Podcasts about Yersinia

No quadragésimo oitavo episódio do Estudos Medievais, recebemos André Filipe da Silva, Mestre em Estudos Medievais e Doutor em História pela Universidade do Porto. Neste episódio abordamos a segunda pandemia provocada pela Yersinia pestis. Conversamos sobre as formas de transmissão e particularidades da doença, do impacto provocado pela sua chegada no continente europeu, bem como seus efeitos a longo prazo, para além de questões sanitárias e demográficas.ParticipantesGabriel CordeiroAndré Filipe da SilvaMembros da equipeCecília Silva (edição e ilustração)Diego Pereira (roteiro)⁠⁠Eric Cyon (edição)⁠Gabriel Cordeiro (roteiro)⁠⁠Isabela Silva (roteiro)⁠⁠José Fonseca (roteiro)⁠Marina Sanchez (roteiro)Rafael Bosch (roteiro)⁠⁠Sara Oderdenge (roteiro)Sugestões bibliográficasSILVA, André Filipe Oliveira da. A Peste Negra em Portugal: Os casos do Entre-Douro-e-Minho e do Entre-Tejo-e-Odiana. 2021. Tese (Doutorado em História e Arqueologia) – Faculdade de Letras da Universidade do Porto, Porto, 2021. Disponível em: https://hdl.handle.net/10216/137710. Acesso em: 3 de abril de 2025.GREEN, Monica H. Independent Scholar - Academia.edu. Disponível em: https://independentscholar.academia.edu/MonicaHGreen. Acesso em: 3 de abril de 2025.

"Pest" - schon das bloße Wort lässt erschaudern. Sie zählt zu den tödlichsten Seuchen - und zwar nicht nur aufgrund der verheerenden Pestzüge in der Spätantike und im Mittelalter. Noch im 19. und frühen 20. Jahrhundert tötete sie zwölf Millionen Menschen. Und auch heute ist die Pest nicht ausgerottet, Dabei stammt der Erreger, Yersinia pestis, von einem harmlosen Darmbakterium ab. In dieser Podcast Folge fragen wir: Wie hat er sich zu diesem Killer entwickelt? Ein Podcast von Dagmar Röhrlich. Habt Ihr Feedback? Anregungen? Schreibt uns gerne oder schickt eine Sprachnachricht: WhatsApp (https://wa.me/491746744240) oder iq@br.de

Why did the bacterium cross the road? To get to the Join the Docs podcast, of course! In this infectiously funny episode, Dr. Nigel Guest, our ever-curious family practitioner, sits down with none other than Yersinia pestis, the infamous bacterium behind the bubonic plague (). With a twinkle in his eye and a stethoscope around his neck, Dr. Guest dives into a conversation that's as infectious as it is informative, exploring the historical havoc wreaked by this notorious, nasty microbe.Ever wondered what it's like to be the life of the pandemic party? Yersinia pestis, doesn't hold back. Reflecting on its "achievements" with a mix of pride and humour, Yersinia boasts about its role in various outbreaks, including the infamous Black Death. "I was the original person to go viral ," the bacterium recounts its glory days, clearly demonstrating it does not know the difference between a virus and a bacterium butspreading faster than a juicy piece of gossip in a small town, and chuckles about its current status in the microbial hall of shame—er, fame.How does one bacterium manage to stay plague-fully relevant for centuries? Yersinia pestis attributes its longevity to a combination of adaptability and a flair for the dramatic. "I've always known how to make an entrance," it says with a wink, "and let's face it, who doesn't love a good comeback story?" The conversation takes a turn for the hilarious as Yersinia shares anecdotes from its plaguey past, including a particularly memorable stint in 14th-century Europe.Is it possible to make a deadly pathogen sound charming? Dr. Nigel Guest certainly thinks so, as he navigates the interview with the skill of a seasoned talk show host. "You've certainly left your mark on history," he says, barely suppressing a chuckle. Yersinia responds with a mischievous grin, "Well, you know what they say, go big or go home!" The episode wraps up with a light-hearted discussion on modern medicine and the bacterium's current status, proving that even the most sinister microbes can have a sense of humour.This episode is a rollicking, germ-spreading ride through time, disease, and laughter, guaranteed to leave you both educated and entertained. So grab your headphones, settle in, and get ready to laugh your way through the plagues of infectious history with Dr. Nigel Guest and the ever-entertaining Yersinia pestis.—--DISCLAIMER: The views and opinions expressed on Join the Docs are those of Dr. Nigel Guest, Jonathan Sackier and other people on our show. Be aware that Join the Docs is not intended to be medical advice, it is for information and entertainment purposes only - please, always take any health concerns to your doctor or other healthcare provider. We respect the privacy of patients and never identify individuals unless they have consented. We may change details, dates, place names and so on to protect privacy. Listening to Join the Docs, interacting on our social media, emailing or writing to us does not establish a doctor patient relationship.To Contact Us: For a deeper dive on this episode's issue, merchandise and exclusive content, head to www.jointhedocs.comFollow us on youtube.com/JoinTheDocs Follow us on instgram.com/JoinTheDocsFollow us on tiktok.com/JoinTheDocsFollow us on: facebok.com/JoinTheDocsFollow us on: x.com/JoinTheDocs

1 Samuel 5:6 “Y se agravó la mano de Jehová sobre los de Asdod, y los destruyó y los hirió con tumores en Asdod y en todo su territorio”.Dios creó al primer hombre en absoluta perfección y lo constituyó en un ser tripartito: espíritu, alma y cuerpo:El espíritu del hombre estaba unido a Dios.El alma en estado de inocencia estaba sujetado a la dirección del espíritu.Y por consiguiente el cuerpo podía vivir eternamente.Este orden fue alterado al entrar el pecado al mundo: el alma tomó el señorío, la mente se coronó como soberana, ambos se sustentaron por el conocimiento humano y el cuerpo sufrió las consecuencias: LA ENFERMEDAD Y LA MUERTE.El hombre cambió el conocimiento, la comunión y el poder de Dios por el conocimiento humano al aceptar la insinuación del diablo, de intentar hacerse un dios y al hacerlo murió espiritualmente, el espíritu quedó sin acceso a Dios, la muerte entró al hombre y con ello, todo lo que pertenece al imperio de la muerte: La enfermedad, maldición, iniquidad, dolor, tragedia, oscuridad, pecado, en otras palabras, desorden y tinieblas.En la Biblia aparecen seis enfermedades que existen todavía a día de hoy: Lepra, epilepsia, fiebre, disentería, sarna y tuberculosis y de estas seis enfermedades se desarrollan todas las enfermedades del ser humano; las causas: El pecado, la Maldad y la Iniquidad.Una de las enfermedades mas temidas por el ser humano son los tumores, para los cuales aún no se ha descubierto científicamente la cura, la Biblia relata varios casos de aparición de tumores en los moradores de 5 ciudades filisteas,  voy a hacer un relato corto: 1 Samuel 5.Los filisteos representan a los enemigos poderosos que son imposible de enfrentar y vencer si no es con la ayuda sobrenatural de Dios.Los ancianos de Israel aconsejaron traer de Silo el Arca del pacto de Jehová, con el fin de obtener la victoria sobre los filisteos, pero Israel fue vencido por los filisteos, los cuales hirieron en la batalla en el campo como a cuatro mil hombres:1 de Samuel 4:1-2 “Por aquel tiempo salió Israel a encontrar en batalla a los filisteos, y acampó junto a Eben-ezer, y los filisteos acamparon en Afec. Y los filisteos presentaron la batalla a Israel; y trabándose el combate, Israel fue vencido delante de los filisteos, los cuales hirieron en la batalla en el campo como a cuatro mil hombres”1 Samuel 4:10-11 “Pelearon, pues, los filisteos, e Israel fue vencido, y huyeron cada cual a sus tiendas; y fue hecha muy grande mortandad, pues cayeron de Israel treinta mil hombres de a pie. Y el arca de Dios fue tomada, y muertos los dos hijos de Elí, Ofni y Finees”.Cuando los filisteos capturaron el arca del Dios de Israel, que estaba en manos de los hebreos, y la introdujeron en el templo de su dios Dagón, e hicieron pasar el Arca de Jehová por 5 ciudades de los filisteos y el Señor hirió a los filisteos con tumores y plagas de ratones, 1 Samuel 5:6, 9, 12.Ante semejante calamidad, los filisteos se dieron cuenta de su error y decidieron devolver el arca, ofreciendo además “cinco tumores de oro y cinco ratones de oro” como recompensa por el agravio cometido. Algunos estudiosos creen que dicha epidemia, pudo ser causada por la bacteria Yersinia pestis que, al pasar de los ratones a las personas, es la responsable de la peste bubónica, esta enfermedad mortal produce la inflamación de los ganglios linfáticos, y por ende tumores cancerígenos. De ahí a que los tumores son producidos por el pecado de la “Idolatría”.La primera y más profunda sanidad que Jesús nos da es el perdón de los pecados, Cristo murió para librar­nos del pecado y hacer posible la salvación, a nosotros nos toca hacer nuestra parte: arrepentirnos y convertirnos.El perdón de los pecados está íntimamente conectado con la sanidad física, emocional y espiritual e incluso me atrevería a decir que muchas veces la enfermedad física es una señal de que hay alguna situación espiritual o emocional que aún no se ha resuelto con Dios o con el prójimo.Dios prometió que si el pueblo le obedecía estarían libres de las enfermedades de los egipcios. Y muy pocos supieron que muchas de las leyes morales que les dio posteriormente los mantendrían libres de enfermedades. Éxodo 15:26 “Y dijo: Si oyeres atentamente la voz de Jehová tu Dios, e hicieres lo recto delante de sus ojos, y dieres oído a sus mandamientos, y guardares todos sus estatutos, ninguna enfermedad de las que envié a los egipcios te enviaré a ti; porque yo soy Jehová tu sanador”. Por supuesto que existen varias causas que provocan enfermedades, el pecado es una de ellas, he aquí dos ejemplos claros:Juan 5:1-14 “Había en Jerusalén un estanque llamado Bethesda y allí estaba un hombre, que desde hacía 38 años estaba enfermo. Jesús le pregunta ¿Quieres ser sano? Jesús le dijo: levántate, toma tu lecho y anda. Al instante aquel hombre fue sanado, tomó su lecho y anduvo. Días después Jesús le halló en el templo y le dijo: Mira, has sido sanado; no peques más, para que no te venga alguna cosa peor”. Mateo 9:2 “Sucedió que le trajeron a Jesús un paralítico tendido sobre una cama. Jesús le dijo: ten ánimo hijo, tus pecados te son perdonados. Luego le dijo: levántate, toma tu cama y vete a tu casa. Entonces él se levantó y se fue a su casa,  lo primero que Jesús le dijo fue “tus pecados te son perdonados”. Aquí vemos nuevamente la relación entre el pecado y las enfermedades.El génesis de las enfermedades se encuentra en el alma y el problema de la medicina es que ve al hombre como un cuerpo y su psiquis, pero deja a un lado el alma y el espíritu, por lo tanto hay enfermedades causadas por la falta de perdón, el resentimiento y la depresión, por ejemplo la fibromialgia; enfermedades en los huesos tales como artritis, inflamación de las articulaciones; artrosis, osteoporosis entre otras.Si queremos ver la victoria en nuestra vida y en nuestro cuerpo necesitamos entender donde radica la raíz del problema, las enfermedades se arraigan a todo lo que está oscuro en nuestra alma: odio, rencor, envidia, pleitos, fornicaciones, codicias y cosas semejantes. El Señor ha dado promesas de sanidad y restauración para tu vida, tu hogar y tu descendencia, son promesas condicionadas a la obediencia:Deuteronomio 7:15 “Y quitará Jehová de ti toda enfermedad; y todas las malas plagas de Egipto, que tú conoces, no las pondrá sobre ti, antes las pondrá sobre todos los que te aborrecieren”.Éxodo 15:26 “Y dijo: Si oyeres atentamente la voz de Jehová tu Dios, e hicieres lo recto delante de sus ojos, y dieres oído a sus mandamientos, y guardares todos sus estatutos, ninguna enfermedad de las que envié a los egipcios te enviaré a ti; porque yo soy Jehová tu sanador”.Aún es posible vivir en la sanidad del Reino de Dios por tal razón Dios preparó el plan de salvación a través de Jesucristo, el cual en la cruz del calvario hizo expiación por nuestros pecados. La expiación es la remoción de la culpa, el pecado y la maldad a través de un tercero, el sujeto culpable queda absuelto de cualquier pena por medio de un animal (ej. chivo expiatorio) u otra persona. Cristo se constituye en el último cordero que fue inmolado para expiar todos nuestros pecados.Aparecen enfermedades por medio de las heridas que no han sido sanadas ni vendadas o conflictos que nunca se arreglaron, estas son las causas de las enfermedades del alma cuyos síntomas son: “iras, peleas, contiendas, gritería, arrogancia, perfeccionismo, amargura, raíz de amargura, acusaciones, humillaciones entre otras“.Enfermedades f...

Welcome to the Instant Trivia podcast episode 1178, where we ask the best trivia on the Internet. Round 1. Category: Tv Businesses 1: Ewing Oil. Dallas. 2: Duff Brewery. The Simpsons. 3: Bluth's Original Frozen Banana. Arrested Development. 4: Luthercorp. Smallville. 5: Los Pollos Hermanos--best chicken in New Mexico!. Breaking Bad. Round 2. Category: A Visit From St. Nicholas 1: '"Twas the night before Christmas, when all through the house not a creature was stirring, not even" this one. a mouse. 2: It completes the line "but I heard him exclaim, ere he drove out of sight, 'Happy Christmas to all,...'". and to all a good night. 3: "He was dressed all in fur from his head to his foot, and his clothes were all tarnished with" these 2 items. ashes and soot. 4: St. Nick's nose is described as resembling this fruit. a cherry. 5: Of Santa's 8 reindeer, it's the last one named. Blitzen. Round 3. Category: Black 1: If your black piano keys are shiny, they're probably plastic; if they dull with age, probably this wood. ebony. 2: This company cleaned up when it introduced the Dustbuster in 1979. Black and Decker. 3: A black monolith mysteriously appears at different times in human history in this classic sci-fi film. 2001: A Space Odyssey. 4: The Black Death that killed many in Europe in the 1300s is believed to have been caused by this type of organism, Yersinia pestis. a bacterium. 5: Their home ice is located at 1901 West Madison Street. the Blackhawks. Round 4. Category: Field Of DreamS. With Dream in quotation marks 1: Someone considered very good-looking is said to be one of these "ships". Dreamboat. 2: Collective name for the 1992 U.S. men's Olympic basketball squad. "The Dream Team". 3: In 1983 Eurythmics hit No. 1 on the U.S. pop charts with this song. "Sweet Dreams". 4: This popular musical was supposedly based in part on the lives and careers of the Supremes. Dreamgirls. 5: Freud published this landmark study in 1899. The Interpretation Of Dreams. Round 5. Category: Name The Parent Company 1: Post-it notes. 3M. 2: Fisher-Price toys. Mattel. 3: Cheerios andBetty Crocker products. General Mills. 4: Crest toothpaste. Procter and Gamble. 5: Velveeta. Kraft. Thanks for listening! Come back tomorrow for more exciting trivia!Special thanks to https://blog.feedspot.com/trivia_podcasts/ AI Voices used

Mucoviscidose: pourquoi les infections persistent-elles malgré la thérapie? Les brèves du jour Micro sciences: Cʹest quoi le Problème à trois corps? Yersinia pestis: la bactérie de la peste

The Black Death in the 14th century is engrained in the popular consciousness. But how familiar is the first wave of the disease that happened in the 500s? In this episode, we explore what plague is, its evolution, strains and impact on the world of the 6th century according to Procopius. Sources for this episode: Achtman, M., Zurth, K., Morelli, G., Torrea, G., Guiyoule, A. and Carniel, E. (1999), Yersinia pestis, the cause of plague, is a recently emerged clone of Yersinia pseudotuberculosis. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 96(24): 14043-14048. Dai, R., He, J., Zha, X., Wang, Y., Zhang, X., Gao, H., Yang, X., Li, J., Xin, Y., Wang, Y., Li, S., Jin, J., Zhang, Q., Bai, J., Peng, Y., Wu, H., Zhang, Q., Wei, B., Xu, J. and Li, W. (2021), A novel mechanism of streptomycin resistance in Yersinia pestis: Mutation in the rpsL gene. PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases 15(4): e0009324. Dewing, H. B. (1960), Procopius in Seven Volumes. Volume VI: The Anecdota or Secret History. Cambridge, Massachusetts and London: Harvard University Press and William Heinemann Ltd. Dewing, H. B. (1961), Procopius in Seven Volumes. Volume II: History of the Wars: Books III and IV. Cambridge, Massachusetts and London: Harvard University Press and William Heinemann Ltd. Dull, R. A., Southon, J. R., Kutterolf, S., Anchukaitis, K. J., Freundt, A., Wahl, D. B., Sheets, P., Amaroli, P., Hernandez, W., Wiemann, M. C. and Oppenheimer, C. (2019), Radiocarbon and geologic evidence reveal Ilopango volcano as source of the colossal ‘mystery' eruption of 539/40 CE. Quaternary Science Reviews 222: 105855. Dykhuizen, D. E. (2000), Yersinia pestis: An instant species? Trends in Microbiology 8(7): 296-298. Ke, Y., Chen, Z. and Yang, R. (2019), Yersinia pestis: mechanisms of entry into and resistance to the host cell. Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology 3(106): 1-9. Kousoulis, A. A., Karamanou, M., Tsoucalas, G., Dimitriou, T. and Androutsos, G. (2012), Alexandre Yersin's Explorations (1892-1894) in French Indochina before the Discovery of the Plague Bacillus. Acto Medico-Historica Adriatica 10(2): 303-310. Mikaty, G., Coullon, H., Fiette, L., Pizarro-Cerdá and Carniel, E. (2021), The invasive pathogen Yersinia pestis disrupts host blood vasculature to spread and provoke hemorrhages. PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases 15(10): e0009832. Mordechai, L., Eisenberg, M., Newfield, T. P., Izdebski, A., Kay, J. E. and Poinar, H. (2019), The Justinianic Plague: An Inconsequential Pandemic? Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 116(51): 25546-25554. Moseley, J. E. (1981), Travels of Alexandre Yersin: Letters of a Pastorian in Indochina, 1890-1894. Perspectives in Biology and Medicine 24(4): 607-618. Norwich, J. J. (2013), A Short History of Byzantium. London: The Penguin Group. Procopius (1985), The Secret History (translated by Williamson, G. A.). Harmondsworth: Penguin Books Ltd. Rogers, K., Encyclopedia Britannica (2023), Yersinia pestis (online) (Accessed c.01/03/2024). Rosen, W. (2008), Justinian's Flea: Plague, Empire & the Birth of Europe. London: Pimlico. Sarris, P. (2023), Justinian: Emperor, Soldier, Saint. London: Basic Books UK. Author unknown, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (date unknown), Protect yourself from plague. Author unknown, Wikipedia (date unknown), Plague of Justinian (online) (Accessed 01/03/2024).

Jason Richardson, Ph.D. is the Vice President of Global Quality and Food Safety of The Coca-Cola Company, a position he has held since January 2021. In this role, Jason leads a team of quality and food safety professionals who are accountable for delivering global strategic and operational leadership for performance and progress of quality and food safety programs across the Coca-Cola system.   Jason joined The Coca-Cola Company in Atlanta in 2009, holding a variety of quality, food safety, and technical leadership positions within Coca-Cola North America over the course of his career. Prior to joining The Coca-Cola Company, Jason spent over seven years as a Microbiologist/Collateral Duty Safety Officer with the U.S. Department of Agriculture's Agricultural Research Service (USDA's ARS), conducting research on sanitizers, novel technologies, standard and rapid microbiological detection methods, and the ecology of bacterial foodborne pathogens in foods, achieving more than 150 peer-reviewed publications.   Jason serves or has served on numerous committees and advisory boards during his career, including SSAFE, Consumer Brands Association, the University of Georgia's Center for Food Safety Board of Advisories and its College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences Dean's Industry Advisory Council, USDA's Exotic Newcastle Disease Task Force, and USDA's Committee on Feasibility of "zero tolerance" for Salmonella on raw poultry. He is currently serving as Treasurer for SSAFE. He is active in professional associations, including IAFP, where he serves on several professional development groups.    Jason obtained his B.S.A. and M.S. degrees, as well as his Ph.D., from the University of Georgia, focusing in Agribusiness, Poultry Science, and Food Science and Technology, with emphases in Food Microbiology and Food Safety. In this episode of Food Safety Matters, we speak with Jason [23:58] about: The evolution of his career, from food safety microbiologist to corporate business leader The development and implementation of Coca-Cola's Amplify Quality Framework, an initiative led by Jason to revamp the company's food safety and quality assurance (FSQA) programs to optimize enterprise-wide performance and growth How Jason balances both food safety and quality assurance through his leadership and with the help of his FSQA teams Initiatives Jason is working on to refresh Coca-Cola's food safety culture, and messaging and methods he uses to reinforce good food safety culture throughout the company How Jason contextualizes FSQA as an asset to business performance and growth Balancing cost optimization with FSQA efforts Words of advice for early-career food safety professionals who will be the FSQA leaders of the future. News and Resources FDA Publishes Report About On-Farm Investigations, Sampling of Leafy Greens in Salinas Valley [4:24] AMR Trends can be Reversed by Decreasing Antimicrobial Use, EU Agencies Report [9:39] Researchers Call for Improved Surveillance of Yersinia, an Underestimated Threat to Food Safety [16:23] USDA Develops Egg Pasteurization Technology That Rapidly Kills 99.999 Percent of Salmonella [19:09] Register for the 2024 Food Safety Summit!Taking place May 6–9, 2024 in Rosemont, Illinois. Register before March 31 for a 10% early bird discount rate, plus use promo code “FSMatters15” for an extra 15% off registration. Yes, that's a total discount of 25%! Sponsored by:Michigan State University Online Food Safety Program  We Want to Hear from You! Please send us your questions and suggestions to podcast@food-safety.com

The bubonic plague, caused by the bacterium Yersinia pestis, has plagued humanity for centuries, leaving a lasting mark on history. Although commonly associated with medieval times, the bubonic plague continues to persist in various parts of the world, In 2020, California reported its first incidence of plague in five years. Officials stated at the time that the patient, a South Lake Tahoe resident, was healing at home. In Colorado in 2015, two fatal cases were reported. And now Oregon?. Not to mention the alaska-pox that just broke out.Back in September 2005, there was an incident reported, There was a big investigation going on in New Jersey! So, The research lab, located at the University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, is operated by the Public Health Research Institute, a center for infectious disease research.They did research on some mice that were carrying a really dangerous disease called the plague that have gone missing. One scientist from Rutgers University even said that this disease, the plague, is really bad. Scary stuff, right? fast forward to 2024. WOW!

In this week's episode of Bugs and Drugs, we will dive into two worlds of food borne bacteria. One can be found in reheated rice, known as Bacillus cereus. The other is found in raw or undercooked pork, known as Yersinia enterocolitica. B. cereus can present with vomiting syndrome or diarrheal syndrome. You won't need to do any testing unless there is an outbreak and antibiotics are not needed. Your patient will need some IV fluids and letting the bacteria go through their system. Patients that come in with Yersinia enterocolitica, will present with diarrhea and abdominal pain.  In some cases, your patient can experience reactive arthritis and erythema nodosum, affecting joints and skin. Once you confirm with a stool and blood test, antibiotics are recommended along with IV fluids. Join Dr. Niket Sonpal, survivor of contaminated PB&J, in Bugs and…IV fluids. February 12, 2024 — Do you work in primary care medicine? Primary Care Medicine Essentials is our brand new program specifically designed for primary care providers to increase their core medical knowledge & improve patient flow optimization. Learn more here: Primary Care Essentials —

In this episode, we review the high-yield topic of⁠ ⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠Yersinia pestis⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠ ⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠from the Microbiology section. Follow ⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠Medbullets⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠ on social media: Facebook: www.facebook.com/medbullets Instagram: www.instagram.com/medbulletsofficial Twitter: www.twitter.com/medbullets --- Send in a voice message: https://podcasters.spotify.com/pod/show/medbulletsstep1/message

Schon das bloße Wort "Pest" lässt erschaudern. Sie zählt zu den tödlichsten Seuchen - und zwar nicht nur aufgrund der verheerenden Pestzüge in der Spätantike und im Mittelalter. Noch im 19. und frühen 20. Jahrhundert tötete sie zwölf Millionen Menschen. Und auch heute ist die Pest nicht ausgerottet, Dabei stammt der Erreger, Yersinia pestis, von einem harmlosen Darmbakterium ab. Wie hat sie sich zu einem Killer entwickelt? Autorin: Dagmar Röhrlich

Welcome to the Instant Trivia podcast episode 1049, where we ask the best trivia on the Internet. Round 1. Category: B Prepared. With B in quotes 1: A non-rigid flexible dirigible. blimp. 2: This type of piano is about 5 feet long. Baby grand. 3: This contagious disease caused by the bacterium Yersinia pestis can be spread by fleas from infected rats. bubonic plague. 4: "I'll Go Home With Bonnie Jean" is one of many lively songs in this Lerner and Loewe musical. Brigadoon. 5: This Pennsylvania city was founded in 1741 and appropriately named on Christmas Eve. Bethlehem. Round 2. Category: A Mighty Wind 1: In 1951 they called the wind this in "Paint Your Wagon", but Ms. Carey might challenge the spelling. Maria. 2: In April 1934 Mt. Washington had a wind gust reach 201 of this unit equal to 1 nautical mile per hour. knots. 3: 2-word "aeronautical" term for the strong, generally westerly winds in the Earth's upper troposphere. the jet stream. 4: It has a low-pressure center and circular wind motion; the Coney Island ride opened June 26, 1927 is much more fun. a cyclone. 5: Volkswagen aficionados know this hot, dusty wind that blows from North Africa and affects Southern Europe. scirocco. Round 3. Category: Relax, We'Re Still Rated G 1: Paul Angelis voiced the chief Blue Meanie and some dude named Ringo in this 1968 film. Yellow Submarine. 2: The piscine lead in this '03 film: "If this is some kind of practical joke, it's not funny, and I know funny, I'm a clownfish". Finding Nemo. 3: For a category on G-rated films, that'll do, this 1995 title porker. That'll do. Babe. 4: Tom Hanks says, "That wasn't flying. That was...falling with style" in this 1995 animated movie. Toy Story. 5: In 2005 this title duo investigated "The Curse of the Were-Rabbit". Wallace and Gromit. Round 4. Category: On The Old Quarter 1: At 8 letters, it's the longest word (hint: it's Latin). pluribus. 2: The direction in which the figures are facing. left. 3: The single word at the top of the "heads" side. Liberty. 4: The leaves of this plant are depicted on the reverse of the quarter. (the) olive (tree). 5: The sole verb. trust. Round 5. Category: Tasmanian Tidbits 1: Tasmania is this country's smallest state. Australia. 2: Discovering the island in 1642, he named it Van Diemen's Land. Abel Tasman. 3: Also called wolfram, this metal used in lamp filaments is a big source of income. Tungsten. 4: The island is home to the Tasmanian devil and this animal. Wombat. 5: The Derwent River in Tasmania has a concrete one of these floating bridges. Pontoon bridge. Thanks for listening! Come back tomorrow for more exciting trivia!Special thanks to https://blog.feedspot.com/trivia_podcasts/ AI Voices used

Send us a Text Message.The Flea Chronicles": Dr. Z shares her expertise on fleas, covering everything from their life cycle to the diseases they transmit. Join the conversation as the hosts discuss the most effective flea control methods and debunk common myths surrounding these pesky critters. In this episode you will learn:Flea Life Cycle: Explore the intricate stages of a flea's life, from egg to larva, pupa, and finally, the blood-sucking adult. Understand why disrupting this cycle is crucial for effective control.Diseases Fleas Transmit: Uncover the potential health threats posed by fleas, including anemia, cat scratch fever (bartonellosis), and infectious anemias in cats. Learn about the historical significance of fleas in transmitting the bubonic plague.Flea-Related Anemia: Delve into the impact of fleas on young kittens and puppies, leading to severe anemia due to excessive blood consumption. Discover how timely intervention can reverse the effects and promote recovery.Pathogens in Flea Spit: Understand the role of fleas as carriers of pathogens and bacteria, including Yersinia pestis, responsible for the bubonic plague. Learn about more common diseases transmitted by fleas, such as bartonellosis and hemotropic mycoplasmosis.Tapeworm Infections: Explore the fascinating life cycle of tapeworms, specifically Dipylidium caninum, and how fleas play a crucial role in their transmission. Learn why addressing tapeworms requires a dual approach involving both deworming and flea control.Treatment Options: Compare newer isoxazoline-based products like Bravecto, Simparica, NexGuard, and Credelio with older over-the-counter options like Frontline and Advantage. Understand the importance of choosing effective, fast-acting treatments for optimal flea control.Environmental Management: Get insights into clearing out the flea biomass in your home. Learn why traditional methods like flea bombs may not be as effective and discover practical tips like daily vacuuming to expedite the process.Natural Remedies: Debunk common myths about natural flea remedies such as garlic, diatomaceous earth, and cider vinegar. Understand why these alternatives often fall short in preventing and treating flea infestations.Flea Prevention Strategies: Grasp the importance of year-round flea control for both dogs and cats. Understand why consistency in preventative measures is essential to keep pets and households free from the menace of fleas.Support the Show.Connect with me here: https://www.vetsplanationpodcast.com/ https://www.facebook.com/vetsplanation/ https://www.twitter.com/vetsplanations/ https://www.instagram.com/vetsplanation/ https://www.tiktok.com/@vetsplanation/ https://youtube.com/@Vetsplanationpodcast https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLVbvK_wcgytuVECLYsfmc2qV3rCQ9enJK Voluntary donations and Vetsplanation subscription: https://www.paypal.com/donate/?hosted_button_id=DNZL7TUE28SYE https://www.buzzsprout.com/1961906/subscribe

In this episode, we review the high-yield topic of Yersinia enterocolitica ⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠from the Microbiology section. Follow ⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠Medbullets⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠ on social media: Facebook: www.facebook.com/medbullets Instagram: www.instagram.com/medbulletsofficial Twitter: www.twitter.com/medbull --- Send in a voice message: https://podcasters.spotify.com/pod/show/medbulletsstep1/message

The most famous bacteria in history is no doubt the bacteria that caused the Plague. Today, on another episode focused on disease history, we'll identify this bacteria, how it works, and how it presented itself through history. Music by Muzaproduction from Pixabayhttps://www.instagram.com/sciencewithdr_k/https://www.cdc.gov/plague/faq/index.html#:~:text=Top%20of%20Page-,What%20is%20the%20basic%20transmission%20cycle%20of%20plague%3F,mammals%20during%20a%20subsequent%20feeding.https://www.nature.com/articles/s41435-019-0065-0https://journals.asm.org/doi/10.1128/cmr.00044-19https://origins.osu.edu/connecting-history/covid-justinianic-plague-lessons?language_content_entity=enhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7513766/#:~:text=The%20Black%20Death%20or%20bubonic,people%20in%20fourteenth%2Dcentury%20Europe.&text=Yersinia%20pestis%20(the%20plague%20bacteria,weaponized%20as%20a%20bioterrorism%20agent.&text=Early%20plague%20treatment%20is%20curative,Modern%20outbreaks%20still%20regularly%20occurhttps://www.sciencemuseum.org.uk/objects-and-stories/medicine/bubonic-plague-first-pandemic

¡Vótame en los Premios iVoox 2023! Agradece a este podcast tantas horas de entretenimiento y disfruta de episodios exclusivos como éste. ¡Apóyale en iVoox! La pandemia de la peste negra, también conocida como la Peste Bubónica, es uno de los eventos más devastadores en la historia de la humanidad. A lo largo del siglo XIV, esta enfermedad mortal asoló Europa, dejando un rastro de destrucción y muerte a su paso. A continuación, exploraremos la pandemia de la peste negra en la Edad Media, sus causas, consecuencias y su impacto en la sociedad de la época. Causas y Propagación La peste negra fue causada por la bacteria Yersinia pestis, que se transmite principalmente a través de las pulgas que infestan a las ratas. Aunque la peste había existido en el mundo durante siglos, la pandemia de la peste negra en el siglo XIV fue especialmente letal y se propagó a una velocidad alarmante. Se cree que las rutas comerciales que conectaban Europa con Asia y África jugaron un papel fundamental en la propagación de la enfermedad. Las ratas, que vivían en los barcos y caravanas comerciales, portaban pulgas infectadas que luego transmitían la enfermedad a los humanos. Síntomas y Mortalidad Los síntomas de la peste negra eran aterradores y mortales. Los enfermos desarrollaban fiebre alta, inflamación de los ganglios linfáticos, conocidos como bubones, y manchas negras en la piel, de ahí su nombre. Además, la enfermedad podía propagarse a los pulmones, causando la forma altamente contagiosa de la peste neumónica. La tasa de mortalidad de la peste negra fue extremadamente alta, matando a una gran parte de la población afectada. Se estima que en algunos lugares, hasta un tercio de la población europea pereció debido a esta enfermedad. Impacto Social y Económico La pandemia de la peste negra tuvo un impacto devastador en la sociedad medieval. La muerte de tantos ciudadanos dejó pueblos y ciudades despobladas, lo que resultó en la disminución de la producción agrícola y el colapso de la economía. La mano de obra escaseaba, lo que llevó a una inflación descontrolada y una pérdida generalizada de la riqueza. Los precios de los productos básicos se dispararon, y el sistema feudal, que había dominado la Europa medieval, comenzó a desmoronarse. Además de las consecuencias económicas, la pandemia de la peste negra también generó miedo y desesperación en la sociedad. Las personas buscaban explicaciones y a menudo culpaban a minorías, como los judíos, de propagar la enfermedad. Esto llevó a persecuciones y pogromos en muchas comunidades europeas. Consecuencias a Largo Plazo A pesar de la devastación inicial, la pandemia de la peste negra también tuvo algunas consecuencias a largo plazo. La escasez de mano de obra llevó a un aumento en la movilidad social, ya que los trabajadores ahora tenían más poder de negociación y podían demandar mejores condiciones laborales. Además, la crisis económica resultante fomentó el desarrollo de nuevas formas de comercio y producción, lo que eventualmente contribuyó al surgimiento del Renacimiento europeo. En resumen, la pandemia de la peste negra en la Edad Media fue un evento catastrófico que cambió la historia europea de manera profunda y duradera. Aunque causó una gran destrucción y sufrimiento, también tuvo efectos a largo plazo en la sociedad y la economía, marcando el comienzo de una nueva era en la historia europea. La peste negra sigue siendo un recordatorio sombrío de la capacidad de las enfermedades infecciosas para alterar el curso de la historia humana. ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Antena Historia te regala 30 días PREMIUM, para que lo disfrutes https://www.ivoox.com/premium?affiliate-code=b4688a50868967db9ca413741a54cea5 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Produce Antonio Cruz Edita ANTENA HISTORIA Antena Historia (podcast) forma parte del sello iVoox Originals ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- web……….https://antenahistoria.com/ correo.....info@antenahistoria.com Facebook…..Antena Historia Podcast | Facebook Twitter…...https://twitter.com/AntenaHistoria Telegram…...https://t.me/foroantenahistoria DONACIONES PAYPAL...... https://paypal.me/ancrume ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ¿QUIERES ANUNCIARTE en ANTENA HISTORIA?, menciones, cuñas publicitarias, programas personalizados, etc. Dirígete a Antena Historia - AdVoices Escucha el episodio completo en la app de iVoox, o descubre todo el catálogo de iVoox Originals

La pandemia de la peste negra, también conocida como la Peste Bubónica, es uno de los eventos más devastadores en la historia de la humanidad. A lo largo del siglo XIV, esta enfermedad mortal asoló Europa, dejando un rastro de destrucción y muerte a su paso. A continuación, exploraremos la pandemia de la peste negra en la Edad Media, sus causas, consecuencias y su impacto en la sociedad de la época. Causas y Propagación La peste negra fue causada por la bacteria Yersinia pestis, que se transmite principalmente a través de las pulgas que infestan a las ratas. Aunque la peste había existido en el mundo durante siglos, la pandemia de la peste negra en el siglo XIV fue especialmente letal y se propagó a una velocidad alarmante. Se cree que las rutas comerciales que conectaban Europa con Asia y África jugaron un papel fundamental en la propagación de la enfermedad. Las ratas, que vivían en los barcos y caravanas comerciales, portaban pulgas infectadas que luego transmitían la enfermedad a los humanos. Síntomas y Mortalidad Los síntomas de la peste negra eran aterradores y mortales. Los enfermos desarrollaban fiebre alta, inflamación de los ganglios linfáticos, conocidos como bubones, y manchas negras en la piel, de ahí su nombre. Además, la enfermedad podía propagarse a los pulmones, causando la forma altamente contagiosa de la peste neumónica. La tasa de mortalidad de la peste negra fue extremadamente alta, matando a una gran parte de la población afectada. Se estima que en algunos lugares, hasta un tercio de la población europea pereció debido a esta enfermedad. Impacto Social y Económico La pandemia de la peste negra tuvo un impacto devastador en la sociedad medieval. La muerte de tantos ciudadanos dejó pueblos y ciudades despobladas, lo que resultó en la disminución de la producción agrícola y el colapso de la economía. La mano de obra escaseaba, lo que llevó a una inflación descontrolada y una pérdida generalizada de la riqueza. Los precios de los productos básicos se dispararon, y el sistema feudal, que había dominado la Europa medieval, comenzó a desmoronarse. Además de las consecuencias económicas, la pandemia de la peste negra también generó miedo y desesperación en la sociedad. Las personas buscaban explicaciones y a menudo culpaban a minorías, como los judíos, de propagar la enfermedad. Esto llevó a persecuciones y pogromos en muchas comunidades europeas. Consecuencias a Largo Plazo A pesar de la devastación inicial, la pandemia de la peste negra también tuvo algunas consecuencias a largo plazo. La escasez de mano de obra llevó a un aumento en la movilidad social, ya que los trabajadores ahora tenían más poder de negociación y podían demandar mejores condiciones laborales. Además, la crisis económica resultante fomentó el desarrollo de nuevas formas de comercio y producción, lo que eventualmente contribuyó al surgimiento del Renacimiento europeo. En resumen, la pandemia de la peste negra en la Edad Media fue un evento catastrófico que cambió la historia europea de manera profunda y duradera. Aunque causó una gran destrucción y sufrimiento, también tuvo efectos a largo plazo en la sociedad y la economía, marcando el comienzo de una nueva era en la historia europea. La peste negra sigue siendo un recordatorio sombrío de la capacidad de las enfermedades infecciosas para alterar el curso de la historia humana. ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Antena Historia te regala 30 días PREMIUM, para que lo disfrutes https://www.ivoox.com/premium?affiliate-code=b4688a50868967db9ca413741a54cea5 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Produce Antonio Cruz Edita ANTENA HISTORIA Antena Historia (podcast) forma parte del sello iVoox Originals ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- web……….https://antenahistoria.com/ correo.....info@antenahistoria.com Facebook…..Antena Historia Podcast | Facebook Twitter…...https://twitter.com/AntenaHistoria Telegram…...https://t.me/foroantenahistoria DONACIONES PAYPAL...... https://paypal.me/ancrume ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ¿QUIERES ANUNCIARTE en ANTENA HISTORIA?, menciones, cuñas publicitarias, programas personalizados, etc. Dirígete a Antena Historia - AdVoices Escucha el episodio completo en la app de iVoox, o descubre todo el catálogo de iVoox Originals

No quinto episódio da série Mundus, recebemos a arqueóloga Dominique Castex, diretora de pesquisa da Unité Mixte de Recherches 5199: De la Préhistoire à l'Actuel: Culture, Environnement et Anthropologie, vinculada à Université Bordeaux. Em nossa entrevista, discutimos a peste e como podemos estudá-la e identificá-la empregando métodos oriundos da Arqueologia Funerária, parte da Arqueologia que se ocupa do estudo dos sepultamentos, práticas funerárias etc. A peste é um tema clássico dos estudos medievais, todavia, o desenvolvimento de métodos de identificação do bacilo Yersinia pestis nos sítios arqueológicos através da análise de DNA é algo recente, que renovou a nossa compreensão a respeito do fenômeno e abriu espaço para novas formas de estudo dos registros arqueológicos. Foi assim que pudemos associar, sem sombra de dúvidas, a Peste Justiniana ao mesmo patógeno da Grande Peste.   In the fifth episode of the Mundus series, we welcome archaeologist Dominique Castex, research director of Unité Mixte de Recherches 5199: De la Préhistoire à l'Actuel: Culture, Environnement et Anthropologie, linked to Université Bordeaux. In our interview, we discussed the plague and how we can study and identify it using methods derived from Funerary Archaeology, part of Archeology that deals with the study of burials, funerary practices, etc. The plague is a classic theme of medieval studies, however, the development of methods for identifying the Yersinia pestis bacillus in archaeological sites through DNA analysis is something recent, which renewed our understanding of the phenomenon and opened space for new forms of study of archaeological records. This is how we were able to associate, without a shadow of a doubt, the Justinian Plague with the same pathogen as the Great Plague. Participantes Dominique Castex Gabriel Cordeiro Membros da equipe Arthur Gomes (edição)Beatriz Gritte (edição)Diego Pereira (roteiro)Eric Cyon (edição)Gabriel Cordeiro (ilustração)Isabela Silva (roteiro)José Fonseca (roteiro)Marina Sanchez (roteiro)Paulo de Sousa (edição)Rafael Bosch (roteiro)Sara Oderdenge (roteiro) Sugestões bibliográficas CASTEX, Dominique; KACKI, Sacha. Commémorer les épidémies dans un monde changeant : mémorialisation de la peste et autres fléaux infectieux du Moyen Âge à nos jours. Géopolitiques de la commémoration + Varia, n. 41, v. 2, 2020. _______. Une histoire plurimillénaire de la peste exhumée par les sciences archéologiques. Les nouvelles de l'archéologie, n. 169, 2022.

In this weeks episode, we continue our history in bioterrorism. Julie talks about launching plague victims using catapults, and Tess talks about the culprit, Yersinia pestis. Tess also talks about spiking wine with mycobacterium leprae (leprosy). Visit our website at microbigals.com where we regularly update new content, including blog posts. You can also find us on Instagram by searching for microbigals or on Twitter @MicrobiGals. Also, if you want to donate to our show, we have started a kofi page. you can donate on our website or visit https://ko-fi.com/microbigals.

durée : 00:58:45 - Les Cours du Collège de France - par : Merryl Moneghetti - Où est la peste ? s'interroge l'historien-médiéviste Patrick Boucheron qui analyse, cette semaine, "la robustesse des savoirs que l'on peut évoquer". Comment l'ADN peut-il parler et pourquoi faut-il chercher la marmotte ? Un pharaon peut-il mourir de la tuberculose ?

durée : 00:58:52 - Les Cours du Collège de France - par : Merryl Moneghetti - Pourquoi les observateurs européens n'ont-ils pas vu mourir les rats & le bubon suffit-il à établir le diagnostic rétrospectif de la peste? demande Patrick Boucheron. Quelle a été la vitesse de propagation de la peste en 1801? L'étiologie de la Yersinia pestis vaut-elle pour les périodes anciennes?

“What I did not expect to see from farmed monkeys being bought and transported into the US,  were monkeys who were coming in with things like Ebola like viruses, malaria, tuberculosis, simian retrovirus, herpes viruses, salmonella, Yersinia, Campylobacter, unnamed deadly diarrheal diseases. They were coming in with Tier 1 Select agents. I mean, we're talking pathogens so deadly that the government has identified them as potential bioterrorism threats.” – Lisa Jones-Engel   In 2022, 1000 long-tailed macaques were stolen from the wild in Cambodia. They were then illegally imported to Charles River Laboratories in Texas. Illegal because they were wild caught and not born in captivity, which is the law for importing primates into the US for research and experimentation, they are required to be captive bred.  These macaques are now caught in the middle of an ongoing federal investigation into primate importers. Charles River wants to send them back to Cambodia, which means that from there they'll go to labs in other countries. PETA is fighting hard to get them sent to Born Free's Primate Sanctuary in Texas. One of the leaders in this battle is Dr. Lisa Jones-Engel. A couple of weeks ago, Lisa came on the show for a live episode to talk about the fate of these monkeys and what could be the beginning of the end of importing primates for experimentation.  Because we did this interview as a webinar and Lisa was in a remote part of Alaska, the sound isn't the best, but this is a super important episode.  Lisa spent many years working in biomedical laboratories with primates. She knows everything that goes on on the inside of these facilities and knows first-hand that no one in there is looking out for these animals.  In 2019, when she couldn't take it anymore, Lisa left the biomedical world and joined forces with PETA. She's PETA's Senior Science Advisor, and not only leading the fight to save these 1000 monkeys, but also to end all imports and then, to end the use of primates in animal research and experimentation period. I think that she can do it. Links: PETA Petition https://support.peta.org/page/50306/action/1?locale=en-US PETA https://www.peta.org/media/news-releases/trafficked-monkeys-still-stateside-peta-pledges-1-million-for-sanctuary-placement/ PETA: https://headlines.peta.org/primatologist-perspective-monkey-experiments/ Guardian article: https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/may/31/primates-monkeys-scientific-experiments-peta-stop-testing

Black-tailed prairie dogs are native to the Great Plains, but Sylvatic plague (Yersinia pestis) is not. This disease was first introduced to North America in the early 1900s and only reached many regions of the Great Plains within the past 20–30 years. This disease can wipe out 95-99% of prairie dogs in a landscape. In some landscapes, these population "busts" can be followed by rapid growth, leading to population "booms" that intensify conflicts with livestock. This destabilized system has negative effects on both livestock and wildlife, and understanding either how to stabilize these dynamics, or at least mitigate their effects, is a major priority for managers. In this episode, Meghan Robinson speaks with Dr. Courtney Duchardt, an assistant professor at Oklahoma State University, who is studying these population cycles to evaluate their effects on associated wildlife, and explore management strategies to address these issues.

Dr. Andrea Escheverry joins the show to to talk all about scalp and hair health. How is hair an indicator of our health? What foods are important for our hair quality? What is the fungus on our scalp that is causing hair loss? What does it feed on? Should we shampoo our hair daily? What should we use instead of shampoo? Why do we see so much eczema in children? Skin biome products are not necessary. How chemicals in the shower cause acne and bacne. How multiple showers a day effect our skin health. Should we shower every morning? Why hot water on the head and hair is most damaging. Do we need shower filter? How to optimize your scalp biome. How to tell if your hair quality is poor. How to be in tune with the body more. What is the percent breakdown for best hair? What foods are most important for healthy hair? Should we use scalp massagers on our head? Knowledge Bomb: Listen to this if you love fish or sushi! Dr. G goes in on the science of fish/raw fish and parasites. How eating raw fish has boomed. What is a parasite? How common is it? Marine parasites are increasing? Signs and symptoms of parasites? How to protect yourself when eating fish/raw fish. Guest Bio: Dr. Andrea Echeverry is a lifelong biologist with a specialty in microbial pathogenesis and chronic low level inflammation. She developed the first neonatal mouse model of intestinal infection using fully pathogenic human-isolated strains of Yersinia enterocolitica. Despite having made many discoveries and after a decade in academic research, she decided to become independent to pursue her own scientific interests in gut and skin microbiome. This led her to become a hair loss specialist. This field allows her to study microbiome interactions in the smallest human organ, the hair follicle. She's an expert in hair transplant scar camouflaging using scalp micropigmentation & biocompatible hair implantation. With these techniques, she changes cosmetically patients suffering from hair loss or hair thinning due to gut and skin dysbiosis, and environmental factors. #trichology #hairloss #dysbiosis #bacteriaisthenewblack #alopecia #eczema #psoriasis #seborrheicdermatitis #scalpmicrobiomeresearch #biomefriendly Ads: Birch: I love my Birch mattress, and I think you would too. If you're looking for a new bed, check out Birch. You can click the link below or go to birchliving.com/healthyself and get off 20% off your mattress + 2 free pillows. If you're looking for a mattress for your little ones, also check out the new Birch Kids line! Athletic Greens: Athletic Greens is going to give you a FREE 1 year supply of immune-supporting Vitamin D AND 5 FREE travel packs with your first purchase. All you have to do is visit athleticgreens.com/healthyself. Again, that is athleticgreens.com/healthyself to take ownership over your health and pick up the ultimate daily nutritional insurance! Wisdom Health: Visit wisdommedicine.com today and use the promo code DOCTORG for $100 off a testing package." LMNT: Right now LMNT is offering my listeners a free sample pack with any purchase. That's 8 single serving packets FREE with any LMNT order. This is a great way to try all 8 flavors or share LMNT with a salty friend. Get yours at DrinkLMNT.com/DRG. This deal is only available through my link. You must go to DRINKLMNT.com/DRG LMNT offers no questions asked refunds. Try it totally risk-free. If you don't like it they will give your money back, no questions asked. You have nothing to lose! Be sure to like and subscribe to #healthyself Hosted by Doctor Christian Gonzalez N.D. Follow Doctor G on Instagram @doctor.gonzalez https://www.instagram.com/doctor.gonzalez/

The question of the SARS-CoV-2 origin: whether it was a zoonotic spillover from a wet market, or an engineered virus that escaped from the Wuhan Institute of Virology, is seemingly a debate that will never go away. Most interestingly, while scientists with specific domain expertise seem to be building a consensus towards the former, public opinion appears to be trending towards the latter. This delta between expert and popular opinion has been helped along by the frothy discourse in mainstream and social media, with most figures that we cover in this podcast dead-set certain that it came from a lab. Most recently, Sam Harris hosted on his Making Sense podcast the molecular biologist Alina Chan and. science writer Matt Ridley, spokespersons for the lab leak case, and authors of "Viral: The Search for the Origin of COVID-19". To a layperson, and certainly to Sam, they put forward a rather watertight case. Intrinsic to the arguments advanced were the ideas that (a) experts in the area were refusing to engage with and unable to answer their arguments, and (b) a strong implication that there is a conspiracy of silence among virologists not just in China but internationally, to suppress the lab leak hypothesis.So, as a case study in the public understanding of science, it seems like a pretty pickle indeed. To help unravel the pickle(?) in this somewhat special episode, we are joined by three virologists who are amply qualified to address the topic; both in terms of the evidence and whether they are involved in a conspiracy of silence.Kristian Andersen is a Professor in the Department of Immunology and Microbiology at Scripps Research. He focuses on the relationship between host and pathogen, using sequencing, fieldwork, experimentation, and computational biology methods. He has spearheaded large international collaborations investigating the emergence, spread and evolution of deadly pathogens, including SARS-CoV-2, Zika virus, Ebola virus, West Nile virus, and Lassa virus.Prof Michael Worobey, is the head of the department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology at the University of Arizona. His work focuses on the genomes of viruses, using molecular and computational biology, to understand the origins, emergence and control of pandemics. Recently, his interdisciplinary work on SARS-CoV-2 has shed light on how and when the virus originated and ignited the COVID-19 pandemic in China and how SARS-CoV-2 emerged and took hold in North America and Europe.Prof Edward "Eddie" Holmes, is an NHMRC Leadership Fellow & Professor of Virology at the Faculty of Medicine and Health at Sydney University, a member of the Sydney Institute for Infectious Diseases, a Fellow of the Australian Academy of Science and a Fellow of The Royal Society. He is known for his work on the evolution and emergence of infectious diseases, particularly the mechanisms by which RNA viruses jump species boundaries to emerge in humans and other animals. He has studied the emergence and spread of such pathogens as SARS-CoV-2, influenza virus, dengue virus, HIV, hepatitis C virus, myxoma virus, RHDV and Yersinia pestis.All three researchers have specialist expertise and decades of experience directly applicable to tracking viruses and their adaption to humans, and, fair to say, are fairly eminent in their fields (Eddie in particular!). Further, they are among the relatively small set of researchers collecting and analysing primary evidence on the origins of SARS-CoV-2, communicating their findings in top-ranked journals, including Nature and Science. In this episode, Chris and Matt put to this trio of Professors the claims rasied by lab leak advocates to see what these (damn conspirators) experts have to say for themselves.LinksSam Harris Making Sense

3.23 Yersinia Species Microbiology review for the USMLE Step 1 Exam Yersinia are gram-negative, non-motile bacteria that cause zoonotic diseases. Yersinia produce urease enzyme to survive in the stomach and are facultative intracellular bugs. Three species of yersinia causing disease in humans are Yersinia pestis, Yersinia enterocolitica, and Yersinia pseudotuberculosis. The Yersinia species inhibit phagocytosis, the capsule contains F1 and V proteins and the injectosome injects Yersinia outer proteins. Yersinia pestis spreads through fleas, causing bubonic, pneumonic, or septicemic plague with symptoms like fever, chills, and swollen lymph nodes. Yersinia enterocolitica is spread through contaminated food or dog feces, causing enteric infection, and symptoms like diarrhea, abdominal pain, and vomiting. Yersinia pseudotuberculosis causes enteric disease, similar to Y. enterocolitica, and granulomatous lesions that look like tuberculosis. Yersinia pestis is rare with 500 cases reported since 1970, compared to Y. enterocolitica, which causes 100,000 cases each year

The Black Death is the 19th-century CE term for the plague epidemic that ravaged Europe between 1347-1352 CE, killing an estimated 30 million people there and many more worldwide as it reached pandemic proportions. The name comes from the black buboes (infected lymph glands) which broke out over a plague victim's body. The cause of the plague was the bacterium Yersinia pestis, which was carried by fleas on rodents, usually rats, but this was not known to the people of the medieval period, as it was only identified in 1894 CE. Prior to that time, the plague was attributed primarily to supernatural causes – the wrath of God, the work of the devil, the alignment of the planets – and, stemming from these, “bad air” or an unbalance of the “humors” of the body which, when in line, kept a person healthy. Support us on Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/whencyclopedia Original Article: https://www.worldhistory.org/article/1540/medieval-cures-for-the-black-death/

3.04 Gram Negative Bacteria   Microbiology review for the USMLE Step 1 Exam.   Gram negative bacteria are characterized by a thin cell wall surrounded by a lipid outer membrane They do not retain the violet gram stain and appear pink after staining Gram negative bacteria can be classified by shape: cocci, coccobacilli, bacilli, and spirals Gram negative cocci include Neisseria species, which can be further categorized as maltose fermenters or non maltose fermenters Gram negative coccobacilli include: Bordetella pertussis, Haemophilus influenzae, Pasteurella, Francisella tularensis, Brucella, and Acinetobacter Gram negative bacilli can be divided into lactose fermenting and non lactose fermenting categories Lactose fermenting gram negative bacilli include: Escherichia coli, Klebsiella, Enterobacter, Citrobacter, and Serratia Non lactose fermenting gram negative bacilli can be further divided into oxidase positive and oxidase negative Oxidase positive non lactose fermenting gram negative bacilli include Pseudomonas Oxidase negative non lactose fermenting gram negative bacilli include Shigella, Yersinia, and Salmonella Gram negative spirals can be divided into oxidase positive and oxidase negative categories Oxidase positive gram negative spirals include Vibrio species, Helicobacter pylori, and Campylobacter jejuni Oxidase negative gram negative spirals include Borrelia burgdorferi (cause of lyme disease) and Treponema pallidum (cause of syphilis)

La peste negra o muerte negra fue la pandemia de peste bubónica más devastadora de la historia de la humanidad, que afectó a Eurasia en el siglo xiv y que alcanzó un punto máximo entre 1347 y 1353.1​ Es difícil conocer el número de fallecidos, pero modelos contemporáneos los calculan entre 80 a 200 millones en Eurasia y África del Norte. Habría provocado la muerte de entre el 30 % y el 60 % de la población de Europa, siendo un tercio una estimación muy optimista. La teoría aceptada sobre el origen de la peste explica que fue un brote causado por una variante de la bacteria Yersinia pestis.2​3​4​ Es común que la palabra «peste» se utilice como sinónimo de «muerte negra», aun cuando aquella deriva del latín «pestis», es decir, «enfermedad» o «epidemia». Escucha La Onda Radio: laondaradio.com Apoyanos en Patreon: patreon.com/rockin_albiol

Professor Dr. Edward (Eddie) Holmes, Ph.D. ( https://www.sydney.edu.au/science/about/our-people/academic-staff/edward-holmes.html ) is an evolutionary biologist distinguished for his work on the emergence and evolution of viruses and over the years of his career he has used genomic and phylogenetic approaches to reveal the major mechanisms of virus evolution and determined the genetic and epidemiological processes that explain how viruses jump species boundaries and spread in new hosts. Dr. Holmes work has revealed the origin, evolution and molecular epidemiology of important human pathogens including influenza, HIV and dengue, and enabled more accurate assessments of what types of virus are most likely to emerge in human populations and whether they will evolve human-to-human transmission. His recent research has provided fundamental insights into the breadth and biodiversity of the viral world and has additionally studied the emergence and spread of such pathogens as SARS-CoV-2, hepatitis C virus, myxoma virus, Rabbit Hemorrhagic Disease Virus and Yersinia pestis, among many others. Dr. Holmes is currently a Professor in the Sydney Institute for Infectious Diseases, School of Life and Environmental Sciences and Sydney Medical School at the University of Sydney. In 2003 he was awarded the Scientific Medal of the Zoological Society of London and in 2015 was elected a Fellow of the Australian Academy of Science. Dr. Holmes previous appointments include the Verne M. Willaman Chair in the Life Sciences at the Pennsylvania State University, USA, and Affiliate Member of the Fogarty International Centre (2005-2012), National Institutes of Health, USA. From 1999-2004 he was Fellow of New College, Oxford. He is also an Honorary Visiting Professor at Fudan University, Shanghai. In 2021 he received the (Australian) Prime Minister's Prize for Science. Dr. Holmes is the author of 691 peer-reviewed papers and two books including The Evolution and Emergence of RNA Viruses (Oxford University Press, 2009).Dev InterruptedWhat the smartest minds in engineering are thinking about, working on and investing in.Listen on: Apple Podcasts Spotify Manufacturing MattersInsights and interviews discussing trends, innovations, and advanced automation technologyListen on: Apple Podcasts Spotify

Following the last episode about Yersinia species, on this episode I go over Y. pestis. Why is there concern about encountering Y. pestis in the laboratory? What do you do if you encounter potential bioterror agents? How does the laboratory handle those? As laboratories we are trained on how to recognize, test, handle, and ship these organisms. Tune in to this episode to learn about terms like Laboratory Response Network and the proficiency testing called LPX.

I denna sändning gästas vi åter av Žana, projektsamordnare RFSL Rådgivningen Skåne, som berättar om ett par planerade föreläsningar bland annat. Claes träffade Ola Hörling från Skånes Opera, som fyller 30 år, och såg även filmen Peter von Kant Vi var på Skånes Dansteater i torsdags och berättar om verken Once a Whisper av Helena Franzén och Zero-Zero av Johanna Nuutinen. Och så blir det Nyheter och Det händer, där vi bland annat tipsar om Arbetarfilmfestivalen, som äger rum nu i helgen: https://www.nlff.se/festival-2022/ Musik i programmet: Bisexual Anthem - Domo Wilson One Fine Morning - Evie Sands The Bear: Madame, je vous prie (ur Björnen) Jeder tötet was er liebt - Isabelle Adjani Arv (trailer) Hågadalen - Yersinia

Following last week's episode about Y. pestis, what better than to learn about different species of Yersinia. What temperature range does Yersinisia grow at? Have you heard the term "bull's eye"? How about CIN agar? From enterocolitis to different forms of plague, tune in to this episode to lear about Yersinia, including media, biochemicals and more.

Javier Pizarro-Cerda, directeur de recherche de l'unité Yersinia au laboratoire de l'Institut Pasteur, à Paris, explique pourquoi certaines maladies auto-immunes seraient un héritage de la peste noire; Marie-Pier Élie s'intéresse à la manière de s'attaquer aux taches grâce à la science; et Klervia Jaouen, chargé de recherche au Géosciences Environnement Toulouse (GET), se penche sur les résultats de son équipe de recherche au sujet de l'homme de Néandertal, qui était probablement carnivore.

Neste programa vamos entender como a genética traz heranças dos antepassados e como podem ter influência nos dias de hoje. Vem participar dessa sessão de fofocas históricas! ARTE DA VITRINE: Randall Random GENERA Confira o Blog Genera: https://jovemnerd.page.link/Genera-descubra-ou-nao-o-samurai-dentro-de-voce https://jovemnerd.page.link/Genera-arqueologos-e-geneticistas-presenca-viking-na-inglaterra SAIBA MAIS GOUT: A Disease of Kings – Karger Genomica dos Vikins - Population genomics of the Viking world Analysis of Genomic DNA from Medieval Plague Victims Suggests Long-Term Effect of Yersinia pestis on Human Immunity Genes Lessons From History  Royal blood: Queen Victoria and the legacy of hemophilia in European royalty Bubonic plague had long-term effect on human immunity, study suggests OUÇA TAMBÉM Playlist do GeneraCast: https://bit.ly/3H7rEnn Playlist do GeneraCast no Spotify: https://spoti.fi/3LPxmxS GeneraCast 10 - Genes, cheiros e encontros E-MAILS Mande suas críticas, elogios, sugestões e caneladas para nerdcast@jovemnerd.com.br EDIÇÃO COMPLETA POR RADIOFOBIA PODCAST E MULTIMÍDIA http://radiofobia.com.br

Neste programa vamos entender como a genética traz heranças dos antepassados e como podem ter influência nos dias de hoje. Vem participar dessa sessão de fofocas históricas! ARTE DA VITRINE: Randall Random GENERA Confira o Blog Genera: https://jovemnerd.page.link/Genera-descubra-ou-nao-o-samurai-dentro-de-voce https://jovemnerd.page.link/Genera-arqueologos-e-geneticistas-presenca-viking-na-inglaterra SAIBA MAIS GOUT: A Disease of Kings – Karger Genomica dos Vikins - Population genomics of the Viking world Analysis of Genomic DNA from Medieval Plague Victims Suggests Long-Term Effect of Yersinia pestis on Human Immunity Genes Lessons From History  Royal blood: Queen Victoria and the legacy of hemophilia in European royalty Bubonic plague had long-term effect on human immunity, study suggests OUÇA TAMBÉM Playlist do GeneraCast: https://bit.ly/3H7rEnn Playlist do GeneraCast no Spotify: https://spoti.fi/3LPxmxS GeneraCast 10 - Genes, cheiros e encontros E-MAILS Mande suas críticas, elogios, sugestões e caneladas para nerdcast@jovemnerd.com.br EDIÇÃO COMPLETA POR RADIOFOBIA PODCAST E MULTIMÍDIA http://radiofobia.com.br

Neste programa vamos entender como a genética traz heranças dos antepassados e como podem ter influência nos dias de hoje. Vem participar dessa sessão de fofocas históricas! ARTE DA VITRINE: Randall Random GENERA Confira o Blog Genera: https://jovemnerd.page.link/Genera-descubra-ou-nao-o-samurai-dentro-de-voce https://jovemnerd.page.link/Genera-arqueologos-e-geneticistas-presenca-viking-na-inglaterra SAIBA MAIS GOUT: A Disease of Kings – Karger Genomica dos Vikins - Population genomics of the Viking world Analysis of Genomic DNA from Medieval Plague Victims Suggests Long-Term Effect of Yersinia pestis on Human Immunity Genes Lessons From History  Royal blood: Queen Victoria and the legacy of hemophilia in European royalty Bubonic plague had long-term effect on human immunity, study suggests OUÇA TAMBÉM Playlist do GeneraCast: https://bit.ly/3H7rEnn Playlist do GeneraCast no Spotify: https://spoti.fi/3LPxmxS GeneraCast 10 - Genes, cheiros e encontros E-MAILS Mande suas críticas, elogios, sugestões e caneladas para nerdcast@jovemnerd.com.br EDIÇÃO COMPLETA POR RADIOFOBIA PODCAST E MULTIMÍDIA http://radiofobia.com.br

La Peste Negra es una pandemia que asoló el mundo a mediados del siglo XIV, y muy probablemente sea la pandemia más mortífera de la historia, con entre 75 y 200 millones de víctimas sólo entre 1346 y 1353. La enfermedad estuvo causada por la bacteria Yersinia pestis, que tiene muchísimos recursos para atacar al organismo y por eso produce una enfermedad tan grave. La bacteria vive habitualmente en poblaciones de roedores y en sus pulgas, y rara vez entra en contacto con el ser humano, pero en tres ocasiones a lo largo de la historia ha logrado infiltrarse en la sociedad humana y las tres veces ha causado estragos. La Peste Negra fue la oleada inicial de la segunda de estas pandemias de peste, y aunque sabemos muchas cosas sobre ella seguimos sin tener claro dónde se originó todo: cómo se produjo el "salto" de la bacteria entre roedores y humanos, y cuáles fueron las condiciones que favorecieron ese salto. Ahora, un artículo recién publicado en la revista Nature nos ayuda a esclarecer alguna de esas preguntas: parece que las cepas de peste que iniciaron la pandemia vivían en las montañas de Asia Central, en el actual Kirguistán. Acompañadnos hoy en un trabajo detectivesco para localizar las fuentes de la pandemia mas letal de la historia. Si queréis leer el artículo del que hablamos hoy, es "The source of the Black Death in fourteenth-century central Eurasia", de Maria Spyrou et al. Lo podéis encontrar en este enlace: https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-022-04800-3 Este programa se emitió originalmente el 24 de junio de 2022. Podéis escuchar el resto de audios de La Brújula en la app de Onda Cero y en su web, ondacero.es

The death of Özbeg, Khan of the Golden Horde, in 1341 marked the end of an era for the Jochid Khanate. The thirty year reign of Özbeg had been one of relative internal stability; a stability his successors were not to enjoy. Bloody succession struggles, plague and economic woe were now to be the news of the day within the Horde. And it was Özbeg's sons Tini Beg and Jani Beg Khan who were to face the front of it. Today we take you through the reigns of Özbeg's sons, the eve of the great anarchy which would rip asunder at the very foundation of the Golden Horde. I'm your host David, and this is Kings and Generals: Ages of Conquest.   Özbeg Khan, during his long life, seems to have initially desired his eldest son Temür to succeed him. Having violently purged the Jochid lineage upon his own accession in 1313, Özbeg had the luxury to decide on a successor. But Temür's death around 1330 left Özbeg bereaved, and forced him to make due with his other two sons, Tini Beg and Jani Beg. Born to his wife Taydula Khatun, Tini Beg and Jani Beg were well educated princes. Ibn Battuta noted numerous islamic advisors for both princes, and Jani Beg is specifically described as knowledgeable in Islamic laws. Their names both came from Turkic and Persian words for “spirit,” making them “lords of the spirit.” Tini Beg, as the elder, was preferred by Özbeg to succeed him. During his trip to the Golden Horde, Ibn Battuta describes Özbeg showering Tini Beg in preferences and honours for this purpose. Additionally, Ibn Battuta describes Tini Beg as one of the most handsome of men. There is slight indication that Özbeg and Tini Beg fell out towards the end of his life, when Jani Beg's name begins to appear alongside Özbeg's on coinage, suggesting perhaps the second son was being groomed to be heir.   On Özbeg's death in late 1341, Tini Beg still maneuvered his way onto the throne, likely to the displeasure of Jani Beg. We know little of his reign. There is some suggestion that he was not a Muslim, and had some close links with Franciscans, whom he sent as his envoys to the Pope. One of the earliest pieces of surviving Golden Horde literature dates to his reign, too; a Turkic language poem by the Horde poet Qutb, adapting the Persian language “Khosrow and Shirin” by Nizami. Dedicated to Tini Beg and his wife, it remains a fascinating, if brief, look at the courtly life and social structure of the Horde in the mid-fourteenth century.   We can tell you little else of Tini Beg's reign with any certainty. Jani Beg never took kindly to Tini Beg's ascension; we may suspect he felt that Tini Beg had stolen the throne from him. The order of events is conflicting in the sources; potentially their mother, Taydula, preferred Jani Beg and whispered into his ear while Jani Beg's Islamic advisers may have encouraged him, in reaction to the possibly non-Muslim Tini Beg's enthronement. In some versions, Jani Beg first kills one of their brothers, Khidr Beg, in very uncertain circumstances. In Tini Beg's anger, he raises an army to confront his brother Jani Beg, only to be defeated in battle, taken captive and executed. In other versions, Jani Beg only kills Khidr Beg after Tini Beg's death. The fact of the fratricide of two of his brothers though, is well attested.   So, Jani Beg became Khan in 1342. There can be little doubt of Jani Beg's islam. We are told he even set out orders for his troops to all don turbans and cloaks. Neither could there be any hesitation among the Rus' princes about recognizing Jani Beg's rule; one of Jani Beg's first orders was sending an army to install a new prince in Pereiaslavl'. The meaning was clear. Jani Beg was going to continue his father's policy of firm mastery over the Rus'. In quick order the Rus' princes all travelled to the Horde to recognize Jani Beg's overlordship; the Grand Prince, now Simeon Ivanovich, too made clear his subservience to Jani Beg Khan. Simeon was a close ally to the Khan, and over his reign made regular trips to the Horde, always returning with gifts, honours and Jani Beg's favour. A smart move, lest the Khan remove him from his post. In doing so, they continued the slow if steady consolidation of Moscow's influence regarding the other Rus' cities.        There is also indication that Jani Beg held loftier pretensions. By the start of Jani Beg's reign, he was essentially the last remaining Chinggisid khan with authority. The Blue Horde khans were his vassals, and the Chagatai Khanate and Ilkhanate were either divided or dissolved. In the Yuan Dynasty, with whom contact was infrequent, the Great Khan Töghön Temür was  a figurehead in comparison to his Chancellors. In reaction, it seems to an extent Jani Beg went about presenting himself not just as successors to Özbeg, but the rightful heir to Chinggis Khan. Not Jani Beg was not just the Jochid Khan, but the supreme Khan. Özbeg himself seems to have used in some instances the title of “khan of khans,” as did Jani Beg. In letters to the Ilkhanid successors in the Caucasus, Jani Beg calls himself the “khan of the three ulusus,” and references to “great Khan,” as a Jochid title continued among his successors for centuries. A subtle shift in ideology, but one indicating a recognition, perhaps, that the Mongol Empire was dead, and now the Jochid Khan was supreme monarch by the grace of Eternal Heaven.    Jani Beg did not quite share Özbeg's tolerance to other religions.  While he mellowed later in his reign, initially Jani Beg seemed rather set on reducing privileges enjoyed by Franciscans and the Orthodox Church in Rus', normally a strong supporter of Mongol rule. “Idol temples,” —that is, Buddhist or shamanist sites— were specified for destruction. And as we will see shortly, Jani Beg reacted with particular ire when Christians within his empire caused trouble. But even this animosity should not be too overstated; there is no recorded attempt by Jani Beg, or other Jochid khans, to try and convert the Rus' and other Christian populations to Islam. In the 1350s a Rus' Metropolitan, Alexii, healed the eyes of Jani Beg's mother, Taydula, for which he earned great reward. On Jani Beg's death in 1357 the Rus' Nikonian Chronicle describes the late Jani Beg as a friend to Christians, a  monarch who had given the Rus' many privileges. We might suspect that Jani Beg took the throne with a zealousness to prove his Islamic bona fides, and cooled in this fervour as the years passed.   Unfortunately for the Italian merchants in the Horde, in 1343 Jani Beg was still very much full of zeal.  That year, the second of Jani Beg's reign, news came to him of a murder of a Mongol notable in Tana. Tana was the Italian name for Azov, a trading community Özbeg had granted to the Venetians on the mouth of the Don River, nestled on the edge of the Azov Sea east of the Crimea. In September of 1343, an argument between an Italian and a Mongol, Hajji ‘Umar, resulted in the Italians murdering him in the street.  Jani Beg was white hot with rage directed at the Italians. His father Özbeg had generally handled the Italian traders relatively well, playing them off each other and making the Golden Horde a good deal of money. Initially, Jani Beg had reconfirmed the privileges of the Italians. However, Jani Beg took umbrage with the autonomy of the port cities, and felt they had too much control over the Jochid state's trade. The Italians' continued dealing in nomadic slaves may also have frustrated the Khan. After the poor relationship between Özbeg  and the Mamluk Sultan al-Nasir Muhammad, Jani Beg basically let the relationship with the Mamluks die. With the disintegration of the Ilkhanate, there was little need for such worthless allies, as far as Jani Beg was concerned. He only sent two embassies to the Mamluks; one alerting them of his enthronement, and one informing them of his conquest of Tabriz. There was no interest or desire to allow the Mamluks their continued access to Qipchap troops, and little patience for Italians selling perfectly good potential warriors to distant Egypt. Not surprisingly, it is about this time that Circassians were gaining prominence as the source of Mamluks in Egypt.    The murder of the Mongol in Tana was either the final straw, or simply a good pretence to rid himself of the Italians, and perhaps put his own men in charge of the trade. No more could the Italians enrich themselves at the expense of the Horde! In quick order Jani Beg had the westerners in the Black Sea trade cities of  Tana and Solkhat expelled or killed, and an army bearing down on Caffa in 1343. As the chief of the port cities, and the primary Geneose settlement, Caffa was the prize of the campaign. But it would be no easy nut to crack. Caffa's harbour allowed it to be resupplied by sea no matter how strong the land blockade. Caffa had also learned lessons from sieges suffered during the reign of Toqta Khan thirty years prior. The city walls were stout, its supplies well stocked. Khan Jani Beg found the city withstood his initial assaults over 1343 and 1344. On one occasion a night foray resulted in the Genoese burning down Jani Beg's siege machines. All Jani Beg could do was cut it off by land, for the Genoese could continue to bring in provisions.    A further issue had developed too. While the Venetian-Genoese rivalry was normally strong, in the midst of this emergency they had put aside their differences, the Venetians seeking shelter in Caffa and the city-states putting a trade embargo on the Golden Horde. Recall in our previous episodes, how we described the ways in which the economy of the Golden Horde relied on the overland Asian trade. Much of this funneled through the Golden Horde's Black Sea coastline, and booned with the relative stability of inner-Asian travel. But by the 1340s, this economic system was already reeling with the collapse of the Ilkhanate and Chagatai Khanate, and now with this embargo due to the war with Genoa and Venice, the Horde was effectively cut out of the international trade routes. As early as 1344, a Franciscan observer remarked in a letter that protests were breaking out in the Horde's city with the unintended economic strangulation. The consequences were felt across Europe, with the doubling of the prices of silk and spices. The Horde was a major grain exporter for much of the Black Sea region, and the war was now resulting in famine in Constantinople, as Jani Beg prevented Italian access to the grain harvests.   In an effort to bring about a resolution, Jani Beg needed a new ploy. He found just the ticket. In an unusual for any Mongol khan, with the exception of Khubilai, Jani Beg decided to build a navy. Harbouring it in the Sea of Azov, Jani Beg was going to attack Caffa land and sea, or at least choke it out. Unfortunately for Jani Beg, such an effort could not go unnoticed as sailors, labourers and materials were called into the region. Once the Genoese learned of it in 1345, a specialty raiding fleet was organized in Genoa, sailed across the Mediterranean and literally dashed Jani Beg's dreams to pieces; the Golden Horde's fledgling navy was nipped in the bud, burnt and sunk.    Jani Beg was denied his swift victory. In 1346 he maintained siege lines but undertook no assaults, and in 1347 concluded separate treaties with Genoa and Venice. Once more the Genoese were able to sail their cargo out of Caffa's harbour, and the Venetians returned to their colony at Tana. The entire campaign in the end was nought but an expensive failure, returning to status quo ante bellum. The situation remained tense, particularly when Genoese and Venetian rivalry reasserted itself, and not until the late 1350s do things appear to have normalized, and Caffa remained the preeminent trade center of the northern Black Sea coast. But by then, a much more significant crisis now faced the international market, in the form of that intolerable little bugaboo, Yersinia pestis. Or as you may know it by its more colloquial name, the Black Death.    Wherever its origins were, the Black Death had reached the Golden Horde's cities by 1346, travelling along the Central Asian trade lines.  It likely began ravaging Jani Beg's army outside of Caffa in 1346, and it is here that we get one of the most infamous cases of biological warfare ever recorded, wherein Jani Beg ordered his troops to catapult the plague bodies of their fallen men into Caffa, causing it to spread among the defenders. Fleeing Genoese thus took it back to Europe with them. The rest, as they say, is history.   Except maybe it's not. There's a number of issues with this popular story. Firstly, it's described in only a single, by Gabriele de Mussi, who was not an eyewitness. At the time of the siege, de Mussi was in northern Italy, and may have only learned of the information, at-best secondhand, but perhaps only after it passed through multiple informants. The manuscript itself is a matter of question: not only do no other medieval accounts reference Jani Beg launching corpses like this, but no other source mentions de Mussi's account in particular. In fact, it was unknown until it was discovered in the mid-19th century in what is now Poland! The document itself shows a poor understanding of the chronology, which is suspect for a supposedly educated lawyer like de Mussi. Caffa appears depopulated and abandoned by the end of the siege, though this was far from the case; it also portrays ships coming directly to Genoa from Caffa and spreading the plague thusly. But we know this to be false: the siege ended in 1346, but plague did not come to Genoa until early 1348, and from ships which had come from Sicily. As you probably know, not a lot of plague victims managed two years with it.    Further issues come from the logic presented in the text. The Mongols' deep reverence for their own dead, compounded by their conversion to Islam means that launching the bodies of their own fellows into Caffa seems an extraordinary taboo in their culture to break. In fact, there are effectively no historical anecdotes of an army tossing bodies of its own men into a city in order to spread plague; you'll find very few cultures in history in which soldiers would be willing to disrespect the bodies of their fallen comrades in such a manner. It's one thing to do it to bodies of the enemy, but the desecration of friends and allies is another matter entirely. The Mongols had a very well established reaction to disease outbreaks; leaving a site entirely, rather than stopping to continually handle the plague bodies. This makes a prolonged proximity to plague victims in order to load them into trebuchets even more unlikely. There have also been arguments that this would be a very ineffective means to actually spread plague!  We can even comment on the fact that, had Caffa been so decimated, why did the Mongols not simply overrun it?    Suffice to say, very few modern scholars accept de Mussi's version of events, if the manuscript is even authentic. At best, we might wonder if the Mongols had thrown bodies of prisoners, or even animals, into the city at some point during the siege, which through a game of telephone turned into lobbing thousands of Mongol cadavers into Caffa, as de Mussi suggests. An accidental conflation of timelines and events in the midst of monumental horror of the Black Death is an understandable mistake to make.    The more likely explanation is that the citizens of Caffa picked up the plague after the siege ended. Either looting the abandoned Mongol siege camp, or when the blockade was lifted and trade restarted with the Golden Horde. With the plague already running rampant in the Horde's cities, it was only a matter of time before it entered Caffa through  normal means. The port of Caffa began sending ships out for trade again in spring 1347; by the late summer, the plague was in Constantinople, and by early 1348 in Genoa.  Caffa may very well have been the launching point for the plague into the Mediterranean, but the launching point for plague into Caffa was probably not a Mongol siege weapon.       We have very little information on the effect the Black Death had on the Golden Horde. It seems to have had, just as it did everywhere, a devastating impact on urban centres. As we already established, there were a number of great cities in the steppes which had grown rich on the trans-continental trade. They had already been hurting in previous years with the fall of the other khanates and the Black Sea embargo; now the plague seemed a mortal blow.  The only references we have are vague mentions of thousands upon thousands of losses in these cities. The Rus' Nikonian Chronicle states that so many died in the Horde's cities, that there was noone left to bury them.    For the nomadic population, plague seems to have had a lesser impact. Steppe nomads essentially had a cultural system of quarantine for sick persons; gers would be marked off, and none allowed to enter which a sick person was inside. Those who had been in the presence of a person who died in a ger were forbidden from the khan's presence entirely. Areas where infected animals or persons were seen were strictly avoided. Such systems remain in place even in modern Mongolia, where Yersinis pestis occurs normally in some animal populations. There, the normally sparse population allows the disease to be avoided like the plague. And it seems it proved beneficial for the Mongols; while Jani Beg had around a dozen children alive by the time of his death, at the same time in the Rus' principalities numerous princes, notables and even the Grand Prince, Simeon, succumbed to the plague.        Yet most assuredly, the 1340s and 50s marked a downward path for the Horde. While occupied with the Crimean venture, Jani Beg's western bordering was further slipping from his grasp. In 1345 a Mongol army was defeated by the Hungarian King, Louis the Great. Lithuania continued its expansion into Galicia-Volhynia in competition with the Polish King Casimir III. Jani Beg was frustrated by them, and his mood proved fickle. Initially he granted consent for Casimir's campaigning in Galicia against the Lithaunains, but then in the early 1350s Mongol troops raided as far as Lublin.  In the end, Jani Beg ceded control of Galicia to Poland, and Volhynia to the Lithuanians, in exchange for the continuation of tribute for rights to both lands. While raids by Tatar troops would follow irregularly, Jani Beg's reign marks the surrendering of the western frontier of the Golden Horde.       Sinking the resources and men of his empire into Crimea, meant Jani Beg had been unable to take advantage of the disintegration of the Ilkhanate. Though we might wonder if this was in part a reluctance to press that frontier, given the troubles his father had faced attempting to do so. It was not until the end of the 1350s that Jani Beg finally threw his weight against the Ilkhanate's successors. For years, individuals had fled the Chobanid state to the Golden Horde, bringing news of the poor rulership of Malik Ashraf. For a bit more context, check out episode 58 of this podcast for these post-Ilkhanid states. But in short, the Chobanids were a non-Chinggisid dynasty based in what is now Azerbaijan. Their final ruler was Malik Ashraf, a cruel and violent man who alienated essentially everyone he could. Jani Beg must have felt that the greatly weakened Malik Ashraf would be a pushover. His intentions were clear in the letter he sent to Malik Ashraf in Tabriz:       “I am coming to take possession of the ulus of Hülagü. You are the son of Choban whose name was in the yarligh  of the four uluses. Today three uluses are under my command and I also wish to appoint you emir of the ulus; get up and come to meet me.” At best, as a non-Chinggisid, Malik Ashraf could rule as a governor on behalf of a khan. Malik Ashraf asserted in his response that this is what he was doing, ruling on behalf of Hülagü's line. The fact that Malik Ashraf by that point had no Ilkhanid puppet khan was glossed over. Additionally, Malik Ashraf sought to ease worries among his men by stating that as the ruler of the lands of Berke, Jani Beg had no right to the lands of Hülegü. Such an argument did little good as Jani Beg's host entered the Caucasus in 1357. After a single battle the Chobanid army disintegrated, and the fleeing Malik Ashraf was caught and executed. After almost a century of on and off warfare, Tabriz finally came under Jochid rule. Jani Beg was victorious as none of his ancestors had been. After years of reverses, difficulties and other trials, Jani Beg finally had his great victory. He appointed his son Berdi Beg as governor of the region, and returned triumphant to the Golden Horde… only to die two months later. The blame is usually attributed to Berdi Beg, who in various sources was convinced into the action by poison-tongued emirs. In one account, Berdi Beg strangles his father himself.  Berdi Beg quickly followed this up with murdering many of his brothers, including one who was only eight months old. He is alleged to have killed this one with his own hands. This, as we will see next week, was very far from being the end of the killing.        So ended the reign of Jani Beg Khan, and with it, the golden age of the Horde. Jani Beg appears as an almost pale imitation of Öz Beg, ambitious enough for the throne, but not the man to steer the ship in a time of crisis. He wasted men and resources on his effort to expel the Italians, and achieved nothing for the outburst, preventing him from sooner seizing opportunity in the Caucasus. The Black Death and unraveling of the overland trade was of course outside of his power, but Jani Beg's clumsy hand did nothing to assuage the situation. The fact that he did not face a real threat to his power until 1357 though, speaks to the strength of the Jochid political system that it could essentially coast through these years without major disaster. Such a thing could not be said of Berdi Beg's reign, or those who were soon to follow him, as the Golden Horde entered its period of bulqhaq: anarchy. Our next episodes will detail the steady collapse of the Golden Horde, so be sure to subscribe to the Kings and Generals Podcast to follow. If you enjoyed this and would like to help us continue bringing you great content, consider supporting us on patreon at www.patreon.com/kingsandgenerals. This episode was researched and written by our series historian, Jack Wilson. I'm your host David, and we'll catch you on the next one. 

Judy Cho is board certified in holistic nutrition and a certified nutritional therapy practitioner and the author of Carnivore Cure, Meat-Based Nutrition and the ultimate elimination diet for optimal health. She holds a Psychology and Communications degree, from the University of California, Berkeley. Judy has a private practice, focusing on root-cause healing and gut health with Carnivore Cure's meat-only elimination diet. Animal-based foods gave Judy a second chance at life and she is passionate to give back, healing the world one steak at a time.We dived into the following topics and more:- Judy's backstory and how she found the healing power of a meat-based carnivore diet- Eating disorders and moderation vs abstinence- The spiritual side of carnivore- Organs vs fruits (and the controversy in the carnivore community)- Buying local- Copper-Electrolytes and supplements- Uric AcidYou can view the full transcript here: Judy's Story and website: https://nutritionwithjudy.com/why-i-started-carnivore-my-3-year-before-and-after-story/...Did you enjoy this? You might enjoy my weekly newsletter that goes out to a few hundred people each week. Join my tribe: https://joshsnyman.com/weeklybrewListen on Spotify: https://open.spotify.com/show/2sdTsgC...Awaken Your Inner-Shaman. Join Josh as he explores the power of healing the body-mind through meat (diet), movement (fitness) & mindfulness (consciousness). A podcast covering many topics on human healing. #KetoCarnivore #Consciousness #Mindfulness #MostlyMeat #KetoDiet #KetoCarnivore #Ketovore #Fasting #IntermittentFasting #SelfDiscipline #SeedOils #JudyCho #JRE #PUFAs #EatingDisorders #CarnivoreCure #Carnivoor #Carnivorish #Depression #MoodDisordersFull Transcript:Thanks, Judy. go whoa, God, thanks so much for coming on. Really appreciate it. 00:31Well, thanks for having me. 00:33Yeah, no, it's good. I've been following your content for a long, long time. I really love your style, and just your whole message that you're sending to the world. And I've read your book. Such good stuff. And I'm really excited to just dive into a topic that I'm really passionate about. And I think you're doing some amazing stuff in the world. So yeah, I really appreciate your time. 00:58Thank you. I appreciate that. 01:01So I thought I'd maybe start with your your backstory, and how often fascinated by how people end up 01:11in the meat-based realm, you know, how do people actually make a design thing? So many people have different stories of how they got there. But 01:20what how did you end up? You know, be fascinated with the meat based-diet and speaking about it and 01:27maybe get it from your perspective? Sure. 01:31So I was plant based for about 12 years, I had occasional fish. So I guess the technical term is that I was pescetarian. On most days, I didn't eat fish, though. So I did a lot of the Boca burgers back then. And a lot of big bowl salad and stuff like that. And, and then in that time, I started struggling with an eating disorder. So behind closed door, sure I lost weight. And people said, Oh, you're so healthy because you're clapping. And behind closed doors I was struggling with Oh, but I'm always hungry. And I want all the fat and other things. And so at night, I would start bingeing. And it just turned into this really, really big monster of a disordered eating, eating disorder. And when I had my first child, everything just kind of came crashing, I ended up in the hospital, I was forced to stop nursing, I was put on psychiatric meds, lots of stuff, I was still using behaviours, still plant based, was trying to nurse my son. And they recommended that I went to an eating disorder intensive facility. So I did that. And I tried all the things they recommended the intuitive eating the mindful eating, trying to just focus on no food is off the limits and moderation is key and, and it worked for bits and my Y was bigger. So my son was a big reason to not use behaviours, but I was still struggling. And in that facility, I remembered that my face was completely honoured. So I didn't want to eat meat, I wasn't asked to me. But if I said I was low carb, because someone else was low carb, I remember that back then. They're like, that's an eating disorder. So they were not allowed to skip the breads, skip the pizzas and things like that. And I think while I was just trying to get better, and then my second son was coming along, I just started looking into nutrition. My psychologist back then said, You were born with like mild depression, you have to take antidepressants for the rest of your life. There's nothing wrong with that. And I believe that so I started taking it, it wasn't really working. Within three months, I was on the highest dose. And I didn't feel like the biggest lows, but I didn't really feel any higher. So my emotions and personality was very muted. And I would still start struggling with eating disorders and ended up finding keto I, that helped a lot. But again, that a little amount of carbs, again, made me triggered me then on bad days that that became a binge. And so I had a friend online that's recommended. There's this crazy diet called a carnivore diet. And why don't we try it because it seems like that little amount of carbohydrates is causing you to struggle every once in a while. So I said, Okay, I don't eat me, but because I did keto, even non meat based as well. And I said screw it, like I want to get healthier. I have two kids now and I need to stop eating behaviours. And so I thought, maybe it's carbs, we're just not on the table, it would be that much easier. And I tried a meat only diet for the thought was just two weeks. And then now it's almost five years, and I'm on zero medication. I do not struggle with depression and I am actually upset that they told me I would have to take antidepressants for the rest of my life that I just had mild depression. I don't struggle with depression whatsoever. Sure, there's days that are lower moods, but it's not at all what I struggled with, and I don't have any Even just sort of behaviour. Sure there's days where in my mind, I'm like, Oh, I kind of ate a lot, maybe I should eat a little less at dinner. But that's the extent of it. It's not what I used to struggle with. And, and so now it would become an advocate. I wanted to understand why did my mental health heal? Why did my physical symptoms? Why do I just feel better eating meat after 12 years, and as I dug into the science, I just got really angry because I learned that everything I knew about nutrition was wrong. limiting thoughts was wrong. And and it took a good 15 years of my life away where I was isolating, self harming and all these things. And now I hope that no one goes through what I went through. And so it's like, become an advocate. 05:46It's amazing. There's so many different directions, I can scan over that. Yeah, my mom actually, specifically, she's been on Audible now as well, that basically heal arthritis. And she was a vegetarian for 30 years before that anorexic binge binge eating bulimia and things like that. So it's amazing to see just the healing power of it. And I mean, you mentioned you mentioned kids, you mentioned, you know, going keto first. So I think I'm gonna start with the the progression that people go on. So like a lot of people that ask, so to speak. So I give an example, I, in 2014, I was, I was about 90 pounds heavier than I was. And I just decided to lose weight. And I started with a low carb, traditional low carb diet, and lots of new pages and keto foods, as I'm sure you know. And then I sort of progress, progress progress, then I found, you know, Shaun Baker and Joe Rogan, I was like, Hey, this is interesting. Can you try this? That works? You know, one thing leads to another carnivore. So I don't know if you could speak to this progression is a lot of people ask me, so better Latin to just jump into meat based diet for what the standard American diet is? You know, what do you think about that? Is it okay to go your own sort of progression off? Or how, however you want to tackle that question? Sure. 07:20So the most of my clients are, they're ketogenic or decrease. So I don't think I have a good sense of the general population. But what I would tell you is, it's really hard to go from eating a standard American diet, maybe having 300 grammes of carbohydrates every day to then going ketogenic there. Sometimes it's easier to do a step down approach, meaning that you lower your carbs every week or so. And that will definitely be easier on the body, your body won't have as much of a shock on the system, you're not asking your body to tap into fatty acid stores for energy instead of all of a sudden switching from glycogen to fat. So from a physical perspective, it makes sense. The part I'm struggling is that the emotional side, I know, I could have never done it where I would go, okay, like this week, I'm going to eat 50 grammes less and then the next week because if I was not good at it, I probably wouldn't have ever had an eating disorder, I probably wouldn't have had binge tendencies. So for a lot of my clients that struggle with things like that, to say, well, let's dwindle down your carbs. For some people, that's portress. And that's where I think understanding somebody's mindset is super important, as well as knowing where they come from. Maybe the maybe the approach is what you did is do low carb first where you're minimising as many carbs but still include veggies and eat more real foods. And then you switch to a ketogenic which is a lot more restriction on the carbohydrates. And then maybe you go carnivore, because I think the switch from eating basically everything you can that's labelled as food, and then to go to only meat sounds like such a huge jump. But as you do that progression, you know that parts are less and less and less, and then it becomes Oh, that I just need to cut some of the veggies or seasoning. And then it becomes a lot more palatable, I think from that perspective. But people need to just be very mindful of their personalities where they're coming from their illnesses. My mom, she was diabetic, had all the metabolic syndrome issues. I had her switch from her hide car, birdie lifestyle to keto and she struggled a lot. So even with my care, I stayed with her for two months. I had her transition test blood ketones, but she she was diabetic. So for the first couple weeks, she was sleeping most of the time, and I wasn't as familiar with electrolytes and she did take some salt but maybe she would have done better with that. But she was just really tired. And I wonder if the transition was A little bit slower for her. So maybe 100 grammes to 50. And she never struggled with disordered eating. Maybe it would have been a little easier on her body. But I mean, fast forward time, like yes, she struggled the first month. But now she's keto carnivore for like, three and a half years and no medications, not diabetic. So I don't know, like, what is it better to just put a bandaid in the beginning? Or and just try it and say, I'm going to give it three months? Even if it's hard in the beginning? Or am I a person that needs like a step down approach? Because going all in is quite scary? 10:35Absolutely, um, you mentioned so many different things, they end the one was mindset, I think, I don't know if it's an Instagram post you did, or something I can't recall. But it depends the type of person you are at the end of the day, because I feel, I feel like I feel like if I had known what I'd known in 2014, what I do now, I probably would have just jumped straight into the new phase where he probably would have made things much smoother. But there was kind of the slide, there was kind of this amazing appreciation, I guess, for the journey, you know, that I had been on. So when I reached that point on going the pace, it really everything just seemed to kick for me if that makes sense. And yeah, you mentioned your you mentioned your kids and things and what I love about your your content and about the user person is that you've got so much skin in the game, you know, you are among you are living a real life, doing real things you didn't even appreciable love to go to Costa Rica and decide to do certain things. That's awesome. You know, it's really an element of realism to what you do. And and that's what I love. So, obviously, being a big family and stuff, I would imagine, you know, things get a bit expensive. Kind of on a budget. How do you how do you budget for Carnival? How do you make it accessible to everyone? The general population? 12:03Yes. Before I touched that, I just wanted to touch on the abstainer Moderator personality. So I think if the people that are listening and watching to your content, if people understand that the world functions in a moderator type of world where you are not well if you live on the fringes, or you live on the edges, and so everything is about moderation. And that's where I think doing low carb seems more realistic for people where it's like, okay, so I can have a Snickers, but maybe I just have a little less about it. And so understanding that some of us are just not wired that way, though. And that's the thing that I learned along my journey, which has been huge, is I always knew I was extreme, like I was either black or white, or I went to these extremes. And, and I always try to fit myself in this moderator type of world where, okay, I'm going to buy a chocolate bar. And I'm just going to have two pieces everyday. And that's the allocation I made myself. And until I fixed that, then I'm not here. That's what they used to say, in the eating disorder facility. Well, I learned that I'm an abstainer, which means that the amount of the little allotment and making that decision of should I do veggies, or should I do a chocolate is so much harder for somebody like me and the way that I'm wired. Versus if I were to just say, carbs are not on the table. And so it's a non food, and then there's no decision making there. So at night when my body's exhausted, and my mental health is exhausted from making so many decisions throughout the day, saying no, I can't eat this, or I'm going to be healthy. But then by night, where I don't have that power anymore. If I just say carbs are off the table, there's no decision making. And so maybe I have some pork rinds, but even that gets tiring after a while. And it just becomes that you don't want it and when that decision making is not even there, it gives you back the power to say, I'm an abstainer. I don't even looked at carb this food, while I'm now resisting a lot of my binge tendencies. And that's the power for a lot of people with the mental health aspect of a carnivore diet. So I think when it comes to any types of tendencies, habits, addictions, if you are an all or nothing, then that's something really to think about. Because when there's an alcoholic who don't say, well, you're true, you're really healed from your alcoholism, if you have one little drip of alcohol every day. No, like I am not an alcoholic. So if I wanted to have a little bit of alcohol, I know it doesn't affect me. So maybe for me, that's fine. But for somebody that ever struggled with alcoholism, it's not at all normal to say have some everyday and test yourself to see if you're truly healed because then it doesn't work that way doesn't work with our dopamine and and so if you ever have a struggle with food, and relationships and turning to food for comfort and coping, for celebration for anger, then you may actually do better by abstaining. And that's not something that's really talked about in the general audience. So just the tip, in terms of 14:59and so on. I will, I will, I will add because I'm that just sort of sprang something update, but definitely. And thank you, thank you for saying that because that that was what I actually made when you when you say that and often I actually think that for me certainly as somebody who is attention to carnival going carnival The case was sort of spiritual. And I'll tell you why it's because for the first time in my life, I wasn't I could I could not show my negative emotions with. So it actually allowed the, when I really dived into it full time, this was just before lockdown. And, you know, it's all for Final Four. But it was the first time where I was processing my emotions without food. And it was an amazing experience. I think that's something similar. It's it's really that abstain and moderation mindset. So who are you and what's going to work for you? So? So yeah, so thanks for that. I enjoyed that. 16:00And that's the power of a carnivore diet as well is what since you don't have food as a source of comfort or a source of numbing, then what right so then you have to dig deeper and realise, oh, I didn't realise I use food to comfort myself to just deal with life. Well, now you're forced to deal with your life and maybe just maybe you'll have a better life because now you're dealing with the real things that are causing some duress in your life. And most people will never realise that if they always have like soon as a drug in their life. 16:36I couldn't agree more. 16:38Okay, so in terms of the family, so I do believe in the US at least, if you buy from your local farmer like meaning you really go to the ranch and you get some meat or you get some eggs, they are compensated the most compared to if you buy just from the grocery store, the grocery store still is a collection of all the meats from all the farmers but they don't get as much of the money so that's where I do like to support and from a financial perspective is a lot more economical if I'm trying to buy grass fed grass finished pasteurised, all of those are much more economical when you have someone local now I live in Texas, so there's a lot more ranchers and farmers and maybe somewhere else. So I do have that and so I do a split. Generally we will go to the grocery store and we'll buy meat there. And then we also will get like quarter steer, we'll get the eggs there. It really depends on just convenience, timing and availability, in terms of financial so I went to school in nutritional therapy school and it was all about me to buy grass fed grass finished pasteurised. And I understand that from a I guess an environmental perspective. So if you do regenerative farming, you will support healing the Earth more than let's say a CFO, CFO, but, and then maybe in terms of just the ethical pneus of treating animals. But other than that, just from a nutrient density perspective, there's not really much difference, even the hormone arguments. A lot of those just don't hold weight when you do a lot of the research. So hormones, the levels of oestrogen is really nowhere near what people think compared to like if you ate like a ounce of tofu, for example, the levels of oestrogen. And so our family, sometimes we will buy like the five pound ground beef and it really comes down to about two to $3 a pound. And then if you were to buy like a dozen eggs, and you buy the most conventional, it's maybe $1.50. So a family can absolutely eat that way and remove all the other stuff like you're not really snacking anymore, you're not having all these other like seasonings and figuring out how to make these lavish meals I mean it when it's mostly meat based and you just get to the bare basics. It's actually very, very affordable. And so I think that the average person that lives in standard cares level of food and dietary guidelines, if they were to just switch to just ground beef, eggs, bacon and the meats that they enjoy. And don't worry about the labels just make sure there's not really anything added to the meats you will be far greater in health than if you were to eat just like the standard American diet and adding other things so it's very possible to eat economical we like to buy in bulk we buy when there's a lot of sales so we have a chest freezer in the garage and when a meats on sale when you buy the quarter sphere we will stock up and so when the meat that there's no sales or everything's just kind of getting expensive like like we like lately, we will just you know go into our reserves and and a lot of things that are easy again is that we don't really snack and so We save a lot of money on those things. And we drink mostly water and sparkling water. And so again, that's even economic growth. 20:06Wow. Yeah, I agree it's been, it's been interesting for myself, because I've just recently moved to Amsterdam, I've been living here for almost all of the ground beef that you buy at the supermarkets have some real preservative in it. It's so strange, and I can taste it, I can taste the difference. So I try and buy local when I can. But yeah, I use he is trying to find that happy medium, you know, when you can buy the grass fed or grain fed or whatever, from local viewers, but also need to think about budgets. So when you can go to the store, get get the sales and all of that good stuff. So I mean, we dived a bit into the budgets and the new face diets. What are your thoughts around, you know, all limbs? One or three minutes? And then I'm going to put those into a you can answer it how you like, because you and I both know, now this, obviously the this debate or controversy within the community, about, you know, whether we need organs when we need foods. So I would love to hear from your perspective, and you can tackle them, however you like. Yeah, it's, it's very, very interesting. 21:24So what in nutritional therapy, we talked about organs and nutrient density? And so there's no question that organs are the most nutrient dense foods. But it gets a lot more nuanced than that. So as I work with clients, and some of them are doing here, minerals, and basically, that allows you to see the mineral status within your cellular function, not just in your blood. So these markers are a much more, I guess, an average of a, I think it's like three months. And so I started seeing some odd things like I started seeing copper was really high and Chromium is high. And people were starting to see they have joint pain, and they're just not feeling well. And as I dug through it, I ran into grant generous work, which he basically talks about vitamin A toxicity. And I know they go to the opposite end where they say that you don't need vitamin A at all. And I'm not necessary, like I didn't go into that level of research. So I'm not even saying that, I just started looking at the vitamin content. So from my understanding, it's always been that vitamins, fat soluble vitamins always work in balance, they work together. And when you look at the nutrient density of like organ meats, especially beef liver, chicken liver, the level of vitamin A, I think, for three ounces is 500% of your daily value, versus the D and K are not even at 50%. I think it's like 10 20%. So my first thought was like that balance is not even there. So you would be required to eat fish or something that has more vitamin D. But fish like fatty fish, salmon also has vitamin A. So then that was one thing I started looking into. And then when I looked at the copper content for that TV sliver of three ounces, which is about 100 grammes, the copper content is 1000 something percent of your daily value. And it's sort of making sense why started seeing that, and then Chromium is also high on liver. So I started putting everything together. And then I was always doing more research, there's a lot of studies. And I interviewed Dr. Garrett Smith, about vitamin A toxicity, he shares a lot more. So when I first thought this up, people were mad because I am now bringing up this like holy grail of food in the carnivore community. And now I am putting a stigma against it. And so people were upset and, and I knew that they would be but and I was honestly very hesitant of sharing this content, but I knew that it was the right thing to do. So I decided to share it anyway. And and the biggest reason I shared it is because for a young child that's under three, we have tolerable upper limits, where the government says if you eat more than this consistently you can get unwell. And for a child that's under three, if they eat more, if they eat even one ounce of liver, they are risking, they are past that upper limit. And I know for myself with my child I sent him liver Patay which the fat also in the liver cutting makes the vitamin A more absorbable that I knew I was possibly hurting my child. And so I just thought as a service to the community since I was such an advocate of doing chicken liver pet ks and these Taipei's to just get the food in that I should also now tell them my new science and it's just that depending on where you are in your situation with your liver health, and with your young child, maybe you should have a little bit more hesitation with eating these foods. And so I felt that duty just because cuz I bought up eating liver patty and stuff. And I think it's risky for a child under three that their livers not fully developed. And then on top of that, again, one ounce is above the tolerable limit. And then if you're doing it everyday, because you're like, first foods help super healthy, let's feed them all the liver while you're burdening that liver, because the liver has to store any excess fat soluble vitamins. And it's just with all the studies, I know that there were some advocates in the space that said, Oh, that's nonsense. It's only the E. coli very liver and with other things, they also said, it's only with synthetic vitamins. Well, a lot of the studies we cited with Dr. Garrett Smith, and all the studies are listed in the show notes, we shared that it was more than just synthetic vitamins that actually, if you took some type of retinol medication, if you took Accutane, if you eat these vitamin A's, even if you get it from beta carotene from carrots, and you're eating with that all of these end up in the body converting to vitamin E in one form or another, your body is not going to know that if it's a vitamin A synthetic form versus the form that's in foods. And a lot of the vitamin A in the supplements are the animal based forms. So again, it was just I, the part that was a little shocking to me was I understand the average person being upset because this is a, you know, a whole food, it's real, how can you say that there is a risk of sometimes over eating these things. But when some of the advocates went against it, that was a part that I didn't understand, because you just shared the studies, we shared all this stuff. And they were upset. And you know, I know that that some of these people have financial reasons for that. But maybe they and so my logic was maybe they just really believe that it's just the synthetic vitamins, I don't know. But I just think that all my goal was was so that people would be concerned about eating too much liver. And I do believe in our biofeedback, I believe that our bodies have any wisdom, but you smell something wrong, your body's going to have this scowl on your face, your stomach kind of feels weird. When you eat too much liver, you might be able to feel that and that's a really good thing. But when we start taking supplements and liver chips and other ways that bypass our body's innate wisdom, that's where it gets kind of scary. So when we sprinkle it into our child eggs, and they don't realise it's there, it's just how do we know the harm that we're doing when he can't really tell liver health unless you do a biopsy. And how many people are going to do that, if you check your vitamin A in blood, it's not a good measure, because again, it's in the liver. And the only way again, is going to do a biopsy. So I think what's happened in the past year, though, is since it's been about a year since I shared it, I've heard some of the advocates, when it first came out said there's no limit that you have, you can consume or didn't use. And now I heard him say, or some of the people say, you should limit it to maybe four ounces. And then I've heard too and supposedly now they're saying half. So I'm like good like, as long as like, I don't care whether I get the credit or if I bought VASHAUN for that. As long as there's a little bit of a hesitation that people aren't like you're not feeling better on carnivore liver harder, do more organ meats. As long as that's not the mantra, then what I wanted was my, my goal has succeeded. It's just maybe it is the liver. And that's all I wanted for the community is you figure out your own situation, if you came to the carnivore diet was for liver health, it's probably not a good idea to be eating that much vitamin A, if you've taken vitamin A retinoids retinol Accutane in the past, a lot of the vitamin E is likely stored in your system, if you ate a lot of carrots and sweet potatoes and a lot of beta carotene from plant based foods. And then you're trying to now eat vitamin A like two three ounce or liver to three ounces a day is probably not a good idea. And maybe in the future as you're eating carnivore long term and your liver is super healthy. Maybe you can enjoy it on occasion have it in your pets. But I think it was really, really critical to bring this up. So that so that's just the vitamin part. And then recently, I started noticing with some of my clients that they were getting gout slurs, even on a carnivore diet. So then I started looking into that. And Gout is primarily triggered from fructose hearings and then alcohol. So alcohol and fructose pretty much breakdown the same one in the body. And then purines are the other one. So that's why a lot of doctors will say don't eat red meat, red meat have a lot of hearings, it causes gout. Well, yeah, the real issue is fructose. So it's the fructose that's in high fructose corn syrup, and it's what's in honey and it wasn't fruits. Now I know that we all think that's just super healthy and it can be in moderation. Maybe once a day, but when you are eating mostly meats and then adding a lot of fruits or honey then it becomes a little bit of a concern. So I just brought up that pickerings can behind ready Eat. So if you look at the actual period list of red meat, steaks, chicken, pork, none of those are super high, the muscle meats aren't that high, where it gets high, are delivered the organ meats, and there's some and I'm about to release a graphic suit that will show the different organs that have most attorneys. They are like four times the amount per serving then muscle meat. So if you struggle with gout, or you struggle with love, liver or kidney imbalances, and they're not functioning really well, you want to be careful of the Korean content. And unfortunately, this also confirmed 30:38it also affects sardine so sardines are also hiring parents. So if you think about these foods, and then you're adding fructose you're adding, you're basically really stimulating that uric acid cycle and it's the uric acid cycle that then triggers gout. So if you struggle with any kidney imbalances, liver imbalances, you want to be careful with the content of periods in your diet. And you also want to be mindful of the fructose. And so I interviewed Dr. Richard Johnson not too long ago. And we talked about fructose. And when he first said, fruits are healthy, that's fine. And I said, really? Is it healthy, like if you have a lots of grapes, lots of raisins. And if you were to just say, that's your primary carbohydrate source, that you're always having some steak with liver and adding the honey and a little bit of fruit at the end? And then he said, Yeah, that can actually make the load higher. So I think the recommendation is about 20 grammes of fructose a day, well, eating one mango would bypass that level already. So that's where you just have to be really mindful of the level of fruit, maybe an apple with the skim on the fibre protecting you from the fructose load, not that the food actually beneficial, that may help you but then if you're also adding the high level of periods, it's just exacerbates that cycle. And a lot of Dr. David Perlmutter his new work, Dr. Richard Johnson, they talk about how a lot of that uric acid cycle that we don't really look at. But if you get your bloodwork done, and you get your uric acid marker, and if it's above maybe 678, and depending on context, that is another big indicator of metabolic syndrome. And it's just the fact that organ meats with their high period content, maybe some uncertainties, and then adding fructose, so all types of fruit, honey is more fructose and glucose, and then even glucose can break down also into fructose as well. But if you eat these foods, Andrew uric acid levels are going up, and you are doing harm or you're risking the chances of getting more metabolic syndrome. So that's where now there's so much more content about the organ meats just than the hypervitaminosis. It's also that there's a lot of curing and if you struggle from gout again, and if you have hyper Yersinia, you probably want to reduce those as they're probably contributing to obesity, and metabolic syndrome and insulin resistance. 33:08But yeah, definitely. And I notice specifically when I was sort of being a bit about any experiment myself, I'm very active I trained a few CrossFit like six times a week. And I just thought I'd give it a go and I wear my aura ring. And and I notice in the mornings, my aura ring, I couldn't get it off my finger was the best. My fingers were probably like sweating. Yeah, just from the honey. I couldn't believe it. And I think I've found quite a happy medium now with with my with my I don't do honey, I do occasionally have like, a little bit of berries for desserts or a little bit of aggro. But I suppose you've always said it all along. It's like, context matters. I think some people will look at certain people, certain advocates in the community. And they're like, oh, no, let me latch on to this health period and do exactly what they do. Even if I'm not feeling good. Let me do a day because they must be doing something right because they look, you know, they look good. They spending all day doing doing supplies, but I'm not so sure it's something that they something they do use right. Even that goes back to what you were saying about the organs and things aside, we have this innate wisdom within within us. And I notice when I eat, you eat chicken livers eat too much. You very quickly get as weird metallic taste in your mouth. It's hard to describe. It's like your body just saying. He's open anymore, like my body. And then, you know, it kind of reminds me as a kid. You know, the reason why we didn't like innovation was is because kids had that innate wisdom within it, but they don't want to eat vegetables because clearly your body just doesn't want to have to do anything. thing to do with that. So, yeah, I think there's so much. 35:04Yeah. And one thing I'll say is, so whenever about brought up that argument about the vegetables or the young kids and don't think other people will say, Well, kids love sugar, does that mean that we should be giving them sugar? And I think that's from an evolutionary perspective, sugar is the most easiest form of energy, it gives you that immediate energy. And so I think that's why we like sugar, right? It not only hits our neurotransmitters, but also, if from a survival perspective, it's going to let us survive one extra day. And so I think that's why kids tend to really like sugar. It's not that they're meant to be eating that much sugar. Yeah, I think with the organ meats and the fruit, it's the, the biggest thing I've noticed is that a lot of these advocates, they've never really been sick, like they've never really been sick, and they don't work with individual patients. So it's hard for them to really get a pulse on what really happens. And what are the ramifications of their advice, right? If we have people that talk to us through social media, most people will share back to us what we want to hear, right. So as a person on the internet, I may put out some content, and someone will say, Oh, my gosh, I feel the same way. And so to me, that's validating level care without the content. But that's like maybe 10 people compared to 1000s of people that just don't respond, or the people that it didn't work for that will say, I'm just going to move on, and they don't talk to you about it. And so we live in a very siloed experience online. And so we think that's reality. And your reality check is when you start working with individuals in a clinical setting that you hear, and I tried to honey, I try the cards at night, and I don't feel as good. And then everything you believe through evidence based research through your books through all that other good stuff, you get challenged because you meet clients, and patients that really challenge your thinking. And you realise, okay, there are actually exceptions to this, right. And that's when you start digging into other areas. And that's how I found organs. Otherwise, I would probably still be singing my first book is all about us to be origins and why so good for you. And I mean, I have to change that part of my book, because that's not where I stand anymore. And a big reason is because my clients weren't feeling well. And I had to go search. Why, like, I know that this meat only carnivore diet is so powerful. Why are my clients feeling worse, and when I noticed the Gout with the periods, or the fact that, that maybe they're having too much food after their meals, and they're not as active as you right, so for them, maybe that's the berries, the dose was to my train. And, and then in terms of the liver, it's just not always eat more liver, there's just, there's nuances and complex for each person. And, and we didn't have that in our space. And that's where I just wanted people to understand, it's not even about hypervitaminosis A, it's about everything, we can over nutrient nutrition, it's an absolute thing, there are certain colorable upper limits for vitamins and minerals. And some of them, they don't have it, like there's some, I think it's some B vitamins, I can't remember, I might have been potassium as well, but they don't have upper limits. So maybe those are a little bit safer. But most nutrients have upper limits, meaning that the the, the scientific world has determined that in excess of this consistently, you can actually get sick, and vitamin E is one of them. And there's again, a lot of studies that show that and then now with the Pieris a carnivore person will generally eat a lot more pairings than the average person. And then when you also then add ordinates then absolute, you may just the in the biggest way people will know is if they feel that they're regressing or stalling on a carnivore diet. And it's the best thing to do is try and test your own body. 38:54Yeah, absolutely. And I actually think that's a great segue to I'm gonna say electrolytes. reason I'm saying this because I know I messaged you a few months ago I really want to have you on but I know you're having a social media breaks. Appreciate that. Maybe we can get into that at the end. But you said something which which actually prompted me to do what I did. He said, maybe you are playing napkins with your electrolytes and your supplements and things like that. Because at the time when I had started carnivore, I hadn't. I had firmly in my head. I was good constipated. For the first time in my life. I was losing weight instead of putting on weight which has never happened to me and that's part of the reason why I raised some funds. And in my mind, I was like okay, now I have to have magnesium. So I was having I was having magnesium citrate in the morning and magnesium bicarbonate in the evening. I was mixing it up. I was mashing it up and I was just having a lot of magnesium. And I just I still wasn't feeling it. Good luck. I wasn't sleeping well, about a project. I cut out organs definitely made a difference. I also had my hair mineral analysis done my copper was like through the roof. But I threw your advice actually, I was like, Okay, let me just let me just come up magnesium and the woven in, you know, my body fibres getting our resin constipated. But what are your thoughts on that on pain that kindess electrolytes? IV on its acrobats? 40:36Yeah. So minerals are really finely balanced in our system, it's true that our food are so whether in our soil, so whether it's the cow that's eating the grass, or whether it's the plants that we're you know, crop harvesting, all of them are lower in minerals than they used to be. So in some aspects, we may need to doing a hair mineral test is obviously a good sense of figuring out what may be imbalanced. But generally, I do see that, you know, magnesium has become this Godsend recently, and I feel like vitamin D as well, and, but the main minerals are calcium, magnesium, potassium, and sodium. And so those four really need to be in balance. And, yes, our food affects the balances, but a lot that affects it is our stress levels. So when we are stressed, we will start losing our potassium. When our potassium starts dropping, the sodium tries to balance that out, when the sodium and potassium are both dropping, then magnesium and calcium start in balancing to so you start bleeding out more magnesium, and then your calcium, if you're really stressed, and you're like building up this internal wall of I need to get things done, and I'm just going to run 100 miles an hour, then your calcium may be really, really high. And you just if you think about, like scum on the water of the windows, and it's like this calcium buildup, that's kind of what's happening inside our bodies with a lot of that stress, if you see your calcium rolling on that hair mineral test. So if we understand that minerals all need to be in fine balance, and when they're not imbalanced. Minerals are spark plugs into our body. So we require them to have activation of things in the body. And so they're really, really important. But a lot of vitamins especially, or a lot of supplements, especially if they're you know, just from the grocery store, let's say and it's like a quality, you don't know what type of like you said magnesium glycinate, or magnesium or magnesium citrate versus glycinate versus bicarbonate, they all function slightly differently. And your body may not tolerate it as much. You don't know what time you're absorbing more than the other. But we are, like you said, playing Mad Chemist and just constantly taking the same. But it's like our sleep our diet, our hunger is not the same every day. So how do we know that our minerals should be the same every day. And then the biggest thing I don't like is when people just supplement magnesium Because oftentimes, it's a lot of other things. When I do a lot of experimental tests, I'd say only half of them I would recommend supplementing magnesium. And I firstly use topical magnesium spray since it absorbs better through the body. And sometimes it's just they need a little bit more potassium. Or sometimes they need just a little bit more like saline water, which is unrefined salts. And when you soak it, the minerals are a little bit more unbound. So it's like trace minerals, and you just drink a little bit of that. So that's where I normally have people start is just do a little bit of salt water in the morning and see how they feel if they are getting like the leg cramps, on the chest beating the heart beating, the heart pops, and they're like muscles still kind of having maybe they need a little bit more of the magnesium, potassium, and you want to maybe you can try some of the basic electrolytes that has their own balance. If that doesn't make you feel well then I would consider a hair mineral test. But sometimes it's not even electrolytes, it could just be that you might need more omega threes, it might be something else. And so that's where I think again on the internet. You know, we we follow people that are really healthy. And so we think that their advocates, patient is what's right for us, but they're not metabolically unbalanced. Maybe their stress levels are different than and maybe their minerals are different. Or even if you are really in tune with the hair mineral test, maybe they're a different type of oxidizer than us, right. So maybe they burned through minerals way faster than me who burns through and slower. So that's where the I guess wellness online becomes difficult because it's everything is very nuanced. Everything really is it depends. So there are some people that really need magnesium, right? Without magnesium, you can have a heart attack, but it's in context. So if you only use magnesium then you could deplete yourself of the other factor minerals. And when your body has less of a named mineral and even the micro minerals like the trace minerals of boron and other types of minerals, your body Then use some of the heavy metals, if they're the same weight and size to do some of that sparkplug action. So it may intentionally hold on to some heavy metals to balance because you're missing some type of good mineral that your body needs. And so that's where, even from a heavy metal perspective, I kind of like to balance the other minerals first, before even thinking of detoxing heavy metals, because they might just be there because your body has to use them. And think of this trace. Think of the table of elements. All minerals are on a level, and it's like based on weight and size. And so you can see how, for example, if we're deficient in iodine, we might just be holding more bromide and chloride because they're all on the same table of elements. And so it's just all these nuanced things. And we don't put we hear and mining is good. So let's magnesium harder, right, but it's not always the case. 45:55Yeah, definitely. And I know you mentioned the, the soul works. Which I don't I don't I so I'm pretty lazy. I just wake up and I'll put some table to some just really thin integrating salt and water in the morning. And I trinkets like, Is that fine? And so yeah, 46:16I think it's fine to if you feel fine, then I wouldn't worry about it. But the reason why I like having the so they water is like if you just had a big jar, and you made it one time, so maybe you put half a cup of like the Himalayan salt in there, and you just filled it with water. And then every morning, instead of having the salt, just use a tablespoon of that water and put it in your regular water. Why I like that is because a lot of the trace minerals are a lot more unbound when you're consuming it. Versus when you're eating the salt with some of the minerals in it as it goes through your digestive process. If it doesn't unbind then you are not absorbing it. So that's the reason. 46:55Okay, thanks. That's actually super helpful. I really want to try that. And then I mean, I want to be respectful of your time. This has been so much fun I thought in with recently, I mean, you spoke to embora have a podcast. And you're talking about, you know, ownership plus consistency. I love that because this is a it's a long term, you know, probably decades to damage yourself. And it's not going to things often happen overnight. I don't know if you can maybe end on my thought because I love that. Yeah. 47:31Yeah. So I think the blessing of me struggling with the mental health aspect of illness really helps me to understand that a lot of times we judge a person by their outside, right, so if someone's thin enough, then we're like, oh, they're they're healthy. They're doing everything, right. But I struggled with an eating disorder behind closed doors, and it was very, very hard and dark. And then when you see someone obese, if they're eating something unhealthy, they're like, Yeah, that's why they're unhealthy. Right? And, and the thing is, there's a lot more to a person than how they look outside. So that's one. But what we want to do is, if we understand that aspect, that we can't just judge by the outside cover, then when we are also taking advice online, I mean, we are living in a period where there is so much free content, and so many people that are experts and advocates for things, and the more people are popular in terms of follower count, they seem more convincing. And the thing is to do well, on social media, you have to have a little bit of entertainment, you can be a great actor. And so just because someone has followers or they're influential does not mean that that answer is right for you. So if you decide to follow a path, 48:50generally understand the diet, do a little bit of that research in advance, don't just say the next day, I'm going to start a carnivore diet, because that gets really difficult. Instead of your environment, find the meats that you enjoy, do the things that you are mentally and emotionally ready to get started. And then once you get started, I think sometimes it's better to not listen to a lot of nutritional content. And I know that's like what I do that kind of stuff. But the reason is because there's always someone selling something, whether it's figuratively or really selling, but it becomes a lot and it's in your moments where you're not feeling well. You're going to think oh my gosh, I do need carbs for thyroid. I do need this for something healthy. And that's why I'm not feeling well. And then those little thoughts become chatter in our head. We have like 60,000 thoughts in our head. We might know maybe 10% of it. And but that negativity it stays. And then when we're struggling, we lean on those things to basically self sabotage. Right? So we may try the honey we may try the fruits. And then we say, well, I feel better even if it's an hour I feel better honey shirts a stimulant right? like drug is a stimulant to caffeine is a stimulant. But what if in three months, you realise, oh man, this was a long route, what if you just didn't listen to some of that content, and you just stuck through the three months. And for most people eating in sufficient calories, eating enough fat on their carnivore diet, or meat only diet, and then if you want to add some veggies, I'm totally supportive of that. Then if you feel better than it was good that you don't have to go through these other journeys. I think, taking ownership of just don't loosely take in information, it's really easy to get sucked in. Right lately, through the pandemic, we all know that there are so many different sides to who was right with the science of the vaccine or the pandemic and all the other things. Well, we know now that depending on which scientists you follow, they will have the right answer. And so if you know that then in terms of Diet and Wellness, that people will always have a different answer as well, depending on who you're following. So if you know your sort of diet, and things aren't working, maybe you want to look that up. But otherwise, just enjoy your life. Have the community that you know, will support you get through this, focus on having a safe environment, meaning maybe no junk food in your house for a while until you can pass this hurdle. Maybe you say I'm not going to go to happy hours for a little bit. But the golden is taking ownership saying, I'm not going to listen to people that may make me stumble for now, I may have to go out less for now. And I really want to dig in because I want to change my life because I know how my life feels right now. And I know how unwell I am and I'm happy. But I want to change that. So if carnivore meat on the B or some other diet is my ticket to that I'm going to go all in and give yourself that grace of it may not be perfect, but be consistent. Not once a week. It's okay, this isn't working. Maybe meat isn't good for me. And then that self doubt, I'm telling you guys, it's it is what causes so many people to fall, those thoughts that we don't think are pervasive once we hear it. And once we start doubting the diet, and when the guy gets hard with all diets, they're hard. The easiest thing people are gonna say is Yeah, your diet, like that's a crazy diet, and then it's easy to fall off. And then you realise Well, my old guy couldn't work now too, and you're struggling again and you're back at square one. And all you're doing is like spinning your wheels and the first week or two or month of carnivore. But if you just were to stay consistent, eat the meat you want don't care if it's bacon all the time and eggs that's that's still very nutritious. And and then you can explore further as you progress. But it's just figuring out what will allow you to stay consistent and take ownership because no one cares about your health as much as you 52:44Yeah, I couldn't have been better even if I tried. Thank you so much for your time. I really, really appreciate it. And so much so much value in the conversation. Yeah, I know you're busy person, so I appreciate it. Well, thank 52:58you for having married during this conversation. Thank you so much God for my son

with Monica Green hosted by Chris Gratien | For years, the historiography of the 14th-century Black Death produced more questions than answers. Then, roughly a decade ago, genomic research confirmed that the medieval Black Death was caused by the same bacteria, Yersinia pestis, which causes the modern bubonic plague. This settled the burning question of precisely which disease had caused the pandemic that produced colossal mortality in many parts of Europe, Asia, and North Africa. In this episode, we speak to Monica H. Green, whose recent work has raised new questions about the Black Death by showing that the chronology of the Black Death was incomplete. As she explains, prior outbreaks of plague in 13th-century Asia occurred at the edges of the ascendant Mongol Empire, roughly a century before the plague arrived in Western Europe. In our conversation, we learn how Green uncovered the new story of the "four Black Deaths" and in doing so, explore the historiography of the Black Death and how genetics, archaeology, and a fresh approach to textual sources have brought us to a deeper understand of one of history's deadliest pandemics. « Click for More »

This episode covers yersinia enterocolitica!

Having trouble installing Kali Linux? Passwords don't work? VT-x or AMD-v issues? Root not working? Well, in this video I show you step by step how to resolve those issues. I'll show you what the new default password is for Kali Linux 2020. I'll show you how to resolve issues with apt-get and apt update and apt install. How to use su to become root. How to fix issues when using Kali Linux with VirtualBox and VMware Workstation Player. Don't let Intel Virtualization issues (VT-x) or AMD-v virtualization issues stop you using Kali Linux - change your setting in the BIOS of your laptop or computer. These types of issues can be overcome and you can start learning Ethical hacking with Kali Linux. It's so easy to hack badly configured networks using Kali Linux! Make sure you have configured your networks securely! Otherwise, look at how simple it is to hack networks using Kali Linux running on a Windows 10 computer. Applications like Yersinia make hacking with Kali Linux super easy! It's important that you as a network professional know how to protect networks from hackers. Even the new Cisco CCNA 200-301 exam covers some of these hacking topics. Don't just learn the theory of hacking, learn how to hack practically. In this Ethical Hacking with Kali Linux playlist, I'm going to show you step by step how to hack and protect networks. This is white-hat hacking, not black-hat - in other words this is about teaching you Ethical hacking to help you better secure your networks! Menu: Overview: 0:01 Default Kali Passwords: 2:30 apt update issues: 3:22 Change Kali Password: 4:42 Use su to switch to root: 5:12 VT-x issue using VirtualBox with Intel processor: 5:52 VT-x issue using VMware Workstation Player with Intel processor: 7:00 AMD-v issue using VirtualBox with AMD processor: 7:38 Which keys do I need to use to get into the BIOS: 8:26 Fix VT-x issue with Intel Processors (edit BIOS settings): 9:14 Fix AMD-v issue with AMD Processors (edit BIOS settings): 10:50 ====================== CCNA content: ====================== Free CCNA content: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLhfrWIlLOoKM3niunUBTLjOR4gMt_uR_a CCNA course: http://bit.ly/2PmTVPD ========================== Free and Trial Network Software: ========================== Solar-PuTTY: http://bit.ly/SolarPutty SolarWinds TFTP Server: http://bit.ly/2mbtD6j WAN Killer: http://bit.ly/wankiller Engineers Toolset: http://bit.ly/gns3toolset IP Address Scanner: http://bit.ly/swipscan Network Device Scanner: http://bit.ly/swnetscan Wifi Heat Map: http://bit.ly/wifiheat Wifi Analyzer: http://bit.ly/swwifianalyzer SolarWinds NPM: http://bit.ly/getnpm kali linux Hacking Ethical hacking EVE-NG GNS3 VIRL Packet Tracer 10x Engineer CCNA Cisco Devnet Associate CCNP Enterprise CCNP Security CCNP Data Center CCNP Service Provider CCNP Collaboration Cisco Certified Devnet Professional Cisco Certified Network Professional LPIC 1 LPIC 2 Linux Professional Institute LX0-103 LX0-104 XK0-004 Please note that links listed may be affiliate links and provide me with a small percentage/kickback should you use them to purchase any of the items listed or recommended. Thank you for supporting me and this channel! #kalilinux #ethicalhacking #kali

Learn how to stop Kali DHCP hacks and Man-in-the-middle attacks using DHCP Snooping. With Kali Linux it is so easy to run scripts and applications to break networks! Learn how to stop these kinds of attacks using DHCP Snooping, Dynamic ARP Inspection and other mitigation techniques. I previously showed you the following. Now learn how to stop these attacks: Learn how to use Kali Linux to use a Denial of service attack (DOS) against a DHCP server; set up a rogue DHCP server on Kali Linux and then get hosts to send traffic via Kali Linux so you can use a man-in-the-middle (MITM) attack and capture packets and see usernames and passwords using Wireshark. It's can be so easy to hack badly configured networks with Kali Linux! Make sure you have got your network configured securely. Otherwise, look how you can hack networks using Kali Linux running on a Windows 10 computer and applications like Yersinia! It's important that you as a network professional know how to protect networks from hackers. Even the new Cisco CCNA 200-301 exam covers some of these hacking topics. Don't just learn the theory of hacking, learn how to hack practically. In this Ethical Hacking with Kali Linux playlist, I'm going to show you step by step how to hack and protect networks. Menu: Overview: 0:01 Testing network before attack: 2:09 Kali Linux Rogue DHCP server demo: 3:39 Enable and verify DHCP Snooping: 7:38 Enable trusted port: 11:52 DHCP Option 82 issues and fix: 12:58 Rate Limit Interfaces to Stop DOS attack: 16:15 ====================== I hope you like these: ====================== DHCP Snooping Guide: http://bit.ly/dhcpsnooping Packet Tracer initial lab: http://bit.ly/2Rpxium Packet Tracer completed lab: http://bit.ly/2vnmKDH Packet Tracer Answer video: https://youtu.be/u3EmleryJ9A ====================== Referenced Videos: ====================== DHCP Attacks and MITM: https://youtu.be/g9OGphrEMb0 DHCP Basics: https://youtu.be/Dp2mFo3YSDY EVE-NG: https://youtu.be/FDbgTlr-tnw GNS3: https://youtu.be/Ibe3hgP8gCA Kali: https://youtu.be/K1bMSPje6pw ====================== Free and trial Network Software: ====================== Solar-PuTTY: http://bit.ly/SolarPutty SolarWinds TFTP Server: http://bit.ly/2mbtD6j WAN Killer: http://bit.ly/wankiller Engineers Toolset: http://bit.ly/gns3toolset IP Address Scanner: http://bit.ly/swipscan Network Device Scanner: http://bit.ly/swnetscan Wifi Heat Map: http://bit.ly/wifiheat Wifi Analyzer: http://bit.ly/swwifianalyzer SolarWinds NPM: http://bit.ly/getnpm kali linux hacking ethical hacking ceh oscp EVE-NG GNS3 VIRL 10x Engineer CCNA CCNP Enterprise CCNP Security CCNP Data Center CCNP Service Provider CCNP Collaboration Cisco Certified Devnet Professional Cisco Certified Network Professional LPIC 1 LPIC 2 Linux Professional Institute LX0-103 LX0-104 XK0-004 Please note that links listed may be affiliate links and provide me with a small percentage/kickback should you use them to purchase any of the items listed or recommended. Thank you for supporting me and this channel! #kalilinux #ethicalhacking #hacker

It's so easy to hack badly configured networks using Kali Linux! See how easy it is to take out networks using Kali Linux and protocols like Dynamic Trunking Protocol (DTP) and VLAN Trunking Protocol (VTP); and also capture network traffic using Wireshark. Make sure you have configured your networks securely! Otherwise, look at how simple it is to hack networks using Kali Linux running on a Windows 10 computer. Applications like Yersinia make hacking with Kali Linux super easy! It's important that you as a network professional know how to protect networks from hackers. Even the new Cisco CCNA 200-301 exam covers some of these hacking topics. Don't just learn the theory of hacking, learn how to hack practically. In this Ethical Hacking with Kali Linux playlist, I'm going to show you step by step how to hack and protect networks. This is white-hat hacking, not black-hat - in other words this is about teaching you Ethical hacking to help you better secure your networks! In a previous video I showed you how to get started with Yersinia and hack CDP and Spanning Tree Protocol (STP). In this video I show you how to leverage DTP and VTP to hack networks with kali linux. Make sure you learn how network protocols work and understand their weaknesses. Just because a Cisco switch or router supports a protocol, doesn't mean you should enable it and use it. In many cases you need to either optimize the network protocol or disable it. Otherwise, hackers using Kali Linux will be able to hack your network and break things. Menu: Introduction 0:01 DTP hacks: 2:15 Wireshark: 5:18 VTP attacks: 8:00 Remotely Delete a VLAN: 10:54 Delete all VLANS! 13:33 ====================== CCNA content: ====================== Free CCNA content: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLhfrWIlLOoKM3niunUBTLjOR4gMt_uR_a CCNA course: http://bit.ly/2PmTVPD ====================== Free Network Software: ====================== Solar-PuTTY: http://bit.ly/SolarPutty SolarWinds TFTP Server: http://bit.ly/2mbtD6j WAN Killer: http://bit.ly/wankiller Engineers Toolset: http://bit.ly/gns3toolset IP Address Scanner: http://bit.ly/swipscan Network Device Scanner: http://bit.ly/swnetscan Wifi Heat Map: http://bit.ly/wifiheat Wifi Analyzer: http://bit.ly/swwifianalyzer SolarWinds NPM: http://bit.ly/getnpm Please note that links listed may be affiliate links and provide me with a small percentage/kickback should you use them to purchase any of the items listed or recommended. Thank you for supporting me and this channel! ======================== Switch configuration: ======================== c2960-CG# sh run ! version 15.0 no service pad service timestamps debug datetime msec service timestamps log datetime msec no service password-encryption ! hostname c2960-CG ! boot-start-marker boot-end-marker ! enable password cisco ! no aaa new-model ! ip dhcp pool vlan1 network 10.1.1.0 255.255.255.0 default-router 10.1.1.254 dns-server 10.1.1.254 ! ip dhcp pool vlan2 network 10.1.2.0 255.255.255.0 default-router 10.1.2.254 dns-server 10.1.2.254 ! ! ! ! ! ! spanning-tree mode pvst spanning-tree extend system-id ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! vlan internal allocation policy ascending ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! interface GigabitEthernet0/1 ! interface GigabitEthernet0/2 switchport access vlan 2 switchport mode access ! interface GigabitEthernet0/3 switchport access vlan 2 switchport mode access ! interface GigabitEthernet0/4 ! interface GigabitEthernet0/5 ! interface GigabitEthernet0/6 ! interface GigabitEthernet0/7 ! interface GigabitEthernet0/8 ! interface GigabitEthernet0/9 ! interface GigabitEthernet0/10 ! interface Vlan1 ip address 10.1.1.254 255.255.255.0 no ip route-cache ! interface Vlan2 ip address 10.1.2.254 255.255.255.0 no ip route-cache ! ip http server ip http authentication local ip http secure-server ! ! ! ! line con 0 line vty 0 4 password cisco login transport input all line vty 5 15 login ! end ======================== #kalilinux #ethicalhacking #hacker

Learn how to hack DHCP with Kali Linux! Learn how to use Kali Linux to use a Denial of service attack (DOS) against a DHCP server; set up a rogue DHCP server on Kali Linux and then get hosts to send traffic via Kali Linux so you can use a man-in-the-middle (MITM) attack and capture packets and see usernames and passwords using Wireshark. It's can be so easy to hack badly configured networks with Kali Linux! Make sure you have got your network configured securely. Otherwise, look how you can hack networks using Kali Linux running on a Windows 10 computer and applications like Yersinia! It's important that you as a network professional know how to protect networks from hackers. Even the new Cisco CCNA 200-301 exam covers some of these hacking topics. Don't just learn the theory of hacking, learn how to hack practically. In this Ethical Hacking with Kali Linux playlist, I'm going to show you step by step how to hack and protect networks. Menu: Overview: 0:01 Network Setup: 2:44 DHCP Denial of service attack: 7:18 Rogue DHCP Server: 10:14 Forward traffic via Kali: 14:14 Capture Passwords using Wireshark: 14:51 ====================== Referenced Videos: ====================== DHCP Basics: https://youtu.be/Dp2mFo3YSDY EVE-NG: https://youtu.be/FDbgTlr-tnw GNS3: https://youtu.be/Ibe3hgP8gCA Kali: https://youtu.be/K1bMSPje6pw ====================== Free Network Software: ====================== Solar-PuTTY: http://bit.ly/SolarPutty SolarWinds TFTP Server: http://bit.ly/2mbtD6j WAN Killer: http://bit.ly/wankiller Engineers Toolset: http://bit.ly/gns3toolset IP Address Scanner: http://bit.ly/swipscan Network Device Scanner: http://bit.ly/swnetscan Wifi Heat Map: http://bit.ly/wifiheat Wifi Analyzer: http://bit.ly/swwifianalyzer SolarWinds NPM: http://bit.ly/getnpm kali linux Hacking Ethical hacking EVE-NG GNS3 VIRL Packet Tracer 10x Engineer CCNA Cisco Devnet Associate CCNP Enterprise CCNP Security CCNP Data Center CCNP Service Provider CCNP Collaboration Cisco Certified Devnet Professional Cisco Certified Network Professional LPIC 1 LPIC 2 Linux Professional Institute LX0-103 LX0-104 XK0-004 Please note that links listed may be affiliate links and provide me with a small percentage/kickback should you use them to purchase any of the items listed or recommended. Thank you for supporting me and this channel! #kalilinux #ethicalhacking #hacker

It's so easy to hack badly configured networks using Kali Linux! Make sure you have configured your networks securely! Otherwise, look at how simple it is to hack networks using Kali Linux running on a Windows 10 computer. Applications like Yersinia make hacking with Kali Linux super easy! It's important that you as a network professional know how to protect networks from hackers. Even the new Cisco CCNA 200-301 exam covers some of these hacking topics. Don't just learn the theory of hacking, learn how to hack practically. In this Ethical Hacking with Kali Linux playlist, I'm going to show you step by step how to hack and protect networks. This is white-hat hacking, not black-hat - in other words this is about teaching you Ethical hacking to help you better secure your networks! In this video I'll show you how to get started with Yersinia and hack CDP and Spanning Tree Protocol (STP). In subsequent videos I'll show you how to hack other protocols. Menu: Overview: 0:01 Yersinia Overview: 0:58 Install Yersinia: 3:08 Yersinia options: 4:07 Run Yersinia: 4:40 Use Putty to view Switch configuration: 5:38 Bridge Kali Linux to the physical Ethernet network: 10:28 CDP flooding: 11:40 Spanning Tree (STP) hacking: 13:49 ====================== Previous Video: ====================== Kali Linux installation video: https://youtu.be/AnwgxRtWXLI ====================== CCNA content: ====================== Free CCNA content: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLhfrWIlLOoKM3niunUBTLjOR4gMt_uR_a CCNA course: http://bit.ly/2PmTVPD ====================== Free Network Software: ====================== Solar-PuTTY: http://bit.ly/SolarPutty SolarWinds TFTP Server: http://bit.ly/2mbtD6j WAN Killer: http://bit.ly/wankiller Engineers Toolset: http://bit.ly/gns3toolset IP Address Scanner: http://bit.ly/swipscan Network Device Scanner: http://bit.ly/swnetscan Wifi Heat Map: http://bit.ly/wifiheat Wifi Analyzer: http://bit.ly/swwifianalyzer SolarWinds NPM: http://bit.ly/getnpm Please note that links listed may be affiliate links and provide me with a small percentage/kickback should you use them to purchase any of the items listed or recommended. Thank you for supporting me and this channel! ======================== Switch configuration: ======================== c2960-CG# sh run Building configuration... Current configuration : 2984 bytes ! version 15.0 no service pad service timestamps debug datetime msec service timestamps log datetime msec no service password-encryption ! hostname c2960-CG ! boot-start-marker boot-end-marker ! enable password cisco ! no aaa new-model ! ip dhcp pool vlan1 network 10.1.1.0 255.255.255.0 default-router 10.1.1.254 dns-server 10.1.1.254 ! ip dhcp pool vlan2 network 10.1.2.0 255.255.255.0 default-router 10.1.2.254 dns-server 10.1.2.254 ! ! ! ! ! ! spanning-tree mode pvst spanning-tree extend system-id ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! vlan internal allocation policy ascending ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! interface GigabitEthernet0/1 ! interface GigabitEthernet0/2 switchport access vlan 2 switchport mode access spanning-tree portfast ! interface GigabitEthernet0/3 ! interface GigabitEthernet0/4 ! interface GigabitEthernet0/5 ! interface GigabitEthernet0/6 ! interface GigabitEthernet0/7 ! interface GigabitEthernet0/8 ! interface GigabitEthernet0/9 ! interface GigabitEthernet0/10 ! interface Vlan1 ip address 10.1.1.254 255.255.255.0 no ip route-cache ! interface Vlan2 ip address 10.1.2.254 255.255.255.0 no ip route-cache ! ip http server ip http authentication local ip http secure-server ! ! ! ! line con 0 line vty 0 4 password cisco login transport input all line vty 5 15 login ! end ======================== #kalilinux #ethicalhacking #hacker

This week, we illustrate just how bad life can be before antibiotics. As such, here's the worst bacterial disease I could think of off the top of my head: the bubonic plague. Sorry, but this episode's going to be a bit of a downer. Website: http://thehistoryofmedicine.buzzsprout.com/E-mail: thehistoryofmedicinepodcast@gmail.comFacebook: https://www.facebook.com/TheHistoryOfMedicine/ Transcripts and Sources here! 

Yersiniosis is an infection caused most often by eating raw or undercooked pork contaminated with Yersinia enterocolitica bacteria. CDC estimates Y. enterocolitica causes almost 117,000 illnesses, 640 hospitalizations, and 35 deaths in the United States every year. Associate Professor of Infectious Disease and International Medicine at USF Health, Sandra Gompf, MD joined me to talk about Y. enterocolitica infections, transmission via blood transfusions, treatment and extraintestinal complications.