Podcasts about Yersinia

Présente du Portugal à la Scandinavie, la mystérieuse culture campaniforme va changer une partie de l'Europe. Qu'était cette population ? Était-ce seulement une population ? Grâce à l'archéologie et à la génétique, partez sur les traces de cette culture qui continue de faire débattre les chercheurs. Oui, tout ça à cause d'un gobelet en forme de cloche.Retrouvez le script, la bibliographie complète et les crédits sonores et graphiques sur : https://ladentbleue.fr/culture-campaniforme-genetique-archeologieSuivez La Dent Bleue sur :

Allt fler oinbjudna besökare tar sig in i våra hem. Lyssna på alla avsnitt i Sveriges Radios app. Skadedjur har alltid krupit vid människans sida. Forskare tror att de blodtörstiga vägglössen fanns redan i stenålderns grottboningar. Genom historien har olika typer av ohyra inte bara gett oss kliande bett och förstört våra matförråd, utan också orsakat några av mänsklighetens mest förödande sjukdomsepidemier.Under några decennier på 1900-talet, när en rad nya och kraftfulla bekämpningsmedel gjorde entré, såg det ut som att människan äntligen höll på att vinna den tusenåriga kampen mot krypen.Men segervittringen blev kortvarig. Skadedjuren är tillbaka. De blir fler, de sprider sig till nya platser – och de har blivit allt svårare att bekämpa.Programledare och producent: Anna Lillkung och Wendela AntepohlOrdlistaVektor – en organism, till exempel en råtta eller en kackerlacka, som för över smittämnen mellan varelser.Patogen – ett sjukdomsframkallande smittämne, till exempel ett virus eller en bakterie.Mikrob – en organism som är så liten att den inte syns med blotta ögat, till exempel ett virus eller en bakterie.Resistens – en organisms förmåga att stå emot yttre påfrestningar, till exempel en bakterie som utvecklat motståndskraft mot en eller flera typer av antibiotika.KällförteckningMedverkandeThomas Persson Vinnersten – Biolog och entomolog på AnticimexLisa Sarasohn – Historiker och författare till Getting Under Our Skin: The Cultural and Social History of VerminBobby Corrigan – Skadedjursbiolog med fokus på gnagareÅke Lundkvist – Professor i virologi vid Uppsala universitetTuomas Aivelo – Assisterande professor i biodiversitet och samhälle vid Leiden University i Nederländerna och grundare till Helsinki Urban Rat ProjectJose Pietri – Docent i mikrobiologi och entomologi vid Purdue UniversityBöckerGetting Under Our Skin: The Cultural and Social History of Vermin (Lisa T. Sarasohn, 2021)Rats : A Year With New York's Most Unwanted Inhabitants (Robert Sullivan, 2004)Plagues, Poisons, and Dead Rats: A Multispecies History (Lucinda Cole, ur boken The Palgrave Handbook of Animals and Literature, 2020)Never Home Alone (Rob Dunn, 2020)Artiklar/källor i urvalSkadedjur i byggnader – en kunskapssammanställning (Malmö universitet på uppdrag av Boverket, 2025)Challenges in current pest management practices: Navigating problems and a way forward by integrating controlled release system approach (Singh et al., Chemical Engineering Journal, 2024)How pest control has changed in 100 years (Rentokil, 2025)Studie: Myror lika bra som gifter mot skadedjur (SvD, 2022)“They're always there”: resident experiences of living with rats in a disadvantaged urban neighbourhood (BMC Public Health, 2019)Increasing rat numbers in cities are linked to climate warming, urbanization, and human population (Science Advances, 2025)Reconsidering the “War on Rats”: What We Know From Over a Century of Research Into Municipal Rat Management (Corrigan, Himsworth, Byers, m.fl, Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution, 2022)Surveillance of Emerging Rodent-Borne Pathogens in Wastewater in Taiwan: A One Health Approach (Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease, 2024)Bedbugs Could Be More Horrifying Than You Think. They might be capable of spreading disease, recent research shows. (The Atlantic, 2024)Anticoagulant rodenticides and resistance development in rodent pest species – A comprehensive review (Journal of Stored Products Research, 2020)Public Health Significance of Urban Pests (World Health Organization, 2008)Rodenticide Toxicity (StatPearls Publishing, 2026)Increasing rat numbers in cities are linked to climate warming, urbanization, and human population (ScienceAdvances, 2025)Public and media interest in bed bugs – Europe 2023 (Current Research in Insect Science, 2024)Large-scale structure of brown rat (Rattus norvegicus) populations in England: effects on rodenticide resistance (PeerJ, 2015)”Hysterisk” ökning av klädesmal (Sveriges Radio, 2015)Second hand–trend bidrar till att fler har problem med pälsmal i hemmen: ”Var extra noga om du köper möbler” (Smålandsposten, 2023)De äter på mattor och kläder – så blir du av med klädmal (Göteborgs-Posten, 2024)Revenge of the clothes moths: as numbers boom, can they be stopped? (The Guardian, 2019)High prevalence of hepatitis E and rat hepatitis E viruses in wastewater in Gothenburg, Sweden (One Health, 2024)Lessons learned from bat and rodent reservoir hosts of zoonotic viruses (Trends in microbiology, 2026)Human ectoparasites and the spread of plague in Europe during the Second Pandemic (Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 2018)Yersinia pestis: the Natural History of Plague (Clinical Microbiology Reviews, 2020)Disruption of the microbiota affects physiological and evolutionary aspects of insecticide resistance in the German cockroach, an important urban pest (PloS one, 2018)Case not closed: arguments for new studies of the interactions between bed bugs and human pathogens (The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 2020)Microbiome differences between human head and body lice ecotypes revealed by 16S RRNA gene amplicon sequencing (The Journal of Parasitology, 2020)Do bed bugs transmit human viruses, or do humans spread bed bugs and their viruses? A worldwide survey of the bed bug RNA virosphere (Virus Research, 2024)Competence of Cimex lectularius Bed Bugs for the Transmission of Bartonella quintana, the Agent of Trench Fever (PLoS Negl Trop Dis., 2015)Ratmageddon: Why rats are overrunning our cities (BBC, 2025)‘Perfect rat storm': urban rodent numbers soar as the climate heats, study finds (The Guardian, 2025)Global population divergence and admixture of the brown rat (Rattus norvegicus) (Biological Sciences, 2016)Highly Pathogenic Leptospira Found in Urban Brown Rats (Rattus norvegicus) in the Largest Cities of Sweden. (Vector Borne and Zoonotic Disease, 2015)First evidence of Seoul hantavirus in the wild rat population in the Netherlands (Infection Ecology & Epidemiology, 2015)Pet rat harbouring Seoul hantavirus in Sweden (Eurosurveillence, 2013)Seoul Hantavirus Frequently Asked Questions (Wisconsin department of health services)Leptospira Status in Sweden during the Past Century, Neglected and Re-Emerging? (Microorganisms, 2023)Bed bug infestations: prevalence, correlates, and cross-sectional association with psychological symptoms in a large sample of tenants in Montreal, Canada (BMC Public Health, 2025)Anticimex: Trendbrott för vägglöss – 19 procent fler saneringar 2025 (Anticimex, 2026)Rats infest Gaza's tent camps, biting children and spreading disease (Reuters, 2026)Reconsidering the “War on Rats”: What We Know From Over a Century of Research Into Municipal Rat Management (Frontiers in ecology and evolution, 2022)Cockroaches as urban pests: Challenges, public health implications, and management strategies (One Health, 2026)HURP: Helsinki Urban Rat ProjectHow did the cruise ship hantavirus outbreak start? Scientists are investigating new scenarios (Science, 2026)A timeline of the hantavirus outbreak on cruise ship (AP, 2026)Hantavirus outbreak linked to cruise ship travel, Multi-locations (World Health Organization, 2026)Sjukdomsinformation om hantavirusinfektion (Folkhälsomyndigheten)Mjölbaggar erövrar studentboendet: ”Inte mitt hem längre” (SVT, 2025)Silent Carriers: The Role of Rodents in the Emergence of Zoonotic Bacterial Threats (Pathogens, 2025)8 av 10 stockholmare har sett råttor (Anticimex, 2019)Silverfiskar vanligast men inte så farliga (Hem & Hyra, 2017)MusikGeoff Barrow, Ben Salisbury – Dream RealityCristobal Tapia De Veer – Pain SpeedballKid Loco – Theme from the Graffiti ArtistMarcus Bagalà – Duco in Mara's RoomCliff Martinez – I'm in the PinkMarcus Bagalà – Frets: Problem, After ProblemMartin D Fowler – 1 Ships VIIRamin Djawadi – Winter is ComingAlberto Iglesias – TreasureCliff Martinez – Save Some For UsJocelyn Pook – Driving to PrisonCliff Martinez – I'm SickAlice Cooper – PoisonCliff Martinez – Placental RepairJessica Dannheisser, Adele Roberts – Parade of the GeeseCliff Martinez – Speight Lived HereOchre – Midsummer Nice DreamMarcus Bagalà – Wires: WinchimesMichael Andrews – Peter and SylvieK2 – Bexar BexarCliff Martinez – Navy FuneralMike Patton – Murder is WorkMartin D Fowler – 1 Ships XIITrent Reznor, Atticus Ross – Empty Places (Reprise)Cliff Martinez – Same SweatpantsCristobal Tapia De Veer – The PublicJeff Beal – I think I Smell GasTrentemöller – Take Me Into Your SkinTrent Reznor, Atticus Ross – Clue OneKyle Dixon, Michael Stein – ElevenStar Hopper – Through the HeliopausePaul Leonard-Morgan – Anderson's ThemeMartin D Fowler – 1 Ships IIIJon Brion – You LearnThe Mariachis – La Cucaracha

"Out of necessary cruelty, fathers abandoned their sons, and sons fled from their fathers, as the evident danger overcame all the rules of kinship, love, and nature." - Francesco Loredano AKA Henry Giblet on the Plague in Cyprus, 1660. Historian Tassos Papacostas joins The History of Cyprus Podcast to unravel the devastating impact of the Black Death on the island of Cyprus. While many are familiar with the broader European toll of Yersinia pestis, Papacostas helps us trace the origins, symptoms, and staggering mortality rate of the plague — and brings the conversation home to the Eastern Mediterranean. We delve into the earliest known records of the plague's arrival on Cypriot shores in 1348, including the vivid testimony of Giovanni Francesco Loredano and references in chronicles by Leontios Makhairas, Florio Bustron, and others. How did the plague spread? What parts of the island suffered most, and who were the victims? Papacostas guides us through the archival and textual evidence, including funeral slabs, tax records, and population data, while also addressing monastic donations that reveal the deep scars left by the pandemic. We explore one particularly fascinating manuscript, Parisinus Graecus, a Cypriot copy of the Synaxarion of Constantinople filled with marginal notes recording deaths and donations -- a testament to fear, faith, and survival.

Send us a text and chime in!Yavapai County Community Health Services (YCCHS) is investigating a suspect case of pneumonic plague in a Yavapai County resident. This is an isolated case, and public health officials are actively investigating the source of exposure. YCCHS is awaiting final confirmation on samples sent to Arizona State Department of Health Services Lab. Contact tracing is currently underway. Public health staff are identifying and directly contacting individuals who may have had close, face-to-face contact with the patient to provide guidance and preventative medication if necessary. What is Pneumonic Plague? Plague is a bacterial infection caused by Yersinia pestis. While most commonly known...   For the written story, read here >> https://www.signalsaz.com/articles/yavapai-county-shares-prevention-tips-during-plague-investigation/ Check out the CAST11.com Website at: https://CAST11.com Follow the CAST11 Podcast Network on Facebook at: https://Facebook.com/CAST11AZFollow Cast11 Instagram at: https://www.instagram.com/cast11_podcast_network

Cela peut sembler étrange aujourd'hui, mais au Moyen Âge, cette idée paraissait tout à fait logique.Lorsque la grande peste frappe l'Europe au XIVe siècle — la Black Death — elle tue des millions de personnes en quelques années. Face à une catastrophe d'une telle ampleur, les connaissances médicales de l'époque sont limitées. On ne connaît ni les bactéries, ni les virus. Il faut donc trouver une autre explication.Et cette explication vient… du ciel.Depuis l'Antiquité, l'astrologie et la médecine sont étroitement liées. Les savants s'appuient sur les travaux de Hippocrates et de Galen, selon lesquels la santé dépend de l'équilibre des “humeurs” du corps, influencées par l'environnement — y compris les astres. Dans ce cadre, les planètes ne sont pas de simples objets célestes : elles ont un impact direct sur la Terre et sur le corps humain.En 1345, une conjonction rare de trois planètes — Jupiter, Saturn et Mars — est observée dans le signe du Verseau. Pour les astrologues de l'époque, cet alignement perturbe l'air, le rend “corrompu”, et provoque des maladies. Plusieurs universités européennes publient même des rapports affirmant que cette configuration céleste est à l'origine de la peste.Cette théorie s'inscrit dans une vision du monde où le ciel et la Terre sont intimement liés. Si quelque chose d'anormal se produit sur Terre, il doit forcément avoir une cause cosmique. Et face à une maladie invisible, foudroyante, incompréhensible, le ciel offre une explication cohérente.Il faut aussi comprendre que les symptômes de la peste — fièvre, bubons, odeurs — sont souvent associés à un “air mauvais”. C'est la théorie des miasmes : l'idée que les maladies se transmettent par des vapeurs toxiques. Si l'air est corrompu… pourquoi ne le serait-il pas à cause des astres ?Bien sûr, cette explication est fausse. Aujourd'hui, on sait que la peste est causée par une bactérie, Yersinia pestis, transmise par les puces des rats. Mais à l'époque, sans microscope, cette réalité est invisible.Ce qui est fascinant, c'est que cette théorie n'était pas irrationnelle dans son contexte. Elle reposait sur les connaissances disponibles, sur une logique cohérente, et sur une tentative sincère de comprendre.En résumé, si l'on a pensé que la peste venait des étoiles, ce n'est pas par superstition naïve, mais parce que le ciel était, pour les hommes du Moyen Âge, une clé essentielle pour expliquer le monde… surtout quand la Terre devenait incompréhensible. Hébergé par Acast. Visitez acast.com/privacy pour plus d'informations.

America Out Loud PULSE with Malcolm Out Loud and Nicolas Hulscher – Once the backup systems fail, negative pressure ventilation collapses, refrigeration units warm up, and biological containment is lost — even without any direct strike on the laboratories themselves. If containment fails, materials that could be released include anthrax, plague bacteria (Yersinia pestis), botulinum toxin, and aflatoxin...

America Out Loud PULSE with Malcolm Out Loud and Nicolas Hulscher – Once the backup systems fail, negative pressure ventilation collapses, refrigeration units warm up, and biological containment is lost — even without any direct strike on the laboratories themselves. If containment fails, materials that could be released include anthrax, plague bacteria (Yersinia pestis), botulinum toxin, and aflatoxin...

A sudden, catastrophic dimming of the sun in 536 AD triggered the coldest decade in two millennia, launching a "volcanic winter" that saw harvests fail from Ireland to China. Peter and Afua explore this environmental shock that directly facilitated the first global pandemic of Yersinia pestis, shattering the imperial ambitions of Rome and Persia while paving the way for the explosive rise of Buddhism and Norse mythology.Join Legacy Plus for bonus episodes, early access, Q&A's, fewer adverts and more.legacy.supportingcast.fmStay connected with Legacy:Instagram: @originallegacypodcastTikTok: @legacy_productionsExplore more from Peter and Afua — essays, sources, and ideas: Substack: peterfrankopan.substack.com | afuahirsch.substack.comJoin Legacy+ for bonus episodes, early access, Q&A's, fewer adverts and more.legacy.supportingcast.fmStay connected with Legacy:Instagram: @originallegacypodcastTikTok: @legacy_productionsExplore more from Peter and Afua — essays, sources, and ideas: Substack: peterfrankopan.substack.com | afuahirsch.substack.com Hosted on Acast. See acast.com/privacy for more information.

Il y a environ 5000 ans, des populations venues des grandes steppes d'Eurasie arrivent en Europe. On les appelle aujourd'hui les Indo-Européens. Mais cette migration a-t-elle été un simple déplacement de population… ou une invasion violente qui aurait bouleversé le continent ?Grâce aux découvertes récentes de la génétique et de l'archéologie, les chercheurs réévaluent aujourd'hui l'un des grands mystères de la préhistoire européenne.Dans cet épisode de La Dent Bleue, embarquez pour une enquête historique entre cavaliers des steppes, migrations massives et transformations culturelles.Dernier épisode avant le retour en Scandinavie !Retrouvez le script, la bibliographie complète et les crédits sonores et graphiques sur : https://ladentbleue.fr/invasion-indo-europenne-violenceSuivez La Dent Bleue sur :

Från romerska pestvågor till spanska sjukan har samhällen reagerat, förändrats och ibland kollapsat under trycket från smittsamma sjukdomar. Pandemier har satt djupa spår i allt från demografi och ekonomi till krig, religion, vetenskap och politik.Den mest ikoniska pandemin i europeisk historia är digerdöden, som svepte över Europa mellan 1347 och 1352. Länge antogs att upp till hälften av Europas befolkning – cirka 50 miljoner människor – dog i pesten. Men ny forskning visar att delar av Centraleuropa och Östeuropa fortfarande hade växande jordbruk efter 1350.Detta är det första av två avsnitt av podden Historia Nu om pandemier, där programledaren Urban Lindstedt samtalar med Fredrik Charpentier Ljungqvist, professor i historia, särskilt historisk geografi, vid Stockholms universitet, om hur farsoter har påverkat samhällen genom tiderna – från medeltidens pest till spanska sjukan.Pandemier tenderar att påskynda redan pågående trender – som urbanisering, migration eller maktförskjutningar – snarare än att skapa helt nya utvecklingslinjer. De fungerar också gång på gång som påminnelser om mänsklighetens sårbarhet och vikten av att bygga robusta samhällsstrukturer.Pandemiernas historia i Europa inleds med den så kallade atenska pesten. Under Peloponnesiska kriget (431–404 f.Kr.) förlorade Aten uppåt hälften av sin befolkning i en farsot som snabbt spreds i den tättbefolkade staden. Katastrofen underminerade det politiska ledarskapet och försvagade Atens ställning i kriget mot Sparta.Romarriket drabbades av två stora epidemier under kejsartiden: den antoninska pesten (165–180 e.Kr.) och den cyprianska pesten (249–262 e.Kr.). Båda tros ha orsakats av smittkoppor. Effekterna var förödande: metallproduktionen minskade, vilket har dokumenterats genom isborrkärnor från glaciärer, och ett urholkat skatteunderlag försvårade försvaret av rikets gränser. Cyprianska pesten har till och med beskrivits som början till slutet för Västrom.År 541 slog den justinianska pesten till – den första pandemin som med säkerhet kopplats till pestbakterien Yersinia pestis. DNA-analyser har i modern tid bekräftat bakterien i massgravar. Pesten orsakade omfattande avfolkning kring Medelhavet och ledde till minskad handel och återförskogning. I kombination med kraftiga vulkanutbrott under 530-talet, som orsakade global nedkylning, blev konsekvenserna förödande för samhällena i södra Europa och delar av Asien.Digerdöden (1347–1352) sägs ha utplånat upp till hälften av Europas befolkning. Men ny forskning, särskilt baserad på pollenanalyser och arkeologi, nyanserar denna bild. I en omfattande studie av 1 634 pollenprover från hela Europa har forskare visat att dödligheten varierade kraftigt regionalt. Medan västra Europa – bland annat Italien, Frankrike och Skandinavien – drabbades hårt, fortsatte befolkningen att växa i stora delar av Central- och Östeuropa.Bild: Dödens triumf (ca. 1562) av Pieter Brueghel den äldre visar en apokalyptisk scen där döden härjar obarmhärtigt över människan. Målningen ingår i Museo del Prados samling.

Pendant des siècles, l'arrivée de la Peste noire en Europe (1347-1351), le fléau le plus meurtrier de l'histoire du continent, a été vue comme une simple fatalité : le bacille Yersinia pestis, né en Asie centrale, aurait voyagé avec les caravanes et les marchands jusqu'aux ports méditerranéens.Cependant, une étude révolutionnaire propose un scénario d'« effet papillon » climatique. Selon cette hypothèse, la pandémie ne serait pas seulement due au commerce, mais aurait été indirectement causée par une éruption volcanique tropicale survenue au milieu du XIVe siècle, dont l'identité exacte reste inconnue. Ce n'est pas l'éruption elle-même qui a infecté les gens, mais la chaîne d'événements climatiques qu'elle a déclenchée, préparant le terrain pour la catastrophe.La Réaction en Chaîne ClimatiqueUne éruption volcanique majeure injecte des quantités massives de cendres et de soufre dans la stratosphère, formant un voile d'aérosols qui peut persister pendant des années. Ce voile reflète la lumière du soleil, provoquant un refroidissement global temporaire, une période connue en paléoclimatologie comme un « hiver volcanique ».ShutterstockEn Europe, ce refroidissement soudain et les perturbations météorologiques associées ont provoqué une crise agricole sans précédent. Les récoltes ont chuté drastiquement, plongeant la population dans la famine et la faiblesse immunitaire.L'Importation FatalePour survivre à la pénurie, les royaumes européens ont été contraints d'importer massivement des céréales par voie maritime. C'est ici que le scénario prend une tournure fatale. Ces importations ne provenaient pas de régions voisines épargnées, mais probablement de zones de la mer Noire ou d'Asie, où la bactérie de la Peste noire était déjà endémique au sein des populations de rongeurs et de puces.L'étude suggère que ce besoin urgent et massif d'importer a créé un pont écologique idéal pour la transmission. Les navires transportant le grain contenaient inévitablement des rats noirs (Rattus rattus) et leurs puces infectées. Celles-ci, normalement confinées aux steppes d'Asie, ont ainsi été transportées en grand nombre, rapidement et directement, des foyers asiatiques jusqu'aux centres portuaires européens (Constantinople, Marseille, Messine, etc.).L'éruption volcanique a donc agi comme un détonateur climatique, forçant l'Europe médiévale à dépendre d'importations qui ont involontairement apporté le bacille. C'est l'illustration parfaite de l'effet papillon : un événement géologique lointain a mis en place les conditions météorologiques et socio-économiques exactes pour transformer un foyer régional de maladie en une pandémie mondiale. Hébergé par Acast. Visitez acast.com/privacy pour plus d'informations.

https://www.aphlblog.org/lab-culture-ep-35-oregons-one-health-approach-to-yersinia-enterocolitica-case/How did a baby become ill with Yersinia enterocolitica, bacteria most often found in pork, when no contaminated food was found in the home? In this episode of Lab Culture, Dr. Karim Morey, a microbiologist with the Oregon State Public Health Laboratory, explains that routine laboratory testing, a comprehensive and sophisticated foodborne illness investigation process, and a One Health approach helped solve this unique case. Don't miss this interview by Stephanie Barahona, APHL's media specialist, which is in both English and Spanish. Find the Spanish version of the conversation shortly after the 16-minute mark.

Karl Matthews, Ph.D., Professor of Microbial Food Safety at Rutgers University, discusses ways to eliminate pathogens like Salmonella, E. coli O157:H7 and Listeria from fresh fruits and vegetables. He highlights the importance of preventative measures from farm to table, including the use of water antimicrobials, like chlorine, and photosensitizers, like curcumin. Watch this episode: https://youtu.be/6Wkef9RyUVE Ashley's Biggest Takeaways We consume billions of microorganisms in the food that we eat each day. Fresh fruits and vegetables that are not thermally processed are likely to carry a higher microbial load than cooked foods. Many of those microbes are not concerning to human health. However, when pathogens of human health concern are present, the food can become unsafe to eat. Scientists use many methods from pre-harvest through post-harvest to keep food free of human pathogens. Water antimicrobials, such as chlorine, and photodynamic inactivation using photosensitizers, such as curcumin, are 2 preventative measures that Matthews and colleagues are investigating. Curcumin is a natural chemical compound found in the turmeric plant. It is responsible for giving tumeric its yellow color. Curcumin is also a photosensitizer, meaning that it can absorb light energy and transfer it to another molecule to initiate chemical reactions that produce cytotoxic singlet oxygen. Featured Quotes When I look at [what makes fruits and vegetables safe to eat] as far as from a microbiological perspective, it's are they free of pathogens of human health concern? And so, we might think about organisms, such as Salmonella or the Shiga toxin producing E coli or Listeria. There are a number of processes and initiatives that are put into place, from the pre-harvest through post-harvest levels to try to ensure that the product is not contaminated with microorganisms of human health concern. Each day, we're consuming literally billions of microorganisms in the foods that we eat, and particularly the raw fruits and vegetables that we're eating that are not being thermally processed in any fashion by which you might reduce the microbial load. Oftentimes we think about the bacteria that might well be there. But we do know that there's viruses that could be present. There's certain type of protozoa that might be present. Many of us know of norovirus and the concerns associated with that particular pathogen. So, there's a multitude of microorganisms that might well be associated with fresh fruits and vegetables, but there's really a very limited number or types that are actually of concern from a human health standpoint. In my program, we're working on E. coli O157:H7, in particular. It's a certain serotype of E. coli, a diarrheagenic E. coli, what's also known as a Shiga toxin-producing E. coli. We work with Salmonella, and we work with Listeria monocytogenes, but there's other microorganisms, such as Campylobacter, Yersinia, Staphylococcus aureus. All of those types of pathogens can also be associated with foods—and different types of foods, at that—and be of concern to the general public—the consumer. If we look at a lot of the processing of foods that are taking place, not only here in the United States, but globally, many times, what will happen is they're utilizing some type of a water antimicrobial, and I stress that because, oftentimes, these antimicrobials are added to the water to control the microbial load in the water. So, ultimately, you're not basically putting on water and putting on a whole load of microorganisms along with it. And also, you can prevent cross contamination through that. Here in the U.S. and elsewhere, we'll often put additional chlorine into the water. So, let's say we're increasing the chlorine concentration to 20 parts per million, or 50 parts per million, or maybe in poultry processing, they're utilizing peracetic acid. These are 2 common antimicrobials that are being used. What we wanted to do is find out could we utilize some other types of methods that might well control microorganisms on the commodity itself? And that's where we started looking at photodynamic inactivation and coupling that with the use of a photosensitizer. And in this particular case, the photosensitizer we were using was curcumin. The reason for working with curcumin is that it's naturally used in foods as a food dye. It's also used as a flavoring agent, and so forth. So, it's there, and it's being used—not just in the U.S., but [also] globally. And we thought we would try to see if we utilize this compound, could we have an additive effect to it? If you apply certain wavelengths of light, you can inactivate microorganisms, but if you apply that wavelength to something like a photosensitizer type molecule (curcumin), you could generate singlet oxygen molecules. And those singlet oxygen molecules would act like little explosions on the cell membrane and basically blow it apart and, therefore, inactivate the organism. We looked at the ability of this to inactivate Listeria monocytogenes, Salmonella, as well as E. coli O157:H7, so these Shiga toxin-producing E. coli, and what we did indeed find is that it was very effective. We looked at it in comparison to peracetic acid use in the poultry industry, and we found it to be equivalent, at least to treatments that we were utilizing on poultry skin, with inactivation of the microorganisms, such as Listeria, on the poultry skin. So, it is really exciting. Links for This Episode ​​​​​​Preventing Foodborne Outbreaks Starts in the Field. Influences of photosensitizer curcumin on microbial survival and physicochemical properties of chicken during storage.

Matters Microbial #108: Neanderthal Oral Health, Ancient Bacteria and DNA September 19, 2025 Today, Dr. Laura Weyrich, Associate Professor of Anthropology at Pennsylvania State University,  joins the #QualityQuorum to discuss the paleo oral microbiome! We will learn if our ancestors had the same kind of resident microbes as we do. In addition, we will learn about ancient DNA and what it can tell us. Host: Mark O. Martin Guest: Laura Weyrich Subscribe: Apple Podcasts, Spotify Become a patron of Matters Microbial! Links for this episode An obituary for my late and much missed microbiologist friend, Dr. Kimberly Walker. A link to Episode #9 of #MattersMicrobial, with Sebastian Cocioba.  The ethics of collecting samples from deceased humans, both ancient and modern. An overview of the efforts to study ancient DNA.  Here is another review on that topic. The importance of proper controls for the study of low DNA abundance samples—the famous “kitome” often observed.  Here is an article by Dr. Weyrich and colleagues on this topic, as well. A recent article using human bones to detect Yersinia pestis, the causative agent of plague.  An overview of the oral microbiome. An article describing how dental calculus can be used to recover ancient DNA. An article by Dr. Weyrich and colleagues describing the human oral microbiome pre and post Industrial Revolution in Great Britain. A video describing our Neanderthal ancestors. An article by Dr. Weyrich and colleagues describing the Neanderthal oral microbiome and related issues. A fine video by Dr. Weyrich describing her research program. Dr. Weyrich's faculty website. Dr. Weyrich's research team website (SO INTERESTING). Intro music is by Reber Clark Send your questions and comments to mattersmicrobial@gmail.com

Send us a textIn this episode, I'm walking you through the five body systems I assess in every autoimmune case — because supporting the immune system alone rarely leads to lasting results.We'll explore how dysfunction in the gut barrier, lymphatic system, detoxification pathways, microbiome, and nervous system can each contribute to flare-ups, immune confusion, and long-term inflammation — and more importantly, what you can do to start restoring balance.I also share some of my own experience with nervous system dysregulation — and why trauma, high-achieving burnout, and being constantly “switched on” can play such a pivotal role in triggering autoimmune disease.Whether you're new to this journey or deep in the layers, this episode will give you a clear, practical framework for moving forward.

It's the end of everything! Welcome back to Part 2 of our season finale featuring Dr. Charles Liu, co-host Allen Liu, and our guest archaeology expert and author, Hannah Liu, MEd. (If you haven't caught up to Part 1, we highly recommend you do before embarking on the next leg of this journey! Listen here or wherever you get your podcasts!) We pick right up where we left off, with the next question from our audience. Daniela asks, “If a black hole hits the Sun, will Earth be destroyed?” Chuck explains a few ways a black hole can mess with our day, including the fact that long before any actual collision took place, the Sun would start shedding material that would destroy us. He compares that unlikely event to the actual example of cosmic destruction we're watching in NGC 4676 – aka “The Mice” – which are two galaxies swirling together in a death spiral playing out over hundreds of millions of years. Naturally, this leads Chuck to ponder what happens when civilizations fall apart here on Earth, and Hannah brings up the collapse of the Roman Empire. As she explains, “the fall of Rome happened a lot of times, and also, no time.” From 44 BCE and the assassination of Julius Caesar, to the 476 invasion and conquest of Rome by the Germanic tribes denoted by Edward Gibbon in The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, to the fact ever since nations have claimed to be the descendants or inheritors of Rome. Chuck points out the influence of Gibbon's book on Isaac Asimov's “Foundation” series, followed by a very quick romp through “Decline and Fall of America” literature including The Handmaid's Tale, A Canticle for Liebowitz, Man in the High Castle, and the zombie apocalypse tour de force, World War Z. Then it's time for another question from the audience: Michael says, “I heard that scientists brought back a dire wolf. Could they bring back dinosaurs or animals that could destroy us all?” It turns out, these resurrected animals are just gray wolves that have been engineered to have some characteristics of the extinct predator. It's still a pretty impressive feat, though, and you'll hear how they collected bits and pieces of dire wolf DNA to “resurrect them.” Allen also brings up similar modification experiments they're doing on chickens to make them more dinosaur-like. Allen points out that bioengineered germs are far more likely to cause our destruction than resurrected dinosaurs, regardless of the world envisioned in the Jurassic Park franchise. And speaking of Michael Crichton, Chuck gives us a breakdown of his sci-fi classic, The Andromeda Strain, about bacteria from space that cause a biological outbreak here on Earth. Hannah points out that historically, some of the biggest killers of human beings have been plagues. She gives us a guided tour of the bubonic plagues, from the Black Death, which may have wiped out as much as 60% of the population of Europe, to the Plague of Justinian a thousand years earlier that killed as many as 100 million people, while also name dropping the Antonine Plague and the Spanish Flu!) And that's it Season 4 of The LIUniverse. Stay tuned for Season 5 after the summer. If you want to find out more about what Hannah's impending book, check out the Mixed Identity Project  We hope you enjoy this episode, and this season, of The LIUniverse. If you did, please support us on Patreon Credits for Images Used in this Episode: NGC 4676, aka “the Mice” are two galaxies swirling together.  – Credit: NASA, H. Ford (JHU), G. Illingworth (UCSC/LO), M.Clampin (STScI), G. Hartig (STScI), the ACS Science Team, and ESA; The ACS Science Team: H. Ford, G. Illingworth, M. Clampin, G. Hartig, T. Allen, K. Anderson, F. Bartko, N. Benitez, J. Blakeslee, R. Bouwens, T. Broadhurst, R. Brown, C. Burrows, D. Campbell, E. Cheng, N. Cross, P. Feldman, M. Franx, D. Golimowski, C. Gronwall, R. Kimble, J. Krist, M. Lesser, D. Magee, A. Martel, W. J. McCann, G. Meurer, G. Miley, M. Postman, P. Rosati, M. Sirianni, W. Sparks, P. Sullivan, H. Tran, Z. Tsvetanov, R. White, and R. Woodruff. Plaster replica of Statue of George Washington by Antonio Canova at the North Carolina Museum of History.– Credit: Creative Commons / RadioFan (talk) Dire Wolf Cover of TIME magazine, May 12, 2025. – Credit: TIME magazine Page Museum Display of 404 dire wolf skulls found in the La Brea Tar Pits. – Credit: Creative Commons / Pyry Matikainen The spread of the Black Death in Europe, 1346-1353. – Credit: Creative Commons / Flappiefh - Own work from: Natural Earth ; Cesana, D.; Benedictow O.J., Bianucci R. (2017). Yersinia pestis, the bacterium that causes the Plague. Direct Fluorescent Antibody Stain (DFA), 200x. – Credit: CDC 2057 - US Government public domain image, Courtesy of Larry Stauffer, Oregon State Public Health Laboratory Little Ice Age Temperature Chart. – Credit: Creative Commons / RCraig09 - Own work #liuniverse #charlesliu #allenliu #hannahliu #sciencepodcast #astronomypodcast #hannahliu #apocalypse #armageddon #doomsday #ngc4676 #themice #blackhole #romanempire #direwolf #bubonicplague #blackdeath #yersiniapestis #theandromedastrain #michaelcrichton #jurassicpark #littleiceage

Hoy dedicamos unos minutos a hablar de una enfermedad que se ha convertido en leyenda en el imaginario colectivo europeo: la peste. Causada por la bacteria Yersinia pestis, la peste es una de esas enfermedades que no está pensada para nosotros; es originalmente una enfermedad de roedores, y se sospecha que algunas especies silvestres pueden tener cierta inmunidad natural. El problema viene cuando, por avatares del destino, la enfermedad "sale" de esos reservorios naturales y empieza a afectar a otras especies: humanos, ratas, gatos... todos somos bastante malos luchando contra la bacteria, y de ahí que históricamente se haya manifestado de forma tan dramática. En el episodio de hoy os contamos algunos detalles sobre esta enfermedad icónica: ¿en qué consiste? ¿Sigue existiendo en la actualidad? ¿Qué son los bubones? ¿Ha sido siempre una enfermedad muy mortífera? Nos dejamos muchas cosas por contar, pero con las que sí contamos quedaréis un poco más pertrechados para entender este azote de la naturaleza. Si queréis aprender un poco más, os recomiendo que revisitéis el capítulo s11e46: en él nos hacemos eco de la identificación del foco original de la Peste Negra, la segunda pandemia de peste, que llegó a Europa en 1346 pero probablemente llevaba al menos 10 años cocinándose en Asia Central. Este programa se emitió originalmente el 5 de junio de 2025. Podéis escuchar el resto de audios de La Brújula en la app de Onda Cero y en su web, ondacero.es

Explore the Black Death's terrifying spread, its devastating impact on medieval Europe, and its surprising long-term legacies. Plus, boost your English vocabulary, speaking, and writing skills with practical language lessons. Full Episode Description: Join Danny on English Plus Podcast for a gripping journey into one of history's most catastrophic events: The Black Death. In this episode, we'll tell the harrowing story of how a tiny terror decimated medieval Europe, wiping out millions and forever changing the course of civilization. What you'll learn in this episode: The Unseen Enemy: Discover the origins and rapid, horrifying spread of the Yersinia pestis bacterium across continents, and the different forms of the plague. A World Turned Upside Down: Explore the profound societal, economic, and cultural consequences of the Black Death, from the decline of feudalism to the questioning of religious authority. Resilience & Rebirth: Uncover the surprising long-term legacies of the plague, including shifts in labor dynamics, early public health measures, and its indirect role in paving the way for the Renaissance. Practical Lessons for Today: We'll relate the Black Death to real-life challenges, examining case studies on information, power dynamics, and human resilience in the face of crisis. Language Focus: Elevate your English with our dedicated language sections! We'll break down essential vocabulary used in the episode (like 'harrowing,' 'pivotal,' 'decimate,' 'catalyst,' and 'resilience') and provide a speaking lesson on how to discuss complex historical and societal topics. Plus, get practical writing tips and a challenge focusing on the past perfect and conditional tenses to help you craft compelling narratives. Engaging Discussion: Participate in our thought-provoking discussion questions to delve deeper into the topic and share your perspectives. This episode is more than just a history lesson; it's a deep dive into human endurance, societal transformation, and a powerful opportunity to take your English and knowledge to the next level. Tune in, learn, and engage! To unlock full access to all our episodes, consider becoming a premium subscriber on Apple Podcasts or Patreon. And don't forget to visit englishpluspodcast.com for even more content, including articles, in-depth studies, and our brand-new audio series now available in our English Plus Podcast's shop!

Die Themen in den Wissensnachrichten: +++ Auch Ziegen können selbstlos sein +++ Fast 3000 Jahre alte Maya-Stätte in Guatemala entdeckt +++ Warnung vor Gollumeffekt in der Wissenschaft +++**********Weiterführende Quellen zu dieser Folge:Update ErdeDo goats exhibit prosocial motivation? Insights from a novel food-giving paradigm/ Royal Society Open Science, 21.05.2025Presentan hallazgos sobre nueva ciudad maya “Los Abuelos” y otros tesoros arqueológicos de Uaxactún/ Prensa Libre, 29.05.20205Sodium-air fuel cell for high energy density and low-cost electric power/ Joule, 27.05.2025Attenuation of virulence in Yersinia pestis across three plague pandemics/ Science, 29.05.2025Alle Quellen findet ihr hier.**********Ihr könnt uns auch auf diesen Kanälen folgen: TikTok und Instagram .

No quadragésimo oitavo episódio do Estudos Medievais, recebemos André Filipe da Silva, Mestre em Estudos Medievais e Doutor em História pela Universidade do Porto. Neste episódio abordamos a segunda pandemia provocada pela Yersinia pestis. Conversamos sobre as formas de transmissão e particularidades da doença, do impacto provocado pela sua chegada no continente europeu, bem como seus efeitos a longo prazo, para além de questões sanitárias e demográficas.ParticipantesGabriel CordeiroAndré Filipe da SilvaMembros da equipeCecília Silva (edição e ilustração)Diego Pereira (roteiro)⁠⁠Eric Cyon (edição)⁠Gabriel Cordeiro (roteiro)⁠⁠Isabela Silva (roteiro)⁠⁠José Fonseca (roteiro)⁠Marina Sanchez (roteiro)Rafael Bosch (roteiro)⁠⁠Sara Oderdenge (roteiro)Sugestões bibliográficasSILVA, André Filipe Oliveira da. A Peste Negra em Portugal: Os casos do Entre-Douro-e-Minho e do Entre-Tejo-e-Odiana. 2021. Tese (Doutorado em História e Arqueologia) – Faculdade de Letras da Universidade do Porto, Porto, 2021. Disponível em: https://hdl.handle.net/10216/137710. Acesso em: 3 de abril de 2025.GREEN, Monica H. Independent Scholar - Academia.edu. Disponível em: https://independentscholar.academia.edu/MonicaHGreen. Acesso em: 3 de abril de 2025.

"Pest" - schon das bloße Wort lässt erschaudern. Sie zählt zu den tödlichsten Seuchen - und zwar nicht nur aufgrund der verheerenden Pestzüge in der Spätantike und im Mittelalter. Noch im 19. und frühen 20. Jahrhundert tötete sie zwölf Millionen Menschen. Und auch heute ist die Pest nicht ausgerottet, Dabei stammt der Erreger, Yersinia pestis, von einem harmlosen Darmbakterium ab. In dieser Podcast Folge fragen wir: Wie hat er sich zu diesem Killer entwickelt? Ein Podcast von Dagmar Röhrlich. Habt Ihr Feedback? Anregungen? Schreibt uns gerne oder schickt eine Sprachnachricht: WhatsApp (https://wa.me/491746744240) oder iq@br.de

Why did the bacterium cross the road? To get to the Join the Docs podcast, of course! In this infectiously funny episode, Dr. Nigel Guest, our ever-curious family practitioner, sits down with none other than Yersinia pestis, the infamous bacterium behind the bubonic plague (). With a twinkle in his eye and a stethoscope around his neck, Dr. Guest dives into a conversation that's as infectious as it is informative, exploring the historical havoc wreaked by this notorious, nasty microbe.Ever wondered what it's like to be the life of the pandemic party? Yersinia pestis, doesn't hold back. Reflecting on its "achievements" with a mix of pride and humour, Yersinia boasts about its role in various outbreaks, including the infamous Black Death. "I was the original person to go viral ," the bacterium recounts its glory days, clearly demonstrating it does not know the difference between a virus and a bacterium butspreading faster than a juicy piece of gossip in a small town, and chuckles about its current status in the microbial hall of shame—er, fame.How does one bacterium manage to stay plague-fully relevant for centuries? Yersinia pestis attributes its longevity to a combination of adaptability and a flair for the dramatic. "I've always known how to make an entrance," it says with a wink, "and let's face it, who doesn't love a good comeback story?" The conversation takes a turn for the hilarious as Yersinia shares anecdotes from its plaguey past, including a particularly memorable stint in 14th-century Europe.Is it possible to make a deadly pathogen sound charming? Dr. Nigel Guest certainly thinks so, as he navigates the interview with the skill of a seasoned talk show host. "You've certainly left your mark on history," he says, barely suppressing a chuckle. Yersinia responds with a mischievous grin, "Well, you know what they say, go big or go home!" The episode wraps up with a light-hearted discussion on modern medicine and the bacterium's current status, proving that even the most sinister microbes can have a sense of humour.This episode is a rollicking, germ-spreading ride through time, disease, and laughter, guaranteed to leave you both educated and entertained. So grab your headphones, settle in, and get ready to laugh your way through the plagues of infectious history with Dr. Nigel Guest and the ever-entertaining Yersinia pestis.—--DISCLAIMER: The views and opinions expressed on Join the Docs are those of Dr. Nigel Guest, Jonathan Sackier and other people on our show. Be aware that Join the Docs is not intended to be medical advice, it is for information and entertainment purposes only - please, always take any health concerns to your doctor or other healthcare provider. We respect the privacy of patients and never identify individuals unless they have consented. We may change details, dates, place names and so on to protect privacy. Listening to Join the Docs, interacting on our social media, emailing or writing to us does not establish a doctor patient relationship.To Contact Us: For a deeper dive on this episode's issue, merchandise and exclusive content, head to www.jointhedocs.comFollow us on youtube.com/JoinTheDocs Follow us on instgram.com/JoinTheDocsFollow us on tiktok.com/JoinTheDocsFollow us on: facebok.com/JoinTheDocsFollow us on: x.com/JoinTheDocs

1 Samuel 5:6 “Y se agravó la mano de Jehová sobre los de Asdod, y los destruyó y los hirió con tumores en Asdod y en todo su territorio”.Dios creó al primer hombre en absoluta perfección y lo constituyó en un ser tripartito: espíritu, alma y cuerpo:El espíritu del hombre estaba unido a Dios.El alma en estado de inocencia estaba sujetado a la dirección del espíritu.Y por consiguiente el cuerpo podía vivir eternamente.Este orden fue alterado al entrar el pecado al mundo: el alma tomó el señorío, la mente se coronó como soberana, ambos se sustentaron por el conocimiento humano y el cuerpo sufrió las consecuencias: LA ENFERMEDAD Y LA MUERTE.El hombre cambió el conocimiento, la comunión y el poder de Dios por el conocimiento humano al aceptar la insinuación del diablo, de intentar hacerse un dios y al hacerlo murió espiritualmente, el espíritu quedó sin acceso a Dios, la muerte entró al hombre y con ello, todo lo que pertenece al imperio de la muerte: La enfermedad, maldición, iniquidad, dolor, tragedia, oscuridad, pecado, en otras palabras, desorden y tinieblas.En la Biblia aparecen seis enfermedades que existen todavía a día de hoy: Lepra, epilepsia, fiebre, disentería, sarna y tuberculosis y de estas seis enfermedades se desarrollan todas las enfermedades del ser humano; las causas: El pecado, la Maldad y la Iniquidad.Una de las enfermedades mas temidas por el ser humano son los tumores, para los cuales aún no se ha descubierto científicamente la cura, la Biblia relata varios casos de aparición de tumores en los moradores de 5 ciudades filisteas,  voy a hacer un relato corto: 1 Samuel 5.Los filisteos representan a los enemigos poderosos que son imposible de enfrentar y vencer si no es con la ayuda sobrenatural de Dios.Los ancianos de Israel aconsejaron traer de Silo el Arca del pacto de Jehová, con el fin de obtener la victoria sobre los filisteos, pero Israel fue vencido por los filisteos, los cuales hirieron en la batalla en el campo como a cuatro mil hombres:1 de Samuel 4:1-2 “Por aquel tiempo salió Israel a encontrar en batalla a los filisteos, y acampó junto a Eben-ezer, y los filisteos acamparon en Afec. Y los filisteos presentaron la batalla a Israel; y trabándose el combate, Israel fue vencido delante de los filisteos, los cuales hirieron en la batalla en el campo como a cuatro mil hombres”1 Samuel 4:10-11 “Pelearon, pues, los filisteos, e Israel fue vencido, y huyeron cada cual a sus tiendas; y fue hecha muy grande mortandad, pues cayeron de Israel treinta mil hombres de a pie. Y el arca de Dios fue tomada, y muertos los dos hijos de Elí, Ofni y Finees”.Cuando los filisteos capturaron el arca del Dios de Israel, que estaba en manos de los hebreos, y la introdujeron en el templo de su dios Dagón, e hicieron pasar el Arca de Jehová por 5 ciudades de los filisteos y el Señor hirió a los filisteos con tumores y plagas de ratones, 1 Samuel 5:6, 9, 12.Ante semejante calamidad, los filisteos se dieron cuenta de su error y decidieron devolver el arca, ofreciendo además “cinco tumores de oro y cinco ratones de oro” como recompensa por el agravio cometido. Algunos estudiosos creen que dicha epidemia, pudo ser causada por la bacteria Yersinia pestis que, al pasar de los ratones a las personas, es la responsable de la peste bubónica, esta enfermedad mortal produce la inflamación de los ganglios linfáticos, y por ende tumores cancerígenos. De ahí a que los tumores son producidos por el pecado de la “Idolatría”.La primera y más profunda sanidad que Jesús nos da es el perdón de los pecados, Cristo murió para librar­nos del pecado y hacer posible la salvación, a nosotros nos toca hacer nuestra parte: arrepentirnos y convertirnos.El perdón de los pecados está íntimamente conectado con la sanidad física, emocional y espiritual e incluso me atrevería a decir que muchas veces la enfermedad física es una señal de que hay alguna situación espiritual o emocional que aún no se ha resuelto con Dios o con el prójimo.Dios prometió que si el pueblo le obedecía estarían libres de las enfermedades de los egipcios. Y muy pocos supieron que muchas de las leyes morales que les dio posteriormente los mantendrían libres de enfermedades. Éxodo 15:26 “Y dijo: Si oyeres atentamente la voz de Jehová tu Dios, e hicieres lo recto delante de sus ojos, y dieres oído a sus mandamientos, y guardares todos sus estatutos, ninguna enfermedad de las que envié a los egipcios te enviaré a ti; porque yo soy Jehová tu sanador”. Por supuesto que existen varias causas que provocan enfermedades, el pecado es una de ellas, he aquí dos ejemplos claros:Juan 5:1-14 “Había en Jerusalén un estanque llamado Bethesda y allí estaba un hombre, que desde hacía 38 años estaba enfermo. Jesús le pregunta ¿Quieres ser sano? Jesús le dijo: levántate, toma tu lecho y anda. Al instante aquel hombre fue sanado, tomó su lecho y anduvo. Días después Jesús le halló en el templo y le dijo: Mira, has sido sanado; no peques más, para que no te venga alguna cosa peor”. Mateo 9:2 “Sucedió que le trajeron a Jesús un paralítico tendido sobre una cama. Jesús le dijo: ten ánimo hijo, tus pecados te son perdonados. Luego le dijo: levántate, toma tu cama y vete a tu casa. Entonces él se levantó y se fue a su casa,  lo primero que Jesús le dijo fue “tus pecados te son perdonados”. Aquí vemos nuevamente la relación entre el pecado y las enfermedades.El génesis de las enfermedades se encuentra en el alma y el problema de la medicina es que ve al hombre como un cuerpo y su psiquis, pero deja a un lado el alma y el espíritu, por lo tanto hay enfermedades causadas por la falta de perdón, el resentimiento y la depresión, por ejemplo la fibromialgia; enfermedades en los huesos tales como artritis, inflamación de las articulaciones; artrosis, osteoporosis entre otras.Si queremos ver la victoria en nuestra vida y en nuestro cuerpo necesitamos entender donde radica la raíz del problema, las enfermedades se arraigan a todo lo que está oscuro en nuestra alma: odio, rencor, envidia, pleitos, fornicaciones, codicias y cosas semejantes. El Señor ha dado promesas de sanidad y restauración para tu vida, tu hogar y tu descendencia, son promesas condicionadas a la obediencia:Deuteronomio 7:15 “Y quitará Jehová de ti toda enfermedad; y todas las malas plagas de Egipto, que tú conoces, no las pondrá sobre ti, antes las pondrá sobre todos los que te aborrecieren”.Éxodo 15:26 “Y dijo: Si oyeres atentamente la voz de Jehová tu Dios, e hicieres lo recto delante de sus ojos, y dieres oído a sus mandamientos, y guardares todos sus estatutos, ninguna enfermedad de las que envié a los egipcios te enviaré a ti; porque yo soy Jehová tu sanador”.Aún es posible vivir en la sanidad del Reino de Dios por tal razón Dios preparó el plan de salvación a través de Jesucristo, el cual en la cruz del calvario hizo expiación por nuestros pecados. La expiación es la remoción de la culpa, el pecado y la maldad a través de un tercero, el sujeto culpable queda absuelto de cualquier pena por medio de un animal (ej. chivo expiatorio) u otra persona. Cristo se constituye en el último cordero que fue inmolado para expiar todos nuestros pecados.Aparecen enfermedades por medio de las heridas que no han sido sanadas ni vendadas o conflictos que nunca se arreglaron, estas son las causas de las enfermedades del alma cuyos síntomas son: “iras, peleas, contiendas, gritería, arrogancia, perfeccionismo, amargura, raíz de amargura, acusaciones, humillaciones entre otras“.Enfermedades f...

Welcome to the Instant Trivia podcast episode 1178, where we ask the best trivia on the Internet. Round 1. Category: Tv Businesses 1: Ewing Oil. Dallas. 2: Duff Brewery. The Simpsons. 3: Bluth's Original Frozen Banana. Arrested Development. 4: Luthercorp. Smallville. 5: Los Pollos Hermanos--best chicken in New Mexico!. Breaking Bad. Round 2. Category: A Visit From St. Nicholas 1: '"Twas the night before Christmas, when all through the house not a creature was stirring, not even" this one. a mouse. 2: It completes the line "but I heard him exclaim, ere he drove out of sight, 'Happy Christmas to all,...'". and to all a good night. 3: "He was dressed all in fur from his head to his foot, and his clothes were all tarnished with" these 2 items. ashes and soot. 4: St. Nick's nose is described as resembling this fruit. a cherry. 5: Of Santa's 8 reindeer, it's the last one named. Blitzen. Round 3. Category: Black 1: If your black piano keys are shiny, they're probably plastic; if they dull with age, probably this wood. ebony. 2: This company cleaned up when it introduced the Dustbuster in 1979. Black and Decker. 3: A black monolith mysteriously appears at different times in human history in this classic sci-fi film. 2001: A Space Odyssey. 4: The Black Death that killed many in Europe in the 1300s is believed to have been caused by this type of organism, Yersinia pestis. a bacterium. 5: Their home ice is located at 1901 West Madison Street. the Blackhawks. Round 4. Category: Field Of DreamS. With Dream in quotation marks 1: Someone considered very good-looking is said to be one of these "ships". Dreamboat. 2: Collective name for the 1992 U.S. men's Olympic basketball squad. "The Dream Team". 3: In 1983 Eurythmics hit No. 1 on the U.S. pop charts with this song. "Sweet Dreams". 4: This popular musical was supposedly based in part on the lives and careers of the Supremes. Dreamgirls. 5: Freud published this landmark study in 1899. The Interpretation Of Dreams. Round 5. Category: Name The Parent Company 1: Post-it notes. 3M. 2: Fisher-Price toys. Mattel. 3: Cheerios andBetty Crocker products. General Mills. 4: Crest toothpaste. Procter and Gamble. 5: Velveeta. Kraft. Thanks for listening! Come back tomorrow for more exciting trivia!Special thanks to https://blog.feedspot.com/trivia_podcasts/ AI Voices used

Mucoviscidose: pourquoi les infections persistent-elles malgré la thérapie? Les brèves du jour Micro sciences: Cʹest quoi le Problème à trois corps? Yersinia pestis: la bactérie de la peste

Jason Richardson, Ph.D. is the Vice President of Global Quality and Food Safety of The Coca-Cola Company, a position he has held since January 2021. In this role, Jason leads a team of quality and food safety professionals who are accountable for delivering global strategic and operational leadership for performance and progress of quality and food safety programs across the Coca-Cola system.   Jason joined The Coca-Cola Company in Atlanta in 2009, holding a variety of quality, food safety, and technical leadership positions within Coca-Cola North America over the course of his career. Prior to joining The Coca-Cola Company, Jason spent over seven years as a Microbiologist/Collateral Duty Safety Officer with the U.S. Department of Agriculture's Agricultural Research Service (USDA's ARS), conducting research on sanitizers, novel technologies, standard and rapid microbiological detection methods, and the ecology of bacterial foodborne pathogens in foods, achieving more than 150 peer-reviewed publications.   Jason serves or has served on numerous committees and advisory boards during his career, including SSAFE, Consumer Brands Association, the University of Georgia's Center for Food Safety Board of Advisories and its College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences Dean's Industry Advisory Council, USDA's Exotic Newcastle Disease Task Force, and USDA's Committee on Feasibility of "zero tolerance" for Salmonella on raw poultry. He is currently serving as Treasurer for SSAFE. He is active in professional associations, including IAFP, where he serves on several professional development groups.    Jason obtained his B.S.A. and M.S. degrees, as well as his Ph.D., from the University of Georgia, focusing in Agribusiness, Poultry Science, and Food Science and Technology, with emphases in Food Microbiology and Food Safety. In this episode of Food Safety Matters, we speak with Jason [23:58] about: The evolution of his career, from food safety microbiologist to corporate business leader The development and implementation of Coca-Cola's Amplify Quality Framework, an initiative led by Jason to revamp the company's food safety and quality assurance (FSQA) programs to optimize enterprise-wide performance and growth How Jason balances both food safety and quality assurance through his leadership and with the help of his FSQA teams Initiatives Jason is working on to refresh Coca-Cola's food safety culture, and messaging and methods he uses to reinforce good food safety culture throughout the company How Jason contextualizes FSQA as an asset to business performance and growth Balancing cost optimization with FSQA efforts Words of advice for early-career food safety professionals who will be the FSQA leaders of the future. News and Resources FDA Publishes Report About On-Farm Investigations, Sampling of Leafy Greens in Salinas Valley [4:24] AMR Trends can be Reversed by Decreasing Antimicrobial Use, EU Agencies Report [9:39] Researchers Call for Improved Surveillance of Yersinia, an Underestimated Threat to Food Safety [16:23] USDA Develops Egg Pasteurization Technology That Rapidly Kills 99.999 Percent of Salmonella [19:09] Register for the 2024 Food Safety Summit!Taking place May 6–9, 2024 in Rosemont, Illinois. Register before March 31 for a 10% early bird discount rate, plus use promo code “FSMatters15” for an extra 15% off registration. Yes, that's a total discount of 25%! Sponsored by:Michigan State University Online Food Safety Program  We Want to Hear from You! Please send us your questions and suggestions to podcast@food-safety.com

In this week's episode of Bugs and Drugs, we will dive into two worlds of food borne bacteria. One can be found in reheated rice, known as Bacillus cereus. The other is found in raw or undercooked pork, known as Yersinia enterocolitica. B. cereus can present with vomiting syndrome or diarrheal syndrome. You won't need to do any testing unless there is an outbreak and antibiotics are not needed. Your patient will need some IV fluids and letting the bacteria go through their system. Patients that come in with Yersinia enterocolitica, will present with diarrhea and abdominal pain.  In some cases, your patient can experience reactive arthritis and erythema nodosum, affecting joints and skin. Once you confirm with a stool and blood test, antibiotics are recommended along with IV fluids. Join Dr. Niket Sonpal, survivor of contaminated PB&J, in Bugs and…IV fluids. February 12, 2024 — Do you work in primary care medicine? Primary Care Medicine Essentials is our brand new program specifically designed for primary care providers to increase their core medical knowledge & improve patient flow optimization. Learn more here: Primary Care Essentials —

In this episode, we review the high-yield topic of⁠ ⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠Yersinia pestis⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠ ⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠from the Microbiology section. Follow ⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠Medbullets⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠ on social media: Facebook: www.facebook.com/medbullets Instagram: www.instagram.com/medbulletsofficial Twitter: www.twitter.com/medbullets --- Send in a voice message: https://podcasters.spotify.com/pod/show/medbulletsstep1/message

Schon das bloße Wort "Pest" lässt erschaudern. Sie zählt zu den tödlichsten Seuchen - und zwar nicht nur aufgrund der verheerenden Pestzüge in der Spätantike und im Mittelalter. Noch im 19. und frühen 20. Jahrhundert tötete sie zwölf Millionen Menschen. Und auch heute ist die Pest nicht ausgerottet, Dabei stammt der Erreger, Yersinia pestis, von einem harmlosen Darmbakterium ab. Wie hat sie sich zu einem Killer entwickelt? Autorin: Dagmar Röhrlich

Welcome to the Instant Trivia podcast episode 1049, where we ask the best trivia on the Internet. Round 1. Category: B Prepared. With B in quotes 1: A non-rigid flexible dirigible. blimp. 2: This type of piano is about 5 feet long. Baby grand. 3: This contagious disease caused by the bacterium Yersinia pestis can be spread by fleas from infected rats. bubonic plague. 4: "I'll Go Home With Bonnie Jean" is one of many lively songs in this Lerner and Loewe musical. Brigadoon. 5: This Pennsylvania city was founded in 1741 and appropriately named on Christmas Eve. Bethlehem. Round 2. Category: A Mighty Wind 1: In 1951 they called the wind this in "Paint Your Wagon", but Ms. Carey might challenge the spelling. Maria. 2: In April 1934 Mt. Washington had a wind gust reach 201 of this unit equal to 1 nautical mile per hour. knots. 3: 2-word "aeronautical" term for the strong, generally westerly winds in the Earth's upper troposphere. the jet stream. 4: It has a low-pressure center and circular wind motion; the Coney Island ride opened June 26, 1927 is much more fun. a cyclone. 5: Volkswagen aficionados know this hot, dusty wind that blows from North Africa and affects Southern Europe. scirocco. Round 3. Category: Relax, We'Re Still Rated G 1: Paul Angelis voiced the chief Blue Meanie and some dude named Ringo in this 1968 film. Yellow Submarine. 2: The piscine lead in this '03 film: "If this is some kind of practical joke, it's not funny, and I know funny, I'm a clownfish". Finding Nemo. 3: For a category on G-rated films, that'll do, this 1995 title porker. That'll do. Babe. 4: Tom Hanks says, "That wasn't flying. That was...falling with style" in this 1995 animated movie. Toy Story. 5: In 2005 this title duo investigated "The Curse of the Were-Rabbit". Wallace and Gromit. Round 4. Category: On The Old Quarter 1: At 8 letters, it's the longest word (hint: it's Latin). pluribus. 2: The direction in which the figures are facing. left. 3: The single word at the top of the "heads" side. Liberty. 4: The leaves of this plant are depicted on the reverse of the quarter. (the) olive (tree). 5: The sole verb. trust. Round 5. Category: Tasmanian Tidbits 1: Tasmania is this country's smallest state. Australia. 2: Discovering the island in 1642, he named it Van Diemen's Land. Abel Tasman. 3: Also called wolfram, this metal used in lamp filaments is a big source of income. Tungsten. 4: The island is home to the Tasmanian devil and this animal. Wombat. 5: The Derwent River in Tasmania has a concrete one of these floating bridges. Pontoon bridge. Thanks for listening! Come back tomorrow for more exciting trivia!Special thanks to https://blog.feedspot.com/trivia_podcasts/ AI Voices used

Send us a Text Message.The Flea Chronicles": Dr. Z shares her expertise on fleas, covering everything from their life cycle to the diseases they transmit. Join the conversation as the hosts discuss the most effective flea control methods and debunk common myths surrounding these pesky critters. In this episode you will learn:Flea Life Cycle: Explore the intricate stages of a flea's life, from egg to larva, pupa, and finally, the blood-sucking adult. Understand why disrupting this cycle is crucial for effective control.Diseases Fleas Transmit: Uncover the potential health threats posed by fleas, including anemia, cat scratch fever (bartonellosis), and infectious anemias in cats. Learn about the historical significance of fleas in transmitting the bubonic plague.Flea-Related Anemia: Delve into the impact of fleas on young kittens and puppies, leading to severe anemia due to excessive blood consumption. Discover how timely intervention can reverse the effects and promote recovery.Pathogens in Flea Spit: Understand the role of fleas as carriers of pathogens and bacteria, including Yersinia pestis, responsible for the bubonic plague. Learn about more common diseases transmitted by fleas, such as bartonellosis and hemotropic mycoplasmosis.Tapeworm Infections: Explore the fascinating life cycle of tapeworms, specifically Dipylidium caninum, and how fleas play a crucial role in their transmission. Learn why addressing tapeworms requires a dual approach involving both deworming and flea control.Treatment Options: Compare newer isoxazoline-based products like Bravecto, Simparica, NexGuard, and Credelio with older over-the-counter options like Frontline and Advantage. Understand the importance of choosing effective, fast-acting treatments for optimal flea control.Environmental Management: Get insights into clearing out the flea biomass in your home. Learn why traditional methods like flea bombs may not be as effective and discover practical tips like daily vacuuming to expedite the process.Natural Remedies: Debunk common myths about natural flea remedies such as garlic, diatomaceous earth, and cider vinegar. Understand why these alternatives often fall short in preventing and treating flea infestations.Flea Prevention Strategies: Grasp the importance of year-round flea control for both dogs and cats. Understand why consistency in preventative measures is essential to keep pets and households free from the menace of fleas.Support the Show.Connect with me here: https://www.vetsplanationpodcast.com/ https://www.facebook.com/vetsplanation/ https://www.twitter.com/vetsplanations/ https://www.instagram.com/vetsplanation/ https://www.tiktok.com/@vetsplanation/ https://youtube.com/@Vetsplanationpodcast https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLVbvK_wcgytuVECLYsfmc2qV3rCQ9enJK Voluntary donations and Vetsplanation subscription: https://www.paypal.com/donate/?hosted_button_id=DNZL7TUE28SYE https://www.buzzsprout.com/1961906/subscribe

In this episode, we review the high-yield topic of Yersinia enterocolitica ⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠from the Microbiology section. Follow ⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠Medbullets⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠ on social media: Facebook: www.facebook.com/medbullets Instagram: www.instagram.com/medbulletsofficial Twitter: www.twitter.com/medbull --- Send in a voice message: https://podcasters.spotify.com/pod/show/medbulletsstep1/message

The most famous bacteria in history is no doubt the bacteria that caused the Plague. Today, on another episode focused on disease history, we'll identify this bacteria, how it works, and how it presented itself through history. Music by Muzaproduction from Pixabayhttps://www.instagram.com/sciencewithdr_k/https://www.cdc.gov/plague/faq/index.html#:~:text=Top%20of%20Page-,What%20is%20the%20basic%20transmission%20cycle%20of%20plague%3F,mammals%20during%20a%20subsequent%20feeding.https://www.nature.com/articles/s41435-019-0065-0https://journals.asm.org/doi/10.1128/cmr.00044-19https://origins.osu.edu/connecting-history/covid-justinianic-plague-lessons?language_content_entity=enhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7513766/#:~:text=The%20Black%20Death%20or%20bubonic,people%20in%20fourteenth%2Dcentury%20Europe.&text=Yersinia%20pestis%20(the%20plague%20bacteria,weaponized%20as%20a%20bioterrorism%20agent.&text=Early%20plague%20treatment%20is%20curative,Modern%20outbreaks%20still%20regularly%20occurhttps://www.sciencemuseum.org.uk/objects-and-stories/medicine/bubonic-plague-first-pandemic

¡Vótame en los Premios iVoox 2023! Agradece a este podcast tantas horas de entretenimiento y disfruta de episodios exclusivos como éste. ¡Apóyale en iVoox! La pandemia de la peste negra, también conocida como la Peste Bubónica, es uno de los eventos más devastadores en la historia de la humanidad. A lo largo del siglo XIV, esta enfermedad mortal asoló Europa, dejando un rastro de destrucción y muerte a su paso. A continuación, exploraremos la pandemia de la peste negra en la Edad Media, sus causas, consecuencias y su impacto en la sociedad de la época. Causas y Propagación La peste negra fue causada por la bacteria Yersinia pestis, que se transmite principalmente a través de las pulgas que infestan a las ratas. Aunque la peste había existido en el mundo durante siglos, la pandemia de la peste negra en el siglo XIV fue especialmente letal y se propagó a una velocidad alarmante. Se cree que las rutas comerciales que conectaban Europa con Asia y África jugaron un papel fundamental en la propagación de la enfermedad. Las ratas, que vivían en los barcos y caravanas comerciales, portaban pulgas infectadas que luego transmitían la enfermedad a los humanos. Síntomas y Mortalidad Los síntomas de la peste negra eran aterradores y mortales. Los enfermos desarrollaban fiebre alta, inflamación de los ganglios linfáticos, conocidos como bubones, y manchas negras en la piel, de ahí su nombre. Además, la enfermedad podía propagarse a los pulmones, causando la forma altamente contagiosa de la peste neumónica. La tasa de mortalidad de la peste negra fue extremadamente alta, matando a una gran parte de la población afectada. Se estima que en algunos lugares, hasta un tercio de la población europea pereció debido a esta enfermedad. Impacto Social y Económico La pandemia de la peste negra tuvo un impacto devastador en la sociedad medieval. La muerte de tantos ciudadanos dejó pueblos y ciudades despobladas, lo que resultó en la disminución de la producción agrícola y el colapso de la economía. La mano de obra escaseaba, lo que llevó a una inflación descontrolada y una pérdida generalizada de la riqueza. Los precios de los productos básicos se dispararon, y el sistema feudal, que había dominado la Europa medieval, comenzó a desmoronarse. Además de las consecuencias económicas, la pandemia de la peste negra también generó miedo y desesperación en la sociedad. Las personas buscaban explicaciones y a menudo culpaban a minorías, como los judíos, de propagar la enfermedad. Esto llevó a persecuciones y pogromos en muchas comunidades europeas. Consecuencias a Largo Plazo A pesar de la devastación inicial, la pandemia de la peste negra también tuvo algunas consecuencias a largo plazo. La escasez de mano de obra llevó a un aumento en la movilidad social, ya que los trabajadores ahora tenían más poder de negociación y podían demandar mejores condiciones laborales. Además, la crisis económica resultante fomentó el desarrollo de nuevas formas de comercio y producción, lo que eventualmente contribuyó al surgimiento del Renacimiento europeo. En resumen, la pandemia de la peste negra en la Edad Media fue un evento catastrófico que cambió la historia europea de manera profunda y duradera. Aunque causó una gran destrucción y sufrimiento, también tuvo efectos a largo plazo en la sociedad y la economía, marcando el comienzo de una nueva era en la historia europea. La peste negra sigue siendo un recordatorio sombrío de la capacidad de las enfermedades infecciosas para alterar el curso de la historia humana. ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Antena Historia te regala 30 días PREMIUM, para que lo disfrutes https://www.ivoox.com/premium?affiliate-code=b4688a50868967db9ca413741a54cea5 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Produce Antonio Cruz Edita ANTENA HISTORIA Antena Historia (podcast) forma parte del sello iVoox Originals ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- web……….https://antenahistoria.com/ correo.....info@antenahistoria.com Facebook…..Antena Historia Podcast | Facebook Twitter…...https://twitter.com/AntenaHistoria Telegram…...https://t.me/foroantenahistoria DONACIONES PAYPAL...... https://paypal.me/ancrume ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ¿QUIERES ANUNCIARTE en ANTENA HISTORIA?, menciones, cuñas publicitarias, programas personalizados, etc. Dirígete a Antena Historia - AdVoices Escucha el episodio completo en la app de iVoox, o descubre todo el catálogo de iVoox Originals

In this weeks episode, we continue our history in bioterrorism. Julie talks about launching plague victims using catapults, and Tess talks about the culprit, Yersinia pestis. Tess also talks about spiking wine with mycobacterium leprae (leprosy). Visit our website at microbigals.com where we regularly update new content, including blog posts. You can also find us on Instagram by searching for microbigals or on Twitter @MicrobiGals. Also, if you want to donate to our show, we have started a kofi page. you can donate on our website or visit https://ko-fi.com/microbigals.

durée : 00:58:45 - Les Cours du Collège de France - par : Merryl Moneghetti - Où est la peste ? s'interroge l'historien-médiéviste Patrick Boucheron qui analyse, cette semaine, "la robustesse des savoirs que l'on peut évoquer". Comment l'ADN peut-il parler et pourquoi faut-il chercher la marmotte ? Un pharaon peut-il mourir de la tuberculose ?

durée : 00:58:52 - Les Cours du Collège de France - par : Merryl Moneghetti - Pourquoi les observateurs européens n'ont-ils pas vu mourir les rats & le bubon suffit-il à établir le diagnostic rétrospectif de la peste? demande Patrick Boucheron. Quelle a été la vitesse de propagation de la peste en 1801? L'étiologie de la Yersinia pestis vaut-elle pour les périodes anciennes?

“What I did not expect to see from farmed monkeys being bought and transported into the US,  were monkeys who were coming in with things like Ebola like viruses, malaria, tuberculosis, simian retrovirus, herpes viruses, salmonella, Yersinia, Campylobacter, unnamed deadly diarrheal diseases. They were coming in with Tier 1 Select agents. I mean, we're talking pathogens so deadly that the government has identified them as potential bioterrorism threats.” – Lisa Jones-Engel   In 2022, 1000 long-tailed macaques were stolen from the wild in Cambodia. They were then illegally imported to Charles River Laboratories in Texas. Illegal because they were wild caught and not born in captivity, which is the law for importing primates into the US for research and experimentation, they are required to be captive bred.  These macaques are now caught in the middle of an ongoing federal investigation into primate importers. Charles River wants to send them back to Cambodia, which means that from there they'll go to labs in other countries. PETA is fighting hard to get them sent to Born Free's Primate Sanctuary in Texas. One of the leaders in this battle is Dr. Lisa Jones-Engel. A couple of weeks ago, Lisa came on the show for a live episode to talk about the fate of these monkeys and what could be the beginning of the end of importing primates for experimentation.  Because we did this interview as a webinar and Lisa was in a remote part of Alaska, the sound isn't the best, but this is a super important episode.  Lisa spent many years working in biomedical laboratories with primates. She knows everything that goes on on the inside of these facilities and knows first-hand that no one in there is looking out for these animals.  In 2019, when she couldn't take it anymore, Lisa left the biomedical world and joined forces with PETA. She's PETA's Senior Science Advisor, and not only leading the fight to save these 1000 monkeys, but also to end all imports and then, to end the use of primates in animal research and experimentation period. I think that she can do it. Links: PETA Petition https://support.peta.org/page/50306/action/1?locale=en-US PETA https://www.peta.org/media/news-releases/trafficked-monkeys-still-stateside-peta-pledges-1-million-for-sanctuary-placement/ PETA: https://headlines.peta.org/primatologist-perspective-monkey-experiments/ Guardian article: https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/may/31/primates-monkeys-scientific-experiments-peta-stop-testing

Black-tailed prairie dogs are native to the Great Plains, but Sylvatic plague (Yersinia pestis) is not. This disease was first introduced to North America in the early 1900s and only reached many regions of the Great Plains within the past 20–30 years. This disease can wipe out 95-99% of prairie dogs in a landscape. In some landscapes, these population "busts" can be followed by rapid growth, leading to population "booms" that intensify conflicts with livestock. This destabilized system has negative effects on both livestock and wildlife, and understanding either how to stabilize these dynamics, or at least mitigate their effects, is a major priority for managers. In this episode, Meghan Robinson speaks with Dr. Courtney Duchardt, an assistant professor at Oklahoma State University, who is studying these population cycles to evaluate their effects on associated wildlife, and explore management strategies to address these issues.

Dr. Andrea Escheverry joins the show to to talk all about scalp and hair health. How is hair an indicator of our health? What foods are important for our hair quality? What is the fungus on our scalp that is causing hair loss? What does it feed on? Should we shampoo our hair daily? What should we use instead of shampoo? Why do we see so much eczema in children? Skin biome products are not necessary. How chemicals in the shower cause acne and bacne. How multiple showers a day effect our skin health. Should we shower every morning? Why hot water on the head and hair is most damaging. Do we need shower filter? How to optimize your scalp biome. How to tell if your hair quality is poor. How to be in tune with the body more. What is the percent breakdown for best hair? What foods are most important for healthy hair? Should we use scalp massagers on our head? Knowledge Bomb: Listen to this if you love fish or sushi! Dr. G goes in on the science of fish/raw fish and parasites. How eating raw fish has boomed. What is a parasite? How common is it? Marine parasites are increasing? Signs and symptoms of parasites? How to protect yourself when eating fish/raw fish. Guest Bio: Dr. Andrea Echeverry is a lifelong biologist with a specialty in microbial pathogenesis and chronic low level inflammation. She developed the first neonatal mouse model of intestinal infection using fully pathogenic human-isolated strains of Yersinia enterocolitica. Despite having made many discoveries and after a decade in academic research, she decided to become independent to pursue her own scientific interests in gut and skin microbiome. This led her to become a hair loss specialist. This field allows her to study microbiome interactions in the smallest human organ, the hair follicle. She's an expert in hair transplant scar camouflaging using scalp micropigmentation & biocompatible hair implantation. With these techniques, she changes cosmetically patients suffering from hair loss or hair thinning due to gut and skin dysbiosis, and environmental factors. #trichology #hairloss #dysbiosis #bacteriaisthenewblack #alopecia #eczema #psoriasis #seborrheicdermatitis #scalpmicrobiomeresearch #biomefriendly Ads: Birch: I love my Birch mattress, and I think you would too. If you're looking for a new bed, check out Birch. You can click the link below or go to birchliving.com/healthyself and get off 20% off your mattress + 2 free pillows. If you're looking for a mattress for your little ones, also check out the new Birch Kids line! Athletic Greens: Athletic Greens is going to give you a FREE 1 year supply of immune-supporting Vitamin D AND 5 FREE travel packs with your first purchase. All you have to do is visit athleticgreens.com/healthyself. Again, that is athleticgreens.com/healthyself to take ownership over your health and pick up the ultimate daily nutritional insurance! Wisdom Health: Visit wisdommedicine.com today and use the promo code DOCTORG for $100 off a testing package." LMNT: Right now LMNT is offering my listeners a free sample pack with any purchase. That's 8 single serving packets FREE with any LMNT order. This is a great way to try all 8 flavors or share LMNT with a salty friend. Get yours at DrinkLMNT.com/DRG. This deal is only available through my link. You must go to DRINKLMNT.com/DRG LMNT offers no questions asked refunds. Try it totally risk-free. If you don't like it they will give your money back, no questions asked. You have nothing to lose! Be sure to like and subscribe to #healthyself Hosted by Doctor Christian Gonzalez N.D. Follow Doctor G on Instagram @doctor.gonzalez https://www.instagram.com/doctor.gonzalez/

The question of the SARS-CoV-2 origin: whether it was a zoonotic spillover from a wet market, or an engineered virus that escaped from the Wuhan Institute of Virology, is seemingly a debate that will never go away. Most interestingly, while scientists with specific domain expertise seem to be building a consensus towards the former, public opinion appears to be trending towards the latter. This delta between expert and popular opinion has been helped along by the frothy discourse in mainstream and social media, with most figures that we cover in this podcast dead-set certain that it came from a lab. Most recently, Sam Harris hosted on his Making Sense podcast the molecular biologist Alina Chan and. science writer Matt Ridley, spokespersons for the lab leak case, and authors of "Viral: The Search for the Origin of COVID-19". To a layperson, and certainly to Sam, they put forward a rather watertight case. Intrinsic to the arguments advanced were the ideas that (a) experts in the area were refusing to engage with and unable to answer their arguments, and (b) a strong implication that there is a conspiracy of silence among virologists not just in China but internationally, to suppress the lab leak hypothesis.So, as a case study in the public understanding of science, it seems like a pretty pickle indeed. To help unravel the pickle(?) in this somewhat special episode, we are joined by three virologists who are amply qualified to address the topic; both in terms of the evidence and whether they are involved in a conspiracy of silence.Kristian Andersen is a Professor in the Department of Immunology and Microbiology at Scripps Research. He focuses on the relationship between host and pathogen, using sequencing, fieldwork, experimentation, and computational biology methods. He has spearheaded large international collaborations investigating the emergence, spread and evolution of deadly pathogens, including SARS-CoV-2, Zika virus, Ebola virus, West Nile virus, and Lassa virus.Prof Michael Worobey, is the head of the department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology at the University of Arizona. His work focuses on the genomes of viruses, using molecular and computational biology, to understand the origins, emergence and control of pandemics. Recently, his interdisciplinary work on SARS-CoV-2 has shed light on how and when the virus originated and ignited the COVID-19 pandemic in China and how SARS-CoV-2 emerged and took hold in North America and Europe.Prof Edward "Eddie" Holmes, is an NHMRC Leadership Fellow & Professor of Virology at the Faculty of Medicine and Health at Sydney University, a member of the Sydney Institute for Infectious Diseases, a Fellow of the Australian Academy of Science and a Fellow of The Royal Society. He is known for his work on the evolution and emergence of infectious diseases, particularly the mechanisms by which RNA viruses jump species boundaries to emerge in humans and other animals. He has studied the emergence and spread of such pathogens as SARS-CoV-2, influenza virus, dengue virus, HIV, hepatitis C virus, myxoma virus, RHDV and Yersinia pestis.All three researchers have specialist expertise and decades of experience directly applicable to tracking viruses and their adaption to humans, and, fair to say, are fairly eminent in their fields (Eddie in particular!). Further, they are among the relatively small set of researchers collecting and analysing primary evidence on the origins of SARS-CoV-2, communicating their findings in top-ranked journals, including Nature and Science. In this episode, Chris and Matt put to this trio of Professors the claims rasied by lab leak advocates to see what these (damn conspirators) experts have to say for themselves.LinksSam Harris Making Sense

3.23 Yersinia Species Microbiology review for the USMLE Step 1 Exam Yersinia are gram-negative, non-motile bacteria that cause zoonotic diseases. Yersinia produce urease enzyme to survive in the stomach and are facultative intracellular bugs. Three species of yersinia causing disease in humans are Yersinia pestis, Yersinia enterocolitica, and Yersinia pseudotuberculosis. The Yersinia species inhibit phagocytosis, the capsule contains F1 and V proteins and the injectosome injects Yersinia outer proteins. Yersinia pestis spreads through fleas, causing bubonic, pneumonic, or septicemic plague with symptoms like fever, chills, and swollen lymph nodes. Yersinia enterocolitica is spread through contaminated food or dog feces, causing enteric infection, and symptoms like diarrhea, abdominal pain, and vomiting. Yersinia pseudotuberculosis causes enteric disease, similar to Y. enterocolitica, and granulomatous lesions that look like tuberculosis. Yersinia pestis is rare with 500 cases reported since 1970, compared to Y. enterocolitica, which causes 100,000 cases each year

The Black Death is the 19th-century CE term for the plague epidemic that ravaged Europe between 1347-1352 CE, killing an estimated 30 million people there and many more worldwide as it reached pandemic proportions. The name comes from the black buboes (infected lymph glands) which broke out over a plague victim's body. The cause of the plague was the bacterium Yersinia pestis, which was carried by fleas on rodents, usually rats, but this was not known to the people of the medieval period, as it was only identified in 1894 CE. Prior to that time, the plague was attributed primarily to supernatural causes – the wrath of God, the work of the devil, the alignment of the planets – and, stemming from these, “bad air” or an unbalance of the “humors” of the body which, when in line, kept a person healthy. Support us on Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/whencyclopedia Original Article: https://www.worldhistory.org/article/1540/medieval-cures-for-the-black-death/

3.04 Gram Negative Bacteria   Microbiology review for the USMLE Step 1 Exam.   Gram negative bacteria are characterized by a thin cell wall surrounded by a lipid outer membrane They do not retain the violet gram stain and appear pink after staining Gram negative bacteria can be classified by shape: cocci, coccobacilli, bacilli, and spirals Gram negative cocci include Neisseria species, which can be further categorized as maltose fermenters or non maltose fermenters Gram negative coccobacilli include: Bordetella pertussis, Haemophilus influenzae, Pasteurella, Francisella tularensis, Brucella, and Acinetobacter Gram negative bacilli can be divided into lactose fermenting and non lactose fermenting categories Lactose fermenting gram negative bacilli include: Escherichia coli, Klebsiella, Enterobacter, Citrobacter, and Serratia Non lactose fermenting gram negative bacilli can be further divided into oxidase positive and oxidase negative Oxidase positive non lactose fermenting gram negative bacilli include Pseudomonas Oxidase negative non lactose fermenting gram negative bacilli include Shigella, Yersinia, and Salmonella Gram negative spirals can be divided into oxidase positive and oxidase negative categories Oxidase positive gram negative spirals include Vibrio species, Helicobacter pylori, and Campylobacter jejuni Oxidase negative gram negative spirals include Borrelia burgdorferi (cause of lyme disease) and Treponema pallidum (cause of syphilis)

Following the last episode about Yersinia species, on this episode I go over Y. pestis. Why is there concern about encountering Y. pestis in the laboratory? What do you do if you encounter potential bioterror agents? How does the laboratory handle those? As laboratories we are trained on how to recognize, test, handle, and ship these organisms. Tune in to this episode to learn about terms like Laboratory Response Network and the proficiency testing called LPX.

Neste programa vamos entender como a genética traz heranças dos antepassados e como podem ter influência nos dias de hoje. Vem participar dessa sessão de fofocas históricas! ARTE DA VITRINE: Randall Random GENERA Confira o Blog Genera: https://jovemnerd.page.link/Genera-descubra-ou-nao-o-samurai-dentro-de-voce https://jovemnerd.page.link/Genera-arqueologos-e-geneticistas-presenca-viking-na-inglaterra SAIBA MAIS GOUT: A Disease of Kings – Karger Genomica dos Vikins - Population genomics of the Viking world Analysis of Genomic DNA from Medieval Plague Victims Suggests Long-Term Effect of Yersinia pestis on Human Immunity Genes Lessons From History  Royal blood: Queen Victoria and the legacy of hemophilia in European royalty Bubonic plague had long-term effect on human immunity, study suggests OUÇA TAMBÉM Playlist do GeneraCast: https://bit.ly/3H7rEnn Playlist do GeneraCast no Spotify: https://spoti.fi/3LPxmxS GeneraCast 10 - Genes, cheiros e encontros E-MAILS Mande suas críticas, elogios, sugestões e caneladas para nerdcast@jovemnerd.com.br EDIÇÃO COMPLETA POR RADIOFOBIA PODCAST E MULTIMÍDIA http://radiofobia.com.br

Neste programa vamos entender como a genética traz heranças dos antepassados e como podem ter influência nos dias de hoje. Vem participar dessa sessão de fofocas históricas! ARTE DA VITRINE: Randall Random GENERA Confira o Blog Genera: https://jovemnerd.page.link/Genera-descubra-ou-nao-o-samurai-dentro-de-voce https://jovemnerd.page.link/Genera-arqueologos-e-geneticistas-presenca-viking-na-inglaterra SAIBA MAIS GOUT: A Disease of Kings – Karger Genomica dos Vikins - Population genomics of the Viking world Analysis of Genomic DNA from Medieval Plague Victims Suggests Long-Term Effect of Yersinia pestis on Human Immunity Genes Lessons From History  Royal blood: Queen Victoria and the legacy of hemophilia in European royalty Bubonic plague had long-term effect on human immunity, study suggests OUÇA TAMBÉM Playlist do GeneraCast: https://bit.ly/3H7rEnn Playlist do GeneraCast no Spotify: https://spoti.fi/3LPxmxS GeneraCast 10 - Genes, cheiros e encontros E-MAILS Mande suas críticas, elogios, sugestões e caneladas para nerdcast@jovemnerd.com.br EDIÇÃO COMPLETA POR RADIOFOBIA PODCAST E MULTIMÍDIA http://radiofobia.com.br

Neste programa vamos entender como a genética traz heranças dos antepassados e como podem ter influência nos dias de hoje. Vem participar dessa sessão de fofocas históricas! ARTE DA VITRINE: Randall Random GENERA Confira o Blog Genera: https://jovemnerd.page.link/Genera-descubra-ou-nao-o-samurai-dentro-de-voce https://jovemnerd.page.link/Genera-arqueologos-e-geneticistas-presenca-viking-na-inglaterra SAIBA MAIS GOUT: A Disease of Kings – Karger Genomica dos Vikins - Population genomics of the Viking world Analysis of Genomic DNA from Medieval Plague Victims Suggests Long-Term Effect of Yersinia pestis on Human Immunity Genes Lessons From History  Royal blood: Queen Victoria and the legacy of hemophilia in European royalty Bubonic plague had long-term effect on human immunity, study suggests OUÇA TAMBÉM Playlist do GeneraCast: https://bit.ly/3H7rEnn Playlist do GeneraCast no Spotify: https://spoti.fi/3LPxmxS GeneraCast 10 - Genes, cheiros e encontros E-MAILS Mande suas críticas, elogios, sugestões e caneladas para nerdcast@jovemnerd.com.br EDIÇÃO COMPLETA POR RADIOFOBIA PODCAST E MULTIMÍDIA http://radiofobia.com.br

La Peste Negra es una pandemia que asoló el mundo a mediados del siglo XIV, y muy probablemente sea la pandemia más mortífera de la historia, con entre 75 y 200 millones de víctimas sólo entre 1346 y 1353. La enfermedad estuvo causada por la bacteria Yersinia pestis, que tiene muchísimos recursos para atacar al organismo y por eso produce una enfermedad tan grave. La bacteria vive habitualmente en poblaciones de roedores y en sus pulgas, y rara vez entra en contacto con el ser humano, pero en tres ocasiones a lo largo de la historia ha logrado infiltrarse en la sociedad humana y las tres veces ha causado estragos. La Peste Negra fue la oleada inicial de la segunda de estas pandemias de peste, y aunque sabemos muchas cosas sobre ella seguimos sin tener claro dónde se originó todo: cómo se produjo el "salto" de la bacteria entre roedores y humanos, y cuáles fueron las condiciones que favorecieron ese salto. Ahora, un artículo recién publicado en la revista Nature nos ayuda a esclarecer alguna de esas preguntas: parece que las cepas de peste que iniciaron la pandemia vivían en las montañas de Asia Central, en el actual Kirguistán. Acompañadnos hoy en un trabajo detectivesco para localizar las fuentes de la pandemia mas letal de la historia. Si queréis leer el artículo del que hablamos hoy, es "The source of the Black Death in fourteenth-century central Eurasia", de Maria Spyrou et al. Lo podéis encontrar en este enlace: https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-022-04800-3 Este programa se emitió originalmente el 24 de junio de 2022. Podéis escuchar el resto de audios de La Brújula en la app de Onda Cero y en su web, ondacero.es

The death of Özbeg, Khan of the Golden Horde, in 1341 marked the end of an era for the Jochid Khanate. The thirty year reign of Özbeg had been one of relative internal stability; a stability his successors were not to enjoy. Bloody succession struggles, plague and economic woe were now to be the news of the day within the Horde. And it was Özbeg's sons Tini Beg and Jani Beg Khan who were to face the front of it. Today we take you through the reigns of Özbeg's sons, the eve of the great anarchy which would rip asunder at the very foundation of the Golden Horde. I'm your host David, and this is Kings and Generals: Ages of Conquest.   Özbeg Khan, during his long life, seems to have initially desired his eldest son Temür to succeed him. Having violently purged the Jochid lineage upon his own accession in 1313, Özbeg had the luxury to decide on a successor. But Temür's death around 1330 left Özbeg bereaved, and forced him to make due with his other two sons, Tini Beg and Jani Beg. Born to his wife Taydula Khatun, Tini Beg and Jani Beg were well educated princes. Ibn Battuta noted numerous islamic advisors for both princes, and Jani Beg is specifically described as knowledgeable in Islamic laws. Their names both came from Turkic and Persian words for “spirit,” making them “lords of the spirit.” Tini Beg, as the elder, was preferred by Özbeg to succeed him. During his trip to the Golden Horde, Ibn Battuta describes Özbeg showering Tini Beg in preferences and honours for this purpose. Additionally, Ibn Battuta describes Tini Beg as one of the most handsome of men. There is slight indication that Özbeg and Tini Beg fell out towards the end of his life, when Jani Beg's name begins to appear alongside Özbeg's on coinage, suggesting perhaps the second son was being groomed to be heir.   On Özbeg's death in late 1341, Tini Beg still maneuvered his way onto the throne, likely to the displeasure of Jani Beg. We know little of his reign. There is some suggestion that he was not a Muslim, and had some close links with Franciscans, whom he sent as his envoys to the Pope. One of the earliest pieces of surviving Golden Horde literature dates to his reign, too; a Turkic language poem by the Horde poet Qutb, adapting the Persian language “Khosrow and Shirin” by Nizami. Dedicated to Tini Beg and his wife, it remains a fascinating, if brief, look at the courtly life and social structure of the Horde in the mid-fourteenth century.   We can tell you little else of Tini Beg's reign with any certainty. Jani Beg never took kindly to Tini Beg's ascension; we may suspect he felt that Tini Beg had stolen the throne from him. The order of events is conflicting in the sources; potentially their mother, Taydula, preferred Jani Beg and whispered into his ear while Jani Beg's Islamic advisers may have encouraged him, in reaction to the possibly non-Muslim Tini Beg's enthronement. In some versions, Jani Beg first kills one of their brothers, Khidr Beg, in very uncertain circumstances. In Tini Beg's anger, he raises an army to confront his brother Jani Beg, only to be defeated in battle, taken captive and executed. In other versions, Jani Beg only kills Khidr Beg after Tini Beg's death. The fact of the fratricide of two of his brothers though, is well attested.   So, Jani Beg became Khan in 1342. There can be little doubt of Jani Beg's islam. We are told he even set out orders for his troops to all don turbans and cloaks. Neither could there be any hesitation among the Rus' princes about recognizing Jani Beg's rule; one of Jani Beg's first orders was sending an army to install a new prince in Pereiaslavl'. The meaning was clear. Jani Beg was going to continue his father's policy of firm mastery over the Rus'. In quick order the Rus' princes all travelled to the Horde to recognize Jani Beg's overlordship; the Grand Prince, now Simeon Ivanovich, too made clear his subservience to Jani Beg Khan. Simeon was a close ally to the Khan, and over his reign made regular trips to the Horde, always returning with gifts, honours and Jani Beg's favour. A smart move, lest the Khan remove him from his post. In doing so, they continued the slow if steady consolidation of Moscow's influence regarding the other Rus' cities.        There is also indication that Jani Beg held loftier pretensions. By the start of Jani Beg's reign, he was essentially the last remaining Chinggisid khan with authority. The Blue Horde khans were his vassals, and the Chagatai Khanate and Ilkhanate were either divided or dissolved. In the Yuan Dynasty, with whom contact was infrequent, the Great Khan Töghön Temür was  a figurehead in comparison to his Chancellors. In reaction, it seems to an extent Jani Beg went about presenting himself not just as successors to Özbeg, but the rightful heir to Chinggis Khan. Not Jani Beg was not just the Jochid Khan, but the supreme Khan. Özbeg himself seems to have used in some instances the title of “khan of khans,” as did Jani Beg. In letters to the Ilkhanid successors in the Caucasus, Jani Beg calls himself the “khan of the three ulusus,” and references to “great Khan,” as a Jochid title continued among his successors for centuries. A subtle shift in ideology, but one indicating a recognition, perhaps, that the Mongol Empire was dead, and now the Jochid Khan was supreme monarch by the grace of Eternal Heaven.    Jani Beg did not quite share Özbeg's tolerance to other religions.  While he mellowed later in his reign, initially Jani Beg seemed rather set on reducing privileges enjoyed by Franciscans and the Orthodox Church in Rus', normally a strong supporter of Mongol rule. “Idol temples,” —that is, Buddhist or shamanist sites— were specified for destruction. And as we will see shortly, Jani Beg reacted with particular ire when Christians within his empire caused trouble. But even this animosity should not be too overstated; there is no recorded attempt by Jani Beg, or other Jochid khans, to try and convert the Rus' and other Christian populations to Islam. In the 1350s a Rus' Metropolitan, Alexii, healed the eyes of Jani Beg's mother, Taydula, for which he earned great reward. On Jani Beg's death in 1357 the Rus' Nikonian Chronicle describes the late Jani Beg as a friend to Christians, a  monarch who had given the Rus' many privileges. We might suspect that Jani Beg took the throne with a zealousness to prove his Islamic bona fides, and cooled in this fervour as the years passed.   Unfortunately for the Italian merchants in the Horde, in 1343 Jani Beg was still very much full of zeal.  That year, the second of Jani Beg's reign, news came to him of a murder of a Mongol notable in Tana. Tana was the Italian name for Azov, a trading community Özbeg had granted to the Venetians on the mouth of the Don River, nestled on the edge of the Azov Sea east of the Crimea. In September of 1343, an argument between an Italian and a Mongol, Hajji ‘Umar, resulted in the Italians murdering him in the street.  Jani Beg was white hot with rage directed at the Italians. His father Özbeg had generally handled the Italian traders relatively well, playing them off each other and making the Golden Horde a good deal of money. Initially, Jani Beg had reconfirmed the privileges of the Italians. However, Jani Beg took umbrage with the autonomy of the port cities, and felt they had too much control over the Jochid state's trade. The Italians' continued dealing in nomadic slaves may also have frustrated the Khan. After the poor relationship between Özbeg  and the Mamluk Sultan al-Nasir Muhammad, Jani Beg basically let the relationship with the Mamluks die. With the disintegration of the Ilkhanate, there was little need for such worthless allies, as far as Jani Beg was concerned. He only sent two embassies to the Mamluks; one alerting them of his enthronement, and one informing them of his conquest of Tabriz. There was no interest or desire to allow the Mamluks their continued access to Qipchap troops, and little patience for Italians selling perfectly good potential warriors to distant Egypt. Not surprisingly, it is about this time that Circassians were gaining prominence as the source of Mamluks in Egypt.    The murder of the Mongol in Tana was either the final straw, or simply a good pretence to rid himself of the Italians, and perhaps put his own men in charge of the trade. No more could the Italians enrich themselves at the expense of the Horde! In quick order Jani Beg had the westerners in the Black Sea trade cities of  Tana and Solkhat expelled or killed, and an army bearing down on Caffa in 1343. As the chief of the port cities, and the primary Geneose settlement, Caffa was the prize of the campaign. But it would be no easy nut to crack. Caffa's harbour allowed it to be resupplied by sea no matter how strong the land blockade. Caffa had also learned lessons from sieges suffered during the reign of Toqta Khan thirty years prior. The city walls were stout, its supplies well stocked. Khan Jani Beg found the city withstood his initial assaults over 1343 and 1344. On one occasion a night foray resulted in the Genoese burning down Jani Beg's siege machines. All Jani Beg could do was cut it off by land, for the Genoese could continue to bring in provisions.    A further issue had developed too. While the Venetian-Genoese rivalry was normally strong, in the midst of this emergency they had put aside their differences, the Venetians seeking shelter in Caffa and the city-states putting a trade embargo on the Golden Horde. Recall in our previous episodes, how we described the ways in which the economy of the Golden Horde relied on the overland Asian trade. Much of this funneled through the Golden Horde's Black Sea coastline, and booned with the relative stability of inner-Asian travel. But by the 1340s, this economic system was already reeling with the collapse of the Ilkhanate and Chagatai Khanate, and now with this embargo due to the war with Genoa and Venice, the Horde was effectively cut out of the international trade routes. As early as 1344, a Franciscan observer remarked in a letter that protests were breaking out in the Horde's city with the unintended economic strangulation. The consequences were felt across Europe, with the doubling of the prices of silk and spices. The Horde was a major grain exporter for much of the Black Sea region, and the war was now resulting in famine in Constantinople, as Jani Beg prevented Italian access to the grain harvests.   In an effort to bring about a resolution, Jani Beg needed a new ploy. He found just the ticket. In an unusual for any Mongol khan, with the exception of Khubilai, Jani Beg decided to build a navy. Harbouring it in the Sea of Azov, Jani Beg was going to attack Caffa land and sea, or at least choke it out. Unfortunately for Jani Beg, such an effort could not go unnoticed as sailors, labourers and materials were called into the region. Once the Genoese learned of it in 1345, a specialty raiding fleet was organized in Genoa, sailed across the Mediterranean and literally dashed Jani Beg's dreams to pieces; the Golden Horde's fledgling navy was nipped in the bud, burnt and sunk.    Jani Beg was denied his swift victory. In 1346 he maintained siege lines but undertook no assaults, and in 1347 concluded separate treaties with Genoa and Venice. Once more the Genoese were able to sail their cargo out of Caffa's harbour, and the Venetians returned to their colony at Tana. The entire campaign in the end was nought but an expensive failure, returning to status quo ante bellum. The situation remained tense, particularly when Genoese and Venetian rivalry reasserted itself, and not until the late 1350s do things appear to have normalized, and Caffa remained the preeminent trade center of the northern Black Sea coast. But by then, a much more significant crisis now faced the international market, in the form of that intolerable little bugaboo, Yersinia pestis. Or as you may know it by its more colloquial name, the Black Death.    Wherever its origins were, the Black Death had reached the Golden Horde's cities by 1346, travelling along the Central Asian trade lines.  It likely began ravaging Jani Beg's army outside of Caffa in 1346, and it is here that we get one of the most infamous cases of biological warfare ever recorded, wherein Jani Beg ordered his troops to catapult the plague bodies of their fallen men into Caffa, causing it to spread among the defenders. Fleeing Genoese thus took it back to Europe with them. The rest, as they say, is history.   Except maybe it's not. There's a number of issues with this popular story. Firstly, it's described in only a single, by Gabriele de Mussi, who was not an eyewitness. At the time of the siege, de Mussi was in northern Italy, and may have only learned of the information, at-best secondhand, but perhaps only after it passed through multiple informants. The manuscript itself is a matter of question: not only do no other medieval accounts reference Jani Beg launching corpses like this, but no other source mentions de Mussi's account in particular. In fact, it was unknown until it was discovered in the mid-19th century in what is now Poland! The document itself shows a poor understanding of the chronology, which is suspect for a supposedly educated lawyer like de Mussi. Caffa appears depopulated and abandoned by the end of the siege, though this was far from the case; it also portrays ships coming directly to Genoa from Caffa and spreading the plague thusly. But we know this to be false: the siege ended in 1346, but plague did not come to Genoa until early 1348, and from ships which had come from Sicily. As you probably know, not a lot of plague victims managed two years with it.    Further issues come from the logic presented in the text. The Mongols' deep reverence for their own dead, compounded by their conversion to Islam means that launching the bodies of their own fellows into Caffa seems an extraordinary taboo in their culture to break. In fact, there are effectively no historical anecdotes of an army tossing bodies of its own men into a city in order to spread plague; you'll find very few cultures in history in which soldiers would be willing to disrespect the bodies of their fallen comrades in such a manner. It's one thing to do it to bodies of the enemy, but the desecration of friends and allies is another matter entirely. The Mongols had a very well established reaction to disease outbreaks; leaving a site entirely, rather than stopping to continually handle the plague bodies. This makes a prolonged proximity to plague victims in order to load them into trebuchets even more unlikely. There have also been arguments that this would be a very ineffective means to actually spread plague!  We can even comment on the fact that, had Caffa been so decimated, why did the Mongols not simply overrun it?    Suffice to say, very few modern scholars accept de Mussi's version of events, if the manuscript is even authentic. At best, we might wonder if the Mongols had thrown bodies of prisoners, or even animals, into the city at some point during the siege, which through a game of telephone turned into lobbing thousands of Mongol cadavers into Caffa, as de Mussi suggests. An accidental conflation of timelines and events in the midst of monumental horror of the Black Death is an understandable mistake to make.    The more likely explanation is that the citizens of Caffa picked up the plague after the siege ended. Either looting the abandoned Mongol siege camp, or when the blockade was lifted and trade restarted with the Golden Horde. With the plague already running rampant in the Horde's cities, it was only a matter of time before it entered Caffa through  normal means. The port of Caffa began sending ships out for trade again in spring 1347; by the late summer, the plague was in Constantinople, and by early 1348 in Genoa.  Caffa may very well have been the launching point for the plague into the Mediterranean, but the launching point for plague into Caffa was probably not a Mongol siege weapon.       We have very little information on the effect the Black Death had on the Golden Horde. It seems to have had, just as it did everywhere, a devastating impact on urban centres. As we already established, there were a number of great cities in the steppes which had grown rich on the trans-continental trade. They had already been hurting in previous years with the fall of the other khanates and the Black Sea embargo; now the plague seemed a mortal blow.  The only references we have are vague mentions of thousands upon thousands of losses in these cities. The Rus' Nikonian Chronicle states that so many died in the Horde's cities, that there was noone left to bury them.    For the nomadic population, plague seems to have had a lesser impact. Steppe nomads essentially had a cultural system of quarantine for sick persons; gers would be marked off, and none allowed to enter which a sick person was inside. Those who had been in the presence of a person who died in a ger were forbidden from the khan's presence entirely. Areas where infected animals or persons were seen were strictly avoided. Such systems remain in place even in modern Mongolia, where Yersinis pestis occurs normally in some animal populations. There, the normally sparse population allows the disease to be avoided like the plague. And it seems it proved beneficial for the Mongols; while Jani Beg had around a dozen children alive by the time of his death, at the same time in the Rus' principalities numerous princes, notables and even the Grand Prince, Simeon, succumbed to the plague.        Yet most assuredly, the 1340s and 50s marked a downward path for the Horde. While occupied with the Crimean venture, Jani Beg's western bordering was further slipping from his grasp. In 1345 a Mongol army was defeated by the Hungarian King, Louis the Great. Lithuania continued its expansion into Galicia-Volhynia in competition with the Polish King Casimir III. Jani Beg was frustrated by them, and his mood proved fickle. Initially he granted consent for Casimir's campaigning in Galicia against the Lithaunains, but then in the early 1350s Mongol troops raided as far as Lublin.  In the end, Jani Beg ceded control of Galicia to Poland, and Volhynia to the Lithuanians, in exchange for the continuation of tribute for rights to both lands. While raids by Tatar troops would follow irregularly, Jani Beg's reign marks the surrendering of the western frontier of the Golden Horde.       Sinking the resources and men of his empire into Crimea, meant Jani Beg had been unable to take advantage of the disintegration of the Ilkhanate. Though we might wonder if this was in part a reluctance to press that frontier, given the troubles his father had faced attempting to do so. It was not until the end of the 1350s that Jani Beg finally threw his weight against the Ilkhanate's successors. For years, individuals had fled the Chobanid state to the Golden Horde, bringing news of the poor rulership of Malik Ashraf. For a bit more context, check out episode 58 of this podcast for these post-Ilkhanid states. But in short, the Chobanids were a non-Chinggisid dynasty based in what is now Azerbaijan. Their final ruler was Malik Ashraf, a cruel and violent man who alienated essentially everyone he could. Jani Beg must have felt that the greatly weakened Malik Ashraf would be a pushover. His intentions were clear in the letter he sent to Malik Ashraf in Tabriz:       “I am coming to take possession of the ulus of Hülagü. You are the son of Choban whose name was in the yarligh  of the four uluses. Today three uluses are under my command and I also wish to appoint you emir of the ulus; get up and come to meet me.” At best, as a non-Chinggisid, Malik Ashraf could rule as a governor on behalf of a khan. Malik Ashraf asserted in his response that this is what he was doing, ruling on behalf of Hülagü's line. The fact that Malik Ashraf by that point had no Ilkhanid puppet khan was glossed over. Additionally, Malik Ashraf sought to ease worries among his men by stating that as the ruler of the lands of Berke, Jani Beg had no right to the lands of Hülegü. Such an argument did little good as Jani Beg's host entered the Caucasus in 1357. After a single battle the Chobanid army disintegrated, and the fleeing Malik Ashraf was caught and executed. After almost a century of on and off warfare, Tabriz finally came under Jochid rule. Jani Beg was victorious as none of his ancestors had been. After years of reverses, difficulties and other trials, Jani Beg finally had his great victory. He appointed his son Berdi Beg as governor of the region, and returned triumphant to the Golden Horde… only to die two months later. The blame is usually attributed to Berdi Beg, who in various sources was convinced into the action by poison-tongued emirs. In one account, Berdi Beg strangles his father himself.  Berdi Beg quickly followed this up with murdering many of his brothers, including one who was only eight months old. He is alleged to have killed this one with his own hands. This, as we will see next week, was very far from being the end of the killing.        So ended the reign of Jani Beg Khan, and with it, the golden age of the Horde. Jani Beg appears as an almost pale imitation of Öz Beg, ambitious enough for the throne, but not the man to steer the ship in a time of crisis. He wasted men and resources on his effort to expel the Italians, and achieved nothing for the outburst, preventing him from sooner seizing opportunity in the Caucasus. The Black Death and unraveling of the overland trade was of course outside of his power, but Jani Beg's clumsy hand did nothing to assuage the situation. The fact that he did not face a real threat to his power until 1357 though, speaks to the strength of the Jochid political system that it could essentially coast through these years without major disaster. Such a thing could not be said of Berdi Beg's reign, or those who were soon to follow him, as the Golden Horde entered its period of bulqhaq: anarchy. Our next episodes will detail the steady collapse of the Golden Horde, so be sure to subscribe to the Kings and Generals Podcast to follow. If you enjoyed this and would like to help us continue bringing you great content, consider supporting us on patreon at www.patreon.com/kingsandgenerals. This episode was researched and written by our series historian, Jack Wilson. I'm your host David, and we'll catch you on the next one.