Podcasts about Primitive

If your child was born between 2018 and 2022, should they have their primitive reflexes screened?In this episode, we explore how the COVID-19 pandemic may have impacted child development and why Rachel believes primitive reflex screenings should become a routine part of early childhood care. From pregnancy stress and delayed services to increased screen time, fewer social opportunities, and less movement, they discuss how these experiences may have affected (and continue to affect) kids today.We also explain what primitive reflexes are, how retained reflexes can impact learning, behavior, coordination, and emotional regulation, and what signs parents, therapists, and educators may want to watch for.This conversation isn't meant to cause fear or point blame. We want people to get curious, focus on early identification, and give kids the support they need to thrive.Thanks for listening

How do God’s people respond when life becomes difficult? When trials come unexpectedly, when fear threatens to overwhelm us, and when circumstances seem beyond our control, Scripture continually calls us to place our confidence in the Lord. In this message from Flint River Primitive Baptist Church, Elder Ben Winslett begins a study on trusting God … Continue reading "We Trust in God, Part 1"

Rethink Mission is a historically grounded podcast hosted by Dr. Mike Brown that reexamines early Christianity by beginning with lived communities, shared memory, and received tradition rather than later institutions or isolated texts. Focusing on what the series calls primitive Christian mission, the podcast challenges popular skeptical narratives that portray Christianity as a late textual invention or a belief system fabricated through copying and doctrinal manipulation. Drawing on early Christian writings, archaeological evidence, and historical method, the series argues that Christian belief and worship preceded the New Testament texts and that these writings functioned as occasional documents addressing real communities that already shared a coherent faith. Episodes explore the role of communal memory, apostolic authority, early creeds, and high Christology, showing that core Christian convictions—such as the worship of Jesus as Lord, belief in the resurrection, and continuity with Jewish Scripture—were established very early and received rather than invented by figures like Paul. By integrating theology, history, and philosophy, Rethink Mission offers listeners a disciplined alternative to both naïve faith and reductionist skepticism, inviting a deeper understanding of how Christianity emerged, spread, and sustained itself in the ancient world. Episode 19: Christian Identity

In Part 2 of this study on God’s providence, Ben Winslett turns from the doctrine itself to several powerful biblical examples of God’s faithful provision. Scripture is filled with accounts of the Lord overruling circumstances, directing events, and caring for His people according to His perfect wisdom. We conclude with a brief consideration of God’s … Continue reading "Trusting in Providence, Part 2: Elijah’s Story"

Luke 6:46-49 And why call ye me, Lord, Lord, and do not the things which I say? [47] Whosoever cometh to me, and heareth my sayings, and doeth them, I will shew you to whom he is like: [48] He is like a man which built an house, and digged deep, and laid the foundation on a rock: and when the flood arose, the stream beat vehemently upon that house, and could not shake it: for it was founded upon a rock. [49] But he that heareth, and doeth not, is like a man that without a foundation built an house upon the earth; against which the stream did beat vehemently, and immediately it fell; and the ruin of that house was great.

In this message from the book of James, I look at how we are taught to judge not and grudge not one another. If we as Christians would apply this simple teaching, it would enrich our lives toward the Lord and one another. 05.17.26.Judge.Not.Grudge.Not.Tim.McCool

What does the providence of God really mean? Is God only involved in the extraordinary moments of life, or is His hand at work in every breath, every provision, and every circumstance we face? In this broadcast of Words of Grace, Ben Winslett begins a study of God’s providence by exploring the biblical truth that … Continue reading "Trusting in Providence (Part 1): God Provides"

Rethink Mission is a historically grounded podcast hosted by Dr. Mike Brown that reexamines early Christianity by beginning with lived communities, shared memory, and received tradition rather than later institutions or isolated texts. Focusing on what the series calls primitive Christian mission, the podcast challenges popular skeptical narratives that portray Christianity as a late textual invention or a belief system fabricated through copying and doctrinal manipulation. Drawing on early Christian writings, archaeological evidence, and historical method, the series argues that Christian belief and worship preceded the New Testament texts and that these writings functioned as occasional documents addressing real communities that already shared a coherent faith. Episodes explore the role of communal memory, apostolic authority, early creeds, and high Christology, showing that core Christian convictions—such as the worship of Jesus as Lord, belief in the resurrection, and continuity with Jewish Scripture—were established very early and received rather than invented by figures like Paul. By integrating theology, history, and philosophy, Rethink Mission offers listeners a disciplined alternative to both naïve faith and reductionist skepticism, inviting a deeper understanding of how Christianity emerged, spread, and sustained itself in the ancient world. Episode 18: The Jump

SpaceTime Series 29 Episode 62 *The most primitive galaxy in the early universe Astronomers have identified the most chemically primitive galaxy in the universe dating back over 13 billion years. *Understanding the true nature of the Muon Physicists have achieved a breakthrough in understanding the discrepancy between experimental measurements and theoretical predictions of magnetic properties of the muon, a heavier cousin of the electron. *Spectacular meteor streaks through the skies of Sydney The evening skies of Sydney and much of the New South Wales Pacific coast were lit up on Thursday by a spectacular meteoroid burning up in the atmosphere.. *The Science Report The World Health Organization warns Africa's Ebola outbreak is a public health emergency. Claims Vitamin C affects chemical reactions in the digestive system that are linked to cancer. Explaining why T-rex has such tiny arms. Skeptics guide to the latest Apollo landing moon conspiracy Our Guests This Week: Dr Finn Stokes from Adelaide University Dr. Kirsty Duffy from Fermilab Dr. Jessica Turner from the University of Durham.     And our regular guests: Alex Zaharov-Reutt from techadvice.life Tim Mendham from Australian Skeptics  

“Shield of Faith” — In this message from Ephesians 6:10–16, we examined how faith protects the child of God against the “fiery darts of the wicked.” Just as warfare in history often left destruction behind, Satan's goal is to destroy peace, joy, homes, marriages, and fellowship with Christ. But God has given His people a shield: faith. We looked at what biblical faith is, where it comes from, how it grows, and why without faith we cannot stand in the spiritual battle.

When someone is in darkness, light brings vision and hope. Jesus’ ministry was a “great light” in a very dark place. Not only from a spiritual standpoint, but the actual region into which Jesus carried out most of his public ministry, was known for great darkness. In this message, I look at the great Light …

Rethink Mission is a historically grounded podcast hosted by Dr. Mike Brown that reexamines early Christianity by beginning with lived communities, shared memory, and received tradition rather than later institutions or isolated texts. Focusing on what the series calls primitive Christian mission, the podcast challenges popular skeptical narratives that portray Christianity as a late textual invention or a belief system fabricated through copying and doctrinal manipulation. Drawing on early Christian writings, archaeological evidence, and historical method, the series argues that Christian belief and worship preceded the New Testament texts and that these writings functioned as occasional documents addressing real communities that already shared a coherent faith. Episodes explore the role of communal memory, apostolic authority, early creeds, and high Christology, showing that core Christian convictions—such as the worship of Jesus as Lord, belief in the resurrection, and continuity with Jewish Scripture—were established very early and received rather than invented by figures like Paul. By integrating theology, history, and philosophy, Rethink Mission offers listeners a disciplined alternative to both naïve faith and reductionist skepticism, inviting a deeper understanding of how Christianity emerged, spread, and sustained itself in the ancient world. Episode 17: Antioch

It is not unusual for a child to fantasize about being a superhero. The idea of flying or having super strength appeals to the imagination. Have you ever thought about what it would have been like to be Jesus? To have the ability to heal the sick, raise the dead, walk on water, and turn …

In this episode of Words of Grace, Ben Winslett explores the biblical theme of sacrifice from Genesis to the New Testament. Why did God require sacrifices under the law? What was the difference between Cain and Abel's offerings? How did the sacrifices of bulls, goats, and lambs point forward to Jesus Christ? Join us as … Continue reading "Christ our Sacrifice"

In this message from Ephesians 6:10–15, we examine the spiritual warfare facing every believer and the importance of having our “feet shod with the preparation of the gospel of peace.” This sermon explores the centrality of the gospel in the Christian life, the peace it brings in the middle of spiritual battle, and how the finished work of Christ gives believers firm footing to stand against deception, fear, and darkness.

It is easy to provoke people to anger or to provoke someone to become upset. But is altogether another activity to provoke others to love and to good works. In this message in the one anothering series, I look at this important subject. 05.03.26.Consider.One.Another.Tim.McCool

Whether it’s painting the Sistine Chapel, carving the faces of Mount Rushmore, or playing the piano, the hands of men are capable of incredible things. As impressive as they are, men’s hands can’t touch what the hands of Christ did. From the healing touch given to the leper, to holding our eternal salvation secure, truly …

Rethink Mission is a historically grounded podcast hosted by Dr. Mike Brown that reexamines early Christianity by beginning with lived communities, shared memory, and received tradition rather than later institutions or isolated texts. Focusing on what the series calls primitive Christian mission, the podcast challenges popular skeptical narratives that portray Christianity as a late textual invention or a belief system fabricated through copying and doctrinal manipulation. Drawing on early Christian writings, archaeological evidence, and historical method, the series argues that Christian belief and worship preceded the New Testament texts and that these writings functioned as occasional documents addressing real communities that already shared a coherent faith. Episodes explore the role of communal memory, apostolic authority, early creeds, and high Christology, showing that core Christian convictions—such as the worship of Jesus as Lord, belief in the resurrection, and continuity with Jewish Scripture—were established very early and received rather than invented by figures like Paul. By integrating theology, history, and philosophy, Rethink Mission offers listeners a disciplined alternative to both naïve faith and reductionist skepticism, inviting a deeper understanding of how Christianity emerged, spread, and sustained itself in the ancient world. Episode 16: Expanding the Mission

Here is the first message from our recent annual meeting. Lic. Jonah Lowrance shares a wonderful opening message at the meeting. We can say what we think about God’s word and although it may be true, it might not carry a lot of weight. But in this sermon, Brother Jonah shares what Jesus Himself said …

In the final message of the day, Elder Michael Hattaway preaches from Revelation 19, focusing on the truth that is proclaimed in heaven – The Lord God omnipotent reigneth. 05.02.26.Msg.4.The.Lord.God.Omnipotent.Reigneth.Michael.Hattaway

In the 2nd message of the annual meeting, Elder Michael Hattaway looks at two questions, both found in Matthew 16. Jesus asked, “Whom do men say that I am?” And then he asked the apostles – “Whom do you say that I am?” 05.02.26.Msg.2.Two.Questions.Jesus.Asked.Michael.Hattaway

In the afternoon service of the annual meeting, Brother Jonah Lowrance presents a message from Paul’s final letter, written before he died. 05.02.26.Msg.3.Pauls.Final.Letter.Jonah.Lowrance

On this episode of Words of Grace, Benjamin Winslett considers four categories of fear from the Scriptures. What does it mean to fear God? Should believers fear eternal condemnation? How should Christians handle fear of man and fear in difficult situations? This message examines the difference between sinful fear and godly reverence while encouraging God's … Continue reading "Four Categories of Fear"

In this powerful exploration of spiritual warfare, we're confronted with a profound truth: we're all soldiers in a battle we didn't choose but cannot avoid. Drawing from Ephesians 6:10-18, we discover that our struggle isn't against the visible challenges of daily life, but against invisible forces of darkness that seek to destroy our faith, our families, and our witness. The call to 'stand' echoes four times in this passage—a repetition that demands our attention. We're not called to advance or retreat, but simply to stand firm, to remain faithful, to not give up ground. This standing requires specific equipment: truth as our belt, righteousness as our breastplate. Truth protects us from Satan's primary weapon—deception—while righteousness guards our vital organs, our very life and joy. We find truth in three essential places: God's Word, God's church, and God's people. In an age where we can't trust our own eyes, where news is manipulated and social media spreads lies, we desperately need these anchors. The breastplate of righteousness reminds us that how we live matters—not for earning salvation, but for experiencing the fullness of life Christ offers. When we sow to the Spirit, we reap life everlasting. The beautiful paradox is this: we fight from a position of victory, not defeat. We put on righteousness because Christ has already made us righteous through His blood.

Rethink Mission is a historically grounded podcast hosted by Dr. Mike Brown that reexamines early Christianity by beginning with lived communities, shared memory, and received tradition rather than later institutions or isolated texts. Focusing on what the series calls primitive Christian mission, the podcast challenges popular skeptical narratives that portray Christianity as a late textual invention or a belief system fabricated through copying and doctrinal manipulation. Drawing on early Christian writings, archaeological evidence, and historical method, the series argues that Christian belief and worship preceded the New Testament texts and that these writings functioned as occasional documents addressing real communities that already shared a coherent faith. Episodes explore the role of communal memory, apostolic authority, early creeds, and high Christology, showing that core Christian convictions—such as the worship of Jesus as Lord, belief in the resurrection, and continuity with Jewish Scripture—were established very early and received rather than invented by figures like Paul. By integrating theology, history, and philosophy, Rethink Mission offers listeners a disciplined alternative to both naïve faith and reductionist skepticism, inviting a deeper understanding of how Christianity emerged, spread, and sustained itself in the ancient world. Episode 15: Social Justice

Practically everyone has a cell phone. And those who do not are wishing they did. The original Greek word for “voice” is the word we have today as “phone.” In that sense, Christ has a phone (Voice) that is an irresistible call. In this message I look at the cell phone call of Christ. 04.26.26.Jesus.Cell.Phone.Tim.McCool

In today's Words of Grace, Ben Winslett turns to Matthew 11 and Christ's gracious invitation to the weary: “Come unto me… and I will give you rest.” This episode explores the burden of legalism, guilt, and striving—and the true rest found in Jesus' finished work. Radio broadcast for May 3, 2025. Finding Rest in Christ

Ephesians 6:10-13 Finally, my brethren, be strong in the Lord, and in the power of his might. [11] Put on the whole armour of God, that ye may be able to stand against the wiles of the devil. [12] For we wrestle not against flesh and blood, but against principalities, against powers, against the rulers of the darkness of this world, against spiritual wickedness in high places. [13] Wherefore take unto you the whole armour of God, that ye may be able to withstand in the evil day, and having done all, to stand.

Most of us have seen a video with the caption POV. That caption is telling us to frame our minds to see something from a certain point of view. How often do we look at situations in life from God’s point of view? Oftentimes in the Bible we find good, well meaning people having the …

At an early age, Jared Parkinson was introduced to primitive skills by his grandfather, who taught him to nap arrows and make atlatls and his own quiver for arrows. When Jared was 18, his grandfather gifted him a longbow, and from there, Jared's passion for archery and bow making began.Jared is now a bowyer and a basket weaver and is dedicated to a life of primitive survival skills in his home state of Washington.Please enjoy this episode of Project Quiver on Salish Wolf with Jared Parkinson.          Episode Links: https://www.instagram.com/primitive_alchemist/Project Quiver at Anchor Point ExpeditionsShow Notes:Jared's start and evolution in bow making, influenced by family and primitive skillsThe spiritual and meditative qualities of shooting primitive bowsThe significance of ritual, ceremony, and rites of passage in human culturePractical insights into bow carving, design choices, and materialsWilderness therapy as a transformative experience and its influence on Jared's craftThe role of mentorship and community in passing down traditional skillsThe importance of connecting with nature through fire, ritual, and mindful practiceThe impacts of modern distraction and the restorative power of primitive skillsChapters: 00:00 - Introduction and Jared's background in primitive skills and archery 02:07 - How family and early experiences ignited Jared'spassion for bow making 05:12 - Primitive bows versus modern bows: connection and peace 06:55 - The relationship with wood and material selection in bow crafting 08:31 - Exploring different bow styles and materials, and future projects 09:48 - Sourcing and working with various wood species for bows 11:07 - How archery practice serves as a meditative and spiritual ritual 12:42 - The role of breath, focus, and flow in shooting 14:15 - Hunting and wilderness experiences in Washington State 15:54 - Jared's journey through wilderness therapy and its impact on his life 18:25 - Hunting with traditional bows and the emotional connection to animals 21:36 - Jared's personal workshop and his current projects 22:49 - Crafting with natural materials, including quivers and leatherwork 24:45 - The importance of ritual, fire, and community in personal growth 26:48 - The significance of wilderness therapy in Jared's story 28:29 - Wilderness work, safety, and personal development experiences 30:43 - The power of shared fire and storytelling in community building 35:17 - Addressing societal disconnection and the value of ritual and craft 36:50 - The role of tradition in overcoming addiction and societal issues 38:25 - Connection to ancestors, the natural world, and the importance of DIY skills 40:03 - Carving as a meditative process and current craft practices 41:42 - Bow design preferences and wood choices in Jared's work 44:52 - The beauty and significance of horn overlays and traditional adornments 47:54 - Willow basket weaving and foraging for natural materials 50:57 - Jared's side business and the broader value of primitive skills 51:40 - The philosophy behind "Primitive Alchemist" and the pursuit of harmony with nature 53:36 - Mentorship, legacy, and family influence in traditional craft 54:24 - The approach to designing and selecting staves for bows 57:13 - The process of layout and focusing on grain patterns during carving 58:16 - Tools for bow making: draw knives, rasps, and special tools 59:53 - The value of stave presses and heat correction tools 61:30 - Influence of Pacific Northwest styles and native design elements 64:26 - Local woods like ocean spray and sourcing native materials 67:36 - The inspiration from mentors Pete and Jamie, and the cultural revival through bow crafting 71:31 - Traveling and documenting bowyers worldwide as a spiritual and cultural journey 77:59 - The creative process as a way to find purpose, community, and inner peace 80:13 - Archery as healing, mindfulness, and a link to ancestral practices

Have you ever compared your disobedient thoughts to a criminal on the run? In the same way a criminal must be overpowered, apprehended, and taken into captivity…so must our sinful thoughts. Every wicked deed begins with a wicked thought. In this sermon Brother Luke looks at what the Bible says about taking our thoughts captive. …

Does a dinosaur ka-ka in the woods?  Yes, and in the jungle, in the desert, and on YOU this week, in Primitive War and Caveman.  It Don't Come Easy for Ringo, but these dinos are a bit TOO regular!  #primitivewar #caveman #ringostarr #dynamints #dinosaurs #mutantfam

Today I am sharing with you the latest message in the “One Anothering” series. To love one another as Christ loved His people is the goal of discipleship. It identifies God’s children. And the NT is filled with specific ways we are to love one another. In this message, I look at increasing, abounding and …

Banks have spent three years experimenting with generative AI. Most of those pilots are quietly dying. Not because the technology failed, but because no one could prove the return, govern the risk, or scale what worked. In this episode of Banking Transformed, I sit down with Derek White, founder and CEO of Primitive, and Ryan Caldwell, founder and CEO of MX. Primitive launched as the complete AI agent operating system purpose-built for regulated financial institutions. The MX partnership powers a new AI-native Growth Agent for banks and credit unions. In this conversation: • Why Derek believes banks will soon have more AI agents than employees • Agent Capital and Return on Agent Capital as the new language for the bank P&L • The Growth Agent will identify opportunities in real time and automate campaigns • Where banks should actually start If you lead strategy, digital, data, or AI at a bank or credit union, this is the conversation that will reshape how you think about the next 24 months. #BankingTransformed #AgenticAI #DigitalBanking #FinancialServices #AIAgents #Primitive #MXTechnologies #DerekWhite #RyanCaldwell #JimMarous #FutureOfBanking #BankingInnovation #AIStrategy #BankingAI

Rethink Mission is a historically grounded podcast hosted by Dr. Mike Brown that reexamines early Christianity by beginning with lived communities, shared memory, and received tradition rather than later institutions or isolated texts. Focusing on what the series calls primitive Christian mission, the podcast challenges popular skeptical narratives that portray Christianity as a late textual invention or a belief system fabricated through copying and doctrinal manipulation. Drawing on early Christian writings, archaeological evidence, and historical method, the series argues that Christian belief and worship preceded the New Testament texts and that these writings functioned as occasional documents addressing real communities that already shared a coherent faith. Episodes explore the role of communal memory, apostolic authority, early creeds, and high Christology, showing that core Christian convictions—such as the worship of Jesus as Lord, belief in the resurrection, and continuity with Jewish Scripture—were established very early and received rather than invented by figures like Paul. By integrating theology, history, and philosophy, Rethink Mission offers listeners a disciplined alternative to both naïve faith and reductionist skepticism, inviting a deeper understanding of how Christianity emerged, spread, and sustained itself in the ancient world. Episode 14: The Way

In today's broadcast, we turn to John chapter 6 and consider one of the most comforting truths in all of Scripture: that the resurrection of God's people is rooted firmly in the will of God Himself. Jesus declares that all whom the Father has given Him will be raised up again at the last day, … Continue reading "Raised According to the Will of God"

“Servants, be obedient to them that are your masters according to the flesh, with fear and trembling, in singleness of your heart, as unto Christ; Not with eyeservice, as menpleasers; but as the servants of Christ, doing the will of God from the heart; With good will doing service, as to the Lord, and not to men: Knowing that whatsoever good thing any man doeth, the same shall he receive of the Lord, whether he be bond or free. And, ye masters, do the same things unto them, forbearing threatening: knowing that your Master also is in heaven; neither is there respect of persons with him.” (Ephesians 6:5-9)

In this episode, Dr. David Puder and his talented Cohort deliver a comprehensive exploration of primitive defense mechanisms, which are the earliest, most fundamental ways the mind protects us from overwhelming anxiety, trauma, and threats to the self. Drawing directly from Nancy McWilliams' Psychoanalytic Diagnosis, they break down key primitive defenses.    You'll hear clear definitions, developmental origins, clinical presentations, countertransference implications, literary examples, and real-world clinical vignettes, plus a rich group discussion on when these defenses are adaptive versus maladaptive.   By listening to this episode, you can earn 2.5 Psychiatry CME Credits. Link to blog Link to YouTube video

In the “One Anothering” series, I look at what might be the most important of the loving one anothers – be kind, tenderhearted and forgiving. I wonder how much revival our churches would experience if we daily loved one another in this way. 04.12.26.Kind.Tenderhearted.and.Forgiving.Tim.McCool

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aRML1GMxiUg Podcast audio: In this episode of the Ayn Rand Institute podcast, Ben Bayer, Mike Mazza, and Tristan de Liège discuss major publicity campaigns launched by AI companies to combat uncertainty and fear about the disruptive power of AI. The AI PR problem Valid marketing problems Valid marketing solutions Special problems re: misuse The invalid inequality concern Invalid regulatory concerns Altruism as appeasement Resources:  Ayn Rand, “What is Capitalism?” in Capitalism: The Unknown Ideal,  “The Age of Envy” in Return of the Primitive, and “Altruism as Appeasement” in The Voice of Reason.  Threats to Regulate Artificial Intelligence, ARI Podcast, May 12, 2023 Anthropic vs. Trump: The Moral Responsibility of Tech Companies, ARI Podcast, 3/12/26 Don Watkins and Yaron Brook, Equal is Unfair This episode was recorded on April 17, 2026 Image credits: Altman: Anna Moneymaker / via Getty Images; Amodei: Chance Yeh / Stringer / via Getty Images

The Bible describes our life on the earth as leaves that fade or grass that withers. In the same way that plants change with the season, so do our lives as time marches forward. We start as young tender leaves in the spring of life and quickly find ourselves in the winter season, where strength …

In today's episode of Words of Grace, Benjamin Winslett brings a timely and comforting message titled “Thoughts on the Resurrection in the Aftermath of Tragedy.” In a world filled with sorrow, loss, and uncertainty, where can true hope be found? Today’s broadcast points us to the empty tomb of Jesus Christ and the unshakable assurance … Continue reading "Thoughts on the Resurrection in the Aftermath of Tragedy"

2026 Anniversary Meeting - Saturday Morning - Jon Mizell & Hugh Sanders - 4.18.2026

2026 Anniversary Meeting - Sunday Morning - Hugh Sanders - 4.19.2026

2026 Anniversary Meeting - Friday Night - Jon Mizell - 4.17.2026

In the Bible Profile series, I come to Isaac & Rebecca. Contained within their lives are two of the greatest doctrinal allegories and examples found in the Bible. In this message, I look at those two comparisons. 04.08.26.Bible.Profile.Isaac.and.Rebecca.Tim.McCool

In this message preached on Easter Sunday, Brother Jonah Lowrance preaches on the subject of the Lord Jesus Christ and His resurrection, and how we will see Him face to face one day. 04.05.26.Face.to.Face.Jonah.Lowrance

Limited atonement is a theological term that sometimes we lose sight of. It relates the Bible truth of the work of Christ – that He died for the sins of His people, and none shall be lost. In this message, I look at this truth, but in more of a “picture book” kind of way. …

In the “One Anothering” series, I come to perhaps the easiest activity we can do for one another – pray for one another. 03.29.26.Pray.for.One.Another.Tim.McCool

2. Zimmerman details the December 1968 launch and the historic trans-lunar injection. He describes the crew's reliance on primitive computers, requiring manual data entry for critical maneuvers. As they accelerated toward the moon, Jim Lovell observed the Earth shrinking, marking humanity's first departure from Earth orbit. (2)1870