Casting Through Ancient Greece

The defeat of the Persian fleet at Salamis didn't end the Greek struggle for survival - it revealed deep fractures within their alliance that nearly surrendered their hard-won victory. Though only 31 Greek city-states had united against Persian invasion, their coalition teetered on collapse shortly after their naval triumph.When King Xerxes withdrew with most of his forces, leaving General Mardonius in Thessaly to continue the campaign the following spring, the immediate threat seemed to recede. This apparent reprieve accelerated the Peloponnesian desire to retreat behind their defensive wall at the Corinthian isthmus while Athens struggled to rebuild their utterly destroyed city.The strategic gulf between Athens and Sparta widened as Mardonius cleverly exploited these divisions. Sending Alexander I of Macedon as an envoy, the Persians offered Athens remarkably generous terms: autonomy, additional territory, and assistance rebuilding their temples - if they would abandon the Greek alliance. These diplomatic overtures revealed Persian sophistication in understanding and manipulating Greek interstate politics. The stakes became brutally clear when an Athenian councilman who supported accepting Persian terms was stoned to death alongside his family.As Mardonius advanced into Attica a second time, Athens evacuated to Salamis again, sending increasingly desperate envoys to Sparta. The Peloponnesians, however, completed their defensive fortifications at the isthmus while celebrating religious festivals - a thinly-veiled excuse for inaction. Athens found themselves abandoned precisely when they needed their allies most.This moment of crisis illuminates the trajectory of Greek interstate relations that would eventually culminate in the devastating Peloponnesian War decades later. The continental, defensive mindset of Sparta clashed fundamentally with Athens' commitment to a united Greek response. These divergent strategic priorities would develop into competing visions for Greece's future after the Persian threat receded.Support the show

The fragile Peace of Nicias shatters as competing interests and broken promises drive Athens and Sparta back toward conflict. At the heart of this diplomatic unraveling stands Alcibiades, a charismatic young general whose ambition would reshape Greek politics and alliances.When Corinth, feeling betrayed by peace terms that threatened their colonial claims, encouraged Argos to form a rival power bloc, the seeds of renewed warfare were planted. Sparta's subsequent alliance with Boeotia directly violated their peace agreement with Athens, while the contentious destruction of Panactum's fortifications by Boeotian forces created a perfect opportunity for anti-peace factions in Athens to gain traction.Alcibiades emerges as the perfect character for this moment of political intrigue. Wealthy, handsome, well-connected to Athens' most prestigious families, and raised in the household of Pericles himself, he possessed all the qualities needed for Athenian leadership. His masterful deception of Spartan delegates—convincing them to deny their negotiating authority before the Athenian assembly, then exposing this "lie" to undermine both Sparta's credibility and his rival Nicias—demonstrates the cunning that would make him one of history's most fascinating figures.The resulting alliance between Athens and the Peloponnesian democracies of Argos, Elis, and Mantinea represented a dramatic shift in the Greek power balance. Sparta's humiliation continued with their exclusion from religious ceremonies at the 420 BCE Olympics, creating a perception of weakness that emboldened their enemies throughout Greece.What makes this period so compelling is watching how individual ambition intersects with international relations. City-states maneuvered to protect their interests while ambitious leaders like Alcibiades exploited these tensions to advance their personal agendas. The stage was now set for the Battle of Mantinea, the largest land confrontation of the war thus far, where Sparta would attempt to reassert its dominance on the Peloponnese.Have you considered how peace agreements can sometimes create more problems than they solve? Join us as we explore one of history's most consequential diplomatic failures and the ambitious individuals who shaped its outcome. Support the show

This is a teaser of the bonus episode, "Salamis, A Turning Point?" found over on Patreon.The tiny island of Salamis witnessed a clash that would change the course of human history. When the Persian Empire's massive fleet sailed into the narrow straits between mainland Greece and Salamis in 480 BCE, few could have predicted the outcome that followed – a decisive Greek victory that permanently altered the trajectory of Western civilization.Standing amidst the ruins of Athens, which had been sacked and burned by Persian forces, the Greek alliance faced an existential crisis. King Xerxes commanded the largest invasion force the ancient world had ever seen, with estimates suggesting over a thousand ships and hundreds of thousands of troops. Against this overwhelming might stood the fractious Greek city-states, traditionally rivals now united by necessity against a common threat. At the heart of Greek resistance was Themistocles, the Athenian general whose strategic vision would transform disaster into triumph.What unfolded in the confined waters of Salamis wasn't merely a battle but a masterclass in strategic thinking. The Greeks deliberately lured the Persian fleet into the narrow straits where their numerical advantage became a liability. The Greek triremes, primarily from Athens, outflanked and crushed their opponents in the restricted space. This naval victory fundamentally changed the war's momentum, shattering Persian confidence and forcing Xerxes to retreat with much of his army. More significantly, it preserved Greek independence and with it the nascent democratic institutions, philosophical traditions, and cultural innovations that would form the foundations of Western thought. The battle reminds us that history's course often hinges on singular moments where courage, strategy, and unity transform apparent defeat into world-changing victory.Ready to discover more pivotal moments that shaped our world? Subscribe to our channel and join us next time as we explore the Battle of Plataea, where the Greek alliance delivered the final blow to Persian ambitions of conquest.If you would like to hear more and support the series click on the Patreon link at the bottom of the page or you can head to my website to discover other ways to support the series, HereSupport the show

Have you ever wondered how ancient empires managed the delicate dance of diplomacy and warfare? In this gripping episode, we unravel the complex strategies and political chess moves of the Peloponnesian War, spotlighting the pivotal period following 424 BC. Witness the dramatic rise and fall of Athens and Sparta as we dissect significant events like the Spartan defeats at Pylos and Sphacteria and Athens' bold military ventures. We also examine how setbacks at Megara and Delium fueled Sparta's resolve, leading to urgent peace negotiations. With a special focus on the cunning Spartan general Brasidas and his diplomatic ingenuity in Thrace, we unpack how his actions led to the revolt of key cities against Athens, culminating in the battle at Amphipolis and the fragile Peace of Nicias in 421 BC.But the story doesn't end with the signing of a treaty. Journey through the tangled web of alliances and political intrigue as cities like Corinth and Elis contemplate breaking free from Spartan dominance by joining the Argive League. We explore the strategic calculations and shifting allegiances that marked this era, including the influence of differing governmental systems on these decisions. As tensions rise, experience the secret negotiations and alliance formations that unfolded between Athens and Sparta, highlighting the undercurrents of distrust and preparation for renewed hostilities. This episode provides a rare glimpse into the fragile power dynamics and the precarious balance of peace during one of history's most tumultuous times. Support the show

This is a teaser of the bonus episode, "The Lull Before the Storm" found over on Patreon.Unlock the secrets of ancient warfare as we unravel the events leading to the Battles of Plataea and Mycale, where Greek resilience clashed with Persian ambition. Discover how the Persian invasion under King Xerxes I, once an unstoppable force, met its match at the Battle of Salamis, altering the course of history. In the aftermath, experience the strategic dance between retreating Persian forces and a revitalized Greek alliance, led by the indomitable spirit of Sparta and Athens, as they grapple with logistic nightmares and the shadow of looming battles.Join us as we dissect the political and military intricacies faced by both sides. From the demoralizing defeat at Salamis that rocked Persian confidence to the logistical prowess of Xerxes' retreat, these stories paint a vivid picture of a war-torn ancient Greece. Unearth how Themistocles' strategic foresight and the construction of defensive bastions at the Isthmus of Corinth shaped Greek preparations for future conflicts. This episode offers a captivating narrative of strategy, leadership, and survival, inviting listeners to step into the tumultuous world of 480 BC and witness the dramatic pivots that shaped the ancient world.If you would like to hear more and support the series click on the Patreon link at the bottom of the page or you can head to my website to discover other ways to support the series, HereSupport the show

Welcome to another episode of Casting Through Ancient Greece! In this episode, we delve into one of the most pivotal yet precarious moments of the Peloponnesian War: the Peace of Nicias.After a decade of bitter conflict between Athens and Sparta, the year 421 BCE brought a glimmer of hope for peace. Named after the Athenian general and statesman who negotiated it, the Peace of Nicias was a formal attempt to halt hostilities. But was it truly a step toward reconciliation or merely a pause before the inevitable resumption of war?Join us as we explore:The events leading up to the peace agreement, including the devastating losses and shifting alliances that made both sides desperate for a truce.The terms of the treaty, and how it sought to restore balance between Athens and Sparta.The challenges and controversies that arose immediately after its ratification.Why the Peace of Nicias ultimately failed, setting the stage for the even bloodier conflicts to come in the Peloponnesian War.Through this episode, we'll examine how this fleeting moment of diplomacy offers a fascinating lens into the political, military, and social dynamics of ancient Greece.Tune in to uncover the fragile nature of peace in a world constantly at war and the lessons it still holds for us today.Don't forget to subscribe to Casting Through Ancient Greece for more in-depth explorations of Greek history and culture. If you enjoy the show, please leave a review and share it with others who love diving into the ancient world!Follow us on social media:TwitterInstagramWebsiteLet's journey through ancient Greece together! Support the show

This is a teaser of the bonus episode, "After Salamis" found over on Patreon.As we dissect the aftermath of one of history's pivotal naval battles, unravel the intricate web woven by Xerxes to obscure his intentions and navigate the treacherous waters of retreat. With insights from Herodotus, we illuminate the contrasting influences of Mardonius and Artemisia on the Persian king's next steps, each representing aggression and prudence, respectively. This episode promises to enrich your understanding of how ancient leaders balanced ambition with survival as the Greeks and Persians faced off in a saga that would forever alter the course of history.With winter on the horizon, the episode explores the logistical challenges confronting the Persian forces left behind and the implications for the Greek city-states plotting their next moves. Examine how the Athenians and Spartans prepared for further conflicts, setting the stage for another chapter in their epic struggle. Our narrative crafts a vivid picture of the geopolitical landscape and military strategies that unfolded in the shadow of Salamis. Join us as we uncover the political and military calculations that would shape the destiny of the ancient world.If you would like to hear more and support the series click on the Patreon link at the bottom of the page or you can head to my website to discover other ways to support the series, HereSupport the show

Witness the dramatic power play between two iconic city-states as we pull back the curtain on the strategic chess match that was the conflict over Amphipolis. Could the overconfidence of Athenian generals have been their downfall against the cunning maneuvers of Spartan general Brasidas? This episode promises insights into the mind games and tactical genius that unfolded, unraveling how Brasidas turned the tables on Athens with diplomacy and strategy, charting an unexpected course through the battlegrounds of Thrace. Brace yourself for revelations on how an initial Athenian advantage, following their victories at Pylos and Sphacteria, was compromised by a series of unforeseen events in the region.As we explore the siege that disrupted the Athenian dominance, we examine the compelling narrative of Cleon's overreach and Brasidas's audacious ambush tactics that caught Athens off guard. Journey with us through the aftermath of the Battle of Amphipolis, where the city's citizens hailed Brasidas as a saviour, leaving Athens to grapple with the ramifications of their loss. The episode shines a light on the shifting geopolitical landscape, where both Athens and Sparta faced unprecedented challenges, prompting strategic recalibrations and new alliances. From the battlefield to the broader political stage, this episode captures the essence of a pivotal moment in ancient history, rich in dramatic twists and strategic lessons that continue to resonate. Support the show

 What if the triumphs of a powerful city could gradually slip away? In this episode of Casting Through Ancient Greece, we explore how Athens' dominance began to erode, not through immediate disaster, but through a series of missteps and lost opportunities. Once at the height of its military and political influence, Athens' advantage waned as strategic errors and unsuccessful campaigns chipped away at its position. From remarkable victories, such as the capture of over 120 Spartiates, to the costly setback at the Battle of Delium.As we unravel the political turmoil within Athens, the spotlight is on Thucydides' trial and subsequent exile, a move driven by internal rivalries and the ambition of figures like Cleon. Explore the broader ramifications of Brasidas' triumphs, which sparked revolts and coerced Athens into a temporary truce with Sparta in 423 BC. We dissect the fragile peace terms, the breaches that ensued, and the precarious nature of maintaining a truce amidst the chaos of war. The political machinations and the struggle for control within Athens reveal the deep complexities and the relentless pressures of leadership during this tumultuous period.The episode culminates with a detailed look at the military and diplomatic maneuvers that defined this phase of the Peloponnesian War. Follow the Athenians' strategic repositioning to capture Mende and besiege Scione, supported by Perdiccas of Macedon who thwarted Spartan reinforcements. Uncover the shifting alliances within the Boeotian League and the regional conflicts that further complicated the war. From the failed Athenian attempts to reclaim territories to the nuanced interplay of power, this episode offers a comprehensive understanding of the intricate military strategies and political manoeuvres that shaped the course of this historical conflict. Support the show

This is a teaser of the bonus episode, "Opposing Plans" found over on Patreon.Ever wondered how a narrow strait and a brilliant stratagem could turn the tide of history? Prepare to be captivated as we unravel the intricate strategies and pivotal moments leading up to and during the Battle of Salamis. Discover how Xerxes' hubris and determination to annihilate the Greek fleet led him to dismiss the sage advice of Artemisia, opting instead for a direct and ultimately disastrous naval confrontation. We'll break down the contrasting approaches of the Persian and Greek forces, delving into how Themistocles' genius, persuasive leadership and trickery kept the Greek coalition unified and strategically positioned in the treacherous Straits of Salamis.Join us as we delve into Themistocles' mastery of psychological warfare and strategic manoeuvring. We'll recount the intense debates among Greek commanders and the crucial intelligence brought by Aristides, which confirmed the bait had been taken by Xerxes. As the battle unfolds, you'll learn how oracles and prophecies influenced critical decisions and boosted Greek morale, leading to a victory that would define the course of the Greco-Persian Wars. This episode promises a gripping exploration of the lead up to one of history's most consequential naval battles, shedding light on the cunning tactics and high-stakes drama that shaped the outcome.If you would like to hear more and support the series click on the Patreon link at the bottom of the page or you can head to my website to discover other ways to support the series, HereSupport the Show.

What if one man's daring ambition could change the entire course of a war? In our latest episode, we dive into the dramatic events of 424 BC during the Peloponnesian War, spotlighting the audacious Spartan general Brasidas. We'll recount Athens' initial victories, like the fortification at Pylos and the shocking Spartan surrender at Sphacteria, and their setbacks, including the failed attempts to control Megara and Boeotia and the devastating loss at the Battle of Delium.Follow Brasidas as he embarks on his bold campaign northward through the dangerous landscapes of Thessaly, employing shrewd diplomacy to navigate his way to Amphipolis. Discover how he forged key alliances with local oligarchs and negotiated with powerful figures like Perdiccas and Arabaeus. Brasidas' calculated risks and strategic brilliance not only secured crucial territories but also inspired cities to revolt against Athenian rule, significantly boosting Spartan influence in the region.Finally, we unravel the intricate political manoeuvres and shifting allegiances that defined Brasidas' campaign. Learn how his moderate terms for surrender and shrewd tactics led to the strategic capture of Athenian positions and a reshaped power dynamic. This episode provides a captivating look at the twists and turns of 424 BC, highlighting how one leader's vision and strategy could turn the tide of war. Tune in for an enlightening exploration of ancient Greek history and the brilliant tactics of a Spartan hero. Support the Show.

Delve into Themistocles' efforts to keep the Hellenic League united and his strategic manoeuvres to drive a wedge between the Persians and their Ionian allies. We also shed light on Xerxes' propaganda machine that sought to maintain Persian morale by downplaying their losses at Thermopylae.As the Persian forces, guided by the Thessalian cavalry, sweep through Greece unopposed, we'll detail their ruthless destruction in Phocis and the legendary divine intervention that supposedly thwarted their attempt to sack Delphi. The narrative continues with the Persian advance into Boeotia and Attica, culminating in the brutal siege and destruction of Athens, fulfilling Xerxes' lust for vengeance. However, the campaign would continue and both sides now prepared for a maximum effort at sea.Support the Show.

How did Athenian victories at Pylos and Sphacteria become the turning point in the Peloponnesian War? Discover how these pivotal moments forced Sparta to rethink their entire strategy and seek diplomatic solutions. We explore the newfound aggression in Athenian tactics as they aimed to isolate Sparta by targeting its allies, reshaping the geopolitical landscape of ancient Greece. Uncover the dramatic and covert plans of Athenian generals Demosthenes and Hippocrates as they attempted to capture Megara amid its internal political chaos. The city, caught between conflicting factions, became a crucial battleground. Our narrative delves into the tense standoff that ensued when the plot was exposed, highlighting the complex interplay of local politics and strategic military operations.Lastly, we shift our focus to the Athenian invasion of Boeotia and the consequential Battle of Delium. Learn about the strategic decisions and unique tactical formations employed by the Boeotians under Pagondas' command. From impassioned speeches to chaotic clashes, we unravel the heavy casualties and pivotal outcomes that redefined ancient Greek warfare. Tune in for an insightful analysis of these significant events and their lasting impact. Support the Show.

Ever wondered how a single year could turn the tide in a protracted war? This episode takes you deep into the seventh year of the Peloponnesian War, uncovering the critical strategies and events that reshaped the conflict.As we shift our focus to the campaigning season of 425 BC, the narrative gets even more gripping. Discover how Athens leveraged treachery and strategic brilliance to capture Anactunorium and gain control over the Peloponnesian fleet. The collapse of Spartan military prestige and the waning threats from Syracuse and Persia allowed Athens to strengthen its empire and secure its dominance by the end of the year. These developments set the stage for Athens to reassess its imperial strategies and bolster its defences, reshaping the balance of power in the war.In our final segment, we dissect the aggressive Athenian campaigns that followed their successes at Sphacteria. The capture of Cythera and Thyrea, along with the invasions of Spartan territories, reveal a shift in Athenian military policy influenced by internal rivalries between figures like Cleon and Nicias. We delve into the political ramifications of these actions and how they exacerbated Spartan vulnerabilities. Join us as we unravel the dramatic shift in the course of the Peloponnesian War, showcasing Athens' ascension and Sparta's stagnation during these critical years. Support the Show.

This is a teaser of the bonus episode, "Defence at Thermopylae" found over on Patreon.What if a mere 300 soldiers stood between freedom and subjugation? Uncover the strategic genius and historical significance behind the Greek defence at Thermopylae during the Persian invasion. We'll break down why the rugged terrain of Thermopylae was the perfect stage for the Greek hoplites to mitigate the Persian numerical advantage and cavalry. Discover how the crucial naval defence at Artemisium played into this masterful coordination. We also dive into the fascinating rationale behind sending only 300 Spartans into battle and examine the total Greek forces involved in this legendary three-day clash.The fall of Thermopylae is more than just a tale of heroism; it's a story of political intrigue and tactical brilliance. Explore the influence of a prophetic message from Delphi and Sparta's internal politics on the decision-making process. Was Thermopylae merely a holding action? We'll dissect the implications for broader Spartan and Peloponnesian strategies. Relive each pivotal moment of the battle as the Greeks held their own against overwhelming odds—until betrayal exposed a critical mountain path to Xerxes.If you would like to hear more and support the series click on the Patreon link at the bottom of the page or you can head to my website to discover other ways to support the series, HereSupport the Show.

The Athenian expedition to Sicily was an unexpected chapter in the Peloponnesian War, characterized by strategic missteps and unforeseen outcomes. As the Athenian fleet set out to aid their allies in Sicily against Syracuse, they found themselves caught in the whirlwind of war that stretched across the Greek world. From the Athenian prisoners on Sphacteria to the civil unrest in Corcyra, each event cascaded into the next, shaping the trajectory of the war. The delayed arrival of Athenian reinforcements to Sicily allowed Syracuse to regroup and counter-attack, leading to a stalemate that ultimately required Athenian withdrawal—a testament to the volatility of war and the importance of timely strategic decisions.Amidst this complex backdrop, the Battle of Pylos stands as a testament to Athenian ingenuity and Spartan bravery. Demosthenes, the Athenian commander, overcame limited resources to construct strategic defenses at Pylos, setting the stage for a confrontation that would defy the expectations of both sides. The Spartans launched a ferocious assault, only to be repelled by the clever positioning and steadfastness of the Athenian defenders. The subsequent arrival of the Athenian fleet tipped the scales, demonstrating the razor-thin margin between victory and defeat in ancient warfare.The political theatre that followed was equally charged. The peace negotiations between Athens and Sparta revealed the delicate balance of power and the grave consequences of political decisions. Sparta's willingness to negotiate due to the potential loss of their elite hoplites showcased the high stakes of the conflict. Yet, the breakdown of talks plunged the Greek world back into the throes of war, underscoring the fragility of peace in a time of unyielding ambition and honour.The Siege of Sphacteria, a decisive engagement in the war, illustrated the strategic acumen of the Athenians under the joint command of Cleon and Demosthenes. Employing a mix of hoplites, archers, and light troops, the Athenians outmanoeuvred the Spartans, ultimately forcing a surrender that marked a watershed moment in Greek warfare. This victory, however, was not without its political machinations. The intense debates within the Athenian Assembly, the advocacy of Cleon, and the opposition from Nicias revealed the intricate relationship between military action and political manoeuvring.The surrender of the Spartan forces on Sphacteria was a moment that altered the course of the Peloponnesian War. The image of Spartan warriors, famed for their indomitable spirit, surrendering to their Athenian captors was a stark contrast to their ancestors' last stand at Thermopylae. This historic event not only shifted the balance of power but also sent ripples through the societal structures of Sparta, igniting fears of helot uprisings and prompting desperate, yet futile, diplomatic efforts to reclaim Pylos and negotiate peace.In sum, the Peloponnesian War's defining moments—from the Athenian naval might to the Spartan surrender on land—paint a vivid portrait of ancient warfare, political dynamics, and the enduring human quest for dominance. It's a narrative that continues to resonate through the ages, reminding us of the timeless lessons of history and the ever-present echoes of the past in our modern world. Support the Show.

This is a teaser of the bonus episode, "Defence at Artemisium" found over on Patreon.Welcome back, we delve deep into the annals of history to uncover the stories that shaped our world. Today, we're setting sail to the ancient waters of Artemisium, where a pivotal moment in Greek history unfolded.Picture this: It's 480 BCE, and the Persian Empire, led by the indomitable Xerxes, is sweeping across the Aegean Sea with an armada of unprecedented size. But standing in their path are the courageous Greeks, determined to defend their homeland against overwhelming odds.As the Persian juggernaut advances, the Greeks, under the strategic guidance of Themistocles, must make a critical decision: where to make their stand. And so, they choose Artemisium, a narrow strait off the coast of Euboea.But why Artemisium? What factors led the Greeks to select this seemingly precarious location to confront the mighty Persian fleet? Was it merely a strategic necessity, or were there deeper reasons at play?Join me as we unravel the mysteries of Artemisium, exploring the geography, the tactics, and the sheer determination of the Greek defenders. Together, we'll uncover the untold stories behind one of history's most remarkable battles, and gain new insights into the timeless art of war.So hoist the sails, sharpen your spears, and prepare to journey back in time to the windswept shores of Artemisium. Our odyssey begins now.If you would like to hear more and support the series click on the Patreon link at the bottom of the page or you can head to my website to discover other ways to support the series, HereSupport the Show.

Step back in time with me, Mark Selleck, as we trace the footsteps of Athenian generals post-Pericles, navigating the perilous landscape of public dissent and audacious military campaigns. The death of Pericles marked a significant pivot in Athenian strategy, and we'll peel back the layers of this tumultuous era, scrutinizing the aggressive maneuvers that propelled the city-state into the contentious Sicilian expedition. On the Spartan side, delve into the mysteries shrouding King Plistoanax's comeback and the alleged bribery scandal involving the Oracle of Delphi—an episode that further complicates the rich tapestry of Ancient Greek politics.Feel the ground shake beneath your feet as we recount how natural disasters left indelible marks on Greek military decisions. The Spartans' superstitious interpretations of earthquakes fuelled a reimagining of their war tactics, prompting them to establish Heraclea. We'll examine how this strategic pivot eventually lost its lustre due to a combination of diplomatic hostility and internal mismanagement, revealing a side of Spartan governance seldom seen in their laconic annals.The episode culminates with a gripping recount of the Athenian military blunders and unexpected victories. Demosthenes' disastrous Aetolian campaign serves as a stark reminder of the volatility of ancient warfare. Yet, amidst catastrophe, the crafty general redeems himself with a masterful victory in Ambracia. The resulting stalemate in the region underscores the broader lesson of our episode: that the tides of war in Ancient Greece were as unpredictable as they were ruthless. Join us for an enthralling exploration of this era's strategic intricacies and shifting alliances. Support the show

This is a teaser of the bonus episode, "The Greeks Unite" found over on Patreon.Transitioning from the Persian might, our episode casts light on the labyrinthine world of Greek polis. We unveil how over a thousand autonomous entities, with their own dialects, governments, and customs, confronted an existential threat. The Greeks' struggle for unity is a narrative of alliances forged in the crucible of necessity, a testament to the power of collective action in the face of overwhelming odds. Accompanying us on this historical deep dive is our special guest, an esteemed historian whose knowledge paints a vibrant picture of an era where the fates of empires and free cities hung in the balance.If you would like to hear more and support the series click on the Patreon link at the bottom of the page or you can head to my website to discover other ways to support the series, HereSupport the show

Embark on a voyage through the tempestuous waters of ancient Sicilian politics, where our narrative charts the ascendancy of Syracuse amidst a maelstrom of democracies emerging from tyrannical ruins. Unearth the seismic shifts in Athenian foreign policy that set a fleet towards Sicily's shores, seeking to weave a web of influence that could ensnare the Peloponnesian war machine.Witness the Athenian fleet, under the command of Laches and Charoeades, as it threads through the Mediterranean, capturing cities and igniting the fuse of local uprisings with the promise of freedom from Syracuse's grip. The labyrinthine complexities of war and diplomacy play out across the Sicilian stage, where each move is a calculated risk in the pursuit of dominance. The Athenian quest for Sicilian allegiance unfolds with a narrative vigour, painting a vivid portrait of ancient warfare and the ever-present shadow of defeat.Succumb to the enthralling tale of Athens' audacious Sicilian expedition, from the strategic insight behind their push into the western world to the unforeseen ramifications of their actions. The episode intricately weaves together the triumphs and tribulations of Athenian commanders, the resilience of cities, and the undercurrents of political change that ripple through time. Join us for a compelling recount of an era where the fates of empires hung by a thread, and the echoes of ancient strategies still resonate in the annals of history. Support the show

As we gather today to mark a remarkable journey through the annals of Greek history, I am filled with gratitude and excitement. Together, we've traversed 83 episodes, spanning the rich tapestry of Greece from its nascent days to the dramatic onset of the Peloponnesian War. Looking ahead, I'm thrilled to contemplate the untold stories that may unfold beyond Alexander the Great's demise. It's a testament to your engagement and curiosity that we're even considering this expansion of our historical horizon. Moreover, I want to share a heartfelt thank you for your steadfast support—without which this podcast couldn't thrive. The evolution of our release schedule to a monthly episode is a move to safeguard the caliber of our storytelling, balancing the growing demands on my time with my commitment to providing you with the best possible listening experience.Turning our gaze to the revamped Patreon offerings, we've sculpted new tiers with the aim of making our content even more rewarding and accessible. As we forge into the year ahead, anticipate a fresh rhythm of episodes—each one meticulously crafted for mid-month release, while our dedicated patrons can look forward to exclusive early-month content. I invite both our seasoned supporters and newcomers to explore the refreshed Patreon landscape, where a deeper dive into Greek history awaits. Your enthusiasm has been the bedrock of this podcast, and I'm eager to continue this shared passion for the stories that have shaped our world, as we embark on the next chapter of our historical quest.Support the show

This is a teaser of the bonus episode, "Xerxes Invasion" found over on Patreon.Step back in time with us and uncover the epic saga of Xerxes' colossal invasion of Greece. Imagine inheriting a crown and a vendetta: that's exactly what Xerxes faced as he ascended to the Persian throne, but was he burning with the ambition to subjugate all of Greece? As your guide through this march into history, I'll take you through the aftermath of the First Persian Invasion, revealing how initial Persian endeavours sowed the seeds for an even grander campaign. We'll scrutinize Xerxes' grandiose preparations for war, from manipulating Greek city-states to bend the knee through 'Medizing' to constructing monumental engineering marvels like the canal through Mount Athos and the bridge over the Hellespont. These efforts etched themselves into the annals of history, setting the stage for a conflict of legendary proportions.If you would like to hear more and support the series click on the Patreon link at the bottom of the page or you can head to my website to discover other ways to support the series, HereSupport the show

Prepare to be transported to a Sicily that's both ancient and alive, where democracy's roots intertwine with the whispers of tyrants. On our historical odyssey, we'll traverse the landscapes of power, betrayal, and the unending quest for dominion. I promise an expedition into the heart of Sicilian intrigue, from the liberation of Syracuse to the theatrics of Hieron's tyranny, and the eventual emergence of revolutions that would forever alter the island's destiny.Our narrative begins in the aftermath of the Greco-Persian Wars, charting a course through Sicily's golden age of peace to the tumultuous tides of 427 BCE.  We won't shy away from the stark contrasts of rule, examining the cunning manoeuvres of Hieron as he clings to power, the bloody outcomes of political machinations, and the indelible marks left by tyrants on the fabric of their cities.Finally, wisdom takes centre stage as we scrutinize the counsel of Simonides to Hieron, juxtaposing the downfalls of despots with the democratic reawakening of Syracuse. The intricate dance of Sicilian politics continues with revolts and power shifts, where the spectre of tyranny lingers, and the ambitions of leaders like Ducetius spark conflict and change. Join us for a profound look at ancient strategies and the timeless struggle for power, as we piece together the lessons history has etched into the stones of Sicily, setting the chessboard for the Sicilian expedition that awaits over a decade later.  Support the show

This is a teaser of the bonus episode, Miltiades found over on Patreon.Travel back in time to fifth century BC Athens, where the life of Miltiades—a man whose lineage was synonymous with both nobility and concern—takes center stage. From the influence of his uncle, Miltiades the Elder, to the Olympic chariot racing triumphs of his family, we explore the ascent and inevitable downfall of this enigmatic leader. As we weave through the tapestry of Miltiades' life, we're reminded of the fickleness of fame, especially in the volatile political climate of ancient Athens. It's a story rich with the spoils of victory and the shadows of disgrace—a true reflection of the tumultuous era that shaped it.If you would like to hear more and support the series click on the Patreon link at the bottom of the page or you can head to my website to discover other ways to support the series, HereISupport the show

Uncover the chilling drama of ancient conflict as we journey through the shadows of the Peloponnesian War—revealing the political chaos of Corcyra, and the tragedy of Plataea. This episode uncovers the tales of rebellion, siege, and the sobering reality of political strife, all through the compelling lens of Thucydides' historical narratives. Be prepared to witness the darker side of human nature, where the lust for power leads to a breakdown in social order and a wave of indiscriminate violence that shook the very foundations of Ancient Greece.Step into the political arena of Corcyra where calculated moves and internal turmoil illustrate the complexities of Greek politics. We navigate through the strategic decisions that inflamed tensions and trace the harrowing outcomes of a society caught in the crossfire of war. The episode lays bare the ruthless political manoeuvres in a landscape fraught with desperation and strategic miscalculations, providing you with a profound understanding of the motivations and consequences that characterized one of history's most infamous conflicts. Join us and experience the intensity of a period where the line between friend and foe was perilously thin. Support the show

Welcome to this bonus instalment of episodes for January. The Marathon mini series has been apart of the members episodes over on Patreon. For the month of January I have decided to make this series of 5 episodes available to all to say thank you for all the support over the year. Get in and listen when you can as they will go back to Patreon only at the start of February.Step into the past with us as we unfurl the mysteries of the ancient Battle of Marathon, a clash that shaped our history and sparked the creation of one of the world's most enduring athletic challenges. Will the true story of the first Marathon runner stand the test of time, or is it merely a fable woven by historians? In the heart of the episode, we dissect the legendary confrontation between the Athenians and Persians, analyzing their military tactics and the haunting void left by the missing Persian cavalry. We recount the Athenian victory, a chaotic battle at the shore, and the meticulous casualty reports from Herodotus, all while chasing the ghost of the fabled Marathon runner through the narratives of Plutarch and Lucian.Probe the depths of historical authenticity with us as we scrutinize the tales spun by ancient biographers, measuring their penchant for drama against Herodotus's grounded chronicles. Could the staggering endurance of a lone herald or an entire army on the march back to Athens be more than a legend? Our exploration goes beyond the celebrated victory to peer into the life of Miltiades, the strategic genius behind the Greek triumph. Join us on this journey through time as we tackle the challenges of piecing together truth from antiquity, leaving no stone unturned in our quest to separate fact from centuries-old fiction.Support the show

Welcome to this bonus instalment of episodes for January. The Marathon mini series has been apart of the members episodes over on Patreon. For the month of January I have decided to make this series of 5 episodes available to all to say thank you for all the support over the year. Get in and listen when you can as they will go back to Patreon only at the start of February.Unlock the secrets of ancient military strategy as we unravel the enigma of the missing Persian cavalry at the Battle of Marathon. With our historical detective hats on, we traverse through Herodotus's ancient texts, picking apart the clues that point to the cavalry's initial deployment, their mysterious vanishing act, and the potential maneuvers that may have changed the course of history. Our episode peels back the layers of theory and speculation, promising to shed light on a puzzle that has captivated historians for centuries.Embark on a narrative adventure, where each thread of possibility is meticulously examined—from the prospect of devastating casualties to strategic Persian tactics that have remained concealed in the annals of time. We also explore the cryptic Onian proverb and its possible implications for the movements of the Persian horsemen, adding a layer of cultural intrigue to this fascinating historical episode. Prepare to be enthralled by a tale of tactical absence and the ghostly hoofbeats of a cavalry that never charged into one of antiquity's most defining battles.Support the show

Welcome to this bonus instalment of episodes for January. The Marathon mini series has been apart of the members episodes over on Patreon. For the month of January I have decided to make this series of 5 episodes available to all to say thank you for all the support over the year. Get in and listen when you can as they will go back to Patreon only at the start of February.Discover the untold brilliance of ancient Greek warfare as we dissect the strategic mastery that unfolded at the Battle of Marathon. Forget the tired trope of Greek tactics being static; our latest episode unveils a saga of dynamic adaptation and military evolution that turned the tide against the Persians. We'll explore how the Greeks, far from merely reacting, made calculated decisions from the positioning of their camp to their unorthodox charge—a harrowing run toward the enemy lines. The choice of terrain, often thought to be influenced by religious motives, is revealed as a clever guise for a cunning defensive stance. Join us to unravel the true genius behind these ancient warriors whose battlefield intellect has long been underestimated.This episode isn't just a history lesson; it's a thrilling investigation into the mysterious absence of the Persian cavalry and how it shaped the Greeks' tactical approach. With a running advance that would leave most armies breathless, the Athenian commanders didn't just adapt—they revolutionized traditional hoplite warfare to outmaneuver their opponents. Our journey through history will leave you questioning everything you thought you knew about the legendary Battle of Marathon. So, gear up for a heart-pounding ride back in time as we pay homage to the tactical innovators of yesteryear, whose legacy has indelibly influenced the Western way of war.Support the show

Welcome to this bonus instalment of episodes for January. The Marathon mini series has been apart of the members episodes over on Patreon. For the month of January I have decided to make this series of 5 episodes available to all to say thank you for all the support over the year. Get in and listen when you can as they will go back to Patreon only at the start of February. Discover the pivotal moments and shrewd manoeuvres that carved the path to victory for the Greeks at the Battle of Marathon. Our exploration is not just a retelling of a historic clash but a careful dissection of the choices and tensions that tipped the scales in an epic confrontation. We unravel the strategic hesitations among the Greek generals and the persuasive power of General Miltiades' words that propelled the Athenians into decisive action. Together, we'll traverse the craggy landscape of Marathon Bay, probing into the Persian camp's strategic placement and the impact of their absent cavalry on the battle's outcome—questioning not only the historical records but the very tactics that defined ancient warfare.As we scrutinize the layouts of the Greek and Persian forces, the reasoning behind the Athenians' risky placement with mountains at their backs becomes a central enigma. Engage with us in a critical analysis of the battle lines, drawing from the theories that have the Greeks anchoring their right flank by the shore, while the Persians positioned their left, setting the stage for a battle with no easy escape. We sift through alternative narratives and highlight how historical texts from Herodotus to Pausanias may have influenced our modern understanding of these ancient tactics. And as we prepare for our next episode, we'll confront the question: Were the Greeks masters of military innovation, or simply the beneficiaries of luck and timing in war? Join us as we dissect these fascinating dynamics of ancient combat.Support the show

Welcome to this bonus instalment of episodes for January. The Marathon mini series has been apart of the members episodes over on Patreon. For the month of January I have decided to make this series of 5 episodes available to all to say thank you for all the support over the year. Get in and listen when you can as they will go back to Patreon only at the start of February.Unlock the secrets of ancient history as we bring into focus the Battle of Marathon, a monumental clash that reshaped Western civilization. Stand shoulder to shoulder with the Athenian hoplites as they face the might of the Persian empire on the plains of Marathon. Together, we'll explore the mysteries that have baffled historians: the strategic movements, the fabled charge, and the absence of Persian cavalry. And as we parse through the rallying cries of General Miltiades and the internal debates of the Athenians, we set the stage for a fascinating journey into the past. With every detail scrutinized, from the geography of the battlefield to the alliances forged in the heat of battle, this episode promises a rich tapestry of intrigue and bravery.The aftermath of Marathon brings tales of heroism and strategy that echo through the ages. Join us as we dissect the Greek tactical maneuvers and ponder the mile-long Athenian charge, an act of courage—or desperation—that turned the tides of war. Witness the chaos of the retreat and the urgency of the Athenian march to defend their city. And no tale of Marathon would be complete without delving into the saga of Pheidippides, whose legendary run to Athens laid the groundwork for the marathon races of today. Immerse yourself in the drama of battle, the strategies that shaped history, and the legends that inspire us still. This is your expedition into the heart of ancient warfare, where every spear thrown and shield raised tells a story of a world on the brink of transformation.Support the show

Embark on a historical odyssey with us as we temporarily halt our regular series for a well-deserved January respite. However, the annals of ancient Greek history remain open with an exclusive miniseries treat—a deep exploration of the enigmatic Battle of Marathon. Journey back to 490 BC and unravel the mysteries of this legendary conflict through five episodes that will remain unfettered and freely accessible throughout the holiday season, a perfect complement to the main saga awaiting us in the coming months.Looking ahead, we're reigniting the fires of fascination in February, where the narrative torch of the Peloponnesian War will be passed back to you, the esteemed listeners, whose zeal for the past powers our present endeavor. Expect the same meticulous attention to the storied details, driven by your encouragement and curiosity, which not only sustains our regular programming but also breathes life into the bonus content we so love to craft. A heartfelt salute to the patrons whose support elevates our capabilities—their contributions have not only sustained the digital hearth of our series but have also furnished the tools necessary to forge ahead with enhanced vigor. Join us, share with kin and comrades, and continue to shape the future of our historical quest with your invaluable suggestions and enthusiasm.Support the show

Are you ready to cross the threshold of time and enter the world of Ancient Greece during the tumultuous political shifts post-Pericles' rule? I invite you to join us on this journey, where we scrutinize the uprising on Lesbos and its profound implications on Spartan maneuvers and Athens' retaliation. As power vacuums arise in Athens, new intriguing figures such as Nikies and Cleon rise to prominence. We delve into the fascinating personas of these men and how Cleon, a successful demagogue, secures his influence. We also shed light on the essence of a demagogue in the realm of Ancient Greek politics and its enduring sway. Strap in as we navigate through the strategic negotiations and invasion preparations post the Olympic festival. We'll also analyse the Mytileneans desperate efforts to garner support from the Peloponnesian League. Watch as events on Lesbos unfold with the Athenians establishing a camp, and the Mytileneans strive to unite the island under their leadership. Lastly, brace yourselves as we explore the chilling decision of the Athenians in the wake of the failed Mytilenean revolt - a decision that echoes through the annals of history as an epoch-defining moment in the landscape of the Peloponnesian War.Support the show

Have you ever been curious about an unsolved mystery from the past? Well, I, Mark, invite you on a thrilling journey to uncover the secrets of the Battle of Marathon in this exclusive bonus feature on Patreon. We're shifting our focus to the Greeks' tactical approach on the battlefield and raising thought-provoking questions about the Persian cavalry, despite their presence in various historical accounts and works of art, they would failed to be mentioned during the unfolding battle at Marathon. Join me as we shed light on one of the most intriguing puzzles that has been lingering for over 2,500 years. Let's investigate the evidence from the likes of Herodotus and other resources in our quest to locate the elusive Persian cavalry and comprehend their role in the battle. This episode is your ticket to understanding the intricacies of ancient warfare. With every revelation, we'll step back in time to unravel the mysteries of the Battle of Marathon. So, what are we waiting for? Let's embark on this exciting journey as history unfolds before us.Support the show

Are you ready to travel back in time and unravel the mysteries of ancient Greek philosophy with me, Mark Selleck, and our distinguished guest, Jack Visnjic, or as you might know him, Lantern Jack, is renowned for his profound knowledge in this philosophical domain. With a PhD in Ancient Philosophy from Princeton University, Jack brings an understanding that transcends time, illuminating the rich world of ancient Greek thinkers.Our journey will transport you to the birthplace of philosophy, navigating through the socio-political intricacies of that era that birthed philosophical thought. We'll explore the groundbreaking ideas of pre-Socratic philosophers, before venturing into the epic intellectual realms of Socrates and Plato. Plato's revolutionary Theory of Forms and his famed allegory of the cave, which continue to evoke intrigue, will also take center stage. Our philosophical odyssey doesn't end there. The influence of the legendary Aristotle, his unique philosophical framework, and his invaluable contributions to science and logic will also be brought to light.As we move forward in time, we'll examine the evolution of Greek philosophy, including the emergence of Stoicism, Epicureanism, and skepticism during the Hellenistic period. We'll delve deep into metaphysical concepts and the impact of this philosophy on modern ethical thinking. So, strap in for an enlightening journey through time and thought. Remember to stay connected and subscribe for more insightful episodes. Support the show

In our return to the tumultuous third year of the war, the Chalcidice comes back into focus once more with renewed operations. The siege of Potidaea may have found resolution in the previous year, but with lingering hostility in the Chalcidice, Athens is forced to act. A fresh operation aims to secure Athens' base in Potidaea, a move designed to solidify their influence in the region. Little did they know, this venture would soon become an early lesson in the challenges of facing effective light troops.Simultaneously, back on the Greek mainland, the stage is set for a gripping saga. Minor Peloponnesian allies successfully sway Sparta into launching a campaign at the mouth of the Corinthian Gulf. Embarking with only a portion of the Peloponnesian fleet, the Spartans face a cautious journey past the Athenian base of Naupactus. The amphibious operation, once arriving at its location encounters setbacks, grappling with issues of ill-discipline, divided forces, and the defenders' ingenious use of terrain, leading to a failed mission.At Naupactus, the keen-eyed Athenian general, Phormio, observes the initial fleet sail by. However, when the remainder attempts to slip past, he springs into action. Despite being outnumbered, Phormio's superior tactics and intimate knowledge of the area secure a resounding victory. Nevertheless, the Spartans, undeterred after their land defeat, regroup for another naval engagement, placing the Athenians in a dire numerical predicament.This time around, the odds are stacked against Phormio. After losing half his fleet, fortune smiles upon him, allowing his naval command prowess to shine. Athenian losses are miraculously recovered, and the Peloponnesian forces find themselves in a hasty retreat. Yet, Sparta, yearning for a triumph to bring home, decides on a bold move—an attempt to assault Athens' home port, the Piraeus.However, the gods seem to favour Athens. Bad weather and a touch of commander hesitancy conspire against the Spartan ambitions, leaving them without the favourable news they sought for the year. Join us as we navigate the treacherous waters of ancient conflict and witness the highs and lows of naval warfare in this gripping chapter of the Peloponnesian War.Support the show

Join us as we take you on an exploration of the fascinating world of the ancient Spartans. With Professor Paul Cartledge, a leading historian on the Spartans, as our guide, we will demystify the intriguing tales, values, and societal structure of this resilient warrior society. We'll wade through the Spartan mirage, unveiling the unique education system, political structure, and unrivalled military prowess that have shaped our understanding of this ancient civilization.We're not stopping at the surface; we whisk you into the depth of the Spartan world and the wider Greek realm. We'll probe into the Spartan lifestyle, the Greek ideal of freedom, participation, agency, and involvement. Can you imagine a society where women commanded respect and power unlike their contemporaries? Well, get ready, we'll be discussing the unique status of Spartan women, their education, physical strength, and property rights. What if we told you that Sparta's influence extends far beyond the ancient world, even to our modern-day society? Brace yourself for our exploration of the legacy of Sparta, its influence and misappropriation throughout history. We'll dissect the portrayal of the Battle of Thermopylae in the movie 300, contrast views of Sparta in the French Revolution, and examine how the Spartan mirage is perpetuated in North America. Immerse yourself in this captivating journey as we unravel the enigma that is Spartan society, their enduring values, and their lasting legacy.Support the show

This is a teaser of the bonus episode, Tactics at Marathon found over on Patreon.Are the Greeks merely reacting to circumstances, or are they consciously looking to influence the situation to their advantage in the Battle of Marathon? This episode tackles this provocative question head-on, as we revisit this ancient battlefield and scrutinize specific areas of the conflict. We navigate the complex terrain of ancient battlefield tactics, their gradual evolution in Greece, and how they adapted to shifting battlefield conditions. Engage in a stimulating debate among historians about the extent of Greek tactical thinking. Discover the Greeks' decision-making process upon reaching Marathon, especially regarding the strategic placement of their camp. Take a step back into time and witness the Greeks' decision to thin their battle line, their advancement on the Persian line at a running pace, and their meticulous positioning of the camps. All these contribute to a greater understanding of their battlefield strategies and the thought processes that influenced them. This episode offers a unique window into ancient military tactics, inviting you to speculate on how these tactics translated into actions on the battlefield. Whether you're a history enthusiast or simply curious about ancient warfare, this bonus episode will satisfy your appetite for knowledge, as it expands your understanding of the Battle of Marathon. Remember, the full episode is available on Patreon, where members get exclusive access to these bonus episodes as a token of appreciation for their invaluable support to the show. Stay tuned for more engaging discussions and eye-opening revelations on ancient Greece's military manoeuvres and strategies.If you would like to hear more and support the series click on the Patreon link at the bottom of the page or you can head to my website to discover other ways to support the series, HereISupport the show

Embark on a riveting exploration of ancient Greece as we delve into the tumultuous events surrounding Pericles, a towering political figure who shaped the destiny of the city-state for nearly four decades. Follow the gripping narrative of Athens' struggle during the siege of Potidaea, where Pericles' efforts faced unexpected challenges, leading to intricate negotiations, strained resources, and even accusations from critics. Inside the city walls, witness the grim realities that unfolded, including the harrowing conditions that drove defenders to resort to cannibalism.As the historical drama unfolds into the third year of the war, the focus shifts to Plataea, where Spartan king Archidamus spearheads a strategic campaign. Explore the motivations behind this unprecedented move, involving negotiations, Athenian support, and Plataea's resistance against Spartan attempts. The siege evolves into a complex blend of tactical moves, ultimately transitioning into a prolonged blockade, setting the stage for the dramatic events that would unfold in the fourth year of the war.Venture into the intricacies of Pericles' political legacy, as his influence is tested by the challenges of the second year, marked by the devastating plague that befell Athens. Witness the political ramifications, including Pericles' temporary removal from power, his emotional struggles, and the poignant moment where he seeks an exception to a citizenship law he had once championed. Despite securing his family legacy, the narrative takes a sombre turn as Pericles succumbs to the same plague that gripped Athens, marking the end of an era and the life of one of the most influential political figures in ancient Greece. Join us on this enthralling journey to uncover the untold stories, complex alliances, and enduring legacies that shaped the course of history in classical Greece.Support the show

Tad Crawford's WebsiteBuy On Wine-Dark SeasExplore the literary world of Tad Crawford, acclaimed author of "A Floating Life: A Novel," "The Secret Life of Money," and numerous nonfiction books. With a National Endowment for the Arts award to his name, Crawford is also the founder and publisher of Allworth Press, residing in vibrant New York City.Today, our focus turns to Crawford's latest fictional masterpiece, "On Wine-Dark Seas," set against the backdrop of the epic cycle, including the iconic poems, the Iliad and the Odyssey. Uncover Crawford's unique interpretation of the post-Odysseus era in Ithaca, a central theme in this narrative.In this interview, we delve into Tad Crawford's creative journey, exploring the genesis of ideas and themes that form the heart of "On Wine-Dark Seas." Learn how Crawford skilfully integrates mythology into his work, immersing readers in a captivating tapestry of ancient Greece, gods, and human drama.The conversation extends to the rich tapestries of the Iliad, the Odyssey, and the broader epic cycle. Discover how Crawford seamlessly weaves these timeless themes into a modern narrative, making "On Wine-Dark Seas" accessible even to those unfamiliar with classic literature. For aficionados of the classics, the novel offers a poetic rhythm that resonates with the essence of these timeless tales.Join us as we navigate the creative mind of Tad Crawford, providing insights into his literary approach, the allure of mythology, and the seamless fusion of classical and modern storytelling in "On Wine-Dark Seas."Support the show

This is a teaser of the bonus episode, Dispositions at Marathon found over on Patreon.We now turn to our first question that has arisen with the accounts of the battle of Marathon from ancient times. We try and understand where both the Athenians and the Persians established their camps in the bay of Marathon, before then turning to the question of where and how the armies would deploy and oppose one another. If you would like to hear more and support the series click on the Patreon link at the bottom of the page or you can head to my website to discover other ways to support the series, HereISupport the show

Step back in time once again to the second year of the Peloponnesian War and immerse yourself in the heart of ancient Athens, a city grappling with a devastating plague. But in this intriguing narrative, our journey takes a unique twist, leading us northward to the Chalcidice, where Athens has dispatched additional forces to besiege Potidaea. Along this expedition, we'll uncover the intricate tapestry of diplomacy in Thrace and Macedon.During this period, diplomatic endeavours were abundant, and it's worth noting that Sparta was actively engaged in these manoeuvres as well. Their strategic approach was two-fold: disrupting the situation in the north and forging alliances with external powers. Towards the end of summer, Sparta initiated a diplomatic mission targeting Thrace and the Persian Empire.As we return to Athens, our focus shifts towards the city itself and its magnetic leader, Pericles. Amidst the devastating plague, Pericles found himself in a precarious political position, navigating the intricate landscape of Athenian politics. We'll explore Pericles' strategies in addressing the mounting discontent towards his policies, especially as Athens faced adversity on multiple fronts.As the second year of the war's campaign season drew to a close, both Sparta and Athens were engaged in activities across Greece. Athens, now under the influence of the war party, responded to Peloponnesian threats with a more assertive stance. These actions marked a departure from the moderate policies that had guided the initial two years of the conflict under Pericles' leadership.Support the show

In the second year of the Peloponnesian War, the stage was set for a continuation of the struggle between Sparta and Athens. Archidamus, the Spartan commander, spearheaded an invasion of Attica with renewed fervour, while Athens harnessed its maritime might to direct a potent fleet towards a more expansive target on the Peloponnesian shores. Yet, amidst the echoes of warfare, an unforeseen and insidious adversary emerged – the plague.Originating from the Mediterranean's depths, the plague infiltrated Athens, exploiting its cosmopolitan trade networks. The city's bustling trade connections became both a source of prosperity and a conduit for disaster. However, the plague's devastation was exacerbated by the city's burgeoning population, driven to unprecedented numbers by the demands of the war. This surging populace led to congested streets and squalid living conditions, creating an ideal breeding ground.The toll was profound and unrelenting. Families were shattered, lives extinguished, and a pall of despair enveloped the Athenian skyline. In an era accustomed to tales of valour and intellectual brilliance, this unseen assailant showcased the fragility of human existence. It was a stern reminder of the limits of human resilience against the inexorable forces of nature.Within this cauldron of conflict and contagion, the second year of the war transcended its militaristic boundaries. It was a juncture where the will of cities clashed with nature's indiscriminate wrath. The plague, an unexpected interloper, reshaped Athens' narrative. As the war's tempest raged on, Athens wrestled not just with rival armies, but also with an unrelenting force that rose above the clashing of swords – an enduring testament to the intricate interplay between human agency and the capriciousness of fate.Support the show

This is a teaser of the bonus episode, Questions at Marathon found over on Patreon.We now turn to the battle of Marathon which would be the final battle of the first Persian invasion. The battle of Marathon is one of the more famous of the battles during ancient Greek times. However, there are many questions that still are asked today with what took place there. In this episode we will be familiarising ourselves with how the battle developed, though through the context of areas that still remain unclear. Each question that I highlight in this episode will become the focus of its own bonus episode as we continue forward. This will give us a good opportunity to look in depth at each and see if we can understand what was happening.If you would like to hear more and support the series click on the Patreon link at the bottom of the page or you can head to my website to discover other ways to support the series, HereISupport the show

In this fascinating interview, I have the privilege of sitting down with Prof. Yvonne Korshak, a distinguished historian and accomplished writer, to delve into the captivating world of her latest masterpiece, “Pericles and Aspasia.” This remarkable work of Historical fiction shines a brilliant light on the period preceding the Peloponnesian War in Athens. Instead of merely employing historical events as a distant backdrop, Prof. Korshak skillfully weaves them into the very fabric of her narrative.Through “Pericles and Aspasia,” Yvonne Korshak paints a vivid tapestry of unfolding historical events, interwoven with the intricacies of personal and intimate interactions. It's a perspective that transcends traditional history books, offering readers a glimpse into the emotional depth and human experience of that era. By meticulously piecing together clues from historical records, Prof. Korshak masterfully constructs a narrative that feels authentic and relatable.Our conversation spans a wide spectrum of topics, ranging from the creative process behind crafting this book, to the intriguing interplay between history and fiction. We explore myriad historical elements and timeless themes, enriching our understanding of both the past and the power of storytelling.For those seeking an immersive journey into the heart of ancient Athens, “Pericles and Aspasia” stands as an eloquent testament to Prof. Yvonne Korshak's dedication to historical accuracy and her unparalleled storytelling prowess.Prof. Yvonne Korshak's WebsitePurchase Pericles and Aspasia:AmazonBarnes & NobleSupport the show

The end of the first campaigning season of the Peloponnesian war had now drawn to a close. Sparta had invaded Attica with their offensive strategy, while Athens resisted with the defensive policy employed by Pericles. Athens had also launched naval operations which would harass the Peloponnese and secure Athens defensive position even further. However, no resolution to the war would be reached as the year came to a close and the conflict would drag on.In Athens it was tradition during times of war that funeral processions were held to honour the fallen. This would allow the citizens to grieve for their loss as a collective, while it would also be a chance to install pride and honour into the Athenians. This tradition would prove to be very important, as it would help maintain morale during times of continued war.To mark the end of the funeral procession an important Athenian figure would deliver a speech to the people. This time around it would be Pericles, and Thucydides would record the entire speech that he would give. In Thucydides account Pericles funeral oration would also mark the end point of the first year before continuing events into the second year of the war.Pericles funeral oration would prove to be a speech that would inspire and shape political speeches all the way to our times, with It proving to be an example in oratory, literary and rhetoric skill. It was designed to install pride and honour to the Athenian people, celebrating the achievements of their city. It would show to those left behind that the fallen had not died in vain but had sacrificed themselves for a greater good. While in the end it would convince the Athenians that continuing the struggle was worth the continued hardships. Support the show

This is a teaser of the bonus episode, Persia Moves West found over on Patreon.Coming out of the Ionian revolt, Persia would look to continue pushing campaigns north and west from Anatolia. This would see Persian forces march into Thrace and Macedon, while also seeing them campaign through the Aegean all the way to the Greek mainland. For the Greeks they had seen these campaigns of 492 BC and 490 BC as attempts at subjugating all Greek lands. In this bonus episode we take a look at these campaigns and see if this was the Persian objective, or were there more limited aims in mind for now.If you would like to hear more and support the series click on the Patreon link at the bottom of the page or you can head to my website to discover other ways to support the series, HereISupport the show

The first year of the Peloponnesian war is now upon us. The first phase of this nearly 30-year struggle would be known as the Archidamian War, named after the Spartan king Archidamus, who had tried to prevent war developing in the first place. Archidamus being the only available Spartan king, the other not yet of age, would find himself leading the Peloponnesian forces as they invaded Attica in 431 BC.Sparta would launch a campaign where the main focus was on ravaging the Athenian country side to try and force the Athenians from out behind their walls. This then, as the Spartan calculated, would see a large battle between two hoplite armies develop, where Sparta excelled. However, Athens had been working on its defences and security for some 50 years. This would see that their long walls would neutralise an invading land force, while the strength of their navy and empire would see that resources would still flow in during a siege.Activities on land would not be the only actions undertaken during this first year. Athens would launch naval operations directed at the coast of the Peloponnese and surrounding areas. They would conduct raids, recruit new allies and secure their defences further with this developing war now in effect. Though, for the time being, Athens was looking to operate in a defensive manner while Sparta was on the offensive.During this first year, we would also find that opinion but in both Sparta and Athens would waver when it came to the respective leaders of both cities. Archadamius, known for his opposition to war having been declared would delay and drag his feet on a number of occasions during the campaign, perhaps looking for an opportunity for negotiations. While Pericles would not allow his forces from out behind the walls of Athens while the Peloponnesians were on Attic soil, this seeing discontent within the hoplite class grow. However, the conflict would not be resolved by the end of the campaigning season and the Peloponnesian war would continue.   Support the show

This is a teaser of the bonus episode, The Battle of Lade found over on Patreon.We have now reached the climax of the Ionian revolt where one last decisive battle would take place.The Greeks would prepare to defend their rebellion by putting all their effort in bringing together a combined navy. However, the coalition force would not remain united once battle was joined.We would then see the fall of Miletus, where the revolt had first developed. This would mark a point where the Ionian revolt had been defeated, though, Persian campaigns west would continue. We will be next turning to these in our bonus episodes, where we will first look at Persian motivations in these actions towards the Greek mainland. f you would like to hear more and support the series click on the Patreon link at the bottom of the page or you can head to my website to discover other ways to support the series, HereISupport the show

We have now reached the outbreak of the Peloponnesian war, where we saw the hostilities between Thebes and Plataea marking a point where the war would begin. Both of these city states were allied to Sparta, in Thebes case and Athens on the Plataean side. Even though preparations for war were underway already, this action would see that both Sparta and Athens would be ready for conflict since this was a blatant breach of the 30 years peace.However, before moving forward with developments, we are going to take a step back to see if we can get a better understanding of why this war would come to develop. We will first look at what Thucydides our main source says about the causes and his opinions. Remember, here it was his aim in presenting his work to make sure that all those that read it would have an understanding of the events and motivations behind this greatest of Greek conflicts.We will also explore the notion of the remote causes of the war and more immediate cause. This will see us looking back to even before the Persian War at the interactions between Athens and Sparta, while then following their interactions from the evolving developments of the Persian invasion and their victory in that war. Then we will turn to the years just before the breakout of the Peloponnesian War to see how both Athens and Sparta would come to be involved in this situation that had begun as a regional dispute out of their areas of influence.Trying to shed light on the causes for war developing in this conflict is not easy task. If we are expecting to find a single cause for the war, we will walk away disappointed. Although, Thucydides would provide what appears on the surface a straight forward answer, when you stop and think about it, there are so many elements tied up in his answer and it becomes apparent why he devoted his entire work to the subject of the Peloponnesian War.   Support the show

The war party within Sparta now had the majority in favour of their policy towards Athens. A clear vote had seen that the policies of the peace that had influenced much of Spartan policy since the end of the Persian invasions had now fallen out of favour. This would see that Sparta now saw that Athens had breached the 30 years peace, created nearly 15 years ago. However, for war to be the next step in developments a congress of the Peloponnesian league would need to be held for all its members to vote on the matter.Sparta would host the congress of the Peloponnesian League to put the matter to all members. It would be important to have everyone on board for a coming struggle with Athens and its empire. Thucydides would highlight that many would speak in favour of war with a particular focus on the speeches delivered by Corinth, where they would convince all that Athens could be defeated.The Congress would decide that war would be the best path forward, as Athens needed to be stopped. However, conflict would not develop just yet, with Sparta sending a number of embassies to deliver ultimatums to Athens. These were supposedly an attempt to avoid war, but the conditions were demands that Athens could not accept and no arbitration was attempted. Finally, with Athens rejection, diplomatic connections would officially break down. Conflict between the two would still not develop, though up in Boeotia an action by Thebes, Sparta's ally, would see the first action leading to the outbreak of the Peloponnesian War. They would target the small polis of Plataea, an ally of Athens, though with the action not going as Thebes planned, more conflict was sure to follow. What took place in Boeotia would be a clear breakdown of the 30 years peace, with Athens and Sparta now on a war footing. Support the show

This is a teaser of the bonus episode, Persian Counter Attack found over on Patreon.After having looked at the reasons for the Ionian revolt breaking out, we now turn to the revolt itself. In the main series we had focused on the revolt in general with a large focus on the Greeks operations. This time around we take a closer look at the Persian response and the campaigns that they would launch against Cyprus, the Hellespont, Caria and Ionia. This will take us up to the final years of the revolt and the decisive naval battle of Lade which will be the focus of our next bonus episode along with the end of the revolt.If you would like to hear more and support the series click on the Patreon link at the bottom of the page or you can head to my website to discover other ways to support the series, HereISupport the show