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Open Society Foundations chairman and founder George Soros shares his latest thinking on economics and politics in a five-part lecture series recorded at Central European University, October 26-30, 2009. The lectures are the culmination of a lifetime of practical and philosophical reflection. Soros discusses his general theory of reflexivity and its application to financial markets, providing insights into the recent financial crisis. The third and fourth lectures examine the concept of open society, which has guided Soros's global philanthropy, as well as the potential for conflict between capitalism and open society. The closing lecture focuses on the way ahead, examining the increasingly important economic and political role that China will play in the future. Learn more and watch the lecture series: http://www.opensocietyfoundations.org Body Sourced From: https://youtu.be/bDrTkvFB6Zk Public Access America PublicAccessPod Productions Footage edited by PublicAccessPod producer of Public Access America Podcast Links Stitcher: goo.gl/XpKHWB iTunes: goo.gl/soc7KG GooglePlay: goo.gl/gPEDbf YouTube goo.gl/xrKbJb
Capitalism vs. Open Society Open Society Foundations chairman and founder George Soros shares his latest thinking on economics and politics in a five-part lecture series recorded at Central European University, October 26-30, 2009. The lectures are the culmination of a lifetime of practical and philosophical reflection. Soros discusses his general theory of reflexivity and its application to financial markets, providing insights into the recent financial crisis. The third and fourth lectures examine the concept of open society, which has guided Soros's global philanthropy, as well as the potential for conflict between capitalism and open society. The closing lecture focuses on the way ahead, examining the increasingly important economic and political role that China will play in the future. Learn more and watch the lecture series: http://www.opensocietyfoundations.org Body Sourced From: https://youtu.be/bDrTkvFB6Zk Public Access America PublicAccessPod Productions Footage edited by PublicAccessPod producer of Public Access America Podcast Links Stitcher: goo.gl/XpKHWB iTunes: goo.gl/soc7KG GooglePlay: goo.gl/gPEDbf YouTube goo.gl/xrKbJb
Open Society Foundations chairman and founder George Soros shares his latest thinking on economics and politics in a five-part lecture series recorded at Central European University, October 26-30, 2009. The lectures are the culmination of a lifetime of practical and philosophical reflection. Soros discusses his general theory of reflexivity and its application to financial markets, providing insights into the recent financial crisis. The third and fourth lectures examine the concept of open society, which has guided Soros's global philanthropy, as well as the potential for conflict between capitalism and open society. The closing lecture focuses on the way ahead, examining the increasingly important economic and political role that China will play in the future. Learn more and watch the lecture series: http://www.opensocietyfoundations.org Body Sourced From: https://youtu.be/bDrTkvFB6Zk Public Access America PublicAccessPod Productions Footage edited by PublicAccessPod producer of Public Access America Podcast Links Stitcher: goo.gl/XpKHWB iTunes: goo.gl/soc7KG GooglePlay: goo.gl/gPEDbf YouTube goo.gl/xrKbJb
Peter Bergen is an American journalist, author, documentary producer, professor, think tank executive, and CNN's national security analyst. Bergen has written or edited seven books: Holy War, Inc.: Inside the Secret World of Osama bin Laden (2001), The Osama bin Laden I Know: An Oral History of al Qaeda's Leader (2006), The Longest War: The Enduring Conflict between America and Al-Qaeda (2011), Manhunt: The Ten-Year Search for Bin Laden From 9/11 to Abbottabad (2012), Talibanistan: Negotiating the Borders Between Terror, Politics, and Religion (2013), Drone Wars: Transforming Conflict, Law, and Policy (2014), and United States of Jihad: Investigating America's Homegrown Terrorists (2016). Three of the books were New York Times bestsellers, four of the books were named among the best non-fiction books of the year by the Washington Post and they have been translated into twenty-one languages. Bergen produced the first television interview with Osama bin Laden in 1997. The interview, which aired on CNN, marked the first time that bin Laden declared war against the United States to a Western audience. Peter Bergen http://peterbergen.com/ Information Sourced From: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Bergen Body Sourced From https://youtu.be/3tv_dx0UYLk Public Access America PublicAccessPod Productions Footage edited by PublicAccessPod producer of Public Access America Podcast Links Stitcher: goo.gl/XpKHWB iTunes: goo.gl/soc7KG GooglePlay: goo.gl/gPEDbf YouTube goo.gl/xrKbJb
Peter Bergen is an American journalist, author, documentary producer, professor, think tank executive, and CNN's national security analyst. Bergen has written or edited seven books: Holy War, Inc.: Inside the Secret World of Osama bin Laden (2001), The Osama bin Laden I Know: An Oral History of al Qaeda's Leader (2006), The Longest War: The Enduring Conflict between America and Al-Qaeda (2011), Manhunt: The Ten-Year Search for Bin Laden From 9/11 to Abbottabad (2012), Talibanistan: Negotiating the Borders Between Terror, Politics, and Religion (2013), Drone Wars: Transforming Conflict, Law, and Policy (2014), and United States of Jihad: Investigating America's Homegrown Terrorists (2016). Three of the books were New York Times bestsellers, four of the books were named among the best non-fiction books of the year by the Washington Post and they have been translated into twenty-one languages. Bergen produced the first television interview with Osama bin Laden in 1997. The interview, which aired on CNN, marked the first time that bin Laden declared war against the United States to a Western audience. Peter Bergen http://peterbergen.com/ Information Sourced From: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Bergen Body Sourced From https://youtu.be/3tv_dx0UYLk Public Access America PublicAccessPod Productions Footage edited by PublicAccessPod producer of Public Access America Podcast Links Stitcher: goo.gl/XpKHWB iTunes: goo.gl/soc7KG GooglePlay: goo.gl/gPEDbf YouTube goo.gl/xrKbJb
Peter Bergen is an American journalist, author, documentary producer, professor, think tank executive, and CNN's national security analyst. Bergen has written or edited seven books: Holy War, Inc.: Inside the Secret World of Osama bin Laden (2001), The Osama bin Laden I Know: An Oral History of al Qaeda's Leader (2006), The Longest War: The Enduring Conflict between America and Al-Qaeda (2011), Manhunt: The Ten-Year Search for Bin Laden From 9/11 to Abbottabad (2012), Talibanistan: Negotiating the Borders Between Terror, Politics, and Religion (2013), Drone Wars: Transforming Conflict, Law, and Policy (2014), and United States of Jihad: Investigating America's Homegrown Terrorists (2016). Three of the books were New York Times bestsellers, four of the books were named among the best non-fiction books of the year by the Washington Post and they have been translated into twenty-one languages. Bergen produced the first television interview with Osama bin Laden in 1997. The interview, which aired on CNN, marked the first time that bin Laden declared war against the United States to a Western audience. Peter Bergen http://peterbergen.com/ Information Sourced From: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Bergen Body Sourced From https://youtu.be/3tv_dx0UYLk Public Access America PublicAccessPod Productions Footage edited by PublicAccessPod producer of Public Access America Podcast Links Stitcher: goo.gl/XpKHWB iTunes: goo.gl/soc7KG GooglePlay: goo.gl/gPEDbf YouTube goo.gl/xrKbJb
Peter Bergen is an American journalist, author, documentary producer, professor, think tank executive, and CNN's national security analyst. Bergen has written or edited seven books: Holy War, Inc.: Inside the Secret World of Osama bin Laden (2001), The Osama bin Laden I Know: An Oral History of al Qaeda's Leader (2006), The Longest War: The Enduring Conflict between America and Al-Qaeda (2011), Manhunt: The Ten-Year Search for Bin Laden From 9/11 to Abbottabad (2012), Talibanistan: Negotiating the Borders Between Terror, Politics, and Religion (2013), Drone Wars: Transforming Conflict, Law, and Policy (2014), and United States of Jihad: Investigating America's Homegrown Terrorists (2016). Three of the books were New York Times bestsellers, four of the books were named among the best non-fiction books of the year by the Washington Post and they have been translated into twenty-one languages. Bergen produced the first television interview with Osama bin Laden in 1997. The interview, which aired on CNN, marked the first time that bin Laden declared war against the United States to a Western audience. Peter Bergen http://peterbergen.com/ Information Sourced From: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Bergen Body Sourced From https://youtu.be/3tv_dx0UYLk Public Access America PublicAccessPod Productions Footage edited by PublicAccessPod producer of Public Access America Podcast Links Stitcher: goo.gl/XpKHWB iTunes: goo.gl/soc7KG GooglePlay: goo.gl/gPEDbf YouTube goo.gl/xrKbJb
Peter Bergen is an American journalist, author, documentary producer, professor, think tank executive, and CNN's national security analyst. Bergen has written or edited seven books: Holy War, Inc.: Inside the Secret World of Osama bin Laden (2001), The Osama bin Laden I Know: An Oral History of al Qaeda's Leader (2006), The Longest War: The Enduring Conflict between America and Al-Qaeda (2011), Manhunt: The Ten-Year Search for Bin Laden From 9/11 to Abbottabad (2012), Talibanistan: Negotiating the Borders Between Terror, Politics, and Religion (2013), Drone Wars: Transforming Conflict, Law, and Policy (2014), and United States of Jihad: Investigating America's Homegrown Terrorists (2016). Three of the books were New York Times bestsellers, four of the books were named among the best non-fiction books of the year by the Washington Post and they have been translated into twenty-one languages. Bergen produced the first television interview with Osama bin Laden in 1997. The interview, which aired on CNN, marked the first time that bin Laden declared war against the United States to a Western audience. Peter Bergen http://peterbergen.com/ Information Sourced From: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Bergen Body Sourced From https://youtu.be/3tv_dx0UYLk Public Access America PublicAccessPod Productions Footage edited by PublicAccessPod producer of Public Access America Podcast Links Stitcher: goo.gl/XpKHWB iTunes: goo.gl/soc7KG GooglePlay: goo.gl/gPEDbf YouTube goo.gl/xrKbJb
Stanford professor Robert Sapolsky gave the opening lecture of the course entitled Human Behavioral Biology and explains the basic premise of the course and how he aims to avoid categorical thinking. Stanford University http://www.stanford.edu Stanford Department of Biology http://biology.stanford.edu/ Stanford University Channel on YouTube http://www.youtube.com/stanford Body Sourced From: https://youtu.be/NNnIGh9g6fA Public Access America PublicAccessPod Productions Footage edited by PublicAccessPod producer of Public Access America Podcast Links Stitcher: goo.gl/XpKHWB iTunes: goo.gl/soc7KG GooglePlay: goo.gl/gPEDbf YouTube goo.gl/xrKbJb
Stanford professor Robert Sapolsky gave the opening lecture of the course entitled Human Behavioral Biology and explains the basic premise of the course and how he aims to avoid categorical thinking. Stanford University http://www.stanford.edu Stanford Department of Biology http://biology.stanford.edu/ Stanford University Channel on YouTube http://www.youtube.com/stanford Body Sourced From: https://youtu.be/NNnIGh9g6fA Public Access America PublicAccessPod Productions Footage edited by PublicAccessPod producer of Public Access America Podcast Links Stitcher: goo.gl/XpKHWB iTunes: goo.gl/soc7KG GooglePlay: goo.gl/gPEDbf YouTube goo.gl/xrKbJb
If you think your smartphone is your private zone, you may be very wrong. So far, there is no such device that can’t be hacked. We figured out the ways your phone can be hacked, how to recognize hackers, and how to protect your phone from stealing your own data. Subscribe to Bright Side: https://goo.gl/rQTJZz Body Sourced From: Clear Signs Your Phone Was Hacked https://youtu.be/2AkE49hZfr4 Public Access America PublicAccessPod Productions Footage edited by PublicAccessPod producer of Public Access America Podcast Links Stitcher: goo.gl/XpKHWB iTunes: goo.gl/soc7KG GooglePlay: goo.gl/gPEDbf YouTube goo.gl/xrKbJb
People with only a casual concern for Internet privacy need not achieve total anonymity. Internet users may protect their privacy through controlled disclosure of personal information. The revelation of IP addresses, non-personally-identifiable profiling, and similar information might become acceptable trade-offs for the convenience that users could otherwise lose using the workarounds needed to suppress such details rigorously. On the other hand, some people desire much stronger privacy. In that case, they may try to achieve Internet anonymity to ensure privacy — use of the Internet without giving any third parties the ability to link the Internet activities to personally-identifiable information of the Internet user. In order to keep their information private, people need to be careful with what they submit to and look at online. When filling out forms and buying merchandise, that becomes tracked and because the information was not private, some companies are now sending Internet users spam and advertising on similar products. There are also several governmental organizations that protect individual's privacy and anonymity on the Internet, to a point. In an article presented by the FTC, in October 2011, a number of pointers were brought to attention that helps an individual internet user avoid possible identity theft and other cyber-attacks. Preventing or limiting the usage of Social Security numbers online, being wary and respectful of emails including spam messages, being mindful of personal financial details, creating and managing strong passwords, and intelligent web-browsing behaviours are recommended, among others.[9] Posting things on the Internet can be harmful or in danger of malicious attack. Some information posted on the Internet is permanent, depending on the terms of service, and privacy policies of particular services offered online. This can include comments written on blogs, pictures, and Internet sites, such as Facebook and Twitter. It is absorbed into cyberspace and once it is posted, anyone can potentially find it and access it. Some employers may research a potential employee by searching online for the details of their online behaviours, possibly affecting the outcome of the success of the candidate. Information Sourced from; https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_privacy Outro Song From; Meadows Of World Peace @MeadowsoOfWorldPeace https://soundcloud.com/meadowsofworldpeace/up-high Body Sourced From: Code 2600 - Computer History, Hacking and Surveillance Documentary https://youtu.be/F8uuRSfDqiU Public Access America PublicAccessPod Productions Footage edited by PublicAccessPod producer of Public Access America Podcast Links Stitcher: goo.gl/XpKHWB iTunes: goo.gl/soc7KG GooglePlay: goo.gl/gPEDbf YouTube goo.gl/xrKbJb
Internet privacy involves the right or mandate of personal privacy concerning the storing, repurposing, provision to third parties, and displaying of information pertaining to oneself via of the Internet. Internet privacy is a subset of data privacy. Privacy concerns have been articulated from the beginnings of large scale computer sharing. Privacy can entail either Personally Identifying Information (PII) or non-PII information such as a site visitor's behavior on a website. PII refers to any information that can be used to identify an individual. For example, age and physical address alone could identify who an individual is without explicitly disclosing their name, as these two factors are unique enough to typically identify a specific person. Some experts such as Steve Rambam, a private investigator specializing in Internet privacy cases, believe that privacy no longer exists; saying, "Privacy is dead – get over it". In fact, it has been suggested that the "appeal of online services is to broadcast personal information on purpose." On the other hand, in his essay The Value of Privacy, security expert Bruce Schneier says, "Privacy protects us from abuses by those in power, even if we're doing nothing wrong at the time of surveillance." Information Sourced from; https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_privacy Body Sourced From: Code 2600 - Computer History, Hacking and Surveillance Documentary https://youtu.be/F8uuRSfDqiU Public Access America PublicAccessPod Productions Footage edited by PublicAccessPod producer of Public Access America Podcast Links Stitcher: goo.gl/XpKHWB iTunes: goo.gl/soc7KG GooglePlay: goo.gl/gPEDbf YouTube goo.gl/xrKbJb
Eternal September or the September that never ended is Usenet slang for a period beginning in September 1993, the month that Internet service provider America Online began offering Usenet access to its many users, overwhelming the existing culture for online forums. The influx in Usenet users was also indirectly caused by the aggressive direct mailing campaign by AOL Chief Marketing Officer Jan Brandt in order to beat out CompuServe and Prodigy, which most notably involved distributing millions of floppy disks and CD-ROMs with free trials of AOL. Before then, Usenet was largely restricted to colleges and universities. Every September, a large number of incoming freshmen would acquire access to Usenet for the first time, taking time to become accustomed to Usenet's standards of conduct and "netiquette". After a month or so, these new users would either learn to comply with the networks' social norms or tire of using the service. Whereas the regular September freshman influx would quickly settle down, the influx of new users from AOL did not end, and Usenet's existing culture did not have the capacity to integrate the sheer number of new users following September 1993. Since then, the popularity of the Internet has brought on a constant stream of new users and thus, from the point of view of the pre-1993 Usenet users, the influx of new users in September 1993 never ended. Dave Fischer coined the term in a January 1994 post to alt.folklore.computers: "It's moot now. September 1993 will go down in net.history as the September that never ended Information Sourced from; https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eternal_September Body Sourced From: Code 2600 - Computer History, Hacking and Surveillance Documentary https://youtu.be/F8uuRSfDqiU Public Access America PublicAccessPod Productions Footage edited by PublicAccessPod producer of Public Access America Podcast Links Stitcher: goo.gl/XpKHWB iTunes: goo.gl/soc7KG GooglePlay: goo.gl/gPEDbf YouTube goo.gl/xrKbJb
Phreaking is a slang term coined to describe the activity of a culture of people who study, experiment with, or explore telecommunication systems, such as equipment and systems connected to public telephone networks. The term phreak is a sensational spelling of the word freak with the ph- from phone, and may also refer to the use of various audio frequencies to manipulate a phone system. Phreak, phreaker, or phone phreak are names used for and by individuals who participate in phreaking. The term first referred to groups who had reverse engineered the system of tones used to route long-distance calls. By re-creating these tones, phreaks could switch calls from the phone handset, allowing free calls to be made around the world. To ease the creation of these tones, electronic tone generators known as blue boxes became a staple of the phreaker community, including future Apple Inc. cofounders Steve Jobs and Steve Wozniak. The blue box era came to an end with the ever-increasing use of computerized phone systems, which sent dialing information on a separate, inaccessible channel. By the 1980s, much of the system in the US and Western Europe had been converted. Phreaking has since become closely linked with computer hacking. This is sometimes called the H/P culture (with H standing for hacking and P standing for phreaking) Information Sourced from; https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phreaking Body Sourced From: Code 2600 - Computer History, Hacking and Surveillance Documentary https://youtu.be/F8uuRSfDqiU Public Access America PublicAccessPod Productions Footage edited by PublicAccessPod producer of Public Access America Podcast Links Stitcher: goo.gl/XpKHWB iTunes: goo.gl/soc7KG GooglePlay: goo.gl/gPEDbf YouTube goo.gl/xrKbJb
Jada Pinkett uncovers the horrific realities of modern-era slavery in the U.S., where children are kidnapped and exploited by traffickers. CNN Special Report-Children for Sale: The Fight to End Human Trafficking. Sex trafficking is human trafficking for the purpose of sexual exploitation, including sexual slavery. Sex trafficking has two aspects of supply and demand. The sex exploitation is based on the interaction between the trafficker selling a victim to customers to perform sexual services. Sex trafficking crimes are defined in three ways: acquisition, movement, and exploitation, and includes child sex tourism, domestic minor sex trafficking or commercial sexual exploitation of children, and prostitution. Sex trafficking is one of the biggest criminal businesses and is "the fastest growing criminal industry in the world." According to the International Labor Organization, there are 20.9 million people subjected to forced labor, and 22% (4.5 million) who are victims of forced sexual exploitation. However, due to the covertness of sex trafficking, obtaining accurate, reliable statistics is difficult for researchers. Most victims find themselves in coercive or abusive situations from which escape is both difficult and dangerous. Locations where this practice occurs span the globe and reflect an intricate web between nations, making it very difficult to construct viable solutions to this human rights problem. National Human Trafficking Hotline https://humantraffickinghotline.org/ Resources | Polaris https://polarisproject.org/resources Resources Available for Victims | Homeland Security https://www.dhs.gov/blue-campaign/resources-available-victims Body Sourced from: ConstantlySporadic https://youtu.be/oXjxeQuhdAs Public Access America PublicAccessPod Productions Footage edited by PublicAccessPod producer of Public Access America Podcast Links Stitcher: goo.gl/XpKHWB iTunes: goo.gl/soc7KG GooglePlay: goo.gl/gPEDbf YouTube goo.gl/xrKbJb
Jada Pinkett uncovers the horrific realities of modern-era slavery in the U.S., where children are kidnapped and exploited by traffickers. CNN Special Report-Children for Sale: The Fight to End Human Trafficking. Sex trafficking is human trafficking for the purpose of sexual exploitation, including sexual slavery. Sex trafficking has two aspects of supply and demand. The sex exploitation is based on the interaction between the trafficker selling a victim to customers to perform sexual services. Sex trafficking crimes are defined in three ways: acquisition, movement, and exploitation, and includes child sex tourism, domestic minor sex trafficking or commercial sexual exploitation of children, and prostitution. Sex trafficking is one of the biggest criminal businesses and is "the fastest growing criminal industry in the world." According to the International Labor Organization, there are 20.9 million people subjected to forced labor, and 22% (4.5 million) who are victims of forced sexual exploitation. However, due to the covertness of sex trafficking, obtaining accurate, reliable statistics is difficult for researchers. Most victims find themselves in coercive or abusive situations from which escape is both difficult and dangerous. Locations where this practice occurs span the globe and reflect an intricate web between nations, making it very difficult to construct viable solutions to this human rights problem. National Human Trafficking Hotline https://humantraffickinghotline.org/ Resources | Polaris https://polarisproject.org/resources Resources Available for Victims | Homeland Security https://www.dhs.gov/blue-campaign/resources-available-victims Body Sourced from: ConstantlySporadic https://youtu.be/oXjxeQuhdAs Public Access America PublicAccessPod Productions Footage edited by PublicAccessPod producer of Public Access America Podcast Links Stitcher: goo.gl/XpKHWB iTunes: goo.gl/soc7KG GooglePlay: goo.gl/gPEDbf YouTube goo.gl/xrKbJb
Jada Pinkett uncovers the horrific realities of modern-era slavery in the U.S., where children are kidnapped and exploited by traffickers. CNN Special Report-Children for Sale: The Fight to End Human Trafficking. Sex trafficking is human trafficking for the purpose of sexual exploitation, including sexual slavery. Sex trafficking has two aspects of supply and demand. The sex exploitation is based on the interaction between the trafficker selling a victim to customers to perform sexual services. Sex trafficking crimes are defined in three ways: acquisition, movement, and exploitation, and includes child sex tourism, domestic minor sex trafficking or commercial sexual exploitation of children, and prostitution. Sex trafficking is one of the biggest criminal businesses and is "the fastest growing criminal industry in the world." According to the International Labor Organization, there are 20.9 million people subjected to forced labor, and 22% (4.5 million) who are victims of forced sexual exploitation. However, due to the covertness of sex trafficking, obtaining accurate, reliable statistics is difficult for researchers. Most victims find themselves in coercive or abusive situations from which escape is both difficult and dangerous. Locations where this practice occurs span the globe and reflect an intricate web between nations, making it very difficult to construct viable solutions to this human rights problem. National Human Trafficking Hotline https://humantraffickinghotline.org/ Resources | Polaris https://polarisproject.org/resources Resources Available for Victims | Homeland Security https://www.dhs.gov/blue-campaign/resources-available-victims Body Sourced from: ConstantlySporadic https://youtu.be/oXjxeQuhdAs Public Access America PublicAccessPod Productions Footage edited by PublicAccessPod producer of Public Access America Podcast Links Stitcher: goo.gl/XpKHWB iTunes: goo.gl/soc7KG GooglePlay: goo.gl/gPEDbf YouTube goo.gl/xrKbJb
Thank you for listening to Public Access America. Tensions between Russia and the United States are reaching record levels. This is leading many experts to believe WW3 is just around the corner. Body Sourced from: https://youtu.be/qeThB_l7oHM Public Access America PublicAccessPod Productions Footage edited by PublicAccessPod producer of Public Access America Podcast Links Stitcher: goo.gl/XpKHWB iTunes: goo.gl/soc7KG GooglePlay: goo.gl/gPEDbf YouTube goo.gl/xrKbJb
The Battle of the Little Bighorn, known to the Lakota and other Plains Indians as the Battle of the Greasy Grass and also commonly referred to as Custer's Last Stand, was an armed engagement between combined forces of the Lakota, Northern Cheyenne, and Arapaho tribes and the 7th Cavalry Regiment of the United States Army. The battle, which resulted in the defeat of US forces, was the most significant action of the Great Sioux War of 1876. It took place on June 25–26, 1876, along the Little Bighorn River in the Crow Indian Reservation in southeastern Montana Territory The fight was an overwhelming victory for the Lakota, Northern Cheyenne, and Arapaho, who were led by several major war leaders, including Crazy Horse and Chief Gall, and had been inspired by the visions of Sitting Bull. The US 7th Cavalry, including the Custer Battalion, a force of 700 men led by Lt. Col. George Armstrong Custer, suffered a major defeat. Five of the 7th Cavalry's 12 companies were annihilated and Custer was killed, as were two of his brothers, a nephew and a brother-in-law. The total US casualty count included 268 dead and 55 severely wounded (six died later from their wounds), including four Crow Indian scouts and two Pawnee Indian scouts. Public response to the Great Sioux War varied in the immediate aftermath of the battle. Custer's widow soon worked to burnish her husband's memory, and during the following decades Custer and his troops came to be considered iconic, even heroic, figures in American history, a status that lasted into the 1960s. The battle, and Custer's actions in particular, have been studied extensively by historians. Information Sourced from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Little_Bighorn Body Sourced from: https://youtu.be/BsWZ41mHY4M Closing song; Mr. Custer https://youtu.be/fe0q8Lq3L2Q Single by Larry Verne Released 1960 Genre Novelty Songwriter(s) Al De Lory Fred Darian Joseph Van Winkle "Mr. Custer" is a march novelty song, sung by Larry Verne, and written by Al De Lory, Fred Darian, and Joseph Van Winkle. It was a No. 1 song in the United States in 1960, topping the Billboard Hot 100 singles chart for the issue dated October 10, 1960, and remained there for one week. It is a comical song about a soldier's plea to General Custer before the climactic Battle of the Little Bighorn against the Sioux, which he did not want to fight. Public Access America PublicAccessPod Productions Footage edited by PublicAccessPod producer of Public Access America Podcast Links Stitcher: goo.gl/XpKHWB iTunes: goo.gl/soc7KG GooglePlay: goo.gl/gPEDbf YouTube goo.gl/xrKbJb
The Battle of the Little Bighorn, known to the Lakota and other Plains Indians as the Battle of the Greasy Grass and also commonly referred to as Custer's Last Stand, was an armed engagement between combined forces of the Lakota, Northern Cheyenne, and Arapaho tribes and the 7th Cavalry Regiment of the United States Army. The battle, which resulted in the defeat of US forces, was the most significant action of the Great Sioux War of 1876. It took place on June 25–26, 1876, along the Little Bighorn River in the Crow Indian Reservation in southeastern Montana Territory The fight was an overwhelming victory for the Lakota, Northern Cheyenne, and Arapaho, who were led by several major war leaders, including Crazy Horse and Chief Gall, and had been inspired by the visions of Sitting Bull. The US 7th Cavalry, including the Custer Battalion, a force of 700 men led by Lt. Col. George Armstrong Custer, suffered a major defeat. Five of the 7th Cavalry's 12 companies were annihilated and Custer was killed, as were two of his brothers, a nephew and a brother-in-law. The total US casualty count included 268 dead and 55 severely wounded (six died later from their wounds), including four Crow Indian scouts and two Pawnee Indian scouts. Public response to the Great Sioux War varied in the immediate aftermath of the battle. Custer's widow soon worked to burnish her husband's memory, and during the following decades Custer and his troops came to be considered iconic, even heroic, figures in American history, a status that lasted into the 1960s. The battle, and Custer's actions in particular, have been studied extensively by historians. Information Sourced from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Little_Bighorn Body Sourced from: https://youtu.be/BsWZ41mHY4M Public Access America PublicAccessPod Productions Footage edited by PublicAccessPod producer of Public Access America Podcast Links Stitcher: goo.gl/XpKHWB iTunes: goo.gl/soc7KG GooglePlay: goo.gl/gPEDbf YouTube goo.gl/xrKbJb
The Battle of the Little Bighorn, known to the Lakota and other Plains Indians as the Battle of the Greasy Grass and also commonly referred to as Custer's Last Stand, was an armed engagement between combined forces of the Lakota, Northern Cheyenne, and Arapaho tribes and the 7th Cavalry Regiment of the United States Army. The battle, which resulted in the defeat of US forces, was the most significant action of the Great Sioux War of 1876. It took place on June 25–26, 1876, along the Little Bighorn River in the Crow Indian Reservation in southeastern Montana Territory The fight was an overwhelming victory for the Lakota, Northern Cheyenne, and Arapaho, who were led by several major war leaders, including Crazy Horse and Chief Gall, and had been inspired by the visions of Sitting Bull. The US 7th Cavalry, including the Custer Battalion, a force of 700 men led by Lt. Col. George Armstrong Custer, suffered a major defeat. Five of the 7th Cavalry's 12 companies were annihilated and Custer was killed, as were two of his brothers, a nephew and a brother-in-law. The total US casualty count included 268 dead and 55 severely wounded (six died later from their wounds), including four Crow Indian scouts and two Pawnee Indian scouts. Public response to the Great Sioux War varied in the immediate aftermath of the battle. Custer's widow soon worked to burnish her husband's memory, and during the following decades Custer and his troops came to be considered iconic, even heroic, figures in American history, a status that lasted into the 1960s. The battle, and Custer's actions in particular, have been studied extensively by historians. Information Sourced from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Little_Bighorn Body Sourced from: https://youtu.be/BsWZ41mHY4M Public Access America PublicAccessPod Productions Footage edited by PublicAccessPod producer of Public Access America Podcast Links Stitcher: goo.gl/XpKHWB iTunes: goo.gl/soc7KG GooglePlay: goo.gl/gPEDbf YouTube goo.gl/xrKbJb
The Battle of the Little Bighorn, known to the Lakota and other Plains Indians as the Battle of the Greasy Grass and also commonly referred to as Custer's Last Stand, was an armed engagement between combined forces of the Lakota, Northern Cheyenne, and Arapaho tribes and the 7th Cavalry Regiment of the United States Army. The battle, which resulted in the defeat of US forces, was the most significant action of the Great Sioux War of 1876. It took place on June 25–26, 1876, along the Little Bighorn River in the Crow Indian Reservation in southeastern Montana Territory The fight was an overwhelming victory for the Lakota, Northern Cheyenne, and Arapaho, who were led by several major war leaders, including Crazy Horse and Chief Gall, and had been inspired by the visions of Sitting Bull. The US 7th Cavalry, including the Custer Battalion, a force of 700 men led by Lt. Col. George Armstrong Custer, suffered a major defeat. Five of the 7th Cavalry's 12 companies were annihilated and Custer was killed, as were two of his brothers, a nephew and a brother-in-law. The total US casualty count included 268 dead and 55 severely wounded (six died later from their wounds), including four Crow Indian scouts and two Pawnee Indian scouts. Public response to the Great Sioux War varied in the immediate aftermath of the battle. Custer's widow soon worked to burnish her husband's memory, and during the following decades Custer and his troops came to be considered iconic, even heroic, figures in American history, a status that lasted into the 1960s. The battle, and Custer's actions in particular, have been studied extensively by historians. Information Sourced from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Little_Bighorn Body Sourced from: https://youtu.be/BsWZ41mHY4M Opening song; Mr. Custer https://youtu.be/fe0q8Lq3L2Q Single by Larry Verne Released 1960 Genre Novelty Songwriter(s) Al De Lory Fred Darian Joseph Van Winkle "Mr. Custer" is a march novelty song, sung by Larry Verne, and written by Al De Lory, Fred Darian, and Joseph Van Winkle. It was a No. 1 song in the United States in 1960, topping the Billboard Hot 100 singles chart for the issue dated October 10, 1960, and remained there for one week. It is a comical song about a soldier's plea to General Custer before the climactic Battle of the Little Bighorn against the Sioux, which he did not want to fight. Public Access America PublicAccessPod Productions Footage edited by PublicAccessPod producer of Public Access America Podcast Links Stitcher: goo.gl/XpKHWB iTunes: goo.gl/soc7KG GooglePlay: goo.gl/gPEDbf YouTube goo.gl/xrKbJb
The Battle of the Little Bighorn, known to the Lakota and other Plains Indians as the Battle of the Greasy Grass and also commonly referred to as Custer's Last Stand, was an armed engagement between combined forces of the Lakota, Northern Cheyenne, and Arapaho tribes and the 7th Cavalry Regiment of the United States Army. The battle, which resulted in the defeat of US forces, was the most significant action of the Great Sioux War of 1876. It took place on June 25–26, 1876, along the Little Bighorn River in the Crow Indian Reservation in southeastern Montana Territory The fight was an overwhelming victory for the Lakota, Northern Cheyenne, and Arapaho, who were led by several major war leaders, including Crazy Horse and Chief Gall, and had been inspired by the visions of Sitting Bull. The US 7th Cavalry, including the Custer Battalion, a force of 700 men led by Lt. Col. George Armstrong Custer, suffered a major defeat. Five of the 7th Cavalry's 12 companies were annihilated and Custer was killed, as were two of his brothers, a nephew and a brother-in-law. The total US casualty count included 268 dead and 55 severely wounded (six died later from their wounds), including four Crow Indian scouts and two Pawnee Indian scouts. Public response to the Great Sioux War varied in the immediate aftermath of the battle. Custer's widow soon worked to burnish her husband's memory, and during the following decades Custer and his troops came to be considered iconic, even heroic, figures in American history, a status that lasted into the 1960s. The battle, and Custer's actions in particular, have been studied extensively by historians. Information Sourced from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Little_Bighorn Body Sourced from: https://youtu.be/BsWZ41mHY4M Public Access America PublicAccessPod Productions Footage edited by PublicAccessPod producer of Public Access America Podcast Links Stitcher: goo.gl/XpKHWB iTunes: goo.gl/soc7KG GooglePlay: goo.gl/gPEDbf YouTube goo.gl/xrKbJb
Here at Public access America we don’t allow ourselves to have opinions. We do however want to find out what Americas thoughts are. Body Sourced from: https://youtu.be/ZGe_kruSFEg Public Access America PublicAccessPod Productions Footage edited by PublicAccessPod producer of Public Access America Podcast Links Stitcher: goo.gl/XpKHWB iTunes: goo.gl/soc7KG GooglePlay: goo.gl/gPEDbf YouTube goo.gl/xrKbJb
Leonard Susskind gives a lecture on the string theory and particle physics. He is a world renown theoretical physicist and uses graphs to help demonstrate the theories he is presenting. String theory (with its close relative, M-theory) is the basis for the most ambitious theories of the physical world. It has profoundly influenced our understanding of gravity, cosmology, and particle physics. In this course we will develop the basic theoretical and mathematical ideas, including the string-theoretic origin of gravity, the theory of extra dimensions of space, the connection between strings and black holes, the "landscape" of string theory, and the holographic principle. This course was originally presented in Stanford's Continuing Studies program. Stanford University: http://www.stanford.edu/ Stanford Continuing Studies Program: http://csp.stanford.edu/ Stanford University Channel on YouTube: http://www.youtube.com/stanford Public Access America PublicAccessPod Productions Footage edited by PublicAccessPod producer of Public Access America Podcast Links Stitcher: goo.gl/XpKHWB iTunes: goo.gl/soc7KG GooglePlay: goo.gl/gPEDbf YouTube goo.gl/xrKbJb
Leonard Susskind gives a lecture on the string theory and particle physics. He is a world renown theoretical physicist and uses graphs to help demonstrate the theories he is presenting. String theory (with its close relative, M-theory) is the basis for the most ambitious theories of the physical world. It has profoundly influenced our understanding of gravity, cosmology, and particle physics. In this course we will develop the basic theoretical and mathematical ideas, including the string-theoretic origin of gravity, the theory of extra dimensions of space, the connection between strings and black holes, the "landscape" of string theory, and the holographic principle. This course was originally presented in Stanford's Continuing Studies program. Stanford University: http://www.stanford.edu/ Stanford Continuing Studies Program: http://csp.stanford.edu/ Stanford University Channel on YouTube: http://www.youtube.com/stanford Public Access America PublicAccessPod Productions Footage edited by PublicAccessPod producer of Public Access America Podcast Links Stitcher: goo.gl/XpKHWB iTunes: goo.gl/soc7KG GooglePlay: goo.gl/gPEDbf YouTube goo.gl/xrKbJb
Leonard Susskind gives a lecture on the string theory and particle physics. He is a world renown theoretical physicist and uses graphs to help demonstrate the theories he is presenting. String theory (with its close relative, M-theory) is the basis for the most ambitious theories of the physical world. It has profoundly influenced our understanding of gravity, cosmology, and particle physics. In this course we will develop the basic theoretical and mathematical ideas, including the string-theoretic origin of gravity, the theory of extra dimensions of space, the connection between strings and black holes, the "landscape" of string theory, and the holographic principle. This course was originally presented in Stanford's Continuing Studies program. Stanford University: http://www.stanford.edu/ Stanford Continuing Studies Program: http://csp.stanford.edu/ Stanford University Channel on YouTube: http://www.youtube.com/stanford Public Access America PublicAccessPod Productions Footage edited by PublicAccessPod producer of Public Access America Podcast Links Stitcher: goo.gl/XpKHWB iTunes: goo.gl/soc7KG GooglePlay: goo.gl/gPEDbf YouTube goo.gl/xrKbJb
Leonard Susskind gives a lecture on the string theory and particle physics. He is a world renown theoretical physicist and uses graphs to help demonstrate the theories he is presenting. String theory (with its close relative, M-theory) is the basis for the most ambitious theories of the physical world. It has profoundly influenced our understanding of gravity, cosmology, and particle physics. In this course we will develop the basic theoretical and mathematical ideas, including the string-theoretic origin of gravity, the theory of extra dimensions of space, the connection between strings and black holes, the "landscape" of string theory, and the holographic principle. This course was originally presented in Stanford's Continuing Studies program. Stanford University: http://www.stanford.edu/ Stanford Continuing Studies Program: http://csp.stanford.edu/ Stanford University Channel on YouTube: http://www.youtube.com/stanford Public Access America PublicAccessPod Productions Footage edited by PublicAccessPod producer of Public Access America Podcast Links Stitcher: goo.gl/XpKHWB iTunes: goo.gl/soc7KG GooglePlay: goo.gl/gPEDbf YouTube goo.gl/xrKbJb
Leonard Susskind gives a lecture on the string theory and particle physics. He is a world renown theoretical physicist and uses graphs to help demonstrate the theories he is presenting. String theory (with its close relative, M-theory) is the basis for the most ambitious theories of the physical world. It has profoundly influenced our understanding of gravity, cosmology, and particle physics. In this course we will develop the basic theoretical and mathematical ideas, including the string-theoretic origin of gravity, the theory of extra dimensions of space, the connection between strings and black holes, the "landscape" of string theory, and the holographic principle. This course was originally presented in Stanford's Continuing Studies program. Stanford University: http://www.stanford.edu/ Stanford Continuing Studies Program: http://csp.stanford.edu/ Stanford University Channel on YouTube: http://www.youtube.com/stanford Public Access America PublicAccessPod Productions Footage edited by PublicAccessPod producer of Public Access America Podcast Links Stitcher: goo.gl/XpKHWB iTunes: goo.gl/soc7KG GooglePlay: goo.gl/gPEDbf YouTube goo.gl/xrKbJb
Pocahontas was a Native American woman notable for her association with the colonial settlement at Jamestown, Virginia. Pocahontas was the daughter of Powhatan, the paramount chief of a network of tributary tribal nations in the Tsenacommacah, encompassing the Tidewater region of Virginia. In a well-known historical anecdote, she saved the life of a captive of the Native Americans, the Englishman John Smith, in 1607 by placing her head upon his own when her father raised his war club to execute him. A large number of historians doubt the veracity of this story. Pocahontas was captured and held for ransom by the English during Anglo-Indian hostilities in 1613. During her captivity, she converted to Christianity and took the name Rebecca. When the opportunity arose for her to return to her people, she chose to remain with the English. In April 1614, at the age of 17, she married tobacco planter John Rolfe, and in January 1615, bore their son, Thomas Rolfe. In 1616, the Rolfes travelled to London. Pocahontas was presented to English society as an example of the "civilized savage" in hopes of stimulating investment in the Jamestown settlement. She became something of a celebrity, was elegantly fêted, and attended a masque at Whitehall Palace. In 1617, the Rolfes set sail for Virginia, but Pocahontas died at Gravesend of unknown causes, aged around 20-21. She was buried in St George's Church, Gravesend in England, but the exact location of her grave is unknown, as the church has been rebuilt.[1] Numerous places, landmarks, and products in the United States have been named after Pocahontas. Her story has been romanticized over the years, and she is a subject of art, literature, and film. Many famous people have claimed to be among her descendants through her son Thomas, including members of the First Families of Virginia, First Lady Edith Wilson, American Western actor Glenn Strange, Las Vegas performer Wayne Newton, and astronomer Percival Lowell.[7] Information Sourced From: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pocahontas Body Sourced From; https://youtu.be/NodyHa54Xxs Public Access America PublicAccessPod Productions Footage edited by PublicAccessPod producer of Public Access America Podcast Links Stitcher: goo.gl/XpKHWB iTunes: goo.gl/soc7KG GooglePlay: goo.gl/gPEDbf YouTube goo.gl/xrKbJb
Pocahontas was a Native American woman notable for her association with the colonial settlement at Jamestown, Virginia. Pocahontas was the daughter of Powhatan, the paramount chief of a network of tributary tribal nations in the Tsenacommacah, encompassing the Tidewater region of Virginia. In a well-known historical anecdote, she saved the life of a captive of the Native Americans, the Englishman John Smith, in 1607 by placing her head upon his own when her father raised his war club to execute him. A large number of historians doubt the veracity of this story. Pocahontas was captured and held for ransom by the English during Anglo-Indian hostilities in 1613. During her captivity, she converted to Christianity and took the name Rebecca. When the opportunity arose for her to return to her people, she chose to remain with the English. In April 1614, at the age of 17, she married tobacco planter John Rolfe, and in January 1615, bore their son, Thomas Rolfe. In 1616, the Rolfes travelled to London. Pocahontas was presented to English society as an example of the "civilized savage" in hopes of stimulating investment in the Jamestown settlement. She became something of a celebrity, was elegantly fêted, and attended a masque at Whitehall Palace. In 1617, the Rolfes set sail for Virginia, but Pocahontas died at Gravesend of unknown causes, aged around 20-21. She was buried in St George's Church, Gravesend in England, but the exact location of her grave is unknown, as the church has been rebuilt.[1] Numerous places, landmarks, and products in the United States have been named after Pocahontas. Her story has been romanticized over the years, and she is a subject of art, literature, and film. Many famous people have claimed to be among her descendants through her son Thomas, including members of the First Families of Virginia, First Lady Edith Wilson, American Western actor Glenn Strange, Las Vegas performer Wayne Newton, and astronomer Percival Lowell.[7] Information Sourced From: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pocahontas Body Sourced From; https://youtu.be/NodyHa54Xxs Public Access America PublicAccessPod Productions Footage edited by PublicAccessPod producer of Public Access America Podcast Links Stitcher: goo.gl/XpKHWB iTunes: goo.gl/soc7KG GooglePlay: goo.gl/gPEDbf YouTube goo.gl/xrKbJb
Pocahontas was a Native American woman notable for her association with the colonial settlement at Jamestown, Virginia. Pocahontas was the daughter of Powhatan, the paramount chief of a network of tributary tribal nations in the Tsenacommacah, encompassing the Tidewater region of Virginia. In a well-known historical anecdote, she saved the life of a captive of the Native Americans, the Englishman John Smith, in 1607 by placing her head upon his own when her father raised his war club to execute him. A large number of historians doubt the veracity of this story. Pocahontas was captured and held for ransom by the English during Anglo-Indian hostilities in 1613. During her captivity, she converted to Christianity and took the name Rebecca. When the opportunity arose for her to return to her people, she chose to remain with the English. In April 1614, at the age of 17, she married tobacco planter John Rolfe, and in January 1615, bore their son, Thomas Rolfe. In 1616, the Rolfes travelled to London. Pocahontas was presented to English society as an example of the "civilized savage" in hopes of stimulating investment in the Jamestown settlement. She became something of a celebrity, was elegantly fêted, and attended a masque at Whitehall Palace. In 1617, the Rolfes set sail for Virginia, but Pocahontas died at Gravesend of unknown causes, aged around 20-21. She was buried in St George's Church, Gravesend in England, but the exact location of her grave is unknown, as the church has been rebuilt.[1] Numerous places, landmarks, and products in the United States have been named after Pocahontas. Her story has been romanticized over the years, and she is a subject of art, literature, and film. Many famous people have claimed to be among her descendants through her son Thomas, including members of the First Families of Virginia, First Lady Edith Wilson, American Western actor Glenn Strange, Las Vegas performer Wayne Newton, and astronomer Percival Lowell.[7] Information Sourced From: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pocahontas Body Sourced From; https://youtu.be/NodyHa54Xxs Public Access America PublicAccessPod Productions Footage edited by PublicAccessPod producer of Public Access America Podcast Links Stitcher: goo.gl/XpKHWB iTunes: goo.gl/soc7KG GooglePlay: goo.gl/gPEDbf YouTube goo.gl/xrKbJb
Pocahontas was a Native American woman notable for her association with the colonial settlement at Jamestown, Virginia. Pocahontas was the daughter of Powhatan, the paramount chief of a network of tributary tribal nations in the Tsenacommacah, encompassing the Tidewater region of Virginia. In a well-known historical anecdote, she saved the life of a captive of the Native Americans, the Englishman John Smith, in 1607 by placing her head upon his own when her father raised his war club to execute him. A large number of historians doubt the veracity of this story. Pocahontas was captured and held for ransom by the English during Anglo-Indian hostilities in 1613. During her captivity, she converted to Christianity and took the name Rebecca. When the opportunity arose for her to return to her people, she chose to remain with the English. In April 1614, at the age of 17, she married tobacco planter John Rolfe, and in January 1615, bore their son, Thomas Rolfe. In 1616, the Rolfes travelled to London. Pocahontas was presented to English society as an example of the "civilized savage" in hopes of stimulating investment in the Jamestown settlement. She became something of a celebrity, was elegantly fêted, and attended a masque at Whitehall Palace. In 1617, the Rolfes set sail for Virginia, but Pocahontas died at Gravesend of unknown causes, aged around 20-21. She was buried in St George's Church, Gravesend in England, but the exact location of her grave is unknown, as the church has been rebuilt.[1] Numerous places, landmarks, and products in the United States have been named after Pocahontas. Her story has been romanticized over the years, and she is a subject of art, literature, and film. Many famous people have claimed to be among her descendants through her son Thomas, including members of the First Families of Virginia, First Lady Edith Wilson, American Western actor Glenn Strange, Las Vegas performer Wayne Newton, and astronomer Percival Lowell.[7] Information Sourced From: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pocahontas Body Sourced From; https://youtu.be/NodyHa54Xxs Public Access America PublicAccessPod Productions Footage edited by PublicAccessPod producer of Public Access America Podcast Links Stitcher: goo.gl/XpKHWB iTunes: goo.gl/soc7KG GooglePlay: goo.gl/gPEDbf YouTube goo.gl/xrKbJb
Ishi was the last known member of the Native American Yahi people from the state of California in the United States. The Yana were destroyed during the California Genocide in the 19th century. Ishi, who was widely acclaimed as the "last wild Indian" in America, lived most of his life isolated from modern American culture. In 1911, aged 50, he emerged near the foothills of Lassen Peak in Northern California. Ishi, which means "man" in the Yana language, is an adopted name. The anthropologist Alfred Kroeber gave him this name because in the Yahi culture, tradition demanded that he not speak his own name until formally introduced by another Yahi. When asked his name, he said: "I have none, because there were no people to name me," meaning that there was no other Yahi to speak his name on his behalf. Ishi was taken in by anthropologists at the University of California, Berkeley, who both studied him and hired him as a research assistant. He lived most of his remaining five years in a university building in San Francisco. The Yana-speaking people comprised four groups: the North Yana, the Central Yana, the Southern Yana, and the Yahi. The noun stem Ya- means "person"; the noun suffix is -na in the northern Yana dialects and -hi in the southern dialects. The Yana continue to be in California as members of Redding Rancheria. http://history.library.ucsf.edu/ishi.html Information Sourced From: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ishi Body Sourced From; https://youtu.be/eYAUYMRTeYg Public Access America PublicAccessPod Productions Footage edited by PublicAccessPod producer of Public Access America Podcast Links Stitcher: goo.gl/XpKHWB iTunes: goo.gl/soc7KG GooglePlay: goo.gl/gPEDbf YouTube goo.gl/xrKbJb
Ishi was the last known member of the Native American Yahi people from the state of California in the United States. The Yana were destroyed during the California Genocide in the 19th century. Ishi, who was widely acclaimed as the "last wild Indian" in America, lived most of his life isolated from modern American culture. In 1911, aged 50, he emerged near the foothills of Lassen Peak in Northern California. Ishi, which means "man" in the Yana language, is an adopted name. The anthropologist Alfred Kroeber gave him this name because in the Yahi culture, tradition demanded that he not speak his own name until formally introduced by another Yahi. When asked his name, he said: "I have none, because there were no people to name me," meaning that there was no other Yahi to speak his name on his behalf. Ishi was taken in by anthropologists at the University of California, Berkeley, who both studied him and hired him as a research assistant. He lived most of his remaining five years in a university building in San Francisco. The Yana-speaking people comprised four groups: the North Yana, the Central Yana, the Southern Yana, and the Yahi. The noun stem Ya- means "person"; the noun suffix is -na in the northern Yana dialects and -hi in the southern dialects. The Yana continue to be in California as members of Redding Rancheria. http://history.library.ucsf.edu/ishi.html Information Sourced From: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ishi Body Sourced From; https://youtu.be/eYAUYMRTeYg Public Access America PublicAccessPod Productions Footage edited by PublicAccessPod producer of Public Access America Podcast Links Stitcher: goo.gl/XpKHWB iTunes: goo.gl/soc7KG GooglePlay: goo.gl/gPEDbf YouTube goo.gl/xrKbJb
Ishi was the last known member of the Native American Yahi people from the state of California in the United States. The Yana were destroyed during the California Genocide in the 19th century. Ishi, who was widely acclaimed as the "last wild Indian" in America, lived most of his life isolated from modern American culture. In 1911, aged 50, he emerged near the foothills of Lassen Peak in Northern California. Ishi, which means "man" in the Yana language, is an adopted name. The anthropologist Alfred Kroeber gave him this name because in the Yahi culture, tradition demanded that he not speak his own name until formally introduced by another Yahi. When asked his name, he said: "I have none, because there were no people to name me," meaning that there was no other Yahi to speak his name on his behalf. Ishi was taken in by anthropologists at the University of California, Berkeley, who both studied him and hired him as a research assistant. He lived most of his remaining five years in a university building in San Francisco. The Yana-speaking people comprised four groups: the North Yana, the Central Yana, the Southern Yana, and the Yahi. The noun stem Ya- means "person"; the noun suffix is -na in the northern Yana dialects and -hi in the southern dialects. The Yana continue to be in California as members of Redding Rancheria. http://history.library.ucsf.edu/ishi.html Information Sourced From: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ishi Body Sourced From; https://youtu.be/eYAUYMRTeYg Public Access America PublicAccessPod Productions Footage edited by PublicAccessPod producer of Public Access America Podcast Links Stitcher: goo.gl/XpKHWB iTunes: goo.gl/soc7KG GooglePlay: goo.gl/gPEDbf YouTube goo.gl/xrKbJb
Ishi was the last known member of the Native American Yahi people from the state of California in the United States. The Yana were destroyed during the California Genocide in the 19th century. Ishi, who was widely acclaimed as the "last wild Indian" in America, lived most of his life isolated from modern American culture. In 1911, aged 50, he emerged near the foothills of Lassen Peak in Northern California. Ishi, which means "man" in the Yana language, is an adopted name. The anthropologist Alfred Kroeber gave him this name because in the Yahi culture, tradition demanded that he not speak his own name until formally introduced by another Yahi. When asked his name, he said: "I have none, because there were no people to name me," meaning that there was no other Yahi to speak his name on his behalf. Ishi was taken in by anthropologists at the University of California, Berkeley, who both studied him and hired him as a research assistant. He lived most of his remaining five years in a university building in San Francisco. The Yana-speaking people comprised four groups: the North Yana, the Central Yana, the Southern Yana, and the Yahi. The noun stem Ya- means "person"; the noun suffix is -na in the northern Yana dialects and -hi in the southern dialects. The Yana continue to be in California as members of Redding Rancheria. http://history.library.ucsf.edu/ishi.html Information Sourced From: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ishi Body Sourced From; https://youtu.be/eYAUYMRTeYg Public Access America PublicAccessPod Productions Footage edited by PublicAccessPod producer of Public Access America Podcast Links Stitcher: goo.gl/XpKHWB iTunes: goo.gl/soc7KG GooglePlay: goo.gl/gPEDbf YouTube goo.gl/xrKbJb
he Black Death, also known as the Great Plague or simply Plague, or less commonly as the Black Plague, was one of the most devastating pandemics in human history, resulting in the deaths of an estimated 75 to 200 million people in Eurasia and peaking in Europe from 1347 to 1351. The bacterium Yersinia pestis, which results in several forms of plague, is believed to have been the cause.[4] The plague created a series of religious, social, and economic upheavals, which had profound effects on the course of European history. The Black Death is thought to have originated in the dry plains of Central Asia, where it then travelled along the Silk Road, reaching Crimea by 1343. From there, it was most likely carried by Oriental rat fleas living on the black rats that were regular passengers on merchant ships, spreading throughout the Mediterranean and Europe. The Black Death is estimated to have killed 30–60% of Europe's total population. In total, the plague may have reduced the world population from an estimated 450 million down to 350–375 million in the 14th century. It took 200 years for the world population to recover to its previous level. The plague recurred as outbreaks in Europe until the 19th century. Information Sourced From: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Death Body Sourced From; https://youtu.be/GgpnlCew3Gg Public Access America PublicAccessPod Productions Footage edited by PublicAccessPod producer of Public Access America Podcast Links Stitcher: goo.gl/XpKHWB iTunes: goo.gl/soc7KG GooglePlay: goo.gl/gPEDbf YouTube goo.gl/xrKbJb
The Carpenters were an American vocal and instrumental duo of Karen and Richard Carpenter. They produced a distinct soft musical style, combining Karen's contralto vocals with Richard's arranging and composition skills. During their 14-year career, the Carpenters recorded ten albums, along with numerous singles and several television specials. The siblings were born in New Haven, Connecticut, and moved to Downey, California, in 1963. Richard took piano lessons as a child, progressing to California State University, Long Beach, while Karen learned the drums. They first performed together as a duo in 1965 and formed the jazz-oriented Richard Carpenter Trio followed by the middle-of-the-road group Spectrum. Signing as Carpenters to A&M Records in 1969, they achieved major success the following year with the hit singles " Close to You" and "We've Only Just Begun". Subsequently, the duo's brand of melodic pop produced a record-breaking run of hit recordings on the American Top 40 and Adult Contemporary charts, and they became leading sellers in the soft rock, easy listening and Adult contemporary music genres. The Carpenters had three No. 1 singles and five No. 2 singles on the Billboard Hot 100 and fifteen No. 1 hits on the Adult Contemporary chart, in addition to twelve top 10 singles. They have sold more than 90 million records worldwide, making them one of the best-selling music artists of all time. The duo toured continually during the 1970s, which put them under increased strain; Richard took a year off in 1979 after he had become addicted to Quaaludes, while Karen suffered from anorexia nervosa. Their career together ended in 1983 following Karen's death from heart failure brought on by complications of anorexia. Extensive news coverage surrounding these circumstances increased public awareness of eating disorders. Though the Carpenters were criticized for their clean-cut and wholesome conservative image in the 1970s, their music has since been re-evaluated, attracting critical acclaim and continued commercial success. Information Sourced From: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Carpenters Body Sourced From; https://youtu.be/2t97I-pBIEk Public Access America PublicAccessPod Productions Footage edited by PublicAccessPod producer of Public Access America Podcast Links Stitcher: goo.gl/XpKHWB iTunes: goo.gl/soc7KG GooglePlay: goo.gl/gPEDbf YouTube goo.gl/xrKbJb
The Carpenters were an American vocal and instrumental duo of Karen and Richard Carpenter. They produced a distinct soft musical style, combining Karen's contralto vocals with Richard's arranging and composition skills. During their 14-year career, the Carpenters recorded ten albums, along with numerous singles and several television specials. The siblings were born in New Haven, Connecticut, and moved to Downey, California, in 1963. Richard took piano lessons as a child, progressing to California State University, Long Beach, while Karen learned the drums. They first performed together as a duo in 1965 and formed the jazz-oriented Richard Carpenter Trio followed by the middle-of-the-road group Spectrum. Signing as Carpenters to A&M Records in 1969, they achieved major success the following year with the hit singles " Close to You" and "We've Only Just Begun". Subsequently, the duo's brand of melodic pop produced a record-breaking run of hit recordings on the American Top 40 and Adult Contemporary charts, and they became leading sellers in the soft rock, easy listening and Adult contemporary music genres. The Carpenters had three No. 1 singles and five No. 2 singles on the Billboard Hot 100 and fifteen No. 1 hits on the Adult Contemporary chart, in addition to twelve top 10 singles. They have sold more than 90 million records worldwide, making them one of the best-selling music artists of all time. The duo toured continually during the 1970s, which put them under increased strain; Richard took a year off in 1979 after he had become addicted to Quaaludes, while Karen suffered from anorexia nervosa. Their career together ended in 1983 following Karen's death from heart failure brought on by complications of anorexia. Extensive news coverage surrounding these circumstances increased public awareness of eating disorders. Though the Carpenters were criticized for their clean-cut and wholesome conservative image in the 1970s, their music has since been re-evaluated, attracting critical acclaim and continued commercial success. Information Sourced From: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Carpenters Body Sourced From; https://youtu.be/2t97I-pBIEk Public Access America PublicAccessPod Productions Footage edited by PublicAccessPod producer of Public Access America Podcast Links Stitcher: goo.gl/XpKHWB iTunes: goo.gl/soc7KG GooglePlay: goo.gl/gPEDbf YouTube goo.gl/xrKbJb
The Carpenters were an American vocal and instrumental duo of Karen and Richard Carpenter. They produced a distinct soft musical style, combining Karen's contralto vocals with Richard's arranging and composition skills. During their 14-year career, the Carpenters recorded ten albums, along with numerous singles and several television specials. The siblings were born in New Haven, Connecticut, and moved to Downey, California, in 1963. Richard took piano lessons as a child, progressing to California State University, Long Beach, while Karen learned the drums. They first performed together as a duo in 1965 and formed the jazz-oriented Richard Carpenter Trio followed by the middle-of-the-road group Spectrum. Signing as Carpenters to A&M Records in 1969, they achieved major success the following year with the hit singles " Close to You" and "We've Only Just Begun". Subsequently, the duo's brand of melodic pop produced a record-breaking run of hit recordings on the American Top 40 and Adult Contemporary charts, and they became leading sellers in the soft rock, easy listening and Adult contemporary music genres. The Carpenters had three No. 1 singles and five No. 2 singles on the Billboard Hot 100 and fifteen No. 1 hits on the Adult Contemporary chart, in addition to twelve top 10 singles. They have sold more than 90 million records worldwide, making them one of the best-selling music artists of all time. The duo toured continually during the 1970s, which put them under increased strain; Richard took a year off in 1979 after he had become addicted to Quaaludes, while Karen suffered from anorexia nervosa. Their career together ended in 1983 following Karen's death from heart failure brought on by complications of anorexia. Extensive news coverage surrounding these circumstances increased public awareness of eating disorders. Though the Carpenters were criticized for their clean-cut and wholesome conservative image in the 1970s, their music has since been re-evaluated, attracting critical acclaim and continued commercial success. Information Sourced From: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Carpenters Body Sourced From; https://youtu.be/2t97I-pBIEk Public Access America PublicAccessPod Productions Footage edited by PublicAccessPod producer of Public Access America Podcast Links Stitcher: goo.gl/XpKHWB iTunes: goo.gl/soc7KG GooglePlay: goo.gl/gPEDbf YouTube goo.gl/xrKbJb
Richard was a quiet child who spent most of his time at home listening to Rachmaninoff, Tchaikovsky, Red Nichols and Spike Jones, and playing the piano. Karen was friendly and outgoing; she liked to play sports, including softball with the neighborhood kids, but still spent a lot of time listening to music. She enjoyed dancing and began ballet and tap classes aged four. Karen and Richard were close, and shared a common interest in music. In particular, they became fans of Les Paul and Mary Ford, whose music featured multiple overdubbed voices and instruments. Richard began piano lessons aged eight, but quickly grew frustrated with the formal direction of the lessons and quit after a year. He had begun to teach himself how to play by ear by 11, and resumed studying with a different teacher. He took a greater interest in playing this time, and would frequently practice at home. By age 14, he was interested in performing professionally, and started lessons at Yale School of Music. By 1965, Karen had been practicing the drums for a year, and Richard was refining his piano techniques under Pooler's tuition. Late that year, Richard teamed up with Jacobs, who played tuba and stand-up bass. With Karen drumming, the three formed the jazz-oriented Richard Carpenter Trio. Richard and Karen then teamed up with student musicians from Long Beach State to form the band Spectrum. The group sent demos to various record labels around Los Angeles, with little success. Part of the problem was the group's middle-of-the-road sound, which was different to the psychedelic rock popular in clubs. Spectrum performed regularly at the Whisky a Go Go nightclub in Los Angeles, including opening for Steppenwolf early in that group's career. By 1968, Spectrum had disbanded, finding it difficult to get gigs as their music was not considered "danceable" Having enjoyed their multi-layer sound experiments at Osborn's studio, Richard and Karen decided to formally become a duo, calling themselves Carpenters. Information Sourced From: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Carpenters Body Sourced From; https://youtu.be/2t97I-pBIEk Public Access America PublicAccessPod Productions Footage edited by PublicAccessPod producer of Public Access America Podcast Links Stitcher: goo.gl/XpKHWB iTunes: goo.gl/soc7KG GooglePlay: goo.gl/gPEDbf YouTube goo.gl/xrKbJb
Percy Lavon Julian (April 11, 1899 – April 19, 1975) was an African American research chemist and a pioneer in the chemical synthesis of medicinal drugs from plants. He was the first to synthesize the natural product physostigmine, and a pioneer in the industrial large-scale chemical synthesis of the human hormones progesterone and testosterone from plant sterols such as stigmasterol and sitosterol. His work laid the foundation for the steroid drug industry's production of cortisone, other corticosteroids, and birth control pills. He later started his own company to synthesize steroid intermediates from the wild Mexican yam. His work helped greatly reduce the cost of steroid intermediates to large multinational pharmaceutical companies, helping to significantly expand the use of several important drugs. Julian received more than 130 chemical patents. He was one of the first African Americans to receive a doctorate in chemistry. He was the first African-American chemist inducted into the National Academy of Sciences, and the second African-American scientist inducted (behind David Blackwell) from any field. Information Sourced From: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Percy_Lavon_Julian Body Sourced From; https://youtu.be/KSq__sdYNNk Public Access America PublicAccessPod Productions Footage edited by PublicAccessPod producer of Public Access America Podcast Links Stitcher: goo.gl/XpKHWB iTunes: goo.gl/soc7KG GooglePlay: goo.gl/gPEDbf YouTube goo.gl/xrKbJb
After two years, Glidden abandoned production of cortisone to concentrate on Substance S. Julian developed a multistep process for conversion of pregnenolone, available in abundance from soybean oil sterols, to cortexolone. In 1952, Glidden, which had been producing progesterone and other steroids from soybean oil, shut down its own production and began importing them from Mexico through an arrangement with Diosynth (a small Mexican company founded in 1947 by Russell Marker after leaving Syntex). Glidden's cost of production of cortexolone was relatively high, so Upjohn decided to use progesterone, available in large quantity at low cost from Syntex, to produce cortisone and hydrocortisone. In 1953, Julian founded his own research firm, Julian Laboratories, Inc. He brought many of his best chemists, including African-Americans and women, from Glidden to his own company. Julian won a contract to provide Upjohn with $2 million worth of progesterone To compete against Syntex, he would have to use the same Mexican yam Mexican barbasco trade as his starting material. Julian used his own money and borrowed from friends to build a processing plant in Mexico, but he could not get a permit from the government to harvest the yams. Abraham Zlotnik, a former Jewish University of Vienna classmate whom Julian had helped escape from the Holocaust, led a search to find a new source of the yam in Guatemala for the company. Information Sourced From: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Percy_Lavon_Julian Body Sourced From; https://youtu.be/KSq__sdYNNk Public Access America PublicAccessPod Productions Footage edited by PublicAccessPod producer of Public Access America Podcast Links Stitcher: goo.gl/XpKHWB iTunes: goo.gl/soc7KG GooglePlay: goo.gl/gPEDbf YouTube goo.gl/xrKbJb
Circa 1950, Julian moved his family to the Chicago suburb of Oak Park, becoming the first African-American family to reside there. Although some residents welcomed them into the community, there was also opposition. Before they even moved in, on Thanksgiving Day, 1950, their home was fire-bombed. Later, after they moved in, the house was attacked with dynamite on June 12, 1951. The attacks galvanized the community, and a community group was formed to support the Julians. Julian's son later recounted that during these times, he and his father often kept watch over the family's property by sitting in a tree with a shotgun Julian's research at Glidden changed direction in 1940 when he began work on synthesizing progesterone, estrogen, and testosterone from the plant sterols stigmasterol and sitosterol, isolated from soybean oil by a foam technique he invented and patented. At that time clinicians were discovering many uses for the newly discovered hormones. However, only minute quantities could be extracted from hundreds of pounds of the spinal cords of animals. On April 13, 1949, rheumatologist Philip Hench at the Mayo Clinic announced the dramatic effectiveness of cortisone in treating rheumatoid arthritis. The cortisone was produced by Merck at great expense using a complex 36-step synthesis developed by chemist Lewis Sarett, starting with deoxycholic acid from cattle bile acids. On September 30, 1949, Julian announced an improvement in the process of producing cortisone. This eliminated the need to use osmium tetroxide, which was a rare and expensive chemical. By 1950, Glidden could begin producing closely related compounds which might have partial cortisone activity. Julian also announced the synthesis, starting with the cheap and readily available pregnenolone (synthesized from the soybean oil sterol stigmasterol) of the steroid cortexolone (also known as Reichstein's Substance S), a molecule that differed from cortisone by a single missing oxygen atom; and possibly 17α-hydroxyprogesterone and pregnenetriolone, which he hoped might also be effective in treating rheumatoid arthritis but unfortunately they were not. Information Sourced From: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Percy_Lavon_Julian Body Sourced From; https://youtu.be/KSq__sdYNNk Public Access America PublicAccessPod Productions Footage edited by PublicAccessPod producer of Public Access America Podcast Links Stitcher: goo.gl/XpKHWB iTunes: goo.gl/soc7KG GooglePlay: goo.gl/gPEDbf YouTube goo.gl/xrKbJb
Julian's research at Glidden changed direction in 1940 when he began work on synthesizing progesterone, estrogen, and testosterone from the plant sterols stigmasterol and sitosterol, isolated from soybean oil by a foam technique he invented and patented. At that time clinicians were discovering many uses for the newly discovered hormones. However, only minute quantities could be extracted from hundreds of pounds of the spinal cords of animals. In 1940 Julian was able to produce 100 lb of mixed soy sterols daily, which had a value of $10,000 as sex hormones. Julian was soon ozonizing 100 pounds daily of mixed sterol dibromides. The soy stigmasterol was easily converted into commercial quantities of the female hormone progesterone, and the first pound of progesterone he made, valued at $63,500 was shipped to the buyer, Upjohn, in an armored car. Production of other sex hormones soon followed. His work made possible the production of these hormones on a larger industrial scale, with the potential of reducing the cost of treating hormonal deficiencies. Julian and his co-workers obtained patents for Glidden on key processes for the preparation of progesterone and testosterone from soybean plant sterols. Product patents held by a former cartel of European pharmaceutical companies had prevented a significant reduction in wholesale and retail prices for clinical use of these hormones in the 1940s. He saved many lives with this discovery. Information Sourced From: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Percy_Lavon_Julian Body Sourced From; https://youtu.be/KSq__sdYNNk Public Access America PublicAccessPod Productions Footage edited by PublicAccessPod producer of Public Access America Podcast Links Stitcher: goo.gl/XpKHWB iTunes: goo.gl/soc7KG GooglePlay: goo.gl/gPEDbf YouTube goo.gl/xrKbJb
At the lowest point in Julian's career, his former mentor, William Blanchard, threw him a much-needed lifeline. Blanchard offered Julian a position to teach organic chemistry at DePauw University in 1932. Julian then helped Josef Pikl, a fellow student at the University of Vienna, to come to the United States to work with him at DePauw. In 1935 Julian and Pikl completed the total synthesis of physostigmine and confirmed the structural formula assigned to it. Robert Robinson of Oxford University in the U.K. had been the first to publish a synthesis of physostigmine, but Julian noticed that the melting point of Robinson's end product was wrong, indicating that he had not created it. When Julian completed his synthesis, the melting point matched the correct one for natural physostigmine from the calabar bean. Julian also extracted stigmasterol, which took its name from Physostigma venenosum, the west African calabar bean that he hoped could serve as raw material for synthesis of human steroidal hormones. At about this time, in 1934, Butenandt and Fernholz, in Germany had shown that stigmasterol, isolated from soybean oil, could be converted to progesterone by synthetic organic chemistry. In 1936 Julian was denied a professorship at DePauw for racial reasons. DuPont had offered a job to fellow chemist Josef Pikl but declined to hire Julian, despite his superlative qualifications as an organic chemist, apologizing that they were "unaware he was a Negro". Julian next applied for a job at the Institute of Paper Chemistry (IPC) in Appleton, Wisconsin. However, Appleton was a sundown town, forbidding African Americans from staying overnight, stating directly: "No Negro should be bed or boarded overnight in Appleton." Meanwhile, Julian had written to the Glidden Company, a supplier of soybean oil products, to request a five-gallon sample of the oil to use as his starting point for the synthesis of human steroidal sex hormones (in part because his wife was suffering from infertility). After receiving the request, W. J. O'Brien, a vice-president at Glidden, made a telephone call to Julian, offering him the position of director of research at Glidden's Soya Products Division in Chicago. He was very likely offered the job by O'Brien because he was fluent in German, and Glidden had just purchased a modern continuous countercurrent solvent extraction plant from Germany for the extraction of vegetable oil from soybeans for paints and other uses Information Sourced From: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Percy_Lavon_Julian Body Sourced From; https://youtu.be/KSq__sdYNNk Public Access America PublicAccessPod Productions Footage edited by PublicAccessPod producer of Public Access America Podcast Links Stitcher: goo.gl/XpKHWB iTunes: goo.gl/soc7KG GooglePlay: goo.gl/gPEDbf YouTube goo.gl/xrKbJb
After returning from Vienna, Julian taught for one year at Howard University. At Howard, in part due to his position as a department head, Julian became caught up in university politics, setting off an embarrassing chain of events. At university president Mordecai Wyatt Johnson's request, he goaded white Professor of chemistry, Jacob Shohan into resigning.In late May 1932, Shohan retaliated by releasing to the local African-American newspaper the letters Julian had written to him from Vienna. The letters described "a variety of subjects from wine, pretty Viennese women, music and dances, to chemical experiments and plans for the new chemical building." In the letters, he spoke with familiarity, and with some derision, of specific members of the Howard University faculty, terming one well-known Dean, an "ass". Around this same time, Julian also became entangled in an interpersonal conflict with his laboratory assistant, Robert Thompson. Julian had recommended Thompson for dismissal in March 1932. Thompson sued Julian for "alienating the affections of his wife", Anna Roselle Thompson, stating he had seen them together in a sexual tryst. Julian counter-sued him for libel. When Thompson was fired, he too gave the paper intimate and personal letters which Julian had written to him from Vienna. Dr. Julian's letters revealed "how he fooled the [Howard] president into accepting his plans for the chemistry building" and "how he bluffed his good friend into appointing" a professor of Julian's liking. Through the summer of 1932, the Baltimore Afro-American published all of Julian's letters. Eventually, the scandal and accompanying pressure forced Julian to resign. He lost his position and everything he had worked for. Information Sourced From: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Percy_Lavon_Julian Body Sourced From; https://youtu.be/KSq__sdYNNk Public Access America PublicAccessPod Productions Footage edited by PublicAccessPod producer of Public Access America Podcast Links Stitcher: goo.gl/XpKHWB iTunes: goo.gl/soc7KG GooglePlay: goo.gl/gPEDbf YouTube goo.gl/xrKbJb
Alkaloid-containing plants have been used by humans since ancient times for therapeutic and recreational purposes. For example, medicinal plants have been known in the Mesopotamia at least around 2000 BC. The Odyssey of Homer referred to a gift given to Helen by the Egyptian queen, a drug bringing oblivion. It is believed that the gift was an opium-containing drug.[28] A Chinese book on houseplants written in 1st–3rd centuries BC mentioned a medical use of Ephedra and opium poppies.[29] Also, coca leaves have been used by South American Indians since ancient times In 1929, while an instructor at Howard University, Julian received a Rockefeller Foundation fellowship to continue his graduate work at the University of Vienna, where he earned his Ph.D. in 1931. He studied under Ernst Späth and was considered an impressive student. In Europe, he found freedom from the racial prejudices that had stifled him in the States. He freely participated in intellectual social gatherings, went to the opera and found greater acceptance among his peers. Julian was one of the first African Americans to receive a Ph.D. in chemistry, after St. Elmo Brady and Dr. Edward M.A. Chandler Information Sourced From: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Percy_Lavon_Julian Body Sourced From; https://youtu.be/KSq__sdYNNk Public Access America PublicAccessPod Productions Footage edited by PublicAccessPod producer of Public Access America Podcast Links Stitcher: goo.gl/XpKHWB iTunes: goo.gl/soc7KG GooglePlay: goo.gl/gPEDbf YouTube goo.gl/xrKbJb
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