Podcast appearances and mentions of georgia tech center

My guest today is musician and inventor of experimental musical instruments and musical robots, Gil Weinberg. Weinberg is a professor of musical technology at Georgia Tech and founding director of the Georgia Tech Center for Music Technology. In this interview, we spoke about: • Shimon, the incredible robot that can sing, improvise, write music and more • How algorithms are implemented in Shimon • Working with drummer Jason Barnes to develop his prosthetic hand that allowed him to play the drums again • Finding patterns in music • Defining rules over data to allow it to be meaningful • How Gil resets his mind to allow for a fresh perspective on problems • How Machine Learning is used to train, for example, Shimon • The Game of Life and how it can be used to create musicListen to Shimon Sings on Spotify here: https://open.spotify.com/album/49mqgxoLXFGP5NnBB5PQAU?si=QXBCoWCrQJaCX8WmIZ-skA

When asked what infrastructure are supposed to do, responses of course vary dramatically from the mundane (for example, provide water and power) to the abstract (for example, facilitate improved well-being through the delivery of basic services). Of course, both are right on some level. But what is often lost is the perspective of the values that we use to design and operate infrastructure systems. In the third and final episode of the Infrastructure of the Anthropocene series, Professor Mikhail Chester (@mikhailchester) of Arizona State University interviews Professor Adjo Amekudzi-Kennedy (@AdjoKennedy) of Georgia Tech about the need for value-focused thinking to guide how we think about restructuring infrastructure to ensure that infrastructure meets the needs of future populations in increasingly complex environments. See the whole Infrastructure and the Anthropocene playlist on YouTube:https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLvz_faOzavaSD40LmDr4RknZZxWAVqwGpAdjo Amekudzi-Kennedy at Georgia Tech – Center for Serve-Learn-Sustain (SLS)  Infrastructure Misfits (un)Society | http://www.infrastructurecomplexity.org/  Metis Center for Infrastructure and Sustainable Engineering | Arizona State University | https://metis.asu.edu/ Convergence Resilience Research Project |  http://convergence.urexsrn.net/  ––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––If you have questions, comments, or suggestions for future episodes, e-mail us at futurecitiespodcast@gmail.com or find us on Twitter @FutureCitiesPod. Learn more about the Urban Resilience to Extremes Sustainability Research Network (UREx SRN) at urexsrn.net.

In this episode, our interviewer Audrow Nash speaks to Gil Weinberg, Professor in Georgia Tech's School of Music and the founding director of the Georgia Tech Center for Music Technology. Weinberg leads a research lab called the Robotic Musicianship group, which focuses on developing artificial creativity and musical expression for robots and on augmented humans. Weinberg discusses several of his improvisational robots and how they work, including Shimon, a multi-armed robot marimba player, as well as his work in prosthetic devices for musicians.

Some educators tout the immersive power of VR technology, pointing to examples like an app that simulates what it was like to walk on either side of Germany’s Berlin Wall in the 1980s. But what does it mean to teach in an immersive format? What can this technology do that couldn't be done before? And how might it change a professor's approach to teaching, or should it? This month we sat down with two guests—Maya Georgieva, director of digital learning at The New School in New York City, and Rob Kadel, assistant director of research at Georgia Tech Center for 21st Century Universities—for a live video townhall, streamed from the SXSW EDU conference in Austin. It was part of our video town hall series called EdSurge LIVE. More than 100 people tuned in, with questions such as how to make VR accessible for students with disabilities and how to avoid motion sickness when using the technology.

021417 Weinburg

Gil Weinberg Director, Georgia Tech Center for Music Technology 2013-2014 American Council on Education Fellow, speaks at the 152nd commencement ceremony. Coles College of Business and College of Science and Mathematics.

Gil Weinberg Director, Georgia Tech Center for Music Technology 2013-2014 American Council on Education Fellow, speaks at the 152nd commencement ceremony. Coles College of Business and College of Science and Mathematics.

Richard DeMillo is an American computer scientist, educator and executive. The current director of the Georgia Tech Center for 21st Century Universities, he is the author of more than 100 articles, books, and patents, including the 2011 book Abelard to Apple: The Fate of American Colleges and Universities. DeMillo spoke at Dartmouth on May 7, 2013 as part of the Leading Voices in Higher Education strategic planning speaker series.

In 1965 Prof. Zadeh published a paper titled Fuzzy Sets in the journal Information and Control. Fuzzy Set theory and Fuzzy Logic has been hailed as a brilliant addition to Set theory. Zadeh is Prof. Emeritus of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science at UC Berkeley.TranscriptSpeaker 1: [inaudible].Speaker 2: [00:00:30] Welcome to spectrum the science and technology show on k a l x Berkeley, a biweekly 30 minute program bringing you interviews featuring bay area scientists and technologists as well as a calendar of local events and news. Speaker 3: Hi, my name is Brad swift and I'm the host of today's show. Today's interview is with Professor Lutfi Zada. He is professor emeritus in the electrical engineering and Computer Science Department of the College of Engineering [00:01:00] at UC Berkeley. Professor Zada was trained as an electrical engineer at the University of Toronto where he received a bachelor's degree at MIT where he received a master's and Columbia University where he received a Ph d from 1950 to 1959 Zara was a member of the Department of Electrical Engineering at Columbia University. He joined the Department of electrical engineering at UC Berkeley in 1959 and served [00:01:30] as its chair from 1963 to 1968 during his tenure as chair, he played a key role in changing the name of the department from electrical engineering to electrical engineering, computer science or [inaudible]. In June, 1965 professor Zada published a paper titled Fuzzy Sets in the Journal Information and control. This paper formalized his seminal fuzzy set theory. In the years since fuzzy set theory and fuzzy logic has been hailed as a brilliant [00:02:00] addition to set theory. Speaker 3: The word fuzzy is used to characterize the imprecision and uncertainty of real world phenomena that the theory embraces. Essentially, a fuzzy set is a set whose members have degrees of membership within the range. Zero and one fuzzy set theory permits the gradual assessment of the membership of elements in a set. The membership is described by a value in the interval zero to one fuzzy logic is based on fuzzy set theory where [00:02:30] sets are approximate rather than fixed and exact how's he logic embraces the concept of partial truth where the truth value may range between completely true one and completely false zero. This interview is prerecorded and edited professors Oughta. Thank you very much for joining us on spectrum. It's my player. What do you think it was about being here at Berkeley that got you thinking about fuzzy logic [00:03:00] and the work that you then published? Right? Speaker 4: What did he see? What happened is that I have always been a strong believer in mathematics. I always believed that [inaudible] is solve all problems and simply, and that's what I've learned. You can [inaudible] if you cannot solve the problem with what, you know, learn more and then you go with the, so that was my fear. But then I began to feel that there is a disconnect between the precision of mathematics and the precision [00:03:30] of the real world. So I began to feel that way, uh, in 1960160260 three during sort of that period and my feeling that there is a problem grow in 1964 then when I was visiting New York, this idea occurred to me the same to do is to introduce the concept of a presence at the class, which [00:04:00] does not have sharp boundaries. So instead of talking about something being in a class or not being in a class, you're talking about degrees to which you are a member of a class, which seems to be a very natural sort of a thing. So what is surprising is this very simple national idea was not introduced in mathematics to some degree. It is amazing. There is multivariate logic and long [00:04:30] to validate logic. Truth is a matter of degree and fuzzy logic. Everything is a matter of degree. High geologic follows for, as you said, theater, everything is relative degree. So agenda of ideological is completely different from the agenda. [inaudible] Speaker 3: so do you consider yourself a creative thinker? Speaker 4: I think so, yes. I think this is [00:05:00] my strength. Yours and cut it up with original ideas. That's my sense. There are people who are smarter than I, but they were not creative. In other words, if we took exams, probably they do better, but somehow they are luck. This particular capability. Let's see. So what is something unusual? And I must pat myself on the back. Yes. The people at my [00:05:30] age, you know, I turned 19 continue to do something and tell them, I said we won't get to being a certain kind of environment that allows me to do that. I wrote my first paper [inaudible] 1965 at that time I was chair of the department and we had, I was on editorial boards. I had recognition. I submitted a paper publication during use. We're look for them. [00:06:00] If I were not a member of, they told you the board of that journal. Speaker 4: It wasn't getting turned down but I said, man, I thought of Kirsten. See they published. Know that paper by 1965 paper is the highest side that they put in that journal to NJ 6,000 citations. The next highest cited paper that it still 1,010 times more. Yeah. If a paper has 200 200 citation, that's considered to be [00:06:30] respectable in Europe I think they would be promoted to full professorship. You need at least 50 citations. A many people don't realize that. Yesterday I gave a lecture, he wished there was a little discussion of physiologic and the number of papers with fuzzy in title I or somebody who knows nothing about physiologic. I said, your perception, how many papers you guys are children [00:07:00] have Pfizer entitled because I said was 14 and he is a professor. He was a lecturer. Another suit. I asked somebody else. 50 okay, what is the correct number? 245,000 that's a lot. 245,000 papers with Pfizer and title. That's not something that's as black and white, either some title or southern title. [00:07:30] See how many patterns? 33,000 patterns relate to Pfizer here it's a little bit of question isn't related or unrelated to what degree? This is the picture, so it shows you the degree to which competent people can misunderstand something. So we send the people to reviewers presumably who know a lot and then they say this is piece of nonsense, garbage, whatever, whatever, whatever.Speaker 3: Is this the conservative [00:08:00] nature of the math world and people in mathematics that they're very conservative. They don't want to embrace a new idea, like fuzzy logic. I just Speaker 4: have difficulty in the, unless you're very much in the spirit of what's being done. Let me see if it's very much in the spirit of waste being done. No problems. So if you have four color problem, one pheromones, serum and you prove it, no problem. But if you come up with some [00:08:30] new rules, something, something, something you may have a problem. So at the same thing got placed in music and many other things usic in particular, you know, if you can pull something that is in the spirit of what's been too great but usually a couple of something it's completely different. People would throw to later say to you, which was I happened in music, you know, mineral service here. People like that, you know, very [00:09:00] they told on music this music that you write music is a good example of the situation which uh, which outage or now I'd say of in a certain sense gets you in trouble. Speaker 3: You are listening to k a l x Berkeley. We are talking with professor and Lucky Zada the creator of fuzzy set theory and fuzzy logic. Fuzzy logic [00:09:30] found its niche in industrial controllers. It was jump-started by a Cillian and Mandani in 1974 with their fuzzy linguistic algorithm to control the steam edge. The fuzzy vacation of industrial controllers took off cement kilns and Denmark subway trains in Sendai City, Japan, elevators, consumer products like cam quarters washing machines, back home cleaners and cars. Professor Zada attributes the success of fuzzy algorithms [00:10:00] to two concepts. He introduced linguistic variables and fuzzy if then rules. The hierarchy of a linguistic variable can be described as follows. Page can be a linguistic variable. Age is made up of, for example, three fuzzy sets named very young, young and old. The membership function. Each of these sets is mapped onto a numerical scale of values. In this case zero to 100 [00:10:30] years old. Each data element can be then tested for its degree of set membership. The higher the degree associated with an element in a given set, the more reliable the membership. The importance of this concept is how widely linguistic variables can be applied to problems. If you can describe what it is you want to know or how you want a system to behave, you can build a linguistic algorithm and compute. Speaker 4: But [00:11:00] the, and let me explain why there were so many applications. So I wrote my first paper in 1965 in 1973 I wrote the paper. Yeah, we're trying to use the concept but of a linguistic variable. It didn't really sit variable. And that's why I say key concept. It's a variable whose values itself. Wars. Humans use it all the time. Talk about age. [00:11:30] You can't use numbers one, two, three, four, five. But you can use words young, not young, very young, more or less young, old, not very old village. People use boards instead of numbers. That's the point. So I caught a variable like that linguistic variable, the variables whose values are words, but those words are enablers of pleasure sets. So when [00:12:00] you say town, it is a fight. He said, if I just said it's associated with memories, your function, that means that given that particular height, you could tell it to one degree is the person who that uh, is a member of the class of thought that this is because members, your firms. Speaker 4: So then we seek malleable. It's not just something that takes those matters. He was do that, but he was do not associate, [00:12:30] but your sets with the value. That's a big difference. But once you are associated for, as he said, you can compute with those of sets. And that turned out to be a key Isaiah because there you could program in natural language. So in that people in 1973 feet, I introduce [00:13:00] two basic concepts. One was the kinds of linguistic credible and the other one the Christ. I'm still fuzzy if they're in the room today, the 95% of our application for your logic, use those two pencils and you'll begin to see why it's easier to use natural language and medication. If I asked you how do you park your car, you could [00:13:30] explain it as a natural language, but if I asked you to do it using numbers, you can do it. Speaker 4: I said if you all were there, so many fears, then you wrangling so much, then turn the WM by 70 degrees. Nobody can do that, but people can use words. So you take words and associate those labels with them and then you execute. So people find that they can solve many problems. [00:14:00] A good example is balancing the worth, inverted pendulum stick. So it 10 year old gun, right? The rules. If this angle is low, Marcela's increasing, then give it a big push to traditionary to solve the problem. People use control theater. There are differential equations. They do that not near, not necessarily a 10 year old can solve the problem. Speaker 3: When you were [00:14:30] developing your fuzzy set theory, where are you collaborating with anybody at all? At the university? Speaker 4: Nothing really. I've never been much of a collaborator. That's the way I function. So I've always been like, I'm not saying that this is a good thing. I, I'm pointing to myself as a role model, but I to I think is the opposite. I think students enjoy working closely with a supervisor, [00:15:00] but somehow I was felt more comfortable doing things [inaudible] Speaker 3: do you think your education in some, some manner helps you become more creole? Speaker 4: One of the major with, I went through the systems. Yeah. The which uh, the emphasis was on not that money, but on, uh, education and being a good student. A good relationship [00:15:30] with your professors. It was a very and very wholesome environment. I consider myself to be lucky in that I went through that kind of an environment friendly, friendly and later at the mic and uh, also at Columbia I was also in an environment that does not exist today. Unfortunately today we have money centric environment. Everything revolves [00:16:00] around money. That was not the case when I was a student at MIT when I was a student. Professors didn't know what his demeanor to go for grants, a Washington proposal late in the worries man today, unless you bring some money, they treat you like a piece of dirt. I find it very disconcerting that young people today are brought [00:16:30] up in daddy's where they're told, look, if you don't manage to get money, we will not advance you to tell you. So they have to kill themselves to try to get money. But even what they say when the wars is that the people who tell these young people, unless you got money, we want to advance your team. They know that those young people will not succeed, but they will be able then fire them at some point and [00:17:00] replace them with another cheap and naive young person they see. Right. Speaker 3: Do you see the same sort of tension between publishing and teaching historically in education? Speaker 4: Well, this has always been the case. You know, publish or perish, but they says nothing money, a centricity. This is some other century city. Speaker 3: Well, it sort of goes to the core values of the institution. Is it more important to teach or is it more important to publish? [00:17:30] Well, Speaker 4: it depends. It depends. Of course institutions. I would put Berkeley right at the very top in terms of a enlightened approach to these issues. If I lost all of my money, as I said, there was not big [inaudible] to a small thing. I was 93 days when I get this of dirt, I would be some of the places and if I did not publish and they saying, but I did some good work, I would [00:18:00] still be treated with respect. I may not get promoted that rapidly, but in other places I'm a stereo there that unfortunately these changes have not been for the better and I am very, very anti money. Three city, I see the evil effects a bit all over the place and I'll see in other countries [inaudible] Speaker 3: you are listening to k a l x Berkeley. We are talking with Professor Lockney Zada, [00:18:30] the creator of Fuzzy set theory and fuzzy logic. Lutfi Zada feels that computing with words can have an impact in fields like biology, medicine and the humanities where conventional mathematical and analytical methods are ill-suited by combining fuzzy logic with other techniques like neural networks, evolutionary computing, machine learning, and probabilistic reasoning. A new kind of computing can be realized. This week it was announced that professors on was inducted into [00:19:00] the artificial intelligence hall of fame launched by the I Tripoli Intelligent Systems magazine. Speaker 4: Do you enjoy the teaching? Yes, very much so. I've always enjoyed teaching now and let's see, I do on myself to be very lucky in that what I like to do and what I had to do were almost always coincident. Now some parts of teaching. Uh, I cannot say that [00:19:30] I like that much. For example, grading, homeworks, grading exams, you don't know, but that's the price that you have to pay. But if somebody asked me what you likes to do something else and not one microsecond, and this is wonderful though, Speaker 3: is there a part of mathematics that you find most intriguing other than what you've focused on Speaker 4: that sort of inspired you? [inaudible] and I think it [00:20:00] is really important. I think it's really important. It has to do with the capability of mathematics to solve computational problems, which are stated in a natural language. So usually when you find a problem in some books on this and then you, no bunch of numbers there, you, when this and this and this one, there is something else. Okay, that's typical problem. But suppose [00:20:30] that you have a property movies instead of numbers, you have words can mathematics. So problems of this kind. That's a question. My answer to that. My contention is no traditional mathematics cannot solve. I know you have simple problems and they give it to people who have been chasing mathematics, going some books on mathematics and we to books and this and that. They cannot solve it. Let me give you a very simple example. Speaker 4: Probably [00:21:00] John is tall. What is the probability that Johnny is short? Not One person has been able to come up with their mathematical solution. People use come and say as they say something but they cannot come with a mathematical solution. So what I have done and what I call computing with words opens that door. You added two mathematics, traditional mathematics [00:21:30] and that mathematics plus computing many words has the capability to solve problems which are stated in action. I think that this is an important capability and what is particularly striking to me is that the only system today computational system or system of computation that has that capability is fuzzy logic based computer with [00:22:00] words. So he will have mathematics, cannot solve problems which are state national language and yet it's quite obvious there are many in the real world, real vibe. There are many problems like that, but people usually solve them using sort of common sense. See, but they cannot be solved mathematically. So I feel that, uh, this is not widely recognized as yet, but I'm beginning to talk about it and beginning [00:22:30] to write about it. Speaker 5: Well, professors Oughta, thank you very much for spending this time with us Speaker 4: in the forgiven. Protect me as an opportunity to vent my views. As you can see, I express myself, uh, somewhat strongly and if I offend somebody, please accept my apology. But they tell me something about the Brahms browns had the sharp down, he was leaving a [00:23:00] party and he had the, I said, we're thinking the point he says, if there is anybody in here who I have not offended, please accept my oppose. [inaudible] Speaker 1: [inaudible]Speaker 5: a regular feature of spectrum just to mention [00:23:30] a few of the science and technology events happening locally over the next few weeks. Here's Rick Karnofsky today August 26 from 2:00 PM to 3:00 PM professor Elliot Lab with no pitch of the ECS department and the director of the Center for energy efficient electronic science. Well present, searching for the millivolt switch. Moore's law predicts smaller components leading to increased energy efficiency. Well, while wires can operate at very low voltages, current transistors can not can the transistors be replaced with new low voltage switches [00:24:00] that are matched to the fine low voltage wires. Visit the Hearst memorial mining building room three 90 today at 2:00 PM to find out the community resources for science or the crs are having a founder celebration Sunday, August 28th from four to 6:30 PM at cliff bar and company 1451 66th street in Emeryville. Crs gives practical support for it. Great Science Teaching to get kids excited about science. Dr Peter h Glick is the co founder and president of the [inaudible] Speaker 1: [00:24:30] [inaudible]. Speaker 5: It's about their experience in East Bay classrooms. Tickets are $25 for students and teachers or $40 for the general public visit. Founder of celebration, 2000 eleven.eventbrite.com for tickets on Thursday September 8th [00:25:00] from seven to 9:00 PM they called you center at five three zero San Pablo Avenue near Dwight in Berkeley. Associate a free lecture. It is entitled from auto cities to Eco cities. Examples from around the globe, they'll discuss city design from around the world. That favor is walking, cycling, and public transit. The presentation will be followed by an interactive session based on an evolving Eco city framework under development by the ECO city builders and an international advisory committee. Visit Ecology center.org for more info. [00:25:30] The exploratorium after dark is an evening series four 18 and over is that mixes, cocktails, conversation and playful, innovative science and art events. It happens the first Thursday of the month from six to 10:00 PM after dark is included in the general admission price, which is $15 for adults. Speaker 5: The theme for September 1st after dark is music and creativity. Explore unique musical instruments made by local artists. Soon came and hear Indian classical music performed by Dr Perrin, Georgia, who research is connections between music [00:26:00] and creativity as the head of the music intelligence group at the Georgia Tech Center for music technology. He'll also share his work on the creation of new technologies for musical self-expression and then you're all basis for musical emotion and the cognitive underpinnings of musical experience. Visit exploratorium.edu for more info now, two new stories, David Lipkit and Chris Todd Hettinger and other researchers right in the August 22nd issue of the proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences that they have discovered a strain of yeast and Patagonia [00:26:30] that they believe is one of the parents of the modern day lager yeast. Saccharomyces pastoral Arianna's loggers are brewed at 39 to 48 degrees Fahrenheit. The style is believed to have originated in Germany in the 15th century because low winter temperatures prevent contamination. Speaker 5: However, most Fridays of the common Ailey's sacrum IC survey see are active at higher temperatures. 59 to 77 degrees Fahrenheit. Lager, you started domesticated hybrid of the Ale yeast with a cold resistant species. The researcher's notes that the draft [00:27:00] genome sequence of the newly discovered yeast sacrifices you be honest, is 99.5% identical to the Non Ale east portion of the lager yeast genome. The journal Science reports that white researchers are nearly twice as likely as blacks to win grants from the National Institutes of health or the NIH, NIH director Francis Collins notes that she is deeply dismayed and has said that this is simply unacceptable, that there are differences in success that can't be explained. Between 2000 and 2006 [00:27:30] 29% of white applicants received funding, but only 16% of black researchers did. Hispanic and Asian scientists had approximately the same success ratio as white researchers, particularly after correcting for nationality and past research record. While reviewers do not have direct information on the race and ethnicity of applicants, it can be inferred from names and biographies. The bias seems to rise early in the [inaudible] process and the NIH is striving to find measures that will eliminate it by drawing on more minority reviewers and possibly helping applicants with their grant writing. [00:28:00] Hmm. Speaker 1: [inaudible] editing assistance from Judith White Marceline production assistants, Rick Karnofsky, the music heard during the show is from Elliston at David album entitled folk and Acoustical. Thank you for listening to spectrum. If you have comments about the show, [00:28:30] please send them to us via email. Our email address is spectrum dot k o x@yahoo.com join us in two weeks at this same time. [inaudible]. See acast.com/privacy for privacy and opt-out information.

In 1965 Prof. Zadeh published a paper titled Fuzzy Sets in the journal Information and Control. Fuzzy Set theory and Fuzzy Logic has been hailed as a brilliant addition to Set theory. Zadeh is Prof. Emeritus of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science at UC Berkeley.TranscriptSpeaker 1: [inaudible].Speaker 2: [00:00:30] Welcome to spectrum the science and technology show on k a l x Berkeley, a biweekly 30 minute program bringing you interviews featuring bay area scientists and technologists as well as a calendar of local events and news. Speaker 3: Hi, my name is Brad swift and I'm the host of today's show. Today's interview is with Professor Lutfi Zada. He is professor emeritus in the electrical engineering and Computer Science Department of the College of Engineering [00:01:00] at UC Berkeley. Professor Zada was trained as an electrical engineer at the University of Toronto where he received a bachelor's degree at MIT where he received a master's and Columbia University where he received a Ph d from 1950 to 1959 Zara was a member of the Department of Electrical Engineering at Columbia University. He joined the Department of electrical engineering at UC Berkeley in 1959 and served [00:01:30] as its chair from 1963 to 1968 during his tenure as chair, he played a key role in changing the name of the department from electrical engineering to electrical engineering, computer science or [inaudible]. In June, 1965 professor Zada published a paper titled Fuzzy Sets in the Journal Information and control. This paper formalized his seminal fuzzy set theory. In the years since fuzzy set theory and fuzzy logic has been hailed as a brilliant [00:02:00] addition to set theory. Speaker 3: The word fuzzy is used to characterize the imprecision and uncertainty of real world phenomena that the theory embraces. Essentially, a fuzzy set is a set whose members have degrees of membership within the range. Zero and one fuzzy set theory permits the gradual assessment of the membership of elements in a set. The membership is described by a value in the interval zero to one fuzzy logic is based on fuzzy set theory where [00:02:30] sets are approximate rather than fixed and exact how's he logic embraces the concept of partial truth where the truth value may range between completely true one and completely false zero. This interview is prerecorded and edited professors Oughta. Thank you very much for joining us on spectrum. It's my player. What do you think it was about being here at Berkeley that got you thinking about fuzzy logic [00:03:00] and the work that you then published? Right? Speaker 4: What did he see? What happened is that I have always been a strong believer in mathematics. I always believed that [inaudible] is solve all problems and simply, and that's what I've learned. You can [inaudible] if you cannot solve the problem with what, you know, learn more and then you go with the, so that was my fear. But then I began to feel that there is a disconnect between the precision of mathematics and the precision [00:03:30] of the real world. So I began to feel that way, uh, in 1960160260 three during sort of that period and my feeling that there is a problem grow in 1964 then when I was visiting New York, this idea occurred to me the same to do is to introduce the concept of a presence at the class, which [00:04:00] does not have sharp boundaries. So instead of talking about something being in a class or not being in a class, you're talking about degrees to which you are a member of a class, which seems to be a very natural sort of a thing. So what is surprising is this very simple national idea was not introduced in mathematics to some degree. It is amazing. There is multivariate logic and long [00:04:30] to validate logic. Truth is a matter of degree and fuzzy logic. Everything is a matter of degree. High geologic follows for, as you said, theater, everything is relative degree. So agenda of ideological is completely different from the agenda. [inaudible] Speaker 3: so do you consider yourself a creative thinker? Speaker 4: I think so, yes. I think this is [00:05:00] my strength. Yours and cut it up with original ideas. That's my sense. There are people who are smarter than I, but they were not creative. In other words, if we took exams, probably they do better, but somehow they are luck. This particular capability. Let's see. So what is something unusual? And I must pat myself on the back. Yes. The people at my [00:05:30] age, you know, I turned 19 continue to do something and tell them, I said we won't get to being a certain kind of environment that allows me to do that. I wrote my first paper [inaudible] 1965 at that time I was chair of the department and we had, I was on editorial boards. I had recognition. I submitted a paper publication during use. We're look for them. [00:06:00] If I were not a member of, they told you the board of that journal. Speaker 4: It wasn't getting turned down but I said, man, I thought of Kirsten. See they published. Know that paper by 1965 paper is the highest side that they put in that journal to NJ 6,000 citations. The next highest cited paper that it still 1,010 times more. Yeah. If a paper has 200 200 citation, that's considered to be [00:06:30] respectable in Europe I think they would be promoted to full professorship. You need at least 50 citations. A many people don't realize that. Yesterday I gave a lecture, he wished there was a little discussion of physiologic and the number of papers with fuzzy in title I or somebody who knows nothing about physiologic. I said, your perception, how many papers you guys are children [00:07:00] have Pfizer entitled because I said was 14 and he is a professor. He was a lecturer. Another suit. I asked somebody else. 50 okay, what is the correct number? 245,000 that's a lot. 245,000 papers with Pfizer and title. That's not something that's as black and white, either some title or southern title. [00:07:30] See how many patterns? 33,000 patterns relate to Pfizer here it's a little bit of question isn't related or unrelated to what degree? This is the picture, so it shows you the degree to which competent people can misunderstand something. So we send the people to reviewers presumably who know a lot and then they say this is piece of nonsense, garbage, whatever, whatever, whatever.Speaker 3: Is this the conservative [00:08:00] nature of the math world and people in mathematics that they're very conservative. They don't want to embrace a new idea, like fuzzy logic. I just Speaker 4: have difficulty in the, unless you're very much in the spirit of what's being done. Let me see if it's very much in the spirit of waste being done. No problems. So if you have four color problem, one pheromones, serum and you prove it, no problem. But if you come up with some [00:08:30] new rules, something, something, something you may have a problem. So at the same thing got placed in music and many other things usic in particular, you know, if you can pull something that is in the spirit of what's been too great but usually a couple of something it's completely different. People would throw to later say to you, which was I happened in music, you know, mineral service here. People like that, you know, very [00:09:00] they told on music this music that you write music is a good example of the situation which uh, which outage or now I'd say of in a certain sense gets you in trouble. Speaker 3: You are listening to k a l x Berkeley. We are talking with professor and Lucky Zada the creator of fuzzy set theory and fuzzy logic. Fuzzy logic [00:09:30] found its niche in industrial controllers. It was jump-started by a Cillian and Mandani in 1974 with their fuzzy linguistic algorithm to control the steam edge. The fuzzy vacation of industrial controllers took off cement kilns and Denmark subway trains in Sendai City, Japan, elevators, consumer products like cam quarters washing machines, back home cleaners and cars. Professor Zada attributes the success of fuzzy algorithms [00:10:00] to two concepts. He introduced linguistic variables and fuzzy if then rules. The hierarchy of a linguistic variable can be described as follows. Page can be a linguistic variable. Age is made up of, for example, three fuzzy sets named very young, young and old. The membership function. Each of these sets is mapped onto a numerical scale of values. In this case zero to 100 [00:10:30] years old. Each data element can be then tested for its degree of set membership. The higher the degree associated with an element in a given set, the more reliable the membership. The importance of this concept is how widely linguistic variables can be applied to problems. If you can describe what it is you want to know or how you want a system to behave, you can build a linguistic algorithm and compute. Speaker 4: But [00:11:00] the, and let me explain why there were so many applications. So I wrote my first paper in 1965 in 1973 I wrote the paper. Yeah, we're trying to use the concept but of a linguistic variable. It didn't really sit variable. And that's why I say key concept. It's a variable whose values itself. Wars. Humans use it all the time. Talk about age. [00:11:30] You can't use numbers one, two, three, four, five. But you can use words young, not young, very young, more or less young, old, not very old village. People use boards instead of numbers. That's the point. So I caught a variable like that linguistic variable, the variables whose values are words, but those words are enablers of pleasure sets. So when [00:12:00] you say town, it is a fight. He said, if I just said it's associated with memories, your function, that means that given that particular height, you could tell it to one degree is the person who that uh, is a member of the class of thought that this is because members, your firms. Speaker 4: So then we seek malleable. It's not just something that takes those matters. He was do that, but he was do not associate, [00:12:30] but your sets with the value. That's a big difference. But once you are associated for, as he said, you can compute with those of sets. And that turned out to be a key Isaiah because there you could program in natural language. So in that people in 1973 feet, I introduce [00:13:00] two basic concepts. One was the kinds of linguistic credible and the other one the Christ. I'm still fuzzy if they're in the room today, the 95% of our application for your logic, use those two pencils and you'll begin to see why it's easier to use natural language and medication. If I asked you how do you park your car, you could [00:13:30] explain it as a natural language, but if I asked you to do it using numbers, you can do it. Speaker 4: I said if you all were there, so many fears, then you wrangling so much, then turn the WM by 70 degrees. Nobody can do that, but people can use words. So you take words and associate those labels with them and then you execute. So people find that they can solve many problems. [00:14:00] A good example is balancing the worth, inverted pendulum stick. So it 10 year old gun, right? The rules. If this angle is low, Marcela's increasing, then give it a big push to traditionary to solve the problem. People use control theater. There are differential equations. They do that not near, not necessarily a 10 year old can solve the problem. Speaker 3: When you were [00:14:30] developing your fuzzy set theory, where are you collaborating with anybody at all? At the university? Speaker 4: Nothing really. I've never been much of a collaborator. That's the way I function. So I've always been like, I'm not saying that this is a good thing. I, I'm pointing to myself as a role model, but I to I think is the opposite. I think students enjoy working closely with a supervisor, [00:15:00] but somehow I was felt more comfortable doing things [inaudible] Speaker 3: do you think your education in some, some manner helps you become more creole? Speaker 4: One of the major with, I went through the systems. Yeah. The which uh, the emphasis was on not that money, but on, uh, education and being a good student. A good relationship [00:15:30] with your professors. It was a very and very wholesome environment. I consider myself to be lucky in that I went through that kind of an environment friendly, friendly and later at the mic and uh, also at Columbia I was also in an environment that does not exist today. Unfortunately today we have money centric environment. Everything revolves [00:16:00] around money. That was not the case when I was a student at MIT when I was a student. Professors didn't know what his demeanor to go for grants, a Washington proposal late in the worries man today, unless you bring some money, they treat you like a piece of dirt. I find it very disconcerting that young people today are brought [00:16:30] up in daddy's where they're told, look, if you don't manage to get money, we will not advance you to tell you. So they have to kill themselves to try to get money. But even what they say when the wars is that the people who tell these young people, unless you got money, we want to advance your team. They know that those young people will not succeed, but they will be able then fire them at some point and [00:17:00] replace them with another cheap and naive young person they see. Right. Speaker 3: Do you see the same sort of tension between publishing and teaching historically in education? Speaker 4: Well, this has always been the case. You know, publish or perish, but they says nothing money, a centricity. This is some other century city. Speaker 3: Well, it sort of goes to the core values of the institution. Is it more important to teach or is it more important to publish? [00:17:30] Well, Speaker 4: it depends. It depends. Of course institutions. I would put Berkeley right at the very top in terms of a enlightened approach to these issues. If I lost all of my money, as I said, there was not big [inaudible] to a small thing. I was 93 days when I get this of dirt, I would be some of the places and if I did not publish and they saying, but I did some good work, I would [00:18:00] still be treated with respect. I may not get promoted that rapidly, but in other places I'm a stereo there that unfortunately these changes have not been for the better and I am very, very anti money. Three city, I see the evil effects a bit all over the place and I'll see in other countries [inaudible] Speaker 3: you are listening to k a l x Berkeley. We are talking with Professor Lockney Zada, [00:18:30] the creator of Fuzzy set theory and fuzzy logic. Lutfi Zada feels that computing with words can have an impact in fields like biology, medicine and the humanities where conventional mathematical and analytical methods are ill-suited by combining fuzzy logic with other techniques like neural networks, evolutionary computing, machine learning, and probabilistic reasoning. A new kind of computing can be realized. This week it was announced that professors on was inducted into [00:19:00] the artificial intelligence hall of fame launched by the I Tripoli Intelligent Systems magazine. Speaker 4: Do you enjoy the teaching? Yes, very much so. I've always enjoyed teaching now and let's see, I do on myself to be very lucky in that what I like to do and what I had to do were almost always coincident. Now some parts of teaching. Uh, I cannot say that [00:19:30] I like that much. For example, grading, homeworks, grading exams, you don't know, but that's the price that you have to pay. But if somebody asked me what you likes to do something else and not one microsecond, and this is wonderful though, Speaker 3: is there a part of mathematics that you find most intriguing other than what you've focused on Speaker 4: that sort of inspired you? [inaudible] and I think it [00:20:00] is really important. I think it's really important. It has to do with the capability of mathematics to solve computational problems, which are stated in a natural language. So usually when you find a problem in some books on this and then you, no bunch of numbers there, you, when this and this and this one, there is something else. Okay, that's typical problem. But suppose [00:20:30] that you have a property movies instead of numbers, you have words can mathematics. So problems of this kind. That's a question. My answer to that. My contention is no traditional mathematics cannot solve. I know you have simple problems and they give it to people who have been chasing mathematics, going some books on mathematics and we to books and this and that. They cannot solve it. Let me give you a very simple example. Speaker 4: Probably [00:21:00] John is tall. What is the probability that Johnny is short? Not One person has been able to come up with their mathematical solution. People use come and say as they say something but they cannot come with a mathematical solution. So what I have done and what I call computing with words opens that door. You added two mathematics, traditional mathematics [00:21:30] and that mathematics plus computing many words has the capability to solve problems which are stated in action. I think that this is an important capability and what is particularly striking to me is that the only system today computational system or system of computation that has that capability is fuzzy logic based computer with [00:22:00] words. So he will have mathematics, cannot solve problems which are state national language and yet it's quite obvious there are many in the real world, real vibe. There are many problems like that, but people usually solve them using sort of common sense. See, but they cannot be solved mathematically. So I feel that, uh, this is not widely recognized as yet, but I'm beginning to talk about it and beginning [00:22:30] to write about it. Speaker 5: Well, professors Oughta, thank you very much for spending this time with us Speaker 4: in the forgiven. Protect me as an opportunity to vent my views. As you can see, I express myself, uh, somewhat strongly and if I offend somebody, please accept my apology. But they tell me something about the Brahms browns had the sharp down, he was leaving a [00:23:00] party and he had the, I said, we're thinking the point he says, if there is anybody in here who I have not offended, please accept my oppose. [inaudible] Speaker 1: [inaudible]Speaker 5: a regular feature of spectrum just to mention [00:23:30] a few of the science and technology events happening locally over the next few weeks. Here's Rick Karnofsky today August 26 from 2:00 PM to 3:00 PM professor Elliot Lab with no pitch of the ECS department and the director of the Center for energy efficient electronic science. Well present, searching for the millivolt switch. Moore's law predicts smaller components leading to increased energy efficiency. Well, while wires can operate at very low voltages, current transistors can not can the transistors be replaced with new low voltage switches [00:24:00] that are matched to the fine low voltage wires. Visit the Hearst memorial mining building room three 90 today at 2:00 PM to find out the community resources for science or the crs are having a founder celebration Sunday, August 28th from four to 6:30 PM at cliff bar and company 1451 66th street in Emeryville. Crs gives practical support for it. Great Science Teaching to get kids excited about science. Dr Peter h Glick is the co founder and president of the [inaudible] Speaker 1: [00:24:30] [inaudible]. Speaker 5: It's about their experience in East Bay classrooms. Tickets are $25 for students and teachers or $40 for the general public visit. Founder of celebration, 2000 eleven.eventbrite.com for tickets on Thursday September 8th [00:25:00] from seven to 9:00 PM they called you center at five three zero San Pablo Avenue near Dwight in Berkeley. Associate a free lecture. It is entitled from auto cities to Eco cities. Examples from around the globe, they'll discuss city design from around the world. That favor is walking, cycling, and public transit. The presentation will be followed by an interactive session based on an evolving Eco city framework under development by the ECO city builders and an international advisory committee. Visit Ecology center.org for more info. [00:25:30] The exploratorium after dark is an evening series four 18 and over is that mixes, cocktails, conversation and playful, innovative science and art events. It happens the first Thursday of the month from six to 10:00 PM after dark is included in the general admission price, which is $15 for adults. Speaker 5: The theme for September 1st after dark is music and creativity. Explore unique musical instruments made by local artists. Soon came and hear Indian classical music performed by Dr Perrin, Georgia, who research is connections between music [00:26:00] and creativity as the head of the music intelligence group at the Georgia Tech Center for music technology. He'll also share his work on the creation of new technologies for musical self-expression and then you're all basis for musical emotion and the cognitive underpinnings of musical experience. Visit exploratorium.edu for more info now, two new stories, David Lipkit and Chris Todd Hettinger and other researchers right in the August 22nd issue of the proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences that they have discovered a strain of yeast and Patagonia [00:26:30] that they believe is one of the parents of the modern day lager yeast. Saccharomyces pastoral Arianna's loggers are brewed at 39 to 48 degrees Fahrenheit. The style is believed to have originated in Germany in the 15th century because low winter temperatures prevent contamination. Speaker 5: However, most Fridays of the common Ailey's sacrum IC survey see are active at higher temperatures. 59 to 77 degrees Fahrenheit. Lager, you started domesticated hybrid of the Ale yeast with a cold resistant species. The researcher's notes that the draft [00:27:00] genome sequence of the newly discovered yeast sacrifices you be honest, is 99.5% identical to the Non Ale east portion of the lager yeast genome. The journal Science reports that white researchers are nearly twice as likely as blacks to win grants from the National Institutes of health or the NIH, NIH director Francis Collins notes that she is deeply dismayed and has said that this is simply unacceptable, that there are differences in success that can't be explained. Between 2000 and 2006 [00:27:30] 29% of white applicants received funding, but only 16% of black researchers did. Hispanic and Asian scientists had approximately the same success ratio as white researchers, particularly after correcting for nationality and past research record. While reviewers do not have direct information on the race and ethnicity of applicants, it can be inferred from names and biographies. The bias seems to rise early in the [inaudible] process and the NIH is striving to find measures that will eliminate it by drawing on more minority reviewers and possibly helping applicants with their grant writing. [00:28:00] Hmm. Speaker 1: [inaudible] editing assistance from Judith White Marceline production assistants, Rick Karnofsky, the music heard during the show is from Elliston at David album entitled folk and Acoustical. Thank you for listening to spectrum. If you have comments about the show, [00:28:30] please send them to us via email. Our email address is spectrum dot k o x@yahoo.com join us in two weeks at this same time. [inaudible]. Hosted on Acast. See acast.com/privacy for more information.