Podcasts about susumu tonegawa

It's incredible how dramatic climate science can be. That was my first thought after I watched the new documentary, Canary, which chronicles the life and career of Dr. Lonnie Thompson. This week, the subject behind the film, Dr. Thompson, and the co-directors of the documentary, Danny O'Malley and Dr. Alex Rivest, explain how the film came together and the thrilling story behind its development. We discuss how to tell compelling climate stories, what motivates their work, and what decades of glacier science can teach us about the climate crisis.   Lonnie G. Thompson, a Distinguished University Professor at The Ohio State University, and senior research scientist, specializes in paleoclimatology, ice cores, and climate change.  Alex Rivest is a Massachusetts Institute of Technology-trained PhD Neuroscientist. Having worked alongside Nobel Prize winner Dr. Susumu Tonegawa, his research has been published in two of the most highly renowned scientific journals, Science and Nature Neuroscience.  Danny O'Malley is a Grammy nominated and James Beard nominated film director. Best known for his work on Netflix's Chef's Table, where he serves as co-executive producer and a director. As always, follow us @climatepod on Twitter and email us at theclimatepod@gmail.com. Our music is "Gotta Get Up" by The Passion Hifi, check out his music at thepassionhifi.com. Rate, review and subscribe to this podcast on iTunes, Spotify, Stitcher, and more! Subscribe to our YouTube channel! Join our Facebook group.   Rent Canary

In today's episode, we meet with Danny O'Malley a producer on Chef's Table, and Alex Rivest, an MIT-educated neuroscientist. Together they directed a riveting climate documentary disguised as an adventure epic that speaks to the heart versus the viewer's mind. CANARY is the film featuring Lonnie Thompson's climate odyssey atop the Quelccaya Ice Cap. Join us as we delve into the remarkable work and life of Dr. Lonnie Thompson, a pioneering glaciologist whose research has been instrumental in shedding light on the impacts of climate change. Dr. Thompson has spent decades studying glaciers and ice caps around the world, but his work on the Quelccaya Ice Cap is particularly significant. Located high in the Peruvian Andes, Quelccaya is one of the world's largest tropical ice caps. It serves as a critical indicator of climate change due to its sensitivity to temperature variations. Dr. Thompson's research involves drilling ice cores to extract ancient air bubbles, allowing scientists to analyze the Earth's past climate conditions with unparalleled precision. The documentary, "CANARY" takes us on a breathtaking journey to the top of the Quelccaya Ice Cap, where Lonnie, his team, and an entire film crew conduct and film the research. At an elevation of 18,000 feet, this desolate, icy expanse provides a stark visual representation of the profound changes our planet is undergoing. Through stunning visuals and interviews with the scientists, the film documents the dramatic retreat of Quelccaya's ice, which has accelerated in recent decades. At the peak of Dr. Thompson's career, he received some devastating health news that threatened to halt his progress. The directors draw a parallel between Lonnie's struggles to accept his health condition, and the broader challenge that many of us face in accepting the reality of climate change caused by a warming atmosphere.  Through their dedication and storytelling, Dr. Thompson, Rivest, and O'Malley inspire us all to take action to protect our world for future generations. Links: Find showings here: https://canary.oscilloscope.net/ Join us at Climate Week NYC here: https://www.climateweeknyc.org/events/canary-documentary-film-screening   Guest Bios (provided by the guest):  Danny O'Malley Danny O'Malley is a Grammy-nominated and James Beard-nominated film director, best known for his work on Netflix's Chef's Table, where he serves as co-executive producer and director. Danny has an extensive background in filming, collaborating with various bands across the U.S., including Tegan and Sara, The Rentals, The Decemberists, Kraftwerk, and more. Notably, his documentary ‘States', part of Tegan and Sara's release ‘Get Along' was nominated for a Grammy in the category of Best Long Form Music Video. Danny initially made his mark in documentary television as a story producer, and his work has been featured on major platforms such as Netflix, Fox Sports One, and NBC. On Chef's Table, Danny is a key driving force shaping the character-driven storytelling that defines the show's signature style. Danny, and his directing partner Alex Rivest PhD, won the Alfred P. Sloan development grant in 2017, which led to the creation of his first feature ‘Canary.'   Alex Rivest Alex Rivest is an MIT-trained PhD Neuroscientist. Having worked alongside Nobel Prize winner Dr. Susumu Tonegawa, Alex's research has been published in two of the most highly renowned scientific journals, Science and Nature Neuroscience. Alex grew up in an environment where curiosity and question-asking were highly valued, and he has dedicated his life to helping teach others about the wonders of the world. As an educator, he received the Angus MacDonald Award for Excellence in Undergraduate Teaching at MIT and founded the nonprofit Blue Kitabu, which built a sustainable primary school in central Ghana. As a science filmmaker, Alex's videos have accumulated over 70 million views online, and have been featured everywhere, from billboards in Times Square to installations in science museums, and even in an opera production of “Das Rheingold.” CANARY is his directorial debut.

How can you get smarter about getting smarter? Our guest Elizabeth Ricker, author of Smarter Tomorrow, introduces us to neurohacks that can cognitive functioning. She explains her concept of scientific self-help and how to improve cognitive functioning through a variety of short exercises and experiments. We discuss: The story of her middle school math teacher How neurohacking and scientific self-help work with how to improve cognitive functioning What she learned from tracking her New Year's Resolutions since 2011 What we need to know about cognitive functioning that may be different than we expect The New IQ and the New EQ Common Lifestyle Bottlenecks – and how they can be addressed and improve cognitive functioning How Serious Brain Games can improve executive function The MIND diet How having an accountability partner can help The key messages from her book Smarter Tomorrow Elizabeth joins us from San Francisco. ________________________ Bio Elizabeth R. Ricker is the author of the new book, Smarter Tomorrow: How 15 Minutes of Neurohacking a Day Can Help You Work Better, Think Faster, and Get More Done Her work has been featured globally, including in the Wall Street Journal, Fast Company, on SiriusXM radio, and on public broadcast TV in Europe. She has given talks on cognitive enhancement and neurohacking across the US and overseas. She is a sought-after expert by Silicon Valley venture capital firms, technology startups, schools, and the Fortune 500. She runs the citizen neuroscience, DIY, and neurohacking organization, NeuroEducate, and her consulting and speaking work goes through Ricker Labs. Ricker received her undergraduate degree in Brain and Cognitive Sciences from MIT and her graduate degree in Mind, Brain, and Education from Harvard. In college, she worked in the neuroscience lab of Nobel Prize winner Dr. Susumu Tonegawa. Ricker was also a nationally ranked athlete and class president-- the latter of which occasionally involved such serious duties as dressing up in a giant rodent costume to play Tim the Beaver, the MIT mascot. __________________________ Wise Quotes On Neurohacking "I think before you dive into all the things that the media is going to tell you that are falling apart as you get older, I think it's really important to just start with the things that you are probably stronger at than you realize. This is a really important thing with neurohacking - to start with an understanding of where you're strong and then understand what your personal bottlenecks are so that you can personalize everything that you do." On Scientific Self Help "You can take a very scientific approach to your life and the things that seem kind of abstract and maybe not under your control, like life satisfaction or mental performance - these things seem uncontrollable. I think they seem like you're either born with them or fate seems to play a role and you just don't have control over them. And what I want to really introduce to people is that we actually have a lot of data, and we have this tool, which is self-experimentation, that can allow you to actually take control over it. And if it helps at all, when you look back at the number of Nobel prize winners who have won awards in medicine or physiology, a surprising percentage of them actually ran self-experiments in the exact area that they won the Nobel prize in. So you will actually be in pretty good company. This is not some [sci-fi] stuff. This is something that even very various data scientists have done themselves. So, [there's] no reason why you can't ask and approach things just like a Nobel prize winner." On Neurohacking  "...When you start your neurohacking, I think of there being a pyramid. So before you get into the really fancy neurohacks, like later on in the book, I talk about neurostimulation, neurofeedback, these sort of lab-grade technologies that are now - due to the decrease in consume...

Welcome to the #SPAITGIRL Talk Show with Yvette Le Blowitz EP.145 - Smarter Tomorrow with Elizabeth R. Ricker, Author, MIT & Harvard-Trained Brain Researcher  How 15 minutes of Neurohacking a Day Can Help You Work Better, Think Faster and Get More Done Meet Elizabeth. R. Ricker your Neurohacking Expert and Guide Elizabeth R. Ricker is the author of the new book, "Smarter Tomorrow: How 15 Minutes of Neurohacking a Day Can Help You Work Better, Think Faster and Get More Done" (Little Brown Spark/Hachette). Her work has been featured globally, including the Wall Street Journal, Fast Company, on SiriusXM radio, and on public broadcast TV in Europe. Ricker has given talks on cognitive enhancement and neurohacking across the US and overseas. She is a sought-after expert by Silicon Valley venture capital firms, technology startups, schools, and the Fortune 500. Ricker received her undergraduate degree in Brain and Cognitive Sciences from MIT and her graduate degree in Mind, Brain, and Education from Harvard. In college, she worked in the Neuroscience lab of Nobel Prize winner Dr. Susumu Tonegawa. Ricker was also a a nationally ranked athlete and class president - the latter of which occasionally involved such serious duties as dressing up in a giant rodent costume to play Tim the Beaver, the MIT mascot. To gain access to more neuorhacking tools, check out Ricker's website at www.ericker.com In this podcast episode 145 Yvette Le Blowitz Podcast Host sits down with Elizabeth Ricker to Author of Smarter Tomorrow to find out How 15 minutes of Neurohacking a Day Can Help You Work Better, Think Faster and Get More Done. Elizabeth Ricker, an MIT and Harvard-trained Brain Researcher turned Silicon Valley Technologist shares the cutting-edge world of neuroscience and biohacking. Ricker shares ways to improve four abilities both cognitive and emotional that can help with your success in work and relationships. Ricker also shares how we can sharpen our memory, increase our attention span, boost our mood and clear our brain fog. She also uncovers ways to boost our mental performance too. In Podcast Episode 145 Elizabeth Ricker shares: - a little bit about herself - what inspired her to write her book - Smarter Tomorrow - what is Neurohacking - benefits of Neurohacking - how to set goals - how to track goals - how to assess goals - how to assess your overall life satisfication - how to become more in Creative and in the flow - how to improve your attention and focus when working - how to boost your mood - how to sharpen your memory - how to run your own self-experiments - the latest neurohacking apps, tools, techniques worth considering - what her self care rituals are - apps to help with anxiety and overall mental health and cognition Plus we talk about so much more   Tune into Episode 145 Episode 145 - #spaitgirl talk show with Yvette Le Blowitz  available on Apple, Spotify, Google, Audible, Libysn - all podcast apps search for #spaitgirl on any podcast app or on google  -------- Available to watch on Youtube Channel - Spa it Girl or Yvette Le Blowitz Press the Play Button Below and subscribe   ------ JOIN OUR #SPAITGIRL BOOK CLUB Buy a copy of Smarter Tomorrow with Elizabeth R Ricker search via Booktopia our affiliated online book store  *click here Hashtag #spaitgirlbookclub //#spaitgirl + tag @spaitgirl - when reading your book  --- STAY IN TOUCH   Podcast Guest Elizabeth R Ricker Website www.ericker.com Instagram @eliricker ------ Podcast Host  Yvette Le Blowitz  Instagram @yvetteleblowitz Website www.yvetteleblowitz.com ------- Become a Podcast Show Sponsor #SPAITGIRL  www.spaitgirl.com Email: info@spaitgirl.com with your proposal -- JOIN OUR #SPAITGIRL Community  Follow on Instagram: @spaitgirl Sign Up to Mailing List: www.spaitgirl.com Search for #spaitgirl on any podcast app, youtube and subscribe  ------- HOW TO SUPPORT The #SPAITGIRL Podcast Show  Practice a Little Random Act of Kindness  - subscribe to the #spaitgirl podcast show on any podcast app  - leave a 5* rating and review  - tell someone about the #spaitgirl podcast show - share your favourite episode - tag @spaitgirl in your stories - hashtag #spaitgirl to share the show &  Together "Let's Feel Good From Within" and #makefeelinggoodgoviral ---- Please note - Affiliated Links included in this spaitgirl.com blog post includes affiliated links with Amazon.com and booktopia.com.au- should you order any books from Amazon.com or Booktopia.com.au via the links contained in this blog post spaitgirl.com will receive a small paid commission fee from the online book stores.  Please note - The information in this podcast is a general conversation between the podcast host and podcast guest and is not intended to replace professional medical advice and should not be considered a substitute for medical treatment or advice from a mental health professional.  Use of any of the material in this podcast show is always at the listeners discretion.   The podcast host and guest accept no liability arising directly or indirectly from use or misuse of any of the information contained in this podcast show and podcast episode conversation, or any trauma triggered or associated with it. If you are experiencing depression, mental illness, any health concerns please seek medical professional help immediately. 

We're back with Part 2 of our series on Magnesium. This week we look at the different types of magnesium supplement, and ways to avoid the laxative effect. We talk about ReMag (the ionic form of magnesium supplementation), Magnesium Citrate, Magnesium Sulphate (also known as Epson Salts), Magnesium Oxide and Magnesium L-threonate. We also touch on different ways to absorb magnesium through sprays such as magnesium oil. Find out which magnesium might be best for brain health, and which ones to avoid if you get migraine attacks. Exciting news too - we'll be interviewing Dr. Carolyn Dean, author of The Magnesium Miracle. So let us know if you have any questions about magnesium by messaging us on FB or Instagram at MigraineXalone, or emailing podcast@migraineawareness.com.au . Also, remember that the Migraine World Summit is on soon and you can register to listen in for free (check out the links below). And now, join us for this week's episode!Migraine World Summit:www.migraineworldsummit.comMagnesium research links:The Magnesium Miracle - Carolyn Dean, M.D., N.D. Magnesium Recommended Dietary AllowancesDr. Russell Blaylock's podcast on MagnesiumArticle in Neuron: 2010 Jan 28;65(2):165-77. doi: 10.1016/j.neuron.2009.12.026. Enhancement of learning and memory by elevating brain magnesium Inna Slutsky 1 , Nashat Abumaria, Long-Jun Wu, Chao Huang, Ling Zhang, Bo Li, Xiang Zhao, Arvind Govindarajan, Ming-Gao Zhao, Min Zhuo, Susumu Tonegawa, Guosong LiuMagnesium L-threonate Prevents and Restores Memory Deficits Associated with Neuropathic Pain by Inhibition of TNF-α - Wang et. al.Neuroprotective Effects of Magnesium L-threonate in a Hypoxic Zebrafish Model -- Kim et. al.More Magnesium L-threonate research articles...Support the show (https://www.facebook.com/MigraineXalone/)

Quão fundo podem ir as marcas que o trauma deixa em uma pessoa, e quais são os fatores que determinam a intensidade dessas marcas em cada um? Nessa segunda e última parte da minissérie “Memórias”, nosso temático em duas edições sobre traumas e sua relação com os mecanismos da memória, o trio de divulgadores científicos formado por Bruno Moraes, Caroline Marques Maia e Vinicius Alves tenta entender a relação entre memórias, trauma, transtornos psiquiátricos e a percepção da realidade. Partindo, como da outra vez, de um exemplo ficcional saído dos videogames, o programa traz a maneira como a série Silent Hill representa o trauma, e segue daí para as entrevistas com as psicólogas Paula Rui Ventura e Mara Regina Nunes Alves, com o psiquiatra William Berger, e com a bióloga Juliana Carlota Kramer Soares, que já havia participado da primeira parte. Junto a essa equipe de especialistas de diversas áreas, o Oxigênio tentará dar respostas aos mecanismos por trás do surgimento e da superação do trauma, tratando para isso de temas que vão da genética à terapia, passando até mesmo por um artigo baseado na observação de neurônios disparando em tempo real.  O roteiro e apresentação foram feitos pelos apresentadores Caroline, o Vinícius e o Bruno, com trabalhos técnicos de Octávio Augusto, da Rádio Unicamp, e de Gustavo Campos auxiliando na edição. A coordenação do Oxigênio é de Simone Figueiredo, que também ajudou a elaborar o roteiro. ____________________ Paula: Eventos potencialmente traumáticos são aqueles que ameaçam a vida ou a integridade física das pessoas. Bruno: Por que algumas pessoas são mais vulneráveis do que outras para desenvolverem transtorno após um trauma? Juliana Carlota:  Nem todo mundo que passa por uma situação em que é assaltado vai desenvolver um trauma. Tem gente que supera isso muito bem, outras pessoas não. Então, praticamente todo mundo vai passar por alguma experiência traumática na vida. Carol: Como o trauma se instala na mente na forma de uma memória tão vívida, como se o evento traumático tivesse acontecido agora? William: terapia cognitivo comportamental vai mostrando para o indivíduo que apesar daquele evento ter sido perigoso naquele momento, ele não é mais perigoso de forma que você tenha que recrutar todos os mecanismos de defesa. Vinícius: Como entender os fatores que levam algumas pessoas a superar as experiências traumáticas de longo prazo? E como desenvolver terapias para ajudar as que não conseguem deixar essas memórias pra trás? Carol: O Oxigênio de hoje é o segundo episódio da minissérie MEMÓRIAS e trata de questões sobre o Trauma. Vamos falar sobre eventos potencialmente traumáticos, o que é Transtorno de Estresse Pós Traumático, seus sintomas e também seus tratamentos. Eu sou Caroline Maia. Bruno: Eu sou Bruno Moraes. Vinícius: E eu sou o Vinícius Alves. E começa agora: “Memórias: Episódio 2 - O Trauma” Bruno: Como já comentamos no primeiro episódio, antes desse programa virar uma minissérie, com link pra videogames e ficção, tínhamos uma pauta até que simples: Iríamos falar sobre um artigo publicado no princípio deste ano pelo grupo de pesquisa do professor Susumu Tonegawa, do Massachusetts Institute of Technology, o MIT. Carol: Depois de ler o artigo e de ter entrevistado pessoas de diferentes áreas do conhecimento sobre o tema, que nós percebemos qual era a melhor forma de lidar com ele. Primeiro explicar como funciona a memória, o que fizemos no programa anterior. E no programa de hoje vamos falar sobre o envolvimento das memórias no medo, no trauma, e na superação. Bruno: Mas antes… Tem um pouco mais de videogame pra dar ao programa uma pitada mais nerd… Quer dizer… Pra trazer mais um paralelo entre as questões científicas desse episódio e uma obra ficcional. A gente até tentou pensar em um exemplo que viesse de uma outra mídia pra dar uma variada, mas esse é realmente um dos exemplos mais fortes sobre a relação entre os traumas que alguém car...

Quão fundo podem ir as marcas que o trauma deixa em uma pessoa, e quais são os fatores que determinam a intensidade dessas marcas em cada um? Nessa segunda e última parte da minissérie “Memórias”, nosso temático em duas edições sobre traumas e sua relação com os mecanismos da memória, o trio de divulgadores científicos formado por Bruno Moraes, Caroline Marques Maia e Vinicius Alves tenta entender a relação entre memórias, trauma, transtornos psiquiátricos e a percepção da realidade. Partindo, como da outra vez, de um exemplo ficcional saído dos videogames, o programa traz a maneira como a série Silent Hill representa o trauma, e segue daí para as entrevistas com as psicólogas Paula Rui Ventura e Mara Regina Nunes Alves, com o psiquiatra William Berger, e com a bióloga Juliana Carlota Kramer Soares, que já havia participado da primeira parte. Junto a essa equipe de especialistas de diversas áreas, o Oxigênio tentará dar respostas aos mecanismos por trás do surgimento e da superação do trauma, tratando para isso de temas que vão da genética à terapia, passando até mesmo por um artigo baseado na observação de neurônios disparando em tempo real.  O roteiro e apresentação foram feitos pelos apresentadores Caroline, o Vinícius e o Bruno, com trabalhos técnicos de Octávio Augusto, da Rádio Unicamp, e de Gustavo Campos auxiliando na edição. A coordenação do Oxigênio é de Simone Figueiredo, que também ajudou a elaborar o roteiro. ____________________ Paula: Eventos potencialmente traumáticos são aqueles que ameaçam a vida ou a integridade física das pessoas. Bruno: Por que algumas pessoas são mais vulneráveis do que outras para desenvolverem transtorno após um trauma? Juliana Carlota:  Nem todo mundo que passa por uma situação em que é assaltado vai desenvolver um trauma. Tem gente que supera isso muito bem, outras pessoas não. Então, praticamente todo mundo vai passar por alguma experiência traumática na vida. Carol: Como o trauma se instala na mente na forma de uma memória tão vívida, como se o evento traumático tivesse acontecido agora? William: terapia cognitivo comportamental vai mostrando para o indivíduo que apesar daquele evento ter sido perigoso naquele momento, ele não é mais perigoso de forma que você tenha que recrutar todos os mecanismos de defesa. Vinícius: Como entender os fatores que levam algumas pessoas a superar as experiências traumáticas de longo prazo? E como desenvolver terapias para ajudar as que não conseguem deixar essas memórias pra trás? Carol: O Oxigênio de hoje é o segundo episódio da minissérie MEMÓRIAS e trata de questões sobre o Trauma. Vamos falar sobre eventos potencialmente traumáticos, o que é Transtorno de Estresse Pós Traumático, seus sintomas e também seus tratamentos. Eu sou Caroline Maia. Bruno: Eu sou Bruno Moraes. Vinícius: E eu sou o Vinícius Alves. E começa agora: “Memórias: Episódio 2 - O Trauma” Bruno: Como já comentamos no primeiro episódio, antes desse programa virar uma minissérie, com link pra videogames e ficção, tínhamos uma pauta até que simples: Iríamos falar sobre um artigo publicado no princípio deste ano pelo grupo de pesquisa do professor Susumu Tonegawa, do Massachusetts Institute of Technology, o MIT. Carol: Depois de ler o artigo e de ter entrevistado pessoas de diferentes áreas do conhecimento sobre o tema, que nós percebemos qual era a melhor forma de lidar com ele. Primeiro explicar como funciona a memória, o que fizemos no programa anterior. E no programa de hoje vamos falar sobre o envolvimento das memórias no medo, no trauma, e na superação. Bruno: Mas antes… Tem um pouco mais de videogame pra dar ao programa uma pitada mais nerd… Quer dizer… Pra trazer mais um paralelo entre as questões científicas desse episódio e uma obra ficcional. A gente até tentou pensar em um exemplo que viesse de uma outra mídia pra dar uma variada, mas esse é realmente um dos exemplos mais fortes sobre a relação entre os traumas que alguém car...

Nobel laureate Susumu Tonegawa’s lab is overturning old assumptions about how memories form, how recall works and whether lost memories might be restored from "silent engrams."

Have you ever had a bad memory that you wanted to change into something better? This once impossibility is now possible, at least for mice, thanks to research led by Nobel laureate Dr. Susumu Tonegawa of the RIKEN-MIT Center for Neural Circuit Genetics. Join us this month on Science Faction.

Read the full story with photos at: https://www.otsuka.co.jp/en/company/globalnews/2013/0713_01.html   In the lead-up to the 2014 meeting of the heads of state of the Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) nations, which will be held in China, the Chinese government hosted the APEC China CEO Forum 2013 on July 13 in Beijing. Tatsuo Higuchi, President and CEO of Otsuka Holdings, participated in this forum as a speaker in the panel discussion on Chinese economic issues and development. Otsuka was invited by the Chinese government to participate in this CEO forum because of Otsuka’s innovation in health care issues, including pharmaceuticals, and track record in business development in China and Asia. The panel discussion meeting room was packed with 400 government VIPs and industry representatives. Summary of President Higuchi’s Presentation The theme of the panel discussion was “Future innovation in technology will come not from the West, but from the East – Do You Agree?” President Higuchi’s presentation covered the following topics. (1) Innovations, regardless of their geographical origin, are universally recognized and spread worldwide, and become further refined through this process. A long-term outlook is essential when discussing the impact and unexpected historical developments resulting from innovations. As one example, Susumu Tonegawa, who in 1987 had been awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for his discovery of the genetic principle for generation of antibody diversity, had begun his studies in Japan, but later moved to the United States in order to study molecular biology, and then moved to Europe in order to study immunology, and it was through the fruits of his studies in different regions that he made his discovery. Gunpowder and paper were invented more than one thousand years ago in China and, through this same process of interaction and combination, subsequent discoveries and the development of the printing press in the West became possible. (2) As with other scientific discoveries, new drug development requires continual effort, investment, and combinations of different technologies, from basic research through to manufacture, and a long-term outlook is indispensable for drug discovery innovation. As one example, a new drug for schizophrenia that Otsuka had discovered took more than 20 years of persistent research to bring to market, and during that time the company continued to seek out new ways to address unmet medical needs in schizophrenia. (3) In many fields, including medicine, innovation has spread from West to East, or vice-versa. Innovations emerge based on people’s true needs, and succeed globally irrespective of their place of origin. Taking Japan as an example, Japanese society is right now confronting the problem of an increasingly elderly population, but this very problem will provide many opportunities for innovation in medical and health care for elderly societies. (4) I would like to talk about Otsuka Pharmaceutical’s expansion in China as a way of explaining the effects that different time frames, societies, and environments have on innovation. In 1976, after the Tangshan Earthquake, the Chinese government realized the need for intravenous drip infusions manufactured using advanced technology, and asked Otsuka to manufacture them in China. In 1981, Otsuka Pharmaceutical became the first Japanese pharmaceutical company to open a plant in China together with the Chinese government. At that time, there was no system in place in China for accepting foreign investment. Otsuka nevertheless made the decision to invest, and the Otsuka Group now has twenty-seven companies in China. (5) Innovation requires communication, effort, education, and attention to the surrounding societal and physical environment. More than anything, innovation requires diversity in cultures, organizations, and technologies, a fact that Otsuka has kept firmly in mind as we continue to develop new products, from our pharmaceutical drug business to our nutraceutical business. Innovation occurs through the interaction and combination of Eastern and Western elements.