Podcasts about pmhc

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Best podcasts about pmhc

Latest podcast episodes about pmhc

Flying Midwest Podcast
Episode 86: Pilots Under Pressure - Mental Health Reform in Aviation

Flying Midwest Podcast

Play Episode Listen Later May 2, 2025 86:45


Episode Description:In this powerful episode of the Flying Midwest Podcast, we're joined by Chris Hastings and Brian Bomhoff, board members of the Pilot Mental Health Campaign (PMHC). Together, they shine a light on the mental health crisis facing pilots across the aviation industry and the urgent need for meaningful reform.We dive into the mission of PMHC, explore why so many pilots suffer in silence, and unpack the policies and stigma that have long kept mental health a taboo topic in the cockpit. Chris and Brian also discuss current legislative efforts in Washington aimed at making it safer and easier for pilots to seek help—without risking their careers.Whether you're a pilot, aspiring aviator, or someone who cares about the people flying the planes we all depend on, this is a conversation you don't want to miss.

21.FIVE - Professional Pilots Podcast
116. Challenger 350 vs Gulfstream G280: debating the best super-mid bizjet

21.FIVE - Professional Pilots Podcast

Play Episode Listen Later Feb 20, 2024 64:39


Challenger 350 vs. Gulfstream G280: with limited knowledge and poorly researched facts, Dylan and Max try to settle the debate on which super-mid is better // Mailbag: Listener shares crop dusting story, should I plug in headset in the jumpseat, Listener Rick offers to match donations to PMHC up to $1000! // Flight Advice: Ben Fuller from International Trip Planning Services joins us to explain the new Mexican Permit process. PMHC Matching Donation Link International Trip Planning Services Questions for Benjamin Fuller can be sent to: bfuller@itpops.com 21Five's Youtube Channel Connect with us on LinkedIn Our sponsors: Harvey Watt, offers the only true Loss of Medical License Insurance available to individuals and small groups. Because Harvey Watt manages most airlines' plans, they can assist you in identifying the right coverage to supplement your airline's plan. Many buy coverage to supplement the loss of retirement benefits while grounded. Visit harveywatt.com to learn more! Advanced Aircrew Academy enables flight operations to fulfill their training needs in the most efficient and affordable way—anywhere, at any time. We do this by providing high-quality professional pilot, flight attendant, flight coordinator, maintenance, and line service training modules delivered via the web using a world-class online aviation training system. Visit aircrewacademy.com to learn more! Tim Pope is a CERTIFIED FINANCIAL PLANNER™ and a pilot. His financial planning practice provides services to aviation professionals and aviation 401k plans. Tim helps clients pursue their financial goals by defining them, organizing & optimizing resources, planning, implementing, and monitoring their financial plan. Visit https://link.21fivepodcast.com/timothy-pope to learn more. Check out Tim's new podcast: The Pilot Money Podcast Employee Compensation Software That Answers "What's the Going Rate?" The AirComp Calculator™ is business aviation's only online compensation analysis system. It can provide precise compensation ranges for 14 business aviation positions in six aircraft classes at over 50 locations throughout the United States in seconds. VAERUS MEANS RIGHT, TRUE, AND REAL.Buy or sell an aircraft the right way, using a true partner, to make your dream of flight real. Connect with Brooks at Vaerus Jet Sales | Learn more about the DC-3 Referral Program Do you have feedback, suggestions, or a great aviation story to share? Email us info@21fivepodcast.com Check out our Instagram feed @21FivePodcast for more great content and to see our collection of aviation license plates. The statements made in this show are our own opinions and do not reflect, nor were they under any direction of any of our employers.

21.FIVE - Professional Pilots Podcast
113. Breaking down barriers to mental health treatment for pilots w/ PMHC.org

21.FIVE - Professional Pilots Podcast

Play Episode Listen Later Jan 30, 2024 41:53


We are joined by Brian Bomhoff, founder and executive director of the Pilot Mental Health Campaign. Brian shared his journey from being a pilot and political organizer to spearheading an advocacy group focused on revising FAA regulations related to mental health in aviation. Key discussions included the importance of coherent policy advocacy, the role of personal experiences in shaping policy, and the need for a generational shift in addressing pilot mental health issues. The episode also highlighted significant events like the NTSB roundtable and FAA rulemaking initiatives, emphasizing the urgency of reform in the aviation industry's approach to mental health. Pilot Mental Health Campaign Connect with Brian Bomhoff on LinkedIn Join Dylan and Max in Donating to the PMHC If you're thinking about suicide, are worried about a friend or loved one, or would like emotional support, the 988 Lifeline network is available 24/7 across the United States. Text/Dial 988 21Five's Youtube Channel Connect with us on LinkedIn Our sponsors: Harvey Watt, offers the only true Loss of Medical License Insurance available to individuals and small groups. Because Harvey Watt manages most airlines' plans, they can assist you in identifying the right coverage to supplement your airline's plan. Many buy coverage to supplement the loss of retirement benefits while grounded. Visit harveywatt.com to learn more! Advanced Aircrew Academy enables flight operations to fulfill their training needs in the most efficient and affordable way—anywhere, at any time. We do this by providing high-quality professional pilot, flight attendant, flight coordinator, maintenance, and line service training modules delivered via the web using a world-class online aviation training system. Visit aircrewacademy.com to learn more! Tim Pope is a CERTIFIED FINANCIAL PLANNER™ and a pilot. His financial planning practice provides services to aviation professionals and aviation 401k plans. Tim helps clients pursue their financial goals by defining them, organizing & optimizing resources, planning, implementing, and monitoring their financial plan. Visit https://link.21fivepodcast.com/timothy-pope to learn more. Check out Tim's new podcast: The Pilot Money Podcast Employee Compensation Software That Answers "What's the Going Rate?" The AirComp Calculator™ is business aviation's only online compensation analysis system. It can provide precise compensation ranges for 14 business aviation positions in six aircraft classes at over 50 locations throughout the United States in seconds. VAERUS MEANS RIGHT, TRUE, AND REAL.Buy or sell an aircraft the right way, using a true partner, to make your dream of flight real. Connect with Brooks at Vaerus Jet Sales | Learn more about the DC-3 Referral Program Do you have feedback, suggestions, or a great aviation story to share? Email us info@21fivepodcast.com Check out our Instagram feed @21FivePodcast for more great content and to see our collection of aviation license plates. The statements made in this show are our own opinions and do not reflect, nor were they under any direction of any of our employers.

Mom & Mind
295: Group Peer Support with Annette Cycon and Nelly Willis

Mom & Mind

Play Episode Listen Later Oct 30, 2023 64:26


There are not many group models that are supportive of a wide range of people concerning their languages, environments, and backgrounds. My two guests today have formed a powerful support system that needs to be replicated everywhere in the world. Join us to learn more! Annette Cycon has been a social worker for over 30 years, specializing in group work. With Liz Friedman, she co-founded the nonprofit MotherWoman in Massachusetts, and she went on to lead that organization for 15 years. Their mission was to increase awareness and access to mental health resources for perinatal women at risk for or experiencing perinatal emotional complications. This included designing and training peers and professionals in their unique trauma-informed support group model for moms. In 2017, they founded GPS Group Peer Support to broaden the scope of their work to include those struggling with addiction and recovery, newly-arrived refugees, first-generation college students, frontline workers suffering trauma as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic, and others, in addition to perinatal parents and caregivers. GPS is now being implemented in communities internationally and in seven languages.  Nallely (Nelly) Willis, CLC, BBA, PMHC, has spent ten years providing nationwide peer support in English and Spanish to families experiencing perinatal mood and anxiety disorders. She is uniquely attuned to the challenges that expecting and new families face, and she supports them through lactation, childbirth, doula, and postpartum consultation, education, and support. Nallely ran a nonprofit organization, Heartsounds Inc., serving perinatal, low-income Latina, and BIPOC mothers across southern AZ. She has been with GPS Group Peer Support for six years, rising to the position of Program Director, as well as being a GPS Certified Coach, Support Group Facilitator, and Master Trainer in English and Spanish. Nallely has been a volunteer for nine years with the Arizona Chapter of Postpartum Support International in Outreach and Education and on the Bilingual Warmline. She is currently a counselor with the National Maternal Mental Health Hotline.  Show Highlights: The background of GPS: How it began and what the program is all about The benefits of group peer support programs How GPS trains people to run peer support groups with a consistent structure and sequence based on learning how to listen Why a group program needs to have consistency and “sameness” How group programs invite people to say the hard things in a safe space How GPS is filling in the gaps with high-quality mental health care for communities of color Why the training for therapists through GPS is much-needed and unique Highlights of the 100% Spanish GPS program for the Latino population  Highlights of the upcoming training, conferences, and website resources available through GPS  Resources: Connect with Group Peer Support: Website and Facebook Visit www.postpartum.net for resources and support!  Visit www.postpartum.net/professionals/certificate-trainings/ for information on the grief course.   Visit my website, www.wellmindperinatal.com, for more information, resources, and courses you can take today! Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

War Stories from the Womb
What to do with Trauma around Pregnancy & Birth: Bethany Warren, LCSW, PMHC

War Stories from the Womb

Play Episode Listen Later Oct 16, 2023 29:37 Transcription Available


In today's episode I talk with Beth Warren LCSW and PMHC and author of a new workbook that focuses on helping us manage reproductive trauma. We discuss:* better ways to manage the pain of miscarriage and loss*what trauma in this space looks like* how it can affect both ourselves and our partners,and * the prospects for healing October is National pregnancy and infant loss Awareness Month so there's no better time to talk about this often emotionally tricky topic.Bethany Warren's new book: Healing from Reproductive Trauma

The CyberWire
Babuk resurfaces for criminal inspiration. Alert on PaperCut vulnerability exploitation. Too many bad bots. Phishing-as-a-service in the C2C market. KillNet's PMHC regrets.

The CyberWire

Play Episode Listen Later May 12, 2023 27:30


Babuk source code provides criminal inspiration. CISA and FBI release a joint report on PaperCut. There are more bad bots out there than anyone would like. Phishing-as-a-service tools in the C2C market. CISA's Eric Goldstein advocates the adoption of strong controls, defensible networks and coordination of strategic cyber risks. Our cyberwire producer Liz Irvin speaks with Crystle-Day Villanueva, Learning and Development Specialist for Lumu Technologies. And KillNet's short-lived venture, with a dash of regret. For links to all of today's stories check out our CyberWire daily news briefing: https://thecyberwire.com/newsletters/daily-briefing/12/92 Selected reading. Babuk code used by 9 ransomware gangs to encrypt VMWare ESXi servers (Bleeping Computer) Ransomware actors adopt leaked Babuk code to hit Linux systems (Decipher) Hypervisor Ransomware | Multiple Threat Actor Groups Hop on Leaked Babuk Code to Build ESXi Lockers (SentinelOne) Malicious Actors Exploit CVE-2023-27350 in PaperCut MF and NG (CISA) CVE-2023-27350 Detail (NIST) Proofpoint Emerging Threats Rules (Proofpoint) 2023 Imperva Bad Bot Report (Imperva) New phishing-as-a-service tool “Greatness” already seen in the wild (Cisco Talos) Ukraine at D+442: Russians say the Ukrainian counteroffensive has begun. (CyberWire)

The Miscarriage Therapist
How to Be a New Mama with Allison Liberman, LMFT, PMHC

The Miscarriage Therapist

Play Episode Listen Later Apr 29, 2022 46:50


Most people who experience pregnancy loss do go on to have healthy, full-term babies. However, sometimes, we can experience a range of emotions that we weren't expecting once we have that baby in our arms. In today's episode, I speak with Allison Liberman, founder of The New Mama Mentor. Allison hosts The New Mama Mentor podcast, and she addresses how we transition from pregnancy to parenthood. New parents can feel very overwhelmed, and if you have experienced pregnancy loss, those overwhelmed feelings might feel even more overwhelming!   You can find Allison on her website: https://www.rihcounseling.com/. Allison on Instagram: @thenewmamamentor Listen to her podcast: https://anchor.fm/thenewmamamentor   Join our substack: https://themiscarriagetherapist.substack.com Follow us on Instasgram: instagram.com/themiscarriagetherapist Intro music by Matthew Iwanusa

The Miscarriage Therapist
Birth Trauma with Jana Glass, LPC, PMHC

The Miscarriage Therapist

Play Episode Listen Later Mar 18, 2022 70:11


Today, I speak with Jana Glass, a professional counselor and perinatal mental health specialist. Jana is the owner of Supportive Solutions in Atlanta, GA. She specializes in birth trauma and Brainspotting, a therapeutic modality that supports healing from trauma. In this episode, we speak about a variety of traumatic experiences one can have in the journey to becoming a parent: recurrent pregnancy losses, traumatic birth experiences, NICU stays, postpartum mood challenges, and a variety of other things that might arise.    Visit Jana at her website: www.supportivesolutionsga.com. Follow us on Instagram: @themiscarriagetherapist Sign up for our weekly newsletter: www.themiscarriagetherapist.substack.com

The Miscarriage Therapist
Perinatal Mood and Anxiety Disorders (PMADs) with Lola Brognano, LCSW, PMHC

The Miscarriage Therapist

Play Episode Listen Later Mar 11, 2022 54:30


What is the difference between the baby blues and postpartum depression? We will answer that question in our episode today, in my conversation with Lola Brognano, LCSW. Lola is an expert in working with women experiencing PMADs, including postpartum anxiety, depression, and psychosis. Lola is a fierce advocate for change with regard to how clinicians and doctors treat PMADs. She helps women find a voice when they feel voiceless. Lola Brognano, LCSW, PMHC: https://psidirectory.com/listing/lola-brognano-msw-lcsw-pmhc.html   Follow me on Instagram: @themiscarriagetherapist Read along with my weekly publication on Substack: www.themiscarriagetherapist.substack.com. My substack newsletter is a weekly publication about pregnancy loss. The pieces range from deeply personal memoirs to evidence-based interventions for supporting yourself through pregnancy loss. 

Disrupt
Darby Anderson, Chief Strategy Officer, Addus HomeCare Corporation

Disrupt

Play Episode Listen Later May 26, 2021 27:11


Addus HomeCare Corporation (Nasdaq: ADUS) is one of the largest personal care services providers in the U.S., with growing footprints in both the hospice and home health spaces as well. Today, the home-based care provider delivers its services to about 44,000 consumers through 208 locations across 22 states. To check in with Addus and learn about its plans for 2021, Home Health Care News recently caught up with Chief Strategy Officer Darby Anderson, who also serves as vice chairman for the Partnership for Medicaid Home-Based Care (PMHC). In addition to the provider’s future, Anderson and HHCN discussed a new partnership with Homecare Homebase (HCHB) and emerging home-based care policies under the Biden administration. Listen to this episode of Disrupt to learn: -How Addus and HCHB are innovating on the technology front -Why long-term care discussions shouldn’t revolve around SNFs versus in-home care -What Addus and PMHC are prioritizing for the remainder of 2021 -And more!

Social Worker's Break Room
Women's Mental Health and the PMHC

Social Worker's Break Room

Play Episode Listen Later Apr 22, 2021 28:58


Do you have the privilege or an interest in working with the women's health population? This episode is for you! On this episode we cover the statistics, differential diagnosis, screening and what is and how do you get the PMHC credential.Support the show (https://www.patreon.com/socialworkersbreakroom)

All Gallup Webcasts
Embedding Strengths and Q12 in a Community Organization (S6E15)

All Gallup Webcasts

Play Episode Listen Later May 8, 2018 58:50


On a recent Called to Coach, we spoke with Holly McBride, group manager of organizational performance at Port Macquarie-Hastings Council (PMHC), a growing coastal area that includes the town of Port Macquarie, Australia. Passionate about strengths-based leadership and creating an engaged workforce that is solution-focused, McBride introduced Gallup’s Q12 and strengths to the PMHC and, because of her efforts, the organization earned the 2017 A.R. Bluett Award for being the most innovative and progressive council in the state of New South Wales. Called to Coach is a resource for those who want to help others discover and use their strengths. https://www.gallupstrengthscenter.com/home/en-us?utm_source=youtube We have Gallup experts and independent strengths coaches share tactics, insights and strategies to help coaches maximize the talent of individuals, teams and organizations around the world.

All Gallup Webcasts
Embedding Strengths and Q12 in a Community Organization (S6E15)

All Gallup Webcasts

Play Episode Listen Later May 8, 2018 58:50


On a recent Called to Coach, we spoke with Holly McBride, group manager of organizational performance at Port Macquarie-Hastings Council (PMHC), a growing coastal area that includes the town of Port Macquarie, Australia. Passionate about strengths-based leadership and creating an engaged workforce that is solution-focused, McBride introduced Gallup's Q12 and strengths to the PMHC and, because of her efforts, the organization earned the 2017 A.R. Bluett Award for being the most innovative and progressive council in the state of New South Wales. Called to Coach is a resource for those who want to help others discover and use their strengths. https://www.gallupstrengthscenter.com/home/en-us?utm_source=youtube We have Gallup experts and independent strengths coaches share tactics, insights and strategies to help coaches maximize the talent of individuals, teams and organizations around the world.

Gallup Called to Coach
Embedding Strengths and Q12 in a Community Organization (S6E15)

Gallup Called to Coach

Play Episode Listen Later May 8, 2018 58:50


On a recent Called to Coach, we spoke with Holly McBride, group manager of organizational performance at Port Macquarie-Hastings Council (PMHC), a growing coastal area that includes the town of Port Macquarie, Australia. Passionate about strengths-based leadership and creating an engaged workforce that is solution-focused, McBride introduced Gallup’s Q12 and strengths to the PMHC and, because of her efforts, the organization earned the 2017 A.R. Bluett Award for being the most innovative and progressive council in the state of New South Wales.Called to Coach is a resource for those who want to help others discover and use their strengths. https://www.gallupstrengthscenter.com/home/en-us?utm_source=youtubeWe have Gallup experts and independent strengths coaches share tactics, insights and strategies to help coaches maximize the talent of individuals, teams and organizations around the world.

Gallup Called to Coach
Embedding Strengths and Q12 in a Community Organization (S6E15)

Gallup Called to Coach

Play Episode Listen Later May 8, 2018 58:50


On a recent Called to Coach, we spoke with Holly McBride, group manager of organizational performance at Port Macquarie-Hastings Council (PMHC), a growing coastal area that includes the town of Port Macquarie, Australia. Passionate about strengths-based leadership and creating an engaged workforce that is solution-focused, McBride introduced Gallup’s Q12 and strengths to the PMHC and, because of her efforts, the organization earned the 2017 A.R. Bluett Award for being the most innovative and progressive council in the state of New South Wales.Called to Coach is a resource for those who want to help others discover and use their strengths. https://www.gallupstrengthscenter.com/home/en-us?utm_source=youtubeWe have Gallup experts and independent strengths coaches share tactics, insights and strategies to help coaches maximize the talent of individuals, teams and organizations around the world.

Medizinische Fakultät - Digitale Hochschulschriften der LMU - Teil 16/19
Macroautophagy substrates are loaded onto MHC class II of medullary thymic epithelial cells for central tolerance

Medizinische Fakultät - Digitale Hochschulschriften der LMU - Teil 16/19

Play Episode Listen Later Jan 15, 2014


The immune system is highly organized and multifunctional; it protects the organism against invading pathogens (immune response), while at the same time being tolerant to ‘self’ (immune tolerance). Central tolerance is achieved during T-cell development by negative selection via self-peptide-MHC complexes (pMHC) presented by thymic dendritic cells (tDCs) and medullary thymic epithelial cells (mTECs). However, how self-antigens are processed into peptides that further are shuttled onto major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II in thymic epithelial cells (TECs) is not fully understood. One candidate pathway involved in this process is macroautophagy (referred to as autophagy hereafter), originally thought to solely be involved cellular housekeeping, has previously been implicated to contribute to MHC class II endogenous antigen presentation by TECs. This research project investigates the role of autophagy in negative selection by TECs. A model antigen was targeted specifically to the autophagosome in autoimmune regulator (Aire)+ mTECs. Transgenic mice expressing this antigen were generated. Experimental data indicated that the efficient direct presentation of this endogenous antigen by mTECs observed in vitro was sufficient to induce negative selection in vivo. By contrast, interference with autophagosomal processing of this antigen through exchange of one amino acid or disruption of an essential autophagy gene abolished endogenous antigen presentation by mTECs and impaired negative selection, which resulted in the escape of autoreactive CD4 T-cells. Moreover, further investigation showed that if the level of antigen expression was limited, autophagy-dependent direct presentation by mTECs was essential for T-cell deletion, while with sufficient amounts of antigen provided by mTECs, direct presentation by mTECs and indirect presentation by tDCs co-operated to induce central CD4 T-cell tolerance. These findings strongly suggest that the autophagy pathway contributes to CD4 T-cell tolerance induction by facilitating the loading of intracellular antigens onto MHC class II in mTECs.

Fakultät für Biologie - Digitale Hochschulschriften der LMU - Teil 01/06
T-Cell Stimulation by Melanoma RNA-Pulsed Dendritic Cells

Fakultät für Biologie - Digitale Hochschulschriften der LMU - Teil 01/06

Play Episode Listen Later May 28, 2004


In situations where well-established approaches such as surgery, radiation therapy and chemotherapy fail to help cancer patients, immunotherapy has the potential to be an effective alternative. Tumour cells can sometimes be distinguished from corresponding normal cells due to their expression of tumour-associated antigens (TAAs), most of which are unaltered self-molecules. These molecules must be presented to the immune system in the context of danger in order to achieve their specific recognition. If dendritic cells (DCs), the most potent professional antigen-presenting cells, are loaded with RNA, they will translate the RNA into protein, process the protein into peptides and present the peptides within MHC molecules (pMHC) on their surface to cytotoxic T-lymphocytes (CTLs) and T-helper cells in a stimulatory manner. These effector cells can, in turn, recognise tumour cells. The goal of these studies was to find optimal conditions for producing a DC-based vaccine for cancer patients using TAAs in the form of RNA. The studies were designed to quantitate RNA transfer into DCs, to determine the intracellular stability of transfected RNA in DCs and to analyse the kinetics of protein expression and the generation of functional pMHC ligands that could activate effector memory CTLs. Simultaneous activation of CTLs with specificities for different antigens minimises the potential for tumour escape through immune selection of tumour variants showing loss of individual antigens. Thus, generation of multiplex pMHC ligands for CTLs may improve clinical efficiency. On the other hand, peptide competition for MHC molecules within the DC may limit pMHC ligand generation. This central immunological question was addressed by comparing DCs loaded with total cellular tumour RNA, amplified total cellular tumour mRNA and pools of defined single-species tumour-antigen cRNAs versus individual single-species tumour-antigen cRNAs for their capacity to display various pMHC ligands and activate CTLs of corresponding specificities. Experiments performed with RNA encoding the enhanced green fluorescence protein (EGFP), a reporter protein, showed that the highest efficiency of RNA transfection into DCs was achieved with electroporation, reaching levels of 90% positive cells. The fact that mature DCs expressed more EGFP than immature DCs suggests that this stage of DC maturation will be optimal for vaccine development. Importantly, electroporation and RNA transfer did not alter the expression of antigen-presenting and co-stimulatory molecules on the surface of DCs. The melanoma model was chosen for extensive analyses because its characterisation at the cellular and molecular levels has made it a very informative model for understanding cancer immunity. In addition to total cellular melanoma RNA, single-species cRNAs were used encoding the melanoma-associated antigens, tyrosinase, Melan-A and CDK4-R24C. Antigen presentation was detected with the help of effector memory CTL clones specific for each of these antigens. The CTL stimulatory capacity of RNA-transfected DCs was higher if they were allowed one day to recuperate from electroporation and to produce pMHC complexes. Tyrosinase cRNA dose-finding showed that more RNA would indeed result in higher stimulatory capacities of transfected DCs. Kinetics of tyrosinase cRNA degradation, similar to kinetics of EGFP cRNA degradation, revealed that the amount of transfected RNA rapidly decreased inside the DCs within 1.5 hr after electroporation. The smallest decrease was observed with the highest amount of RNA applied in electroporation. The kinetics of RNA degradation and protein half-life will be important parameters to consider in defining the right time-frame for T-cell activation by engineered DCs. When reverse transcription PCR (RT-PCR) was performed with total cellular melanoma RNA samples to generate amplified mRNA, the Melan-A, tyrosinase and CDK4/CDK4-R24C message was amplified 62-fold, 24-fold and 2-fold, respectively. These differences likely reflect variations in the expression levels of the corresponding antigen message in melanoma cells from which the RNA was isolated. Approximately 17240-fold more CDK4-R24C message, at least 500-fold more tyrosinase message and at least 480-fold more Melan-A message was found in single-species cRNAs when the same masses of single-species cRNA and amplified melanoma mRNA samples were compared. This explained why electroporation of single-species cRNAs into DCs yielded the highest DC stimulatory capacities. Combinations of tyrosinase, Melan-A and CDK4-R24C cRNAs were studied for their capacity to induce satisfactory levels of T-cell stimulation when presented by DCs. Here it was demonstrated that antigen competition was not a critical factor, since CTL responses to pooled RNAs were not inhibited even though competition for MHC class I molecules may have occurred within the DCs. DCs also developed CTL stimulatory capacities, but at much lower levels, using amplified melanoma mRNA. Two antigen-specific CTL clones displayed higher reactivities upon exposure to pMHC produced naturally by RNA-transfected DCs than to synthetic peptides pulsed onto DCs. In one case, this could be explained by a post-translational modification of the peptide, which normally occurs within cells. Since this particular modification was not represented in the synthetic peptide, which was chosen from the protein sequence, the synthetic peptide was not well recognised. This demonstrated that the use of RNA technology eliminates the need to know the correct sequences of immunogenic peptides. Thereby, DCs are better than scientists at choosing antigens and their epitopes for presentation to T-cells. These data provided a better understanding of antigen presentation by DCs based on the use of RNA, giving insight into antigen competition and paving the way for the use of pooled RNAs of defined species for the development of a multiplex vaccine. They also allowed a precise protocol for efficient T-cell activation to be defined. Further experiments will demonstrate whether quantitative differences detected in antigen presentation between DCs loaded with total cellular tumour RNA and amplified total cellular tumour mRNA versus single-species tumour-antigen cRNAs have an impact on de novo T-cell priming in vitro and in vivo.