Podcasts about kolmogorov smirnov

During this lecture slot, we start with slides from Lecture G3 (on goodness of fit) that were missed during the previous lecture due to timing. In particular, we review hypothesis testing fundamentals (type-I error, type-II error, statistical power, sensitivity, false positive rate, true negative rate, receiver operating characteristic, ROC, alpha, beta) and then go into examples of using Chi-squared and Kolmogorov–Smirnov tests for goodness of fit for arbitrary distributions. We also introduce Anderson–Darling (for flexibility and higher power) and Shapiro–Wilk (for high-powered normality testing).We close with where we originally intended to start – with definitions of testing, verification, validation, and calibration. We will pick up from here next time.

⬇⬇⬇APRIMI⬇⬇ Abbonati qui: https://www.youtube.com/economiaitalia/join https://www.patreon.com/join/EconomiaItalia? ALLARME SCIOGLIMENTO GHIACCIAI: Questo grafico dimostra QUALCOSA SUL cambiamento climatico? Ha fatto il giro del web un grafico che mostra l'andamento dell'estensione del ghiacciaio antartico con un'informazione sulla deviazione standard rispetto a un valore medio di riferimento, giorno per giorno. Sebbene il grafico contenga dati validi e le misure siano standardizzate secondo una distribuzione gaussiana, il modo in cui leggiamo i dati è importante. Le distribuzioni gaussiane sono ampiamente utilizzate in diverse applicazioni poiché presentano caratteristiche ben definite. Ad esempio, circa il 68% dei dati si trova entro una deviazione standard dalla media e circa il 95% entro due deviazioni standard. Queste caratteristiche consentono di valutare la rarità di un evento e stabilire la probabilità di osservare una deviazione. Tuttavia, questi calcoli assumono che i dati seguano una distribuzione gaussiana, il che potrebbe non essere vero in tutti i casi. Se le misure non seguono una distribuzione gaussiana, le analisi statistiche potrebbero fornire risultati errati. Inoltre, molte delle assunzioni che sostengono gli approcci statistici sono poco realistiche per i problemi pratici, poiché la natura è complessa e diversificata. Pertanto, si devono affrontare sfide nell'utilizzo di approcci statistici per analizzare fenomeni climatici. Nel caso specifico dell'estensione del ghiaccio marino antartico, i dati possono essere considerati come un processo dinamico stocastico. Se vogliamo determinare quanto sia rara la deviazione osservata, dobbiamo confrontarla con una serie storica di misure simili. Tuttavia, la scarsità di dati disponibili potrebbe influenzare l'affidabilità dei test statistici utilizzati. Due test statistici, il test di Shapiro-Wilk e il test di Kolmogorov-Smirnov, vengono impiegati per verificare se i dati seguono una distribuzione gaussiana. Tuttavia, i risultati di questi test possono essere influenzati dalla quantità di dati disponibili. Nel caso di dati normali, i test sembrano fornire risultati affidabili, ma con dati non normali, i test possono dare risultati meno accurati. Pertanto, senza una chiara conferma che i dati seguano una distribuzione gaussiana, non è corretto utilizzare l'ipotesi gaussiana per calcolare la rarità di un evento rispetto alla sua deviazione dalla media. Inoltre, l'analisi statistica semplificata presentata non fornisce una risposta definitiva riguardo alla natura della distribuzione dei dati. Pensare di caratterizzare il cambiamento climatico da un unico grafico è ingenuo. Gli addetti ai lavori utilizzano diverse variabili climatiche per ottenere una visione completa del cambiamento climatico. Inoltre, l'analisi statistica superficiale può portare a interpretazioni errate, e i dati corretti possono essere utilizzati erroneamente per giungere a conclusioni estreme. In definitiva, la questione del cambiamento climatico richiede approfondite analisi statistiche e scientifiche. I dati devono essere esaminati con attenzione, e le assunzioni utilizzate negli approcci statistici devono essere valutate criticamente. Solo attraverso un approccio rigoroso e multidisciplinare possiamo sperare di ottenere una comprensione accurata del cambiamento climatico e delle sue implicazioni. 00:00 un'enorme premessa sulla polarizzazione rispetto al cambiamento climatico 03:51 Cosa dice questo grafico sullo scioglimento dei ghiacciai? 05:48 Quale è il problema di questo grafico sullo scioglimento dei ghiacciai? 08:05 il test di Shapiro-Wilk e il test di Kolmogorov-Smirnov 18:34 Un dato fa primavera? Qui per segnalare temi: https://tellonym.me/dr.elegantia Podcast (su tutte le piattaforme): https://www.spreaker.com/show/dr-elegantia-podcast COME SOSTENERCI: Il nostro nuovo libro sull'economia: Guida Terrestre per Autoeconomisti https://www.poliniani.com/product-page/guida-terrestre link acquisto Amazon: https://amzn.to/36XTXs8 Acquistando le nostre T-shirt dedicate ai dati stampate in Serigrafia Artigianale con passione e orgoglio dai detenuti del Carcere Lorusso e Cutugno di Torino https://bit.ly/3zNsdkd e HTTPS://urly.it/3nga1 Guida al VOTO 2022: https://amzn.to/3KflXHd DonazionI Paypal: https://paypal.me/appuntiUAB Vuoi sostenermi ma non sborsare nemmeno un euro? Usa questo link per per il tuo prossimo acquisto su Amazon: https://amzn.to/2JGRyGT Qui trovi i libri che consiglio per iniziare a capirne di più sull'economia: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uEaIk8wQ3z8 Dove ci trovi: https://www.umbertobertonelli.it/info/ https://linktr.ee/economiaitalia La mia postazione: Logitech streamcam https://amzn.to/3HR6xq0 Luci https://amzn.to/3n6qtgP Shure MV7https://amzn.to/3HRh7k1 Asta https://amzn.to/3HSRvzY #economiaitalia #drelegantia #economiaDiventa un supporter di questo podcast: https://www.spreaker.com/podcast/dr-elegantia-podcast--5692498/support.

⬇⬇⬇APRIMI⬇⬇ Abbonati qui: https://www.youtube.com/economiaitalia/join https://www.patreon.com/join/EconomiaItalia? ALLARME SCIOGLIMENTO GHIACCIAI: Questo grafico dimostra QUALCOSA SUL cambiamento climatico? Ha fatto il giro del web un grafico che mostra l'andamento dell'estensione del ghiacciaio antartico con un'informazione sulla deviazione standard rispetto a un valore medio di riferimento, giorno per giorno. Sebbene il grafico contenga dati validi e le misure siano standardizzate secondo una distribuzione gaussiana, il modo in cui leggiamo i dati è importante. Le distribuzioni gaussiane sono ampiamente utilizzate in diverse applicazioni poiché presentano caratteristiche ben definite. Ad esempio, circa il 68% dei dati si trova entro una deviazione standard dalla media e circa il 95% entro due deviazioni standard. Queste caratteristiche consentono di valutare la rarità di un evento e stabilire la probabilità di osservare una deviazione. Tuttavia, questi calcoli assumono che i dati seguano una distribuzione gaussiana, il che potrebbe non essere vero in tutti i casi. Se le misure non seguono una distribuzione gaussiana, le analisi statistiche potrebbero fornire risultati errati. Inoltre, molte delle assunzioni che sostengono gli approcci statistici sono poco realistiche per i problemi pratici, poiché la natura è complessa e diversificata. Pertanto, si devono affrontare sfide nell'utilizzo di approcci statistici per analizzare fenomeni climatici. Nel caso specifico dell'estensione del ghiaccio marino antartico, i dati possono essere considerati come un processo dinamico stocastico. Se vogliamo determinare quanto sia rara la deviazione osservata, dobbiamo confrontarla con una serie storica di misure simili. Tuttavia, la scarsità di dati disponibili potrebbe influenzare l'affidabilità dei test statistici utilizzati. Due test statistici, il test di Shapiro-Wilk e il test di Kolmogorov-Smirnov, vengono impiegati per verificare se i dati seguono una distribuzione gaussiana. Tuttavia, i risultati di questi test possono essere influenzati dalla quantità di dati disponibili. Nel caso di dati normali, i test sembrano fornire risultati affidabili, ma con dati non normali, i test possono dare risultati meno accurati. Pertanto, senza una chiara conferma che i dati seguano una distribuzione gaussiana, non è corretto utilizzare l'ipotesi gaussiana per calcolare la rarità di un evento rispetto alla sua deviazione dalla media. Inoltre, l'analisi statistica semplificata presentata non fornisce una risposta definitiva riguardo alla natura della distribuzione dei dati. Pensare di caratterizzare il cambiamento climatico da un unico grafico è ingenuo. Gli addetti ai lavori utilizzano diverse variabili climatiche per ottenere una visione completa del cambiamento climatico. Inoltre, l'analisi statistica superficiale può portare a interpretazioni errate, e i dati corretti possono essere utilizzati erroneamente per giungere a conclusioni estreme. In definitiva, la questione del cambiamento climatico richiede approfondite analisi statistiche e scientifiche. I dati devono essere esaminati con attenzione, e le assunzioni utilizzate negli approcci statistici devono essere valutate criticamente. Solo attraverso un approccio rigoroso e multidisciplinare possiamo sperare di ottenere una comprensione accurata del cambiamento climatico e delle sue implicazioni. 00:00 un'enorme premessa sulla polarizzazione rispetto al cambiamento climatico 03:51 Cosa dice questo grafico sullo scioglimento dei ghiacciai? 05:48 Quale è il problema di questo grafico sullo scioglimento dei ghiacciai? 08:05 il test di Shapiro-Wilk e il test di Kolmogorov-Smirnov 18:34 Un dato fa primavera? Qui per segnalare temi: https://tellonym.me/dr.elegantia Podcast (su tutte le piattaforme): https://www.spreaker.com/show/dr-elegantia-podcast COME SOSTENERCI: Il nostro nuovo libro sull'economia: Guida Terrestre per Autoeconomisti https://www.poliniani.com/product-page/guida-terrestre link acquisto Amazon: https://amzn.to/36XTXs8 Acquistando le nostre T-shirt dedicate ai dati stampate in Serigrafia Artigianale con passione e orgoglio dai detenuti del Carcere Lorusso e Cutugno di Torino https://bit.ly/3zNsdkd e HTTPS://urly.it/3nga1 Guida al VOTO 2022: https://amzn.to/3KflXHd DonazionI Paypal: https://paypal.me/appuntiUAB Vuoi sostenermi ma non sborsare nemmeno un euro? Usa questo link per per il tuo prossimo acquisto su Amazon: https://amzn.to/2JGRyGT Qui trovi i libri che consiglio per iniziare a capirne di più sull'economia: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uEaIk8wQ3z8 Dove ci trovi: https://www.umbertobertonelli.it/info/ https://linktr.ee/economiaitalia La mia postazione: Logitech streamcam https://amzn.to/3HR6xq0 Luci https://amzn.to/3n6qtgP Shure MV7https://amzn.to/3HRh7k1 Asta https://amzn.to/3HSRvzY #economiaitalia #drelegantia #economia

In this lecture, we mostly cover slides from Lecture G3 (on goodness of fit) that were missed during the previous lecture. In particular, we review hypothesis testing fundamentals (type-I error, type-II error, statistical power, sensitivity, false positive rate, true negative rate, receiver operating characteristic, ROC, alpha, beta) and then go into examples of using Chi-squared and Kolmogorov–Smirnov tests for goodness of fit for arbitrary distributions. We also introduce Anderson–Darling (for flexibility and higher power) and Shapiro–Wilk (for high-powered normality testing). We close with where we originally intended to start – with definitions of testing, verification, validation, and calibration. We will pick up from here next time.

Probing Formation of Double Neutron Star Binaries around 1mHz with LISA by Lucy O. McNeill et al. on Monday 10 October We propose a novel method to examine whether Galactic double neutron star binaries are formed in the LISA band. In our method, we assign an effective time fraction $tau$ to each double neutron star binary detected by LISA. This fraction is given as a function of the observed orbital period and eccentricity and should be uniformly distributed in the absence of in-band binary formation. Applying statistical techniques such as the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test to the actual list of $tau$, we can inspect the signature of the in-band binary formation. We discuss the prospects of this method, paying close attention to the available sample number of Galactic double neutron star binaries around 1mHz. arXiv: http://arxiv.org/abs/http://arxiv.org/abs/2210.04407v1

Constraining the Hubble constant and its lower limit from the proper motion of extragalactic radio jets by Tiger Yu-Yang Hsiao et al. on Monday 12 September The Hubble constant ($H_{0}$) is a measurement to describe the expansion rate of the Universe in the current era. However, there is a $4.4sigma$ discrepancy between the measurements from the early Universe and the late Universe. In this research, we propose a model-free and distance-free method to constrain $H_{0}$. Combining Friedman-Lema^itre-Robertson-Walker cosmology with geometrical relation of the proper motion of extragalactic jets, the lower limit ($H_{rm 0,min}$) of $H_{0}$ can be determined using only three cosmology-free observables: the redshifts of the host galaxies, as well as the approaching and receding angular velocities of radio jets. Using these, we propose to use the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test (K-S test) between cumulative distribution functions of $H_{rm 0,min}$ to differentiate cosmology. We simulate 100, 200, and 500 extragalactic jets with 3 levels of accuracy of the proper motion ($mu_{a}$ and $mu_{r}$), at $10%$, $5%$, and $1%$, corresponding to the accuracies of the current and future radio interferometers. We perform K-S tests between the simulated samples as theoretical distributions with different $H_{0}$ and power-law index of velocity distribution of jets and mock observational data. Our result suggests increasing sample sizes leads to tighter constraints on both power-law index and the Hubble constant at moderate accuracy (i.e., $10%$ and $5%$) while at $1%$ accuracy, increasing sample sizes leads to tighter constraints on power-law index more. Improving accuracy results in better constraints in the Hubble constant compared with the power-law index in all cases but it alleviates the degeneracy. arXiv: http://arxiv.org/abs/http://arxiv.org/abs/2209.05008v1

In this lecture, we review the fundamental tradeoffs in hypothesis testing and the concrete origins of the assumptions in both the t-test and Chi-square test. We also discuss parametric and non-parametric statistics (including exact and non-exact tests) and how non-parametric, exact statistics like the Kolmogorov–Smirnov test are derived. This culminates in a discussion of the multiple comparisons (MC) problem and the Bonferroni correction as well as alternative tests (such as a MANOVA or an ANOVA with post hoc test) that have more statistical power than the Bonferroni correction. We close with an introduction to performance inference from simulation, which we will continue discussing in the next 3 lectures.

In this lecture, we review summary statistics, MLE, and goodness-of-fit tests (particularly Chi-square and Kolmogorov–Smirnov, with some mention of Anderson–Darling and Shapiro–Wilk), with a particular focus on the type-I error, type-II error, and statistical power. We then introduce verification, validation, and calibration of simulation models and close with an example for the simulation of a bank. We use rigorous statistical methods to drive the calibration process that leads to updating the model of the bank and ensuring its outputs are a good statistical match for outputs in a real bank. This involves making use of a power analysis for a one-sample, two-sided t-test. We will cover the paired t-test version of this problem in the next lecture.

In this lecture, we finish covering tests of uniformity (Chi-squared and Kolmogorov–Smirnov) and independence (autocorrelation and runs (above and below) tests) for pseudo-random number generators (PRNGs). We then move on to discussing the details of inverse-transform sampling for random-variate generation. We cover how to derive a CDF from a piecewise PDF and how to invert a CDF to produce a quantile function fit for random-variate generation. We also discuss the discrete inverse-transform case.

Gary takes on the real issues that the mainstream media is afraid to tackle. Tune in to find out the latest about health news, healing, politics, and the economy. George Orwell and 1984: How Freedom Dies Orwell's final warning - Picture of the future The Efficacy of Olive Leaf Extract on Healing Herpes Simplex Virus: A Randomized Double-blind Study Lorestan University of Medical Sciences (Iran), January 29, 2021   Herpes simplex virus (HSV), as a common infection in healthy individuals, is treated symptomatically, but drug resistance and the side effects of drugs have drawn the attention of researchers to complementary medicine. Olive Leaf Extract (OLE) has antiviral effects that may treat HSV. The current study aimed to compare the clinical effects of OLE and Acyclovir on HSV-1. Methods This randomized double-blind clinical trial was conducted on 66 patients who had already been diagnosed with HSV-1. The participants were randomized into two groups, receiving 2% OLE cream or 5% acyclovir cream five times a day for six days. The symptoms were evaluated before, and three and six days after the interventions. Data were analyzed using the SPSS software through the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, chi-squared, t-test, and repeated measures ANOVA. Results The results showed clinical symptoms decreased in both groups during the study and both medications were effective in the treatment of HSV-1. However, the OLE group experienced less bleeding (P=0.038), itching (P=0.002), and pain (P=0.001) on the third day as well as less irritation (P=0.012), itching (P=0.003) and color change (P=0.001) on the sixth day compared to the acyclovir group. The treatment course for participants in the OLE group was shorter than in the acyclovir group (P = 0.001). Conclusion The evidence from these trials suggests the OLE cream is superior in the healing of episodes of HSV-1 over the acyclovir cream. Future studies are recommended to investigate if OLE could be an adjunct to acyclovir treatment.   How vitamins, steroids and potential antivirals might affect SARS-CoV-2 Study indicates that some vitamins, steroids and antivirals could bind to the Spike protein, and may inhibit virus infectivity, whereas high cholesterol may enable the virus University of Bristol (UK), January 29, 2021   Evidence is emerging that vitamin D - and possibly vitamins K and A - might help combat COVID-19. A new study from the University of Bristol published in the journal of the German Chemical Society Angewandte Chemie has shown how they - and other antiviral drugs - might work. The research indicates that these dietary supplements and compounds could bind to the viral spike protein and so might reduce SARS-CoV-2 infectivity. In contrast, cholesterol may increase infectivity, which could explain why having high cholesterol is considered a risk factor for serious disease. Recently, Bristol researchers showed that linoleic acid binds to a specific site in the viral spike protein, and that by doing so, it locks the spike into a closed, less infective form. Now, a research team has used computational methods to search for other compounds that might have the same effect, as potential treatments. They hope to prevent human cells becoming infected by preventing the viral spike protein from opening enough to interact with a human protein (ACE2). New anti-viral drugs can take years to design, develop and test, so the researchers looked through a library of approved drugs and vitamins to identify those which might bind to this recently discovered 'druggable pocket' inside the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein.  The team first studied the effects of linoleic acid on the spike, using computational simulations to show that it stabilizes the closed form. Further simulations showed that dexamethasone - which is an effective treatment for COVID-19 - might also bind to this site and help reduce viral infectivity in addition to its effects on the human immune system.  The team then conducted simulations to see which other compounds bind to the fatty acid site. This identified some drugs that have been found by experiments to be active against the virus, suggesting that this may be one mechanism by which they prevent viral replication such as, by locking the spike structure in the same way as linoleic acid. The findings suggested several drug candidates among available pharmaceuticals and dietary components, including some that have been found to slow SARS-CoV-2 reproduction in the laboratory. These have the potential to bind to the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein and may help to prevent cell entry.  The simulations also predicted that the fat-soluble vitamins D, K and A bind to the spike in the same way making the spike less able to infect cells.  Dr Deborah Shoemark, Senior Research Associate (Biomolecular Modelling) in the School of Biochemistry, who modelled the spike, explained: "Our findings help explain how some vitamins may play a more direct role in combatting COVID than their conventional support of the human immune system.  "Obesity is a major risk factor for severe COVID. Vitamin D is fat soluble and tends to accumulate in fatty tissue. This can lower the amount of vitamin D available to obese individuals. Countries in which some of these vitamin deficiencies are more common have also suffered badly during the course of the pandemic. Our research suggests that some essential vitamins and fatty acids including linoleic acid may contribute to impeding the spike/ACE2 interaction. Deficiency in any one of them may make it easier for the virus to infect." Pre-existing high cholesterol levels have been associated with increased risk for severe COVID-19. Reports that the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein binds cholesterol led the team to investigate whether it could bind at the fatty acid binding site. Their simulations indicate that it could bind, but that it may have a destabilising effect on the spike's locked conformation, and favour the open, more infective conformation. Dr Shoemark continued: "We know that the use of cholesterol lowering statins reduces the risk of developing severe COVID and shortens recovery time in less severe cases. Whether cholesterol de-stabilises the "benign", closed conformation or not, our results suggest that by directly interacting with the spike, the virus could sequester cholesterol to achieve the local concentrations required to facilitate cell entry and this may also account for the observed loss of circulating cholesterol post infection." Professor Adrian Mulholland, of Bristol's School of Chemistry, added: "Our simulations show how some molecules binding at the linoleic acid site affect the spike's dynamics and lock it closed. They also show that drugs and vitamins active against the virus may work in the same way. Targeting this site may be a route to new anti-viral drugs. A next step would be to look at effects of dietary supplements and test viral replication in cells." Alison Derbenwick Miller, Vice President, Oracle for Research, said: "It's incredibly exciting that researchers are gaining new insights into how SARS-CoV-2 interacts with human cells, which ultimately will lead to new ways to fight COVID-19. We are delighted that Oracle's high-performance cloud infrastructure is helping to advance this kind of world-changing research. Growing a globally-connected community of cloud-powered researchers is exactly what Oracle for Research is designed to do."     Researchers find melatonin is effective against polycystic kidney disease Concordia University (Canada), January 26, 2021 A hormone commonly associated with sleep-wake regulation has been found to reduce cysts in fruit flies, according to Concordia researchers. It's a finding that may affect the way we treat some kidney diseases and reduce the need for kidney transplants. In a new paper published in the journal Molecules, alum Cassandra Millet-Boureima(MSc 19) and Chiara Gamberi, affiliate assistant professor of biology, write that melatonin was found to reduce cysts in the renal tubules of fruit flies. These tubules are also found in more complex mammals, including humans, where they are called nephrons. This study, which builds on previous studies by Millet-Boureima and Gamberi, was co-authored by Roman Rozencwaig and Felix Polyak of BH Bioscience in Montreal. The researchers hope that their findings can be applied to treating people suffering from autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease. ADPKD is a genetic chronic and progressive disease characterized by the growth of dozens of cysts in the nephrons. It is incurable and affects approximately 12.5 million worldwide. Similarities big and small Because nephrons in vertebrates are embedded in other tissue, the researchers experimented on Drosophila -- the common fruit fly. "Drosophila conserves many of the renal pathway components found in vertebrates and have anatomically isolated renal tubes," Gamberi explains. "With microdissection, we can isolate the tubules and conduct biochemical and molecular analysis." The researchers bred fruit flies bearing the Bicaudal C gene mutation. It is known to cause kidney cysts in all manner of living beings, from flies to frogs to mice to humans. Over 18 days, Millet-Boureima administered melatonin to 50 Drosophila and ethanol to a control group. She then dissected the flies and scored their cysts, a process yielding a cystic index. She found that the melatonin-treated flies had much fewer and smaller cysts than the control. Because Millet-Boureima was skilled at dissecting the insects and evaluating the recovered renal tubules, she was able to avoid bias in the count. She was also able to distinguish three separate sections of the Drosophila tubule, each with its own unique function, and assign the cysts to a particular section. After testing several compounds on the same family of cells, she observed different activities along the length of the tubule. The researchers realized that they could potentially develop targeted treatment depending on the location of the cysts in a patient's nephrons. "Biologically speaking, this has a lot of potential that we will obviously develop," Gamberi says. Helping without harming Though Gamberi says melatonin has not been previously used to treat PKD, she does think it holds some promise. PKD is a chronic disease, so treatment cannot include any toxic components. This rules out chemotherapy and tumour-killing antineoplastics used in oncology, for instance. However, melatonin is entirely non-toxic and shares certain properties with antineoplastics and anti-inflammatory agents. "We know from oncology that melatonin has two effects when it is administered with chemotherapy," Gamberi explains. "First, it acts as a drug adjuvant to the chemotherapy, making it work more effectively against cancer cells. Second, it appears to protect healthy cells from the toxicity of the chemotherapy. Basically, melatonin increases the specificity of the chemotherapy. We hope that it can have a similar positive effect when used with an anti-ADPKD drug like tolvaptan, which can damage the liver." The researchers are keen to share their findings as quickly as possible. "I hope there will be more research on the drugs we tested and that we get more results that will help the PKD community," Millet-Boureima says.     Gallic acid is a dual alpha/beta-secretase modulator that reverses cognitive impairment and remediates pathology in Alzheimer  Saitama Medical Center (Japan), January 20, 2021   According to news reporting from Saitama, Japan, research stated, “Several plant-derived compounds have demonstrated efficacy in pre-clinical Alzheimer’s disease (AD) rodent models. Each of these compounds share a gallic acid (GA) moiety, and initial assays on this isolated molecule indicated that it might be responsible for the therapeutic benefits observed.”  Higher concentrations of GA are found in blueberry, blackberry, strawberry, plums, grapes, mango, cashew nut, hazelnut, walnut and tea.   The news correspondents obtained a quote from the research from Saitama Medical Center, “To test this hypothesis in a more physiologically relevant setting, we investigated the effect of GA in the mutant human amyloid beta-protein precursor/presenilin 1 (APP/PS1) transgenic AD mouse model. Beginning at 12 months, we orally administered GA (20 mg/kg) or vehicle once daily for 6 months to APP/PS1 mice that have accelerated Alzheimer-like pathology. At 18 months of age, GA therapy reversed impaired learning and memory as compared with vehicle, and did not alter behavior in nontransgenic littermates. GA-treated APP/PS1 mice had mitigated cerebral amyloidosis, including brain parenchymal and cerebral vascular beta-amyloid deposits, and decreased cerebral amyloid beta-proteins. Beneficial effects co-occurred with reduced amyloidogenic and elevated nonamyloidogenic APP processing. Furthermore, brain inflammation, gliosis, and oxidative stress were alleviated. We show that GA simultaneously elevates alpha- and reduces beta-secretase activity, inhibits neuroinflammation, and stabilizes brain oxidative stress in a pre-clinical mouse model of AD. We further demonstrate that GA increases abundance of a disintegrin and metalloproteinase domain-containing protein 10 (ADAM10, Adam10) proprotein convertase furin and activates ADAM10, directly inhibits beta-site APP cleaving enzyme 1 (BACE1, Bace1) activity but does not alter Adam10 or Bace1 transcription. Thus, our data reveal novel post-translational mechanisms for GA.” According to the news reporters, the research concluded: “We suggest further examination of GA supplementation in humans will shed light on the exciting therapeutic potential of this molecule.” This research has been peer-reviewed.     Black cumin’s anti-inflammatory potential may have airways/asthma benefits: RCT   University College London, January 27, 2021   Supplements containing oil from black cumin (Nigella sativa) may improve asthma control and lung function, says a new study.   The seed and oil of Nigella sativa have been used extensively in traditional medicine in many Middle Eastern and Asian countries for the treatment of a range of conditions, including some immune and inflammatory disorders.   The new study, published in Phytotherapy Research , found that one gram per day of the oil for four weeks led to significant improvements in scores of asthma control and a “remarkable reduction of peripheral blood eosinophil count,” wrote the authors   “Eosinophil cell plays a major role in asthma inflammation, and blood eosinophil count is considered to be a vital biomarker in asthma trials. To our knowledge, this is the first [randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial] that showed a significant reduction of blood eosinophilia by [Nigella sativa oil (NSO)] among asthmatic patients.”   Scientists from University College London (UK) and King Abdulaziz University (Saudi Arabia) recruited 80 asthmatics and randomly assigned them to one of two equal groups. The participants received either capsules containing 500 mg of NSO twice per day or placebo for four weeks.   Data from the 60 people who completed the study (10 dropouts in each group) indicated that the black cumin supplement was associated with significant improvements in mean score on the Asthma Control Test, compared to placebo.   Black cumin oil products are commercially available through brands such as Life Extension. Structure-function claims made on the products include: “Modulates key regulators of inflammation” In addition, the black cumin group also experienced a significant decrease in blood eosinophils: −50 versus 15 cells/microliter.   A non-statistically significant improvement in lung function, measured as forced expiratory volume in 1 second, was also associated with the black cumin supplements.   “The NSO supplementation appeared to be effective in enhancing the control of asthma symptoms with a trend in pulmonary function improvement,” wrote the researchers. “These findings may provide an evidence for the potential benefits of NSO supplementation in the clinical management of asthma. “Future studies should follow patients for a longer period and use additional outcomes to validate the benefits of NSO in asthma.”   LSD may offer viable treatment for certain mental disorders McGill University (Quebec), January 26, 2021 Researchers from McGill University have discovered, for the first time, one of the possible mechanisms that contributes to the ability of lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) to increase social interaction. The findings, which could help unlock potential therapeutic applications in treating certain psychiatric diseases, including anxiety and alcohol use disorders, are published in the journal PNAS. Psychedelic drugs, including LSD, were popular in the 1970s and have been gaining popularity over the past decade, with reports of young professionals claiming to regularly take small non-hallucinogenic micro-doses of LSD to boost their productivity and creativity and to increase their empathy. The mechanism of action of LSD on the brain, however, has remained a mystery. Studies in mice provide clues To conduct their study, the researchers administered a low dose of LSD to mice over a period of seven days, resulting in an observable increase in the sociability of the mice. "This increased sociability occurs because the LSD activates the serotonin 5-HT2A receptors and the AMPA receptors -- which is a glutamate receptor, the main brain excitatory neurotransmitters -- in the prefrontal cortex and also activates a cellular protein called mTORC 1," explains Danilo De Gregorio, PharmD, PhD, who is a postdoctoral fellow in the Neurobiological Psychiatry Unit at McGill and the study's first author. "These three factors, taken together, promote social interaction in mice, which is the equivalent of empathy and social behaviour in humans."  The researchers note that the main outcome of their study is the ability to describe, at least in rodents, the underlying mechanism for the behavioural effect that results in LSD increasing feelings of empathy, including a greater connection to the world and sense of being part of a large community. "The fact that LSD binds the 5-HT2A receptor was previously known. The novelty of this research is to have identified that the prosocial effects of LSD activate the 5-HT2 receptors, which in-turn activate the excitatory synapses of the AMPA receptor as well as the protein complex mTORC1, which has been demonstrated to be dysregulated in diseases with social deficits such as autism spectrum disorder," as specified by Prof. Nahum Sonenberg, Professor at the Department of Biochemistry of McGill University, world renowned expert in the molecular biology of diseases and co-lead author of the study. Using the cutting-edge technique of optogenetics, a technique where genes for light-sensitive proteins are introduced into specific types of brain cells in order to monitor and control their activity precisely using light signals, the researchers observed that when the excitatory transmission in the prefrontal cortex is de-activated, the prosocial effect of LSD was nullified, highlighting the importance of this brain region on the modulation of the behavioural effects of LSD. Moving forward to apply the findings to humans Having found that LSD increases social interaction in mice, the researchers are hoping to continue their work and to test the ability of LSD to treat mutant mice displaying the behavioural deficits similar to those seen in human pathologies including autism spectrum disorders and social anxiety disorders. The hope is to eventually explore whether micro-doses of LSD or some novel derivates might have a similar effect in humans and whether it could also be a viable and safe therapeutic option.  "Social interaction is a fundamental characteristic of human behaviour," notes the co-lead author Dr. Gabriella Gobbi, Professor in the Department of Psychiatry at McGill and psychiatrist at the McGill University Health Centre. "These hallucinogenic compounds, which, at low doses, are able to increase sociability may help to better understand the pharmacology and neurobiology of social behavior and, ultimately, to develop and discover novel and safer drugs for mental disorders."   Polyphenol-rich virgin olive oil reduces insulin resistance and liver inflammation and improves mitochondrial dysfunction   University of Naples (Italy), January 28, 2021   Studies from University of Naples Federico II Describe New Findings in Insulin Resistance (Polyphenol-rich virgin olive oil reduces insulin resistance and liver inflammation and improves mitochondrial dysfunction in high-fat diet fed rats)   A new study on Endocrine System Diseases and Conditions - Insulin Resistance is now available. According to news reporting originating in Naples, Italy, research stated, "Virgin olive oil is an essential component of the Mediterranean diet. Its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties are mainly linked to phenolic contents."   The news reporters obtained a quote from the research from the University of Naples Federico II, "This study aims to evaluate the beneficial effects of a polyphenol-rich virgin olive oil (HPCOO) or olive oil without polyphenols (WPOO) in rats fed high-fat diet (HFD). Male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into four groups based on the different types of diet: (I) standard diet (STD); (II) HFD; (III) HFD containing WPOO, and (IV) HFD containing HPCOO. HPCOO and WPOO induced a significant improvement of HFD-induced impaired glucose homeostasis (by hyperglycemia, altered oral glucose tolerance, and HOMA-IR) and inflammatory status modulating pro-and anti-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-a, IL-1, and IL-10) and adipokines. Moreover, HPCOO and less extensively WPOO, limited HFD-induced liver oxidative and nitrosative stress and increased hepatic fatty acid oxidation. To study mitochondrial performance, oxidative capacity and energy efficiency were also evaluated in isolated liver mitochondria. HPCOO, but not WPOO, reduced H O release and aconitase activity by decreasing degree of coupling, which plays a major role in the control of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species emission."   According to the news reporters, the research concluded: "HPCOO limits HFD-induced insulin resistance, inflammation, and hepatic oxidative stress, preventing nonalcoholic fatty liver disease progression."   For more information on this research see: Polyphenol-rich virgin olive oil reduces insulin resistance and liver inflammation and improves mitochondrial dysfunction in high-fat diet fed rats.   

This lecture surrounds random number generation. The topic is motivated by the need for generating samples from arbitrary random variables, which can be accomplished through transforming random numbers uniformly distributed between 0 and 1. We describe the key properties of a good pseudo-random number generator (uniformity and independence), discuss some historical random number generators, and then a more modern pseudo-random number generator. We close with descriptions of tests for uniformity (Chi-square and Kolmogorov-Smirnov) and independence (autocorrelation and runs tests).

Part 3 of a 3-part lecture series on input modeling for stochastic simulation. This lecture describes point estimation of parameters by maximum likelihood as well as the use of goodness-of-fit techniques (Chi-square, Kolmogorov-Smirnov, Anderson-Darling, and Shapiro-Wilk) to evaluate those best fits. It also includes a general discussion about hypothesis testing and cautionary notes about p-values.

In this lecture, Prof. Rigollet talked about Glivenko-Cantelli Theorem (fundamental theorem of statistics), Donsker’s Theorem, and Kolmogorov-Smirnov test.

Following up on our last episode about how experiments can be performed in political science, now we explore a high-profile case of an experiment gone wrong. An extremely high-profile paper that was published in 2014, about how talking to people can convince them to change their minds on topics like abortion and gay marriage, has been exposed as the likely product of a fraudulently produced dataset. We’ll talk about a cool data science tool called the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, which a pair of graduate students used to reverse-engineer the likely way that the fraudulent data was generated. But a bigger question still remains—what does this whole episode tell us about fraud and oversight in science?

Within the period of four months 150 Simmental calves from 48 dairy farms were examined clinically and blood samples were taken. The tested animals had never been treated, neither by a veterinarian nor by their owners. They met the chosen definition of health, were five to fourteen days old and were selected in a randomised way. Blood samples were immediately stored at four to eight degrees centigrade and were analysed in the laboratory within four hours. Serum values were analysed using a Hitachi 911 Automatic Analyzer, transketolase activity (and TPP-effect) with a modified method by HOFFMANN et al. (1971) modified by CLAUSEN (1976). For further analysis excess samples were frozen at -25 degrees centigrade. Using the SPSS-program the values were ranked, displayed graphically, and checked for outliers. True outliers were eliminated, the three highest and lowest values were tested again. Using the Kolmogorov-Smirnov-test with a significance correction by Lilliefors a Gaussian distribution was found for calcium, creatinine, total proteine and albumin. For these parameters reference intervals were calculated as mean +/- 1.96 standard deviations. The other reference intervals were calculated as 95 percentils (nonparametric percentile estimation) with a 0,90 confidence interval on both sides. The reference interval found for AST (

Inference for extreme values based on the generalized extreme value distributions has become a standard practice in the last decades. We summarize the available tests for checking the conditions for these procedures. Besides the well-known Kolmogorov-Smirnov and Anderson-Darling tests two new procedures are also presented. We give the critical values to the methods and compare their properties for simulated as well as real hydrological data. Similar results are given for the case, when the modelling is based on the excess distribution (generalized Pareto). Finally a likelihood ratio test is given for the expected shortfall which is an important risk measure for financial data.

In the present experimental essay the effect of controlled ventilation with the UNO Micro-Ventilator? (UMV) on the mouse is examined. The UMV is a pressure controlled and volume limited ventilation device with a sinus ventilation pattern and lowflow rebreathing of the respiration gas. Not only the impact of a preoxygenation is assessed but also the effect of different respiratory rates on mice of different weight. The assessment is made with blood gas analysis, circulatory parameters and histological examinations of the lungs. The animals can be assigned to nine groups: The non-preoxygenized animals are split up in six groups and the preoxygenized ones in two groups. Additionally, group H serves as histological control group. The non-preoxygenized animals of N100 are ventilated with a respiratory rate of 100 /min (n = 6), i.e. the animals of the N130 with 130 /min (n = 6). The animals in N100L (n = 8 settings) are non-preoxygenized, weigh between 25 and 38 grams and the respiratory rate is adjusted to 100 /min. The animals of the group N100S (n = 7) which weigh between 39 and 50 grams are not preoxygenized either. In P80L (n = 7, settings) the animals are ventilated with 80 /min, are preoxygenized, and their weight varies between 25 and 38 grams. Grouped in P80S (n = 7) are animals which weigh between 39 and 50 grams. Group H (n = 7, animals) was not ventilated and serves for the histological examination. To expose the animals to as little stress as possible they are premedicated to the intubation with the completely antagonizable injectable anesthesia medetomidine, midazolam, and fentanyl (MMF). With the beginning of the anesthesia with isoflurane (the concentration of the isoflurane is 2.7 vol.-%) the injectable anesthesia is antagonized with atipamezol, flumazenil, naloxone (AFN). The anesthesia lasts 100 minutes. The A. carotis of all ventilated animals is canulated in order to measure the blood pressure and take blood samples. Besides the blood gas results (pHa, pa CO2, paO2, BE, HCO3¯) the measured parameters are the blood pressure (in mmHg) and the heart rate (in beats /min). To ascertain the normal distribution the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test is carried out. The comparison between the groups is made with the distribution-free Mann-Whitney test. The level of significance is fixed at p < 0.05 (5 %). The mice of group N130 stay in the physiological sector with their blood gas results. Animals of group N100L show a respiratory acidosis. The preoxygenized P80L and P80S require a lower respiratory rate than non-preoxygenized animals independent of their weight. The medium arterial blood pressure of all groups sinks steadily while the heart rate increases at the same time. In the histological preparations of all groups including the control groups atelectasis, perivascular edemas, congestions and emphysemas can be seen. However, on what these pathological findings are based cannot be thoroughly explained. Therefore, mice should be preoxygenized 5 minutes prior to a ventilation. Thus, a respiratory rate of 80 per minute is sufficient for all weights. If not preoxygenized, a respiratory rate of 130 /min is suggested for animals up to 39 grams and approximately 110 /min for mice over 39 grams. With these settings the UNO Micro-Ventilator® is to be recommended for the ventilation of mice.