2 Paed Chiros

Christian and Mike look at what makes neonates unique, the research surrounding neonatal development and what changes occur in neonates that may have long lasting effects .

Christian and Mike discuss the nuances of birth trauma. (I'll get the reference list up here shortly!!)

Christian and Mike dive into the neurology and developmental side of Infants on this episode. They discuss Primitive Reflexes, what they are, why they are needed and what happens when they disappear. REFERENCES: I'll get to this eventually Mike! I promise!

Come join Christian and Mike as they discuss how birth, feeding and environmental factors affect the gut, brain and neurodevelopment through the lens of the microbiome. Pika pika. References for those playing at home: 1. Kerns CM, Winder-Patel B, Iosif AM, et al. Clinically Significant Anxiety in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder and Varied Intellectual Functioning. J Clin Child Adolesc Psychol. 2021;50(6):780-795. 2. Neurodevelopmental Disorders. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. Published online May 22, 2013. 3. Restrepo B, Angkustsiri K, Taylor SL, et al. Developmental–behavioral profiles in children with autism spectrum disorder and co-occurring gastrointestinal symptoms. Autism Research. 2020;13(10):1778-1789. 4. Wexler HM. Bacteroides: the Good, the Bad, and the Nitty-Gritty. Clinical Microbiology Reviews. 2007;20(4):593. 5. Ho LKH, Tong VJW, Syn N, et al. Gut microbiota changes in children with autism spectrum disorder: A systematic review. Gut Pathogens. 2020;12(1):1-18. 6. Vaiserman A, Romanenko M, Piven L, et al. Differences in the gut Firmicutes to Bacteroidetes ratio across age groups in healthy Ukrainian population. BMC Microbiology. 2020;20(1):1-8. 7. Stojanov S, Berlec A, Štrukelj B. The Influence of Probiotics on the Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes Ratio in the Treatment of Obesity and Inflammatory Bowel disease. Microorganisms 2020, Vol 8, Page 1715. 2020;8(11):1715. 8. Rizzardi KF, Indiani CM dos SP, Mattos-Graner R de O, de Sousa ET, Nobre-dos-Santos M, Parisotto TM. Firmicutes Levels in the Mouth Reflect the Gut Condition With Respect to Obesity and Early Childhood Caries. Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology. 2021;11:472. 9. Magne F, Gotteland M, Gauthier L, et al. The Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes Ratio: A Relevant Marker of Gut Dysbiosis in Obese Patients? Nutrients. 2020;12(5). 10. Korpela K. Impact of Delivery Mode on Infant Gut Microbiota. Ann Nutr Metab. 2021;77:11-19. 11. Niu J, Xu L, Qian Y, et al. Evolution of the Gut Microbiome in Early Childhood: A Cross-Sectional Study of Chinese Children. Frontiers in Microbiology. 2020;11:439. 12. Lin CW, Septyaningtrias DE, Chao HW, et al. A common epigenetic mechanism across different cellular origins underlies systemic immune dysregulation in an idiopathic autism mouse model. Molecular Psychiatry 2022. Published online May 2, 2022:1-12. 13. Liu F, Li J, Wu F, Zheng H, Peng Q, Zhou H. Altered composition and function of intestinal microbiota in autism spectrum disorders: a systematic review. Translational Psychiatry 2019 9:1. 2019;9(1):1-13. 14. de Angelis M, Francavilla R, Piccolo M, de Giacomo A, Gobbetti M. Autism spectrum disorders and intestinal microbiota. https://doi.org/101080/1949097620151035855. 2015;6(3):207-213. 15. Wang M, Li M, Wu S, et al. Fecal Microbiota Composition of Breast-fed Infants is Correlated with Human Milk Oligosaccharides Consumed. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2015;60(6):825. 16. Martin R, Makino H, Yavuz AC, et al. Early-Life Events, Including Mode of Delivery and Type of Feeding, Siblings and Gender, Shape the Developing Gut Microbiota. PLoS One. 2016;11(6). 17. Rutayisire E, Huang K, Liu Y, Tao F. The mode of delivery affects the diversity and colonization pattern of the gut microbiota during the first year of infants' life: A systematic review. BMC Gastroenterology. 2016;16(1).

What goes into creating a treatment plan for your paediatric patients? Christian and Mike explore factors to consider when creating a management schedule while discussing certain cases, presentations and what the research suggests regarding this challenging topic. REFERENCES I'll paste them in here shortly! There were a few though!

Christian and Mike look at brand new research around unsettled infants, the link to sleep/long term effects, and dive right in to that contentious topic of the moment - the CDC Milestone changes! ARTICLES WE DISCUSS: Hua, J., Williams, G. J., Jin, H., Chen, J., Xu, M., Zhou, Y., Gu, G., & Du, W. (2022). Early Motor Milestones in Infancy and Later Motor Impairments: A Population-Based Data Linkage Study. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 13. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2022.809181 Valla, L., Småstuen, M. C., Andenæs, R., Misvær, N., Olbjørn, C., & Helseth, S. (2021). Association between colic and sleep problems in infancy and subsequent development, emotional and behavioral problems: a longitudinal study. BMC Pediatrics, 21(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12887-020-02483-1 Zubler, J. M., Wiggins, L. D., Macias, M. M., Whitaker, T. M., Shaw, J. S., Squires, J. K., Pajek, J. A., Wolf, R. B., Slaughter, K. S., Broughton, A. S., Gerndt, K. L., Mlodoch, B. J., & Lipkin, P. H. (2022). Evidence-Informed Milestones for Developmental Surveillance Tools. Pediatrics, 149(3). https://doi.org/10.1542/PEDS.2021-052138 CDC Milestones: https://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/actearly/milestones/index.html Mike's Amazing Discussion about the CDC document: https://www.facebook.com/664151845/videos/1013912539234567/

Join Christian and Mike as we chat about the causes, impacts and possible treatments regarding Tongue Tie in infants! Felicity Crone's Tongue Tie course (Time Limited special offer) + 10% off if you use the code 2PAEDCHIROS at checkout https://felicity-crone.mykajabi.com/pl/2147530164 Richard Baxters book - Tongue-Tied https://www.amazon.com/Tongue-Tied-String-Impacts-Nursing-Feeding-ebook/dp/B07FC4HZXX/ref=sr_1_1?crid=241MWY6NTG8I0&keywords=richard+baxter+tongue+tie&qid=1642633095&sprefix=richard+baxter+tongu%2Caps%2C229&sr=8-1 ADDITIONAL REFERENCES: Amitai, Y., Shental, H., Atkins-Manelis, L., Koren, G., & Zamir, C. S. (2020). Pre-conceptional folic acid supplementation: A possible cause for the increasing rates of ankyloglossia. Medical Hypotheses, 134. Baxter, R., & Hughes, L. (2018). Speech and Feeding Improvements in Children After Posterior Tongue-Tie Release: A Case Series. International Journal of Clinical Pediatrics, 7(3), 29–35. Baxter, R., Merkel-Walsh, R., Baxter, B. S., Lashley, A., & Rendell, N. R. (2020). Functional Improvements of Speech, Feeding, and Sleep After Lingual Frenectomy Tongue-Tie Release: A Prospective Cohort Study. Clinical Pediatrics, 59(9–10), 885–892. Ghaheri, B. A., Cole, M., Fausel, S. C., Chuop, M., & Mace, J. C. (2017). Breastfeeding improvement following tongue-tie and lip-tie release: A prospective cohort study. The Laryngoscope, 127(5), 1217–1223. Golja, M. V., Šmid, A., Kuželički, N. K., Trontelj, J., Geršak, K., & Mlinarič-Raščan, I. (2020). Folate Insufficiency Due to MTHFR Deficiency Is Bypassed by 5-Methyltetrahydrofolate. Journal of Clinical Medicine, 9(9), 1–18. Griffiths, D. M. (2004). Do tongue ties affect breastfeeding? Journal of Human Lactation, 20(4), 409–414. Ingram, J., Copeland, M., Johnson, D., & Emond, A. (2019). The development and evaluation of a picture tongue assessment tool for tongue-tie in breastfed babies (TABBY). International Breastfeeding Journal, 14(1), 1–5. Ingram, J., Johnson, D., Copeland, M., Churchill, C., Taylor, H., & Emond, A. (2015). The development of a tongue assessment tool to assist with tongue-tie identification. Archives of Disease in Childhood - Fetal and Neonatal Edition, 100(4), F344–F349. Mills, N., Pransky, S. M., Geddes, D. T., & Mirjalili, S. A. (2019). What is a tongue tie? Defining the anatomy of the in-situ lingual frenulum. Clinical Anatomy, 32(6), 749–761. O'Shea, J. E., Foster, J. P., O'Donnell, C. P. F., Breathnach, D., Jacobs, S. E., Todd, D. A., & Davis, P. G. (2017). Frenotomy for tongue-tie in newborn infants. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 2017(3). Salt, H., Claessen, M., Johnston, T., & Smart, S. (2020). Speech production in young children with tongue-tie. International Journal of Pediatric Otorhinolaryngology, 134, 110035. Schlatter, S. M., Schupp, W., Otten, J. E., Harnisch, S., Kunze, M., Stavropoulou, D., & Hentschel, R. (2019). The role of tongue-tie in breastfeeding problems—A prospective observational study. Acta Paediatrica, 108(12), 2214–2221. Webb, A. N., Hao, W., & Hong, P. (2013). The effect of tongue-tie division on breastfeeding and speech articulation: A systematic review. International Journal of Pediatric Otorhinolaryngology, 77(5), 635–646.

Christian and Mike dive into the world of research. Why do Case Studies matter? Are RCT's the best thing since sliced bread? Does coffee work with almond milk and honey? Join us as we navigate our way through using research in practice, understanding evidence informed care and the world of Chiropractic Paediatric Research!

Christian and Mike discuss the importance of spinal curvature and their development in kids. They discuss good posture, bad posture and the potential causes of both. Backpacks can be a source of contention and our 2 Paed Chiros break down the evidence around school bags and their usage. We cover a bunch of topics in this episode, and there are more references than we have space for in this description! If you want any of the references we discuss, please email us at 2paedchiros@gmail.com

Christian and Mike take an evidence based look at colic. Definitions, possible causes, treatment options and what evidence is still required. REFERENCES: 1.6.1.2 Abdominal migraine - ICHD-3. (n.d.). Retrieved March 22, 2021, from https://ichd-3.org/1-migraine/1-6-episodic-syndromes-that-may-be-associated-with-migraine/1-6-1-recurrent-gastrointestinal-disturbance/1-6-1-2-abdominal-migraine/ Adam-Darque, A., Freitas, L., Grouiller, F., Sauser, J., Lazeyras, F., Van De Ville, D., … Leuchter, R. H. V. (2020). Shedding light on excessive crying in babies. Pediatric Research, 1–6. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41390-020-1048-6 Carnes, D., Plunkett, A., Ellwood, J., & Miles, C. (2018, January 1). Manual therapy for unsettled, distressed and excessively crying infants: A systematic review and meta-analyses. BMJ Open, Vol. 8, p. e019040. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2017-019040 Ellwood, J., Draper-Rodi, J., & Carnes, D. (2020). Comparison of common interventions for the treatment of infantile colic: A systematic review of reviews and guidelines. BMJ Open, 10(2), e035405. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2019-035405 Gelfand, A. A. (2016). Infant Colic. Seminars in Pediatric Neurology, 23(1), 79–82. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.spen.2015.08.003 Gelfand, A. A. (2018). Episodic syndromes of childhood associated with migraine. Current Opinion in Neurology, 31(3), 281–285. https://doi.org/10.1097/WCO.0000000000000558 Goksan, S., Hartley, C., Emery, F., Cockrill, N., Poorun, R., Moultrie, F., … Slater, R. (2015). fMRI reveals neural activity overlap between adult and infant pain. ELife, 4. https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.06356 Holm, L. V., Jarbøl, D. E., Christensen, H. W., Søndergaard, J., & Hestbaek, L. (2021). The effect of chiropractic care on infantile colic: results from a single-blind randomised controlled trial. Chiropractic & Manual Therapies, 29(15), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12998-021-00371-8 Keil, B., & Fludder, C. (2021). Letter to the Editor: “The effect of chiropractic care on infantile colic: results from a single-blind randomised controlled trial” and “Identifying potential treatment effect modifiers of the effectiveness of chiropractic care to infants with colic through prespecified secondary analyses of a randomised controlled trial.” Chiropractic & Manual Therapies 2021 29:1, 29(1), 1–2. https://doi.org/10.1186/S12998-021-00386-1 Perry, R., Leach, V., Penfold, C., & Davies, P. (2019). An overview of systematic reviews of complementary and alternative therapies for infantile colic. Systematic Reviews, 8(1), 271. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13643-019-1191-5 Prevost, C. P., Gleberzon, B., Carleo, B., Anderson, K., Cark, M., & Pohlman, K. A. (2019). Manual therapy for the pediatric population: A systematic review. BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 19(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12906-019-2447-2 Yu, H., Shearer, H., Taylor-Vaisey, A., Mior, S., Verville, L., Connell, G., & Côté, P. (2021). Methodological flaws on “manual therapy for the pediatric population: a systematic review” by Prevost et al. (2019). BMC Complementary Medicine and Therapies, 21(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/S12906-020-03145-6 Zeevenhooven, J., Koppen, I. J. N., & Benninga, M. A. (2017, March 1). The new Rome IV criteria for functional gastrointestinal disorders in infants and toddlers. Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Vol. 20, pp. 1–13. https://doi.org/10.5223/pghn.2017.20.1.1

Christian and Mike are two Paediatric Chiropractors who love any excuse to talk about their favourite subject...kids. In this episode they tackle Hip Dysplasia: from the nuances of testing, to the timing of diagnoses and even some Italian phrases thrown into mix. This isn't a lecture, this is two passionate chiro's talking about paediatrics enjoy! (And for those playing at home - here are the references: Anderton, M. J., Hastie, G. R., & Paton, R. W. (2018). The positive predictive value of asymmetrical skin creases in the diagnosis of pathological developmental dysplasia of the hip. Bone and Joint Journal, 100B(5), 675–679. https://doi.org/10.1302/0301-620X.100B5.BJJ-2017-0994.R2 Barrera, C. A., Cohen, S. A., Sankar, W. N., Ho-Fung, V. M., Sze, R. W., & Nguyen, J. C. (2019). Imaging of developmental dysplasia of the hip: ultrasound, radiography and magnetic resonance imaging. In Pediatric radiology (Vol. 49, Issue 12, pp. 1652–1668). NLM (Medline). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00247-019-04504-3 Davies, R., Talbot, C., & Paton, R. (2020). Evaluation of primary care 6- To 8-week hip check for diagnosis of developmental dysplasia of the hip: A 15-year observational cohort study. British Journal of General Practice, 70(693), E230–E235. https://doi.org/10.3399/bjgp20X708269 Duni, A., & Ruci, V. (2009). Reliability of Clinical Tests in developmental dysplasia of the hip. Bulletin of the International Scientific Surgical Association, 2–3. Fludder, C. J., & Keil, B. G. (2020). Routine screening for developmental dysplasia of the hip by chiropractors: A case report of late diagnosis in an infant. Journal of the Canadian Chiropractic Association, 64(2), 144–154. Ömeroglu, H., Tatlici, E., & Köse, N. (2020). Significance of Asymmetry of Groin and Thigh Skin Creases in Developmental Dysplasia of the Hip Revisited: Results of a Comparative Study. Journal of Pediatric Orthopaedics, 40(8), e761–e765. https://doi.org/10.1097/BPO.0000000000001531 Shaw, B. A., & Segal, L. S. (2016). Evaluation and Referral for Developmental Dysplasia of the Hip in Infants. Pediatrics, 138(6), e1–e11. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2016-3107 Williams, N. (2018). Improving early detection of developmental dysplasia of the hip through general practitioner assessment and surveillance. Australian Journal of General Practice, 47(9), 615–619. https://www1.racgp.org.au/getattachment/b38b8834-c64f-4cce-9c20-70cfdbbaca9f/Improving-early-detection-of-developmental-dysplas.aspx Young, J., Anderson, M., O'Connor, C., Kazley, J., Mantica, A., & Dutt, V. (2020). Team Approach: Developmental Dysplasia of the Hip. JBJS Reviews, 8(9), e2000030. https://doi.org/10.2106/JBJS.RVW.20.00030)

Christian and Mike discuss the ins and outs of Plagiocephaly from the perspective of the Paediatric Chiropractor. For those of you playing at home, here are the references mentioned in today's episode: Kim DG, Lee JS, Lee JW, et al. The Effects of Helmet Therapy Relative to the Size of the Anterior Fontanelle in Nonsynostotic Plagiocephaly: A Retrospective Study. J Clin Med. 2019;8(11):1977 Burmeister S, Kayne A, Yazdanyar A, Hagstrom J, Burmeister D. Plagiocephaly Perception and Prevention: A Need to Intervene Early to Educate Parents. Open J Occup Ther. 2021;9(3):1-11 Collett BR, Wallace ER, Ola C, Kartin D, Cunningham ML, Speltz ML. Do Infant Motor Skills Mediate the Association Between Positional Plagiocephaly/Brachycephaly and Cognition in School-Aged Children? Phys Ther. 2021;101(2) Pastor-Pons I, Hidalgo-García C, Lucha-López MO, et al. Effectiveness of pediatric integrative manual therapy in cervical movement limitation in infants with positional plagiocephaly: a randomized controlled trial. Ital J Pediatr 2021 471. 2021;47(1):1-12 Turk AE, McCarthy JG, Thorne CH, Wisoff JH. The “back to sleep campaign” and deformational plagiocephaly: is there cause for concern? J Craniofac Surg. 1996;7(1):12-18 Argenta L. Clinical Classification of Positional Plagiocephaly. J Craniofac Surg. 2004;15(3):368-372 van Vlimmeren LA, van der Graaf Y, Boere-Boonekamp MM, L'Hoir MP, Helders PJM, Engelbert RHH. Risk Factors for Deformational Plagiocephaly at Birth and at 7 Weeks of Age: A Prospective Cohort Study. Pediatrics. 2007;119(2):e408-e418 Branch LG, Kesty K, Krebs E, Wright L, Leger S, David LR. Argenta clinical classification of deformational plagiocephaly. J Craniofac Surg. 2015;26(3):606-610. Murgia M, Venditto T, Paoloni M, et al. Assessing the cervical range of motion in infants with positional plagiocephaly. J Craniofac Surg. 2016;27(4):1060-1064. McLain RF. Mechanoreceptor endings in human cervical facet joints. Iowa Orthop J. 1993;13:149-154 Sergueef N, Nelson KE, Glonek T. Palpatory diagnosis of plagiocephaly. Complement Ther Clin Pract. 2006;12(2):101-110 Kim DH, Kwon DR. Neurodevelopmental delay according to severity of deformational plagiocephaly in children. Medicine (Baltimore). 2020;99(28):e21194 Hussein MA, Woo T, Yun IS, Park H, Kim YO. Analysis of the correlation between deformational plagiocephaly and neurodevelopmental delay. J Plast Reconstr Aesthetic Surg. 2018;71(1):112-117 Unwin S, Dika C. Deformational Plagiocephaly—A Focus on Prevention. J Nurse Pract. 2017;13(2):162-169 Collett BR, Gray KE, Starr JR, Heike CL, Cunningham ML, Speltz ML. Development at age 36 months in children with deformational plagiocephaly. Pediatrics. 2013;131(1) Shamji MF, Fric-Shamji EC, Merchant P, Vassilyadi M. Cosmetic and cognitive outcomes of positional plagiocephaly treatment. Clin Investig Med. 2012;35(5) Fludder CJ, Keil BG. Deformational plagiocephaly and reduced cervical spine range of motion: a retrospective case series of 150 infants in a paediatric chiropractic clinic. J Altern Ther Heal Med. 2020;26(12) Fludder CJ, Keil BG. Instrument-Assisted Delivery and the Prevalence of Reduced Cervical Spine Range of Motion. Chiropr J Aust. 2018;46:162-171 Pettersson K, Ajne J, Yousaf K, Sturm D, Westgren M, Ajne G. Traction force during vacuum extraction: a prospective observational study. BJOG An Int J Obstet Gynaecol. 2015;122(13):1809-1816 Triano JJ, Lester S, Starmer D, Hewitt EG. Manipulation Peak Forces Across Spinal Regions for Children Using Mannequin Simulators. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 2017;40(3):139-146

Drs Christian Fludder and Mike Marinus welcome you to our brand new Chiropractic Paediatric Podcast. Join us while we discuss topics around chiropractic paediatric literature, conditions, assessments and techniques. Please enquire at 2paedchiros@gmail.com