Maoism. In prison she lost the second faith but clung to the first. She is, judges her biographer Lian Xi, the only Chinese citizen to have openly and steadfastly opposed Mao and his regime–denouncing lies such as those conveyed in the “Great Leap Forward” poster, reproduced above. From her cell, Lin wrote long poems and essays, some written in her own blood, denouncing those who had brought China into such a condition of misery and oppression. Eventually she was judged incapable of re-education and executed. Her family was billed (as was typical) for the cost of the bullet that ended her life. But Lin Zhao’s writings survived: Totalitarian societies are also bureaucratic ones, strangely loath to destroy even the evidence of their own tyranny. When Lin Zhao’s sentence was commuted during the rule of Deng Xiaoping, her family gained access to her work. In 21st-century China, these writings have made her a prophet of change and a voice denouncing oppression. They have also made her as much an opponent of the current government as she was of Mao’s dictatorship. This may be the most important, and also the most moving, conversation I’ve have had the privilege of hosting. Recorded in Lian Xi’s office at Duke Divinity School, he and I discuss his new book Blood Letters: The Untold Story of Lin Zhao, a Martyr in Mao's China (Basic Books, 2018), Lin Zhao’s life and times, the survival of her writings, and her growing influence in modern China. Please listen, and share with others interested in history, China, human rights, and the triumph of the human person over tyranny. Al Zambone is a historian and the host of the podcast Historically Thinking. You can subscribe to Historically Thinking on Apple Podcasts. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

We discuss Nien Cheng's failed attempts to figure out the rules and navigate the Cultural Revolution in Mao's China. (Send feedback to erik@storiesofcommunism.com)

We discuss Nien Cheng's failed attempts to figure out the rules and navigate the Cultural Revolution in Mao's China. (Send feedback to erik@storiesofcommunism.com)

Co-hosts Scott Scheall, Gerardo Serra, and Carlos Eduardo Suprinyak discuss a few recent additions to the literature in the history of economic thought. Topics include the intellectual relationship between David Hume and Jean-Jacques Rousseau, the visit of a delegation of radical American economists to Mao's China during the Cultural Revolution, and the evolution of the structuralist research program in Latin American monetary economics. If you are inclined to read the papers discussed in this episode, here they are (unfortunately, some may be behind paywalls):   Ryu Susato: “How Rousseau Read Hume’s Political Discourses: Hints of Unexpected Agreement in Their Views of Money and Luxury” https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/09672567.2018.1499788 André Roncaglia de Carvalho: “A Second-Generation Structuralist Transformation Problem: The Rise Of The Inertial Inflation Hypothesis” https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-the-history-of-economic-thought/article/secondgeneration-structuralist-transformation-problem-the-rise-of-the-inertial-inflation-hypothesis/E7DA5C0A3C34381502F3C71D8B81A476 American Radical Economists in Mao’s China: From Hopes to Disillusionment Isabella Maria Weber and Gregor Semieniuk https://emeraldinsight.com/doi/full/10.1108/S0743-41542019000037A005 Smith and Marx Walk into a Bar is supported by a grant from the History of Economics Society: http://historyofeconomics.org

Michael Miller, the 121st President of the New York State Bar Association, discusses his 'Law Day' speech at the New York Court of Appeals and why it's not overstating things when he evokes Hitler's Germany, Stalin's Russia, Mao's China and the French Reign of Terror when talking about the language used by the President of the United States. President Miller also reflects on his term as president of NYSBA and how his time as a leader with the New York County Lawyer's Association, during 9/11, helped him lead NYSBA. Michael Miller Law Day Speech - https://bit.ly/2Je7BKx Miranda Warnings is hosted by past NYSBA President David Miranda

Pulitzer Prize winning composer, Zhou Long is interviewed by host Christopher O'Riley

Yueran Zhang is a PhD candidate in Sociology at Harvard University. Yueran joins Brett to discuss Mao and the Chinese Revolution. Yueran's academic profile is here:  https://sociology.fas.harvard.edu/people/yueran-zhang Here are the recommendations Yueran gave at the end of the episode: - Mao's China and After: http://www.simonandschuster.com/books/Maos-China-and-After/Maurice-Meisner/9780684856353 Rise of the Red Engineers: https://www.eastwestcenter.org/publications/rise-red-engineers-cultural-revolution-and-origins-chinas-new-class The Cultural Revolution at the Margins: http://www.hup.harvard.edu/catalog.php?isbn=9780674728790 Support Revolutionary Left Radio and get exclusive bonus content here: https://www.patreon.com/RevLeftRadio Outro Song: "Chairman Mao" by Bambu Listen to and Support Bambu here: https://bambubeatrock.bandcamp.com Follow us on Twitter @RevLeftRadio Follow us on FB at "Revolutionary Left Radio" Intro Music by The String-Bo String Duo. You can listen and support their music here: https://tsbsd.bandcamp.com/track/red-black This podcast is officially affiliated with The Nebraska Left Coalition, the Nebraska IWW, and the Omaha GDC. Check out Nebraska IWW's new website here: https://www.nebraskaiww.org

In this interview with Senior Director for Educational Programs Margot Landman, Denise Ho, author of Curating Revolution: Politics on Display in Mao's China, discusses the "participatory propaganda" of exhibitions during the Cultural Revolution. 

Revolutionary activity in Mao’s China was a public affair: through mass meetings, trials, and self-criticism, China’s communist leaders made class struggle a public, participatory experience. The mass line, however, extended far beyond Red Guard units parading through Beijing. In a new book, Curating Revolution: Politics on Display in Mao’s China, Yale University professor and China historian Denise Y. Ho examines how museum curators in Shanghai sought to reinterpret China’s past through the artifacts they displayed in their exhibitions. Dr. Ho argues that the exhibits provided ‘object lessons’ in ideology and political activism, serving as the medium for both mass education and mass mobilization. Professor Ho joined us on May 8, 2018, for a discussion of her book, museum curation, and how the narrative legacy of China’s historical artifacts was reinvented in Maoist Shanghai.  Denise Y. Ho is an assistant professor of twentieth-century Chinese history at Yale University. Her research focuses on the social and cultural history of the Mao years; she is also interested in urban history, the study of information and propaganda, and the history of memory. Her scholarship has appeared in The China Quarterly, Frontiers of History in China, History Compass, and Modern China, and her writings on art, culture, and history in The Atlantic, ChinaFile, Dissent, The Los Angeles Review of Books, and The Nation among other publications. Prior to joining the history department at Yale, Professor Ho taught at the University of Kentucky and the Chinese University of Hong Kong.  Dr. Ho received her bachelor’s degree in history from Yale, and her master’s and doctoral degrees, also in history, from Harvard. She is a fellow in the Public Intellectuals Program of the National Committee on U.S.-China Relations.

To donate to Concord UMC, click HERE.   Where Is This Coming From? Mark 7:14-23 And yet again this past week, we've dealt with horrible news... The Shooter (I will not use his name) Two Questions: HOW can we prevent it? WHY did it happen? Some would say because we haven't prevented the HOW But the reason...? The topic of Evil is once again in our minds... The Ever-Present WHY Woke "coincidentally" this morning to the song The Hurt & The Healer by MercyMe which starts off, "Why? The question that is never far away..." Basically why do bad things happen to the good? We've seen disasters and asked: why did God allow it? The Bible has answered, because sin has entered the world and broken it Others have answered that we encourage people to take risks through regulatory incentives, but the truth is that we believe that people have a right to be foolish if they want, and if the consequences are theirs alone. "Foolish" for me and for you might be different... But that has to do with disasters and tragedies; Las Vegas was a perpetration of violence, and so we ask... Why did he do it? How could he have done such a thing?  We wish to make it comprehensible, we then feel safer We hope he had a mental break, for that would mitigate his responsibility (and we can convince ourselves that we would seek medical help if we find ourselves at risk) We alternatively hope he was a hidden monster, for that would make him other than us We want, maybe without admitting it to ourselves, reassurance that we would never become like this, perpetrators of evil That is why studying Nazi Germany, or Communist Russia is such a challenge: We cannot lie to ourselves that they are not people like us 4 Kinds of Evil (one of MANY models) The Ends Justify the Means An Example: Romans 3:7-8 To lie, cheat, steal, use others all for yourself An Antidote: "Love your neighbor as yourself..." Blind Idealism Two Examples: 1 John 4:1; Matthew 7:15-18a Noncombatants killed: 12 million by Nazi Germany, 9 million by Stalin's Russia, 30+ million by Mao's China... all in service to their "ideals" Leonard Lyons in “The Washington Post:” "In the days when Stalin was Commissar of Munitions, a meeting was held... One official arose and made a speech about ... the tragedy of millions of people dying of hunger.… Stalin interrupted him to say: “If only one man dies of hunger, that is a tragedy. If millions die, that’s only statistics.”" THE Antidote: The Gospel, wherein God asks us to come and "reason together" with Him Vengeance An Example: Romans 12:19-20 A response to being threatened or harmed, physically or otherwise But are we content with "an eye for an eye?" An Antidote: Romans 12:19-20 Sadism The true monsters: Those who were born without connection to others, or who have followed the above paths, to the extent that harming others becomes "fun." The Antidote: Don't start down these paths... Leaving the "Why" in God's hands We may never know why, in this case (and in others) At some point we have to trust God, and move forward, and not get "stuck" in the moments of darkness that mar our lives At some point we say, "As for me, I will call upon God; and the Lord shall save me. Evening, and morning, and at noon, will I pray, and cry aloud: and He shall hear my voice." – Psalm 55:16-17

TALK SHOW GUEST: Marius Forte’ Author (with Sam Sorbo) The Answer: Proof of God in Heaven CONTACT: 617-271-5044/Chuck Morse/chuckmorse4@gmail.com CAPITALISM IS THE ANSWER TO POVERTY Capitalism created the wealth and prosperity of the world notes international executive Marius Forte, author of The Answer: Proof of God in Heaven. Socialism, Marxism and Communism created nothing but slavery, poverty and murder by the tens of millions. Forte asks: Please show me the achievements of Socialism? What did the socialists produce other than barbed wire to enslave their one people? These perverted systems go against human nature and are the forces of darkness that have brought nothing but misery over any country that was ever infected by this disease. Measurably... Ask the people of East Germany or North Korea, ask the slaves of the USSR or the people that got murdered and tortured in Mao's China by the millions, ask the Cubans or the Bulgarians or the Slovaks or the Romanians. I visited many of those Socialists states and the only way you could enter those workers’ paradise Utopias was via the "Iron Curtain," the prison wall that divided Europe with mine fields, self-shooting devices and watch towers. I went through Check Point Charley when I visited East Berlin and found myself in a world of perversion, where the masses where enslaved but the few, the ruling class, that lived better then kings. Private property was outlawed and all belonged to the state. To the socialist ruling elite, the great social planners, this was a system of legalized theft on the grandest of scales. They felt a moral imprimatur as they claimed to be transforming humanity as they transformed wealth and power to themselves in the interests of “the people.” Why were these systems unable to produce anything of any value? Why does Bayer, Excedrin, Mercedes, BMW, Chevrolet, Sony, Exxon, Apple, Nabisco, McDonalds, Pizza Hut, Boeing, ATT and Swatch watches create such incredible goods and services as well as capital? Why does Bridgestone tires, Head Skis, Red Bull, Coca Cola, Train Air conditioners, Nike sneakers, Polo shirts, Levi Jeans, Whirlpool, Samsung and Bose speakers create tens of thousands of good jobs? Why does Tiffany jewelry, Kentucky fried chicken, Roche pharmaceuticals, Ford Motors, the Beatles, Michael Jackson, James Bond, Planet of the Apes, IBM, GE, Unilever, Siemens, H&M, Donna Karen, Honda, Fiat, Benetton, Hilton Hotels, Johnson & Johnson, Verizon, Delta, Lufthansa, Sears, Macy's, John Deer and the thousands of people and companies of all shapes and sizes create so much wealth and creativity out of nothing? These companies are based on, yes...profit, jobs and competition. They have built amazing wealth for over a billion people and they have improved the lives of even more. And ALL of this is thanks to CAPITALISM!!! What has authoritarian Socialism produced of any value to people? The East Germans produced a car called the Trabant, a 3 cylinder two stroke miniature monster car if you could call that,...it smoked and polluted the environment and you would have to wait 10 years to get one and could not even order the color you wanted, They were notoriously unreliable and if parked at a field the cows would eat them literally. They were called death boxes as they collapsed in an accident. Do you think the elite Überclass drove these cars? Of course not. They drove custom-made luxury vehicles like the Wolgas made only for the rulers. They could not even produce toilet paper as I found out in my visits to Hungary and Bulgaria and East Germany. The caparison of the two systems is as long or as short as any sane person would like it to be. Socialism and Communism holds one grisly record and that is the murder of tens of millions of its own people. Anyone one who still holds any sympathy to these perversions is truly either evil or a buffoon that simply is ignorant of History. Anyone who still thinks that the National Socialist Hitler was not bad because he built highways and was good to his German Shepard Blondie is a member of the same club.

Traditionally, high birth rates were high. But as they were balanced by high death rates, population growth rates were usually very low. Prof David Coleman looks at family planning in the developing world. Rapid decline in death rates in the non-European world began after the 1940s. As birth rates generally remained high, that provoked an increase in population unprecedented in history - with a billion people being added to world population every 13 years by the 1970s. Some defended the benefit of high fertility and the advantages of population growth -as in Mao's China of the 1950s, and Mussaveni's Uganda to this day. But most believed that poverty and progress depend on fertility and growth rates being moderated. Family planning programmes were developed, starting with India in 1954. By the 1990s the majority of the developing world's governments promoted family planning- the most notable converts being China and Iran. Not all these programmes have been successful, although birth rates are falling almost everywhere, in some cases to very low levels. The population dimension has been eclipsed in the last decade, mostly for ideological reasons - hardly featuring in important discussions such as the Kyoto treaty, the Millennium Development Goals and so on. But a more balanced appreciation is now emerging.

Traditionally, high birth rates were high. But as they were balanced by high death rates, population growth rates were usually very low. Prof David Coleman looks at family planning in the developing world. Rapid decline in death rates in the non-European world began after the 1940s. As birth rates generally remained high, that provoked an increase in population unprecedented in history - with a billion people being added to world population every 13 years by the 1970s. Some defended the benefit of high fertility and the advantages of population growth -as in Mao's China of the 1950s, and Mussaveni's Uganda to this day. But most believed that poverty and progress depend on fertility and growth rates being moderated. Family planning programmes were developed, starting with India in 1954. By the 1990s the majority of the developing world's governments promoted family planning- the most notable converts being China and Iran. Not all these programmes have been successful, although birth rates are falling almost everywhere, in some cases to very low levels. The population dimension has been eclipsed in the last decade, mostly for ideological reasons - hardly featuring in important discussions such as the Kyoto treaty, the Millennium Development Goals and so on. But a more balanced appreciation is now emerging.

Mao and the Chinese Communist Party's victory was both psychological and physical.  The psychological is a combination of power vacuum in rural China, the incompetency of the GMD, and the populist policies of Mao.  The majority of this episode is my opinion on why the final reason is the most important.  The physical relies on 3 major campaigns conducted by the Communists: Liaoshen, Huaihai, and Pingjin.  The final few minutes of this episode discuss this Chinese Civil War (1945-1949). For more information, read: Mao's China and After by Maurice Meisner Dictionary of Battles by David Chandler ABC Clio: Chinese Civil War Military History Podcast is sponsored by: Armchair General Magazine, International Research and Publishing Corporation, and Axis and Allies Reserves