Podcasts about 42c

Herkese merhabalar. Wilderness Medical Society'nin (WMS) ilk olarak 2014'te çıkardığı ve 2019'da güncellediği​1​ Sıcaklık Hastalığının Önlenmesi ve Tedavisi Kılavuzu'nun önemli noktaları ile karşınızdayız. Hepinize keyifli okumalar dilerim. Sıcaklık hastalığı tanımı Sıcaklık hastalığı olarak dilimize çevrilebilecek “heat illness”, ısıya bağlı kramplar, senkop, ısı yorgunluğu ve yaşamı tehdit eden sıcak çarpması gibi küçükten şiddetliye bir hastalık yelpazesi olarak kendini gösterebilir. Hipertermi, normal fizyolojinin sapmasıdır ve sıcaklık hastalığından ayrı olarak düşünülmelidir. Yüksek ortam sıcaklıklarına maruz kalmanın bir sonucu olarak veya kas aktivitesine bağlı olarak gelişir. Çalışmalarda asemptomatik koşucuların %56'sının kor sıcaklığının >40C ve %11'inin de >42C olduğu gösterilmiştir. Kılavuz buna dayanarak tek başına kor sıcaklığının, sıcaklık hastalığının göstergesi kabul edilemeyeceği üzerinde durmuştur. Isıya bağlı kramp terimi ilk olarak 1930'larda sıcaklığa bağlı istemsiz kas kasılmalarını ifade etmek için kullanılmış ve dehidratasyon ve elektrolit bozuklukları ile ilişkili bulunmuştur. Isıya bağlı senkop ise yüksek sıcaklığa maruziyet sonrasında normale kısa sürede dönen geçici bilinç kaybını ifade etmek için kullanılmıştır. Senkop nedenleri vazodilatasyona bağlı olarak kan göllenmesi, uzun süre ayakta kalma, ileri yaş, dehidratasyon ve eşlik eden komorbiditeler olarak sıralanmış, normal sıcaklıklarda istirahat ve rehidratasyon ile çözüleceği vurgulanmıştır. Isıya bağlı yorgunluk, sıcak ortama maruziyet sonrasında gelişen ve rahatsız edici bir yorguluktan, güç kaybına kadar değişen bir durum olarak tanımlanmıştır. Bütün bu komponentler ciddiye alınmaz veya fark edilmez ise hızlı bir şekilde sıcak çarpması denen fulminan duruma doğru ilerleyebileceği belirtilmiştir. Sıcak çarpması (heat stroke), kor sıcaklığının >40C olmasına ek olarak santral sinir sistemi semptomlarının dahil olması (ensefalopati, nöbet, koma) şeklinde tanımlanmıştır. Isı Kaybının Sağlanması Vücutta fazla ısı, santral ve periferik reseptörlerle algılanarak hipotalamus aracılığıyla cilt ve organlarda meydana gelen ve “termoregülasyon” adı verilen süreç sayesinde kaybedilir. Kan sıcaklığında meydana gelen 1C'lik değişim ile kan splanknik ve renal bölgeden cilde ve arteriovenöz bileşkelere doğru kayar. Ancak egzersiz ile artan kor sıcaklığı, ortam sıcaklığının yüksekliğine bağlı olarak ciltten atılamaz ise metabolik ısı üretimi karşılanamaz ve sıcaklık hastalığı gelişebilir. Eğer belli bir kritik eşik aşılırsa sitokinlerin ve özel proteinlerin rol oynadığı bir kaskad aktive olur ve sıcak çarpması gelişir. Isı kaybını sekteye uğratacak kişisel faktörler arasında geniş skar dokusu, hipohidroz, azalmış kardiyopulmoner rezerv ve ileri yaş sayılabilir. Alkol, benzodiyazepinler, beta blokerler, diüretikler, trisiklik antidepresanlar gibi ilaç grupları sıcaklık hastalığı için yatkınlık oluşturabilir. Askeri kökenli çalışmalarda obez askerlerin fit askerlere oranla sıcaklık hastalığına daha yatkın oldukları gösterilmiştir. 10-14 gün boyunca günde 1-2 saatlik sıcaklık maruziyetiyle yapılan sıcaklık aklimizasyonu ile vücudun termoregülasyon kabiliyeti artırılabilir. Ayrıca kardiyopulmoner kapasitenin artırılması da bu konuda yardımcı faktördür. Ancak değiştirilebilir risk faktörleri arasında en önemli olanı hidrasyon durumudur. Vücut ağırlığının %2-3'ü kadarlık sıvı kaybı artmış kor sıcaklığı ile ilişkili bulunmuştur. Öneriler: Medikal özgeçmişe ait önemli faktörler taranmalıdır (Öneri Düzeyi (Ö.D.): 1B).Termoregülasyonu kısıtlayacak ilaçların kullanımı en aza indirilmelidir (Ö.D. 1C).Obezlerin sıcaklık hastalığına daha yatkın olduğu unutulmamalıdır (Ö.D. 1B).En azından 8 gün boyunca günde 1-2 saat sıcaklık maruziyetine izin verilen ısı aklimizasyonu yapılabilir (Ö.D. 1C).Aktivite öncesi hiper ya da hipohidrasyon değil, öhidrasyon sağlanmalıdır (Ö.D. 1B).“Susadıkça su içme stratejisi” vücut ağırlığının %2'sinden daha ...

JEAN 10:24-42C'est l'heur de la lecture de toute la bible dans une année. --- Support this podcast: https://anchor.fm/haitianhelpinghands/support

In our celebrity culture, how we look has never been more important. Some people go to amazing lengths to achieve the look they want, but other 'normal' people - like you or me - take products to help them reach their goals. In today's episode of the UK True Crime podcast, we look at what can happen when we are unaware of exactly what we are taking. And who profits from this - as there is no doubt that someone also profits from the misery caused. Referenced sites www.uktruecrime.com (http://www.uktruecrime.com/) http://www.patreon.com/uktruecrime https://www.facebook.com/groups/UKTrueCrime Sources https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-beds-bucks-herts-24074836 https://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-4735942/Young-woman-died-taking-diet-pills.html https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-beds-bucks-herts-33419917 https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-beds-bucks-herts-20016068 https://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2684903/Bodybuilder-collapsed-died-told-drink-industrial-pesticide-lose-weight-making-temperature-soar-42C.html https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-beds-bucks-herts-33677629 https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-beds-bucks-herts-28704889 https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-beds-bucks-herts-28213513 https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2014/jul/08/man-killed-herbicide-weight-loss-aid-court-hears https://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-3139153/Gym-boss-supplied-weight-loss-chemical-killed-bodybuilder-ran-illegal-steroid-selling-business.html https://www.mirror.co.uk/news/uk-news/bodybuilder-died-after-drinking-weedkiller-4357187 https://www.mix96.co.uk/news/local/1665026/two-convicted-after-gym-goer-killed-by-lethal-steroid/ https://www.mirror.co.uk/news/uk-news/female-powerlifting-champion-jailed-after-4485636 https://www.bucksfreepress.co.uk/news/13501556.men-who-helped-run-steroid-business-are-jailed-after-death-of-wycombe-man/ https://www.bucksfreepress.co.uk/news/10672497.four-charged-over-gym-drug-death/ https://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-3067951/Global-alert-killer-diet-pills-Interpol-issue-warning-deaths-six-Britons.html https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2014/aug/11/two-cleared-manslaughter-sean-cleathero-died-weedkiller-slimming https://www.bucksfreepress.co.uk/news/9997865.family-pays-tribute-to-man-who-died-after-taking-gym-drug/ https://www.express.co.uk/news/uk/647184/First-arrest-after-raids-over-toxic-diet-pill-linked-to-5-deaths-including-student-21/amp https://www.telegraph.co.uk/lifestyle/wellbeing/diet/11551680/The-diet-pill-victims-killed-by-their-quest-for-a-better-figure.html https://www.irishmirror.ie/news/world-news/female-powerlifting-champion-jailed-after-4485636 https://www.belfasttelegraph.co.uk/news/uk/man-dies-after-taking-gym-drug-28876078.html https://www.planningforcare.co.uk/bodybuilder-collapsed-and-died-after-being-told-to-drink-industrial-pesticide-to-lose-weight-making-his-temperature-soar-to-42c/ https://old.buckscc.gov.uk/news/2015/november/trading-standards-campaign-warns-of-dnp-dangers/ http://www.bucksherald.co.uk/news/more-news/pair-jailed-for-supplying-steroids-to-gym-goer-who-took-lethal-cocktail-1-6871804 https://www.thesun.co.uk/archives/news/858457/diet-pills-likened-to-rat-poison-by-coroner-as-they-claim-another-life/ https://www.mirror.co.uk/news/uk-news/deadly-diet-pills-costing-just-6002422 https://www.standard.co.uk/news/london/police-hunt-supplier-of-poison-diet-pills-that-killed-teen-rugby-star-8818843.html https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2014/jan/14/dnp-victims-families-fat-burning-drug-reclassify https://www.itv.com/news/update/2014-08-11/pair-acquitted-of-weedkiller-manslaughter/ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=g7x0hQildik https://www.thefreelibrary.com/%27Diet+pills%27+share+deadly+past+with+wartime+shells%3b+Double+danger+of...-a0411583720 https://www.church-papers.com/lethal-dnp-diet-pills-still-on-sale-despite-crackdown-bbc-finds-bbc-news/ https://www.elitedaily.com/life/sad-truth-about-diet-pills/1038336 https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/crime/10022925/The-deadly-trail-of-the-killer-slimming-drug-DNP.html https://www.facebook.com/sean.cleathero.7

NEWSREADER INTRO: This is TRT World’s Daily News Brief for Friday, June 28th. *)G20 leaders voice divergent trade concerns World leaders clashed over trade, globalisation and the collapsing nuclear deal with Iran on day one of the G20 summit. Shinzo Abe, the host of the summit, called for a free economy as leaders met under the shadow of the US-China trade feud. US President Trump said he expected a “productive” talk with China's Xi Jinping, who warned against protectionist steps by developed countries. *)US Congress approves $4.6B in emergency border funding US House Speaker Nancy Pelosi bowed to Republican pressure as Congress approved $4.6 billion in emergency border aid. The House of Representatives passed the Trump administration-backed measure with a bipartisan vote of 305 to 102. The emergency aid came after reports that migrant children were housed in terrible facilities in sweltering weather along the US-Mexico border. *)Spain battles wildfire amid European heat wave A forest fire in Spain's northeastern Catalonia region raged out of control as Europe endures one of the worst heat waves in decades. The country issued a "red level" warning to its population as temperatures were expected to reach 42C on Friday. Some 350 firefighters, 230 soldiers and 15 aerial tanker aircraft were at the site of the blaze on Thursday. *)Bad moment for Biden in US debate Criticised over his race record and asked to pass on the torch, Democrats took on Joe Biden as a common target in Thursday’s presidential debate. Senator Kamala Harris challenged the former vice president to apologise for working with segregationist senators in the 1970s. A defensive Biden argued Harris mischaracterised his record. *)Selfies deadlier than shark attacks And finally, India's Journal of Family Medicine and Primary Care revealed that selfies killed five times more people than shark attacks. At least 259 people died taking selfies around the globe between October 2011 an d November 2017, the journal said. India has set up non-selfie zones, but will that stop Generation Z? OUTRO: And that’s your daily news brief from TRT World ... For more, head to TRTWorld.com.

Dr Paul Wang:                   Welcome to the monthly podcast "On the Beat" for Circulation: Arrhythmia, and Electrophysiology. I'm Dr Paul Wang, Editor-in Chief, with some of the key highlights from this month's issue.                                                 In our first manuscript, Marie Bayer Elming and associates, examined whether the right ventricular ejection fraction can identify patients with non-ischemic systolic heart failure, more likely to benefit from ICD implantation. The Danish study, to assess the efficacy of ICDs in patients with non-ischemic systolic heart failure, on mortality, the Danish study, randomized patients with non-ischemic systolic heart failure to ICD our control. In 239 patients with interpretable cardiovascular magnetic resonance images, the right ventricular volume and ejection fraction was measured. Right ventricular ejection fraction was an independent predictor of all-cause mortality, with a hazard ration 1.34 per 10% absolute decrease in our right ventricular ejection fraction. P=0.02. There is statistically significant interaction between right ventricular ejection fraction and the effect of ICD implantation. P=0.001. ICD implantation significantly reduced all-cause mortality in patients with right ventricular systolic dysfunction. Hazard ratio 0.41, but not in patients without right ventricular systolic dysfunction.                                                 Thus, in this post-hoc analysis of the Danish trial, ICD therapy was associated with survival benefit in patients with bi-ventricular heart failure.                                                 In our next paper, Dawn Pedrotty and Volodymyr Kuzmenko and associates, have proposed a concept of using a stretchable, flexible, bio patch, with conductive properties, to attempt to restore conduction across regions in which activation is disrupted. They use carbon nanotube patches, composed of nanofibrillated cellulose, in single wall carbon nanotube ink, 3-D printed in conductive patterns onto bacterial nanocellulose.                                                 Electro anatomic mapping was performed on normal epicardium and repeated over surgically disruptive epicardium, and finally with the patch applied passively. The patch resulted in restored conduction based on mapping.                                                 In our next paper, Ayman Hussein and colleagues developed a fully automated platform to collect patient reported outcomes in a prospective cohort of atrial fibrillation ablation. Two thousand one hundred and seventy-five patients were eligible to receive 10,903 patient reported outcome assessment invitations. More follow up assessments were obtained with automated patient reported outcomes in routine follow-up, compared with routine follow up alone, P > 0.001, which allowed for longer duration of follow up, 378 vs 217 days. By automated patient reported outcomes, a large number of disease specific variables were collected and showed improvement in quality of life. Baseline median AF symptom severity score of 12 and ranged between 2 and 3 on subsequent assessments, P > 0.0001. This improvement was also true for each of the atrial fibrillation symptom severity score components. In patient reported outcomes, there was a significant reduction in atrial fibrillation burden, such as frequency and duration episodes and associated healthcare utilization including emergency visits and hospitalizations after the ablation procedures.                                                 In our next paper, Nicolas Johner, Dipen Shah, and associates, examined the role of post pacing intervals shorter than tachycardia cycling during entrainment mapping. The author studied 24 non-cavotricuspid isthmus dependent macro oriented atrial flutters in 19 consecutive patients. High density electro anatomic activation maps were acquired with a 64-electrode basket catheter of 102 entrainment mapping sites. Post pacing interval difference less than 30 was observed at 72 sites on complete maps of 24 atypical atrial flutters compared to sites with the difference in post pacing intervals 0 to 30, with 45 sites difference in the post pacing interval less than 0 at 27 were more commonly located within isthmuses less than 15mm wide and more frequently located in within 5mm of the leading wave front. It also exhibited slower local conduction, lower voltages in more frequently fractioned electrograms. The authors concluded that in atrial flutter, sites with differences with the post pacing interval are markers of limited width critical isthmuses with slower conduction velocity, while sites with difference in post pacing interval 0 to 30ms are often not in close proximity to the reentrance circuit. Virtual electrode simultaneous down and up stream, antidromic capture of a confined isthmus of slow conduction can explain a difference in the post pacing interval less than 0.                                                 In the next paper, José Manuel Alfonso-Almazán, and associates studied the safety and efficacy parameters associated with catheter-based radiofrequency delivery at the root of the aorta and pulmonary artery. The author studied 34 pigs undergoing in vivo catheter based ablation using continuous contact force and lesion index monitoring during 60 second radiofrequency delivery with an open, irrigated tip catheter. Twenty-eight animals were allocated to groups receiving 40 watts, 50 watts, or 60 watts and acute, chronic arterial damage was quantified by multi photon microscopy in ex vivo samples. Adjacent microlesion were quantified in parallel samples. The remaining 8 pigs, these were used to validate safety and efficacy parameters. Acute collagen elastic alterations were significantly associated with radiofrequency power, although chronic assessment revealed vascular wall recovery in patients without [steam pop 00:06:56]. The main parameters associated with steam pops were median peak temperature greater than 42C, and impedance falls greater than 23 ohms. Unlike other parameters, lesion index values of 9.1 units were associated with the presence of adjacent myocardial lesions in both univariate and multivariate analyses. In the validation group, lesion index values using 40 watts over a range of contact forces correlated with the size of radiofrequency lesions. Lesion index values obtained during 40 watts radiofrequency application reliably monitor safe and effective lesion creation at the root of the great arteries.                                                 In our next paper, Eiichiro Oka and associates examine the prevalence and significance of the early repolarization electrocardiographic pattern and its mechanistic insight based on cardiac magnetic resonance findings in patients with acute myocarditis. The author studied 30 patients with the diagnosis of acute myocarditis. Nine had an early repolarization electrocardiographical pattern, which was defined as a terminal QRS notching or slurring with an amplitude of greater than zero-point millivolts in at least two inferior and/or lateral leads. The early repolarization group, while the remaining 21 cases had broad ST elevation or pathological QAs.                                                 The non-early repolarization group. The cardiac prepotency level was significantly higher in the non-early repolarization group than the early repolarization group. The ECD changes returned to baseline, along with a normalization of the cardiac biomarkers. Nine of the 21 non-early repolarization group patients, but none of the 9 early repolarization groups developed fulminant course of lethal ventricular arrhythmias. T2-weighted cardiac magnetic resonance imaging showed high intensity signals over the entire transmittal left vertical in the non-early repolarization group, where as they were localized to the left ventricle epicardium in early repolarization group. The early repolarization pattern in acute myocarditis was transient and reversible, and was not associated with a worse prognosis. Inflammation or swelling localized to the left ventricular epicardium, due to myocarditis, may provide a mechanistic insight into the early repolarization pattern.                                                 In our next paper, Beatrix Scholz and Jan Sebastian Schulte and associates analyzed whether the histone deacetylase class I and II inhibitor valproic acid is able to attenuate atrial remodeling in CREM-IbΔCx (TG) transgenic mice. A mouse model of extensive atrial remodeling with age dependent progression from spontaneous atrial ectopy to paroxysmal and finally long lasting atrial fibrillation. Valproic acid was administered for 7 or 25 weeks to transgenic and control mice. Valproic acid attenuated many components of atrial remodeling that were present in the transgenic mice.                                                 Valproic acid significantly reduced atrial dilation, cardiomyocyte enlargement, atrial fibrosis, and the disorganization of myocytes ultrastructure. It significantly reduced the occurrence of atrial thrombi, reversed action potential alterations, and finally delayed the onset of atrial fibrillation by 4 to 8 weeks. Increased histone H4 acetylation in atria from valproic acid treated transgenic mice verified effective in in vivo histone deacetylase inhibition. Cardiomyocyte specific genetic inactivation of histone deacetylase HDAC 2 in transgenic mice attenuated the ultrastructural disorganization of myocytes compared to valproic acid. The author suggests that valproic acid, clinically available, well tolerated, and prescribed to many patients for years, has a therapeutic potential to delay the development of atrial remodeling in the onset of atrial fibrillation in patients at risk.                                                 In our next paper, Bence Hegyi and associates measure the major inward currents in their calcium channel and beta-adrenergic dependence under physiologic action potential clamp in rabbit ventricular myocytes in chronic pressure volume overload induced heart failure versus age matched controls. They found that CAM kinase II dependent up regulation of late sodium current in heart failure significantly contributes to the action potential prolongation in increased short-term variability of action potential repolarization, which may lead to increased arrhythmia propensity and is further exacerbated by adrenergic stress.                                                 In a research letter, Arnaud Bisson and associates examined mitral regurgitation in 838, or 10%, of 8675 patients with atrial fibrillation. A total 135, or 16%, had severe mitral regurgitation. During mean follow-up with 2.5 years, 688 ischemic stroke or thromboembolic events were recorded. mitral regurgitation was associated with a non-significant higher risk of these embolic events. After adjustment for anticoagulant and antiplatelet use, CHA2DS2-VASc and HAS-BLED scores, patients with mitral regurgitation tended to have a higher all cause or cardiovascular mortality but had similar risks of ischemic stroke or thromboembolic events, when compared to patients with no mitral regurgitation. Severe mitral regurgitation was also associated with similar risk for ischemic stroke and thromboembolic events when compared with other atrial fibrillation patients. However, our findings indicate that in patients with atrial fibrillation, neither mitral regurgitation nor severe mitral regurgitation, appears to independently be associated with a different risk of ischemic stroke or thromboembolic events. The perceived protective effect of mitral regurgitation against the risk of thromboembolic events is not relevant in atrial fibrillation when using a contemporary risk score scheme, the CHA2DS2-VASc score.                                                 In our final research paper, Jack Z. Li and associates noted that in 2017, an aggregate of four manufacturers of devices yielded 89.6% with the DF-4 ICD implants. While DF-4 and DF-1 leads generally have comparable performance, several concerns over reduced versatility of the DF-4 have been raised. First, to downgrade an ICD with a DF-4 lead to a pacemaker, a generator change, a new right ventricular pace sense lead must be implanted. The DF-4 pin is incompatible with the IS-1 port and there is no straightforward way to bridge this gap. In contrast, the DF-1 IS-1 lead requires only capping of the DF-1 pin. Second, if an ICD with DF-4 lead has either a distal coil or a right ventricular pacing malfunction, a new lead must be implanted. Third, if a ICD with DF-4 lead has a high defibrillation threshold, management requires either a new DF-1 IS-1 lead with an adapter for a subcutaneous array, or an adapter that inserts into the DF-4 port and receives both the DF-4 lead and the DF-1 pin of the subcutaneous lead. Physicians should have the foresight to select DF-1 leads at the time of initial implant in selected circumstances, such as high possibility for elevated defibrillation threshold requiring a subcutaneous lead or array.                                                 That's it for this month! We hope that you'll find the journal to be the go-to place for everyone interested in the field. See ya next time.                                                 This program is copyright American Heart Association 2019.

Bah Humbug, BA AC clarity from DD, Mark Pinney's Challenge Chaser, arbitrary milestones, time travellers, EL's stats, -42C, Happy Birthday Scotland, Cliffe Castle parkrun, Brooklands parkrun and an outtake.

Ancient archaeological Site found on the Coast For as long as I can remember, archaeologists have been talking about the ice free corridor that ran from Alaska, across the Bering Strait to Russia and all the way past Calgary. We were told that this was the route that the ancestors of all the first nations on the continent would have taken as they migrated from Asia to the new world. Back in episode 6 (www.mountainnaturepodcast.com/ep006 I talked about some chinks in the armour of that tried and true theory. Two studies cast some serious doubt on the ice free corridor migration. In one study, researchers looked into a large glacial lake called Lake Peace that sat smack dab in the middle of the corridor. It would have completely blocked the route of any traveler looking to make their way through the corridor. As they examined the sediments below this lake, they learned that food animals like bison and jack rabbits didn't show up in the sediments until around 12,500 years ago. They theorize that the landscape did not support enough food for anyone migrating through the area before that time. The lack of food resources would have stopped any large scale migration. By the time this route would have opened up, archaeological sites farther south would have made these travelers followers rather than leaders. Other studies have shown possible human sites in Monte Verde South America at least 15,000 years ago and in Florida 14,500 years ago. It seems there must have been another way to get south. A second study looked at bison populations through the ice free corridor. Researchers investigate 78 skulls from now-extinct steppe bison and examined the mitochondrial DNA. They also carbon dated the fossils. Prior to the opening of the corridor, both populations had been separated for a long enough period to be considered different genetic populations. It wasn't until 13,000 years ago that the two groups of bison began to intermingle. The fossil dates also imply that the corridor opened up from south to north as opposed to the other way around. Based on the dates of some of these other sites, like Monte Verde, people had already made it south of the corridor by that time. Scientists have long speculated about a possible coastal migration route, but for years, there was not a speck of evidence of an actual coastal migration. Part of the reason is likely that some areas would have been submerged by rising ocean levels as the glaciers melted. Finally, recent discoveries off the coast of British Columbia have found a 14,000-year-old site on Triquet Island, a lonely island some 133 km north of Port Moody which is located on the north end of Vancouver Island. 14,000 years makes this site one of the earliest cultural sites on the continent, with the exception of a few already mentioned in this story. It also shows there may have been a viable coastal route long before any ice-free corridor opened up. The first nations that call Triquet Island home are the Heitsuk Nation. For generations,  their oral traditions have talked about an area of land that never froze during the ice age. The Hietsuk stayed there as a refuge during those years. For the Heitsuk, it is an affirmation of their long-held oral history. It is also yet another example of first nations oral histories proving to be more factual than some of the western histories. After all, it was first nations stories that led to the discovery of both of the lost Franklin ships over the past several years after remaining hidden to history for more than 170 years. The site revealed fish hooks, spears and fire making materials. All it took was a small amount of charcoal from one of the fire pits to carbon date the site. One of the most puzzling parts of the story is that in the area of Triquet Island, the ocean levels remained fairly consistent over the millennia. This allowed for the island to remain inhabited throughout many thousands of years. As archaeologists excavated through the layers of dirt, with each representing a layer of time, they could see an evolution of hunting and fishing techniques. The research was led by Alisha Gaubreau, a Ph.D. student at the University of Victoria, along with a scholar from the Hakai Institute. This research organization focuses on long-term studies of remote areas of coastal British Columbia. This is an amazing discovery and may help to spur a flurry of new studies across a variety of scientific disciplines as researchers try to ferret out additional clues to potential coastal migration routes. Does this mean that nobody walked through the ice-free corridor - absolutely not. They may not have been the first to see the lands south of the corridor, but I still like to think of them as the first Calgary Stampede. A Ribbon of Steel was just a National Dream When we look at the opening up of western Canada, two great events stand out. The fur trade which opened a vast land to exploration, and the Canadian Pacific Railway. This ribbon of steel really is the tie that binds this nation together and without it Canada might not exist...at least not in the way it does today. Prior to our building an all Canadian railway, a lot of talk drifted north from the U. S. about annexation of the Canadian west. One American politician was elected with the rallying cry of 54-40 or fight! Forget the 49th parallel, they wanted everything up to the 54th. That would have put a real dent in western Canada especially when you realize that communities like Banff are just on the 51st parallel. When we hear about the ‘Oregon’ territory, it was NOT the state of Oregon, it was a much larger area. It included present day Oregon, Washington and the lower half of British Columbia. It was much later that the various states were delineated. Well lucky for us, but unlucky for Americans, American intentions were diverted south by the Civil War. What that horrible conflict did for Canada was it bought us time, time to cement our sovereignty over our western lands. Prior to B.C. joining confederation, it had already experienced a gold rush in 1858 that saw some 30,000 prospectors flood into the territory. As a result, the British government created the colony of B.C. that same year. Just 6 years later, in 1964, they instituted a kind of representative government. Simultaneously the colonies in the eastern part of British North America were talking about Confederation. A legislative assembly with a regional governor was established in 1866 which placed Victoria as the capital. Some debate occurred in British Columbia about joining the fledgling nation of Canada in order to provide some security against American aspirations in the western portions of North America, especially after the U.S. purchased Alaska in March of 1867. While there was support in B.C. towards joining Canada, there was also some staunch opposition. However in 1869, when Canada purchased Rupert’s Land and the Northwest Territories from the Hudson’s Bay Company, suddenly the new nation was right up to the eastern boundary of the colony. A three person delegation was sent to Ottawa and after some heated debate, politicians in Ottawa did what politicians do, they sat down with their counterparts from British Columbia and they began to make promises. They said: “if you join Canada we’ll build you a railway” and British Columbia said ‘sold’. In fact, they joined Canada so fast that they joined as a full province on July 20, 1871, when this country was just 4 years old. That may not sound impressive, until you realize that Alberta and Saskatchewan did not become provinces until 1905, more than 30 years later. Nobody knew better than British Columbians how important this link with the rest of the country would be, but also how impossible it would be to build. The government dispatched an army of surveyors across the western wilderness in order to find a route for the transcontinental railway. Pierre Burton in his book The National Dream stated: “no life was harsher than that suffered by members of the Canadian Pacific Survey crews and none was less rewarding, underpaid, overworked, exiled from their families, deprived of their mail, sleeping in slime and snowdrifts, suffering from sunstroke, frostbite, scurvy, fatigue and the tensions that always rise to the surface when weary dispirited men are thrown together for long periods of isolation, the surveyors kept on, year after year Pierre Burton in his book The National Dream stated: “no life was harsher than that suffered by members of the Canadian Pacific Survey crews and none was less rewarding, underpaid, overworked, exiled from their families, deprived of their mail, sleeping in slime and snowdrifts, suffering from sunstroke, frostbite, scurvy, fatigue and the tensions that always rise to the surface when weary dispirited men are thrown together for long periods of isolation, the surveyors kept on, year after year “No life was harsher than that suffered by members of the Canadian Pacific Survey crews and none was less rewarding, underpaid, overworked, exiled from their families, deprived of their mail, sleeping in slime and snowdrifts, suffering from sunstroke, frostbite, scurvy, fatigue and the tensions that always rise to the surface when weary dispirited men are thrown together for long periods of isolation, the surveyors kept on, year after year They explored great sections of Canada--the first engineers scaled mountains that had never before been climbed, crossed lakes that had never known a white man's paddle and forded rivers that were not on any map. They walked with a uniform stride developed through years of habit, measuring the distances as they went, checking altitudes with an aneroid barometer slung around the neck and examining the land with a practiced gaze, always seeing in the mind's eye the finished line of steel--curves, grades, valley crossings, bridges and trestles, tunnels, cuts and fills” Seventy-four thousand kilometres of Canadian wilderness were surveyed during the first 6 years of the survey. Of that, 12,000 was properly charted. Many of the people we refer to as ‘surveyors’ were really just the first step of the process. Men like A.B. Rogers really should be referred to as the pathfinders. A long line of others would need to follow their footsteps once a route was determined. First came the axemen who cleared the route of brush, making way for the chainmen. They would break the line into 30m or 100-foot sections and place a stake at the end of each section and labeled with how many chain lengths it was from the start of the division. Behind them came the transit men. They’re the mathletes of the crew. They’ll look at each bend in the route and estimate the angles of the turns. They note river crossings, changes in landscape and obstacles the route may encounter. And finally, come the levelers who placed elevation benchmarks every 1,500 feet or 457 metres. By 1877, 25,000 bench marks had been placed and more than 600,000 stakes had been pounded in by the Chainmen. It wasn’t long before the chief surveyor, Sandford Fleming found it difficult to find men that were tough enough to endure the challenges of survey life. By mid-summer 1871, he had already dispatched some 800 men on 21 survey parties but many of them were unfit to the task. As he wrote: "Many of those we were obliged to take, subsequent events proved, were unequal to the very arduous labour they had to undergo, causing a very considerable delay and difficulty in pushing the work." He also had to deal with political meddling and nepotism. He was constantly pressured to hire family members or friends of eastern politicians. With unfit and incompetent men in the wilderness, entire crews simply abandoned their posts when the going got tough. In the season of 1871-2, two parties simply quit and wandered home when the temperatures started to get cold. The surveyors traveled through areas where the local first nations had never before seen a white man. On surveyor, Henry Cambie came across a group of natives that would simply not believe that hair actually grew on his face. Another surveyor accepted a seat on a bear skin rug next to a young native woman, not realizing that that was the equivalent of a marriage proposal. After a few tense negotiations, he managed to trade her back to her father for a nice ring that he had been wearing. In the winter of 1875-6, the expedition of E.W. Jarvis in the Smoky River Pass in the Rockies really highlighted the hardships these surveyors endured. In January, Jarvis, along with his assistant C.F. Hannington and dogmaster Alec Macdonald headed out from Fort George with 6 natives and 20 dogs. The weather dropped to -47C. One evening Macdonald knocked on the door of their winter shack completely encased in ice from head to toe. Another day, as they got the dogsleds ready to go in the morning, the lead dog stood up, gave a feeble tail wag and then fell over dead with his legs frozen solid right up to the shoulder. They carried few supplies and just two blankets each and a thin cotton sheet for a tent. After a time, they began to suffer from ‘mal de raquette’ or snowshoe sickness which left them lame simply from walking hundreds of kilometres in large snowshoes. As can often do in the mountains, they experienced a brief chinook wind on one occasion with the temperature increasing from -42C to +4C in a single day. The sudden change left them exhausted. Another morning, they were mushing along the frozen surface of a river when they had to stop suddenly when they found the entire dog team on the thinly frozen overhang of a waterfall. Beneath their feet, the river plunged 65m. Another evening, they made camp beneath the beautiful blue of a glacier. In the middle of the night, huge blocks of ice broke off of the glacier and came crashing through their camp. They described: "masses of ice and rock chasing one another and leaping from point to point as if playing some weird, gigantic game" Surprisingly, even though a chunk of limestone more than 3 metres thick bounced past them, they were left somewhat dazed but even more surprisingly, unharmed. By March, their dogs were dying on a daily basis and the men began to believe that they would never see their families again. At one point Hannington wrote in his journal: "I have been thinking of 'the dearest spot on earth to me' - of our Mother and Father and all my brothers and sisters and friends--of the happy days at home--of all the good deeds I have left undone and all the bad ones committed. If ever our bones will be discovered, when and by whom. If our friends will mourn long for us or do as is often done, forget us as soon as possible. In short, I have been looking death in the face..." In the end, though they did survive. Hannington had lost 15 kg and when they finally reached Fort Edmonton and received fresh food and water it brought on spasms of dysentery and vomiting as it had been so long since they had eaten proper food. In the end, they covered 3036 km over 162 days on the trail. Fifteen hundred of those kilometres were done on snowshoes with the final 530 carrying all of their supplies on their backs because, by this time, all their dogs were dead. Usually, about this point, people come up with a pretty good question...why? Clearly, the work left a little to be desired and the pay, well the pay was even worse. The answer to that question can also be summed up in one word – immortality. They hoped that somewhere along the way their name would linger on a map or, hope beyond hope, that they would go down as the man who had found the route through which the transcontinental railway would pass. We’ll continue this story in future episodes. Golden Eagles People often have a vision of the mountains with eagles soaring overhead and wolves howling in the distance. These idealized pictures often hide the harsh realities of mountain life. It's a tough place to earn a living. In 35 years of guiding, I have yet to hear a wolf howl, lots and lots of coyotes, but nary a wolf. Never has a cougar crossed my path, wolverines, yes, but no cougars. The mountain landscape is a place of secrets with animals and birds constantly striving to survive in a landscape that constantly conspires against them. Travel to the north coast of British Columbia and you've entered the land of milk and honey for many animals and birds. You'll find yourself tripping over bald eagles and great-blue herons. The density of black and grizzly populations can be an order of magnitude higher than it is here simply because there is more food. Golden eagles are a northern specialist. They thrive in high latitude landscapes hunting many of the small game animals that share their environment. They are also the most popular avian national animal. Golden eagles are the emblem of Albania, Germany, Austria, Mexico, and Kazakhstan. They are an exciting siting in the Canadian Rockies, but in 1992, biologist Peter Sherrington stumbled upon something truly unique on an outing in Kananaskis Country in March of that year. As he looked up from the top of a small summit, he noticed a tiny speck high above him. As he studied it, he realized it was a golden eagle. Cool, I've just won the wildlife lottery for the day. Before long though, there was another speck, and then another. Any time you see a single golden eagle is exciting, but to see more than one, astounding. By the end of the day, he had counted more than 100. It didn't take Sherrington long to realize that something was out of the ordinary. As he put it in a recent story in the Calgary Herald: "Every time we looked up, there were more golden eagles,” he said. “Everybody thought of the mountains as barriers, but we established they were very serious avian highways.” Sherrington has spent every spring and fall since staking out the area as the research director for the Rocky Mountain Eagle Research Foundation. Now at age 72, he has the opportunity to share the spectacle with thousands of visitors each year that flock to the area to see the spring and fall migrations of golden eagles. Just how many eagles pass through this area every spring and fall? When the foundation first began tracking eagles, there were some 4,000/season. Last year only saw 2,500. In fall of 2007, they witnessed almost 5,500 golden eagles. According to Sherington, this is "the greatest eagle migration in the world, and it's right on our doorstep. It truly is a world-class phenomenon." The drop in numbers of the years that the foundation has been counting the eagles is a reflection of the environments that they call home. They overwinter in the states where they are occasionally captured in traps meant for coyotes. However, it may be more a reflection of snowshoe hare populations in their summer homes in the far northern areas of Alaska and the Yukon. It won't be long before the eagles begin to point south at the end of the summer nesting and hunting season. If you'd like to volunteer with the foundation or learn more about their work, you can visit them on their website at www.eaglewatch.ca. Next up, British Columbia abdicates its responsibility for managing wildlife New BC Wildlife Agency Announced Conservation organizations in British Columbia are reeling after the provincial government announced the creation of a new Wildlife Management Agency to be funded by hunting revenues. In late March 2017 the B.C. Government announced that all the revenue from hunting licenses would be reinvested into wildlife management in the province. B.C.'s Minister of Forests, Steve Tomson called it "a significant investment and significant initiative on the part of the provincial government". He went on to state: "This will have great benefit for wildlife populations and wildlife management in British Columbia. It will benefit rural communities throughout the province," Along with a proposed budget of $5million in the first year and revenues of 9-10 million on subsequent years, $200,000 was budgeted as part of a consultation process to determine the structure and priorities of the new agency. British Columbia organizations related to hunting are applauding the move, including the B.C. Wildlife Federation, Guide Outfitters Association of B.C., Wild Sheep Society of B.C., Wildlife Stewardship Council and the B.C. Trappers Association. All five agencies signed a memorandum of understanding to collaborate in supporting the new agency. Not a single, not consumptive conservation organization has stepped up to support this new agency. As a biologist, this seems like the hunting groups are lining up to manage the organization and that seems a little like the fox guarding the chicken coop to me. Time and again, hunting organizations focus only on huntable species. How do we protect the remainder of the 136 species of mammals, 488 species of birds, 20 amphibians and 16 reptiles? On June 27, twenty-three organizations focusing on protecting wildlife in British Columbia sent an open letter to the province. The organizations include the B.C. SPCA, Bear Matters, Get Bear Smart Society, Humane Society, Raincoast Conservation Foundation, the Wildlife Defense League, Wolf Awareness Inc and Zoocheck Canada, amongst numerous other stakeholders. In the letter, they state: "The wildlife of the province belongs to all British Columbians and has by law been held by the government in trust, to conserve the wildlife itself, and to ensure the rights of all members of the public. The British Columbia Wildlife Act states that “Ownership in all wildlife in British Columbia is vested in the government.” That means that elected representatives can be held accountable for their wildlife decisions through general elections and in courts. Indeed, a groundswell of public unhappiness with the way our wildlife has been mismanaged (grizzly bear trophy hunt) was a significant issue in the recent election." It continues "In announcing the proposed new agency, Energy and Mines Minister Bill Bennett stated in the media that “The government is afraid to manage wolves, or afraid to manage grizzly bears in some cases because of the politics of that. Hopefully, an agency that is separate from government can make decisions that are in the best long-term interest of wildlife and just forget about the politics and do what is best for the animals.” The letter continues: "We are sorry to learn that Minister Bennett believes our government representatives cannot apply the wildlife laws and science in an unbiased manner, since we believed that’s what they were elected to do. However, they are accountable to voters, whereas an independent agency would not be. It would have no duty to represent all British Columbians, and would be far more susceptible to influence by special interest groups." Finally, the letter calls for the government to: Cancel the plan for an “independent” agency. Increase the wildlife management staff and funding of government ministries. Recognize that BC has a biodiversity crisis; it requires a shift in focus from juggling numbers of game animals for hunters, to applying the science of ecology. Recognize that all British Columbians are stakeholders in our wildlife. All interest groups should be equally empowered. Only about 2% of the total BC population are registered hunters, whereas a huge majority of British Columbians care about the welfare of our wildlife and ecosystems. A wildlife agency that is not tied to the government for accountability would mean that there was no requirement for the province to intervene in wildlife matters. It creates a situation where special interest groups can move in and manage based on their own agenda. In addition, if the funding is based upon hunting revenue, there is an inherent motivation to increase that revenue by granting more hunting permits. It's a negative spiral that could easily result in priorities being shifted away from things like wildlife viewing and towards consumptive uses like hunting and trapping which fund the program. Numerous studies have shown that wildlife viewing brings in much more money to the provincial coffers than does hunting. This is particularly true for iconic species like whales and grizzly bears. Birding as well is a huge economic driver. And generates 10s of millions of dollars annually to the B.C. economy. Under the species at risk at, the B.C. Government is required by law to develop recovery plans for designated species. They cannot simply sidestep federal law by saying that we aren't in charge of wildlife anymore. I stand with these organizations against a government that is abdicating its responsibility to manage wildlife in a sustainable way. If you want to get involved, send a letter to your MLA if you live in British Columbia. Every voice counts.

Comedian and actress Rachel Butera (Howard Stern, America's Got Talent) shares how great breast fondling can feel... if done well. Then we discover the mysteries of bra engineering. TOPICS: Rosie O'Donnel Impression, Breast Slang (Jugs vs Titties vs Boobies vs Knockers), Boobs in the Raw, Good Cleavage, Sex Physics, The World's Greatest Tits, Bra Math, 42C vs 38DD, Breast Pawing vs Cupping, The Underneath, Caressing Tips, BE THE BRA!, Fondling, Starting with Broad Strokes, Nipple Orgasms, Butt Cheeks, THE IDEAL TIT EXPERIENCE, Tongue Flicking, Almost-Areola, Tongue Swooping, Kick Ass Casual Sex, Boob Smacking, Pleasurable Jiggling, Porn Phantom Sensation, Cleavage Politics, An Air of Mystery. THEN: One-Handed Bra Unclasping, How to Effectively Put on a Bra, Engineering and the Magic of Side Boob Smooshing.